Arribas, A.: Characteristics of high-sulfidation epithermal deposits, and
their relation to magmatic fluid, in: Magmas, fuids
and ore deposits, edited by: Thompson, J. F. H., Min. Ass. Canada, Short Course Notes, 23, 419–454, 1995.
Bagnato, E., Barra, M., Cardellini, C., Chiodini, G., Parello, F., and
Sprovieri, M.: First combined flux chamber survey of mercury and
CO2
emissions from soil diffuse degassing at Solfatara of Pozzuoli crater, Campi
Flegrei (Italy): Mapping and quantification of gas release, J. Volcanol.
Geoth. Res., 289, 26–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.10.017, 2014.
Barberi, F., Corrado, G., Innocenti, F., and Luongo, G.: Phlegrean Fields
1982–1984: Brief chronicle of a volcano emergency in a densely populated
area, Bull. Volcanol., 47, 175–185, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01961547, 1984.
Bodnar, R. J., Cannatelli, C., De Vivo, B., Lima, A., Belkin, H. E., and
Milia, A.: Quantitative model for magma degassing and ground deformation
(bradyseism) at Campi Flegrei, Italy: Implications for future eruptions,
Geology, 35, 791–794, https://doi.org/10.1130/G23653A.1, 2007.
Bruno, P. P. G., Ricciardi, G. P., Petrillo, Z., Di Fiore, V., Troiano, A., and
Chiodini, G.: Geophysical and hydrogeological experiments from a shallow
hydrothermal system at Solfatara Volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy: Response to
caldera unrest, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B06201, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004383,
2007.
Caliro, S., Chiodini, G., Moretti, R., Avino, R., Granieri, D., Russo, M.,
and Fiebig, J.: The origin of the fumaroles of La Solfatara (Campi Flegrei,
South Italy), Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 71, 3040–3055, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2007.04.007, 2007.
Canfield, D. E., Raiswell, R., Westrich, J. T., Reaves, C. M., and Berner,
R. A.: The use of chromium reduction in the analysis of reduced inorganic
sulfur in sediments and shales, Chem. Geol., 54, 149–155,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(86)90078-1, 1986.
Capaccioni, B. and Mangani, F.: Monitoring of active but quiescent
volcanoes using light hydrocarbon distribution in volcanic gases: the
results of 4 years of discontinuous monitoring in the Campi Flegrei (Italy),
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 188, 543–555, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00338-7,
2001.
Cardellini, C., Chiodini, G., Frondini, F., Avino, R., Bagnato, E., Caliro,
S., Lelli, M., and Rosiello, A.: Monitoring diffuse volcanic degassing
during volcanic unrests: the case of Campi Flegrei (Italy), Sci.
Rep.-UK, 7, 6757, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06941-2, 2017.
Carlino, S., Somma, R., Troise, C., and De Natale, G.: The geothermal
exploration of Campanian volcanoes: historical review and future
development, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 16, 1004–1030,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.09.023, 2012.
Celico, P.: Prospezioni idrogeologiche, Vol. I–II, Liguori, Italy, 1272 pp., 1986.
Celico, P., Dall'Aglio, M., Ghiara, M. R., Stanzione, D., Brondi, M., and
Prosperi, M.: Geochemical monitoring of the thermal fluids in the Phlegraean
Fields from 1970 to 1990, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 111, 409–422, 1992.
Chiodini, G., Comodi, P., and Giaquinto, S.: Ammonia and boric acid in steam
and water. Experimental data from geothermal wells in the phlegrean fields,
Naples, Italy, Geothermics, 17, 711–718, 1988.
Chiodini, G., Frondini, F., Cardellini, C., Granieri, D., Marini, L., and
Ventura, G.:
CO2 degassing and energy release at Solfatara volcano,
Campi Flegrei, Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 213–221, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000246, 2001.
Chiodini, G., Caliro, S., Cardellini, C., Granieri, D., Avino, R., Baldini,
A., Donnini, M., and Minopoli, C.: Long-term variations of the Campi
Flegrei, Italy, volcanic system as revealed by the monitoring of
hydrothermal activity, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B03205,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006258, 2010.
Chiodini, G., Paonita, A., Aiuppa, A., Costa, A., Caliro, S., De Martino,
P., Acocella, V., and Vandemeulebrouck, J.: Magmas near the critical
degassing pressure drive volcanic unrest towards a critical state, Nat.
Commun., 7, 13712, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13712, 2016.
Ciniglia, C., Valentino, G. M., Cennamo, P., De Stefano, M., Stanzione, D.,
Pinto, G., and Pollio, A.: Influences of geochemical and mineralogical
constraints on algal distribution in acidic hydrothermal environments:
Pisciarelli (Naples, Italy) as a model site, Arch. Hydrobiol., 162,
121–142, 2005.
Clark, R. N., King, T. V. V., Klejwa, M., Swayze, G. A., and Vergo, N.: High
spectral resolution reflectance spectroscopy of minerals, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 95, 12653–12680, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB08p12653, 1990.
Clark, R. N., Swayze, G. A., Wise, R., Livo, E., Hoefen, T., Kokaly, R., and
Sutley, S. J.: USGS digital spectral library splib06a: U.S. Geological
Survey, Digital Data Series 231, available at:
http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/spectral.lib06 (last access: 2 May 2018),
2007.
Corrado, G., Guerra, I., Lo Bascio, A., Luongo, G., and Rampoldi, F.:
Inflation and microearthquake activity of Phlegraean Fields, Italy, B.
Volcanol., 40, 169–188, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02596998, 1976.
Cortecci, G., Noto, P., and Panichi, C.: Environmental isotopic study of the
Campi Flegrei (Naples, Italy) geothermal field, J. Hydrol., 36, 146–159,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(78)90044-6, 1978.
D'Antonio, M., Civetta, L., Orsi, G., Pappalardo, L., Piochi, M., Carandente, A., de Vita, S., Di Vito, M. A., and Isaia, R.: The present state of the magmatic system of the Campi Flegrei caldera based on a reconstruction of its behavior in the past 12 ka, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 91, 247–268, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00038-4, 1999.
D'Auria, L., Giudicepietro, F., Aquino, I., Borriello, G., Del Gaudio, C.,
Lo Bascio, D., Martini, M., Ricciardi, G. P., Ricciolino, P., and Ricco, C.:
Repeated fluid-transfer episodes as a mechanism for the recent dynamics of
Campi Flegrei caldera (1989–2010), J. Geophys. Res., 116, B04313,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007837, 2011.
De Natale, G., Troise, C., Mark, D., Mormone, A., Piochi, M., Di Vito, M.
A., Isaia, R., Carlino, S., Barra, D., and Somma, R.: The Campi Flegrei Deep
Drilling Project (CFDDP): New insight on caldera structure, evolution and
hazard implications for the Naples area (Southern Italy), Geochem. Geophy.
Geosy., 17, 4836–4847, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC006183, 2016.
de Vita, S., Orsi, G., Civetta, L., Carandente, A., D'Antonio, M., Deino,
A., di Cesare, T., Di Vito, M. A., Fisher, R. V., Isaia, R., Marotta, E.,
Necco, A., Ort, M., Pappalardo, L., Piochi, M., and Southon, J.: The
Agnano–Monte Spina eruption (4100 years BP) in the restless Campi Flegrei
caldera (Italy), J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 91, 269–301, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00039-6, 1999.
De Vivo, B., Belkin, H. E., Barbieri, M., Chelini, W., Lattanzi, P., Lima,
A., and Tolomeo, L.: The Campi Flegrei (Italy) geothermal system: A fluid
inclusion study of the Mofete and San Vito fields, J. Volcanol. Geoth.
Res., 36, 303–326, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(89)90076-0, 1989.
Di Giuseppe, M. G., Troiano, A, Patella, D., Piochi, M., and Carlino, S.: A
geophysical k-means cluster analysis of the Solfatara-Pisciarelli
volcano-geothermal system, Campi Flegrei (Naples, Italy), J. Appl. Geophys., 156, 44–54,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2017.06.001, 2017.
Di Luccio, F., Pino, N. A., Piscini, A., and Ventura, G.: Significance of
the 1982–2014 Campi Flegrei seismicity: Preexisting structures,
hydrothermal processes, and hazard assessment, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42,
7498–7506, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064962, 2015.
Di Vito, M. A, Isaia, R., Orsi, G., Southon, J., de Vita, S., D'Antonio, M.,
Pappalardo, L., and Piochi, M.: Volcanism and deformation since 12,000
years at the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 91,
221–246, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00037-2, 1999.
Ercan, H. Ü., Işik, E. Ö., Schroeder, P. A., and Karacik, Z.:
Differentiating Styles of Alteration Within Kaolin-Alunite Hydrothermal
Deposits of Çanakkale, NW Turkey, Clay. Clay Miner., 64, 245–274,
https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2016.0640305, 2016.
Ferrara, R., Maserti, B. E., De Liso, A., Cioni, R., Raco, B., Taddeucci, G.,
Edner, H., Ragnarson, P., Svanberg, S., and Wallinder, E.: Atmospheric
mercury emission at Solfatara volcano (Pozzuoli, Phlegraean Fields – Italy),
Chemosphere, 29, 1421–1428, https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(94)90275-5, 1994.
Fromm, P. O. and Gillette, J. R.: Effect of ambient ammonia on blood ammonia
and nitrogen excretion of rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri), Comp.
Biochem. Physiol., 26, 887–896, 1968.
Fitos, M., Badogiannis, E. G., Tsivilis, S. G., and Perraki, M.: Pozzolanic
activity of thermally and mechanically treated kaolins of hydrothermal
origin, Appl. Clay Sci., 116–117, 182–192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.08.028,
2015.
Giacomelli, L. and Scandone, R.: History of the exploitation of
thermo-mineral resources in Campi Flegrei and Ischia, Italy, J. Volcanol.
Geoth. Res., 209–210, 19–32, 2012.
Glamoclija, M., Garrel, L., Berthon, J., and Lopez-Garcıa, P.:
Biosignatures and bacterial diversity in hydrothermal deposits of Solfatara
Crater, Italy, Geomicrobiol. J., 21, 529–541,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450490888235, 2004.
Gresse, M., Vandemeulebrouck, J., Byrdina, S., Chiodini, G., Revil, A.,
Johnson, T. C., Ricci, T., Vilardo, G., Mangiacapra, A., Lebourg, T.,
Grangeon, J., Bascou, P., and Metral, L.: Three-Dimensional Electrical
Resistivity Tomography of the Solfatara Crater (Italy): Implication for the
Multiphase Flow Structure o
f the Shallow Hydrothermal System, J. Geophys.
Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 8749–8768, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014389, 2017.
Guglielminetti, M.: Mofete geothermal field, Geothermics, 15, 781–790,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(86)90091-X, 1986.
Henley, R. D. and Ellis, A. J.: Geothermal systems ancient and modern: a
geochemical review, Earth Sci. Rev., 19, 1–50,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(83)90075-2, 1983.
Holloway, J. M. and Dahlgren, R. A.: Nitrogen in rock: Occurrences and
biogeochemical implications, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1118,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001862, 2002.
Jaffe, D. A.: The nitrogen cycle, in: Earth system science, edited by: Jacobson, M. C., Charlson, R. J., Rohde,
H., and Orians, G. H., Academic Press, San Diego,
Calif, 322–342, 2000.
Lowe, S. E., Jain, M. K., and Zeikus, J. G.: Biology, ecology, and biotechnological applications of anaerobic bacteria adapted to environmental stresses in temperature, pH, salinity, or substrates, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. R., 57, 451–509, 1993.
Madejová, J.: FTIR techniques in clay mineral studies, Vib. Spectrosc.,
31, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2031(02)00065-6, 2003.
Madejová, J. and Komadel, P.: Baseline studies of the clay minerals
society source clays: infrared methods, Clay. Clay Miner., 49, 410–432,
2001.
Madejová, J., Kečkéš, J., Pálková, H., and Komadel,
P.: Identification of components in smectite/kaolinite mixtures, Clay Miner.,
37, 377–388, 2002.
Martini, M., Giannini, L., Buccianti, A., Prati, F., Cellini, Legittimo, P.,
Iozzelli, P., and Capaccioni, B.: 1980–1990: Ten years of geochemical
investigation at Phlegrean Fields (Italy), J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 48,
161–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(91)90040-7, 1991.
Mather, T. A., Oppenheimer, C., Allen, A. G., and McGonigle, A. J. S.: Aerosol
chemistry of emissions from three contrasting volcanoes in Italy, Atmos.
Environ., 38, 5637–5649, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.017, 2004.
Montanaro, C., Mayer, K., Isaia, R., Gresse, M., Scheu, B., Yilmaz, T. I.,
Vandemeulebrouck, J., Ricci, T., and Dingwell, D. B.: Hydrothermal activity
and subsoil complexity: implication for degassing processes at Solfatara
crater, Campi Flegrei caldera, B. Volcanol., 79, 83,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-017-1167-z, 2017.
Moretti, R., De Natale, G., and Troise, C.: A geochemical and geophysical
reappraisal to the significance of the recent unrest at Campi Flegrei
caldera (Southern Italy), Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 18, 1244–1269,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006569, 2017.
Mormone, A., Piochi, M., Troise, C., and De Natale, G.: Il laboratorio di
Diffrattometria a raggi X dell'Osservatorio Vesuviano (Istituto Nazionale di
Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Napoli): identificazione e stima quantitativa
delle fasi in campioni polverizzati, Rapporti tecnici INGV, 279, 7–21, ISSN
2039-7941, 2014.
Notomista, E., Falanga, A., Fusco, S., Pirone, L., Zanfardino, A., Galdiero, S., Varcamonti, M., Pedone, E., and Contursi, P.: The identification of a novel Sulfolobus islandicus CAMP-like peptide points to archaeal microorganisms as cell factories for the production of antimicrobial molecules, Microbial. Cell. Fact., 14, 126–137, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-015-0302-9, 2015.
Ohmoto, H. and Rye, R. O.: Isotopes of sulfur and carbon, in: Geochemistry
of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, edited by: Barnes, H. L., Wiley, New York, 509–567, 1979.
Parafiniuk, J. and Kruszewky, L.: Minerals of the
ammonioalunit-ammoniojarosite series e formed on a burning coal dump at
Czerwionka, Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Mineral. Mag., 74, 731–745,
https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2010.074.4.731, 2010.
Photos-Jones, E., Christidis, G. E., Piochi, M., Keane, C., Mormone, A.,
Balassone, G., Perdikatsis, V., and Leanord, A.: Testing Greco-Roman
medicinal minerals: The case of solfataric alum, J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep., 10,
82–95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.08.042, 2016.
Piochi, M., Bruno, P. P., and De Astis, G.: Relative roles of rifting
tectonics and magma uprising processes: inferences from geophysical,
structural and geochemical data of the Neapolitan volcanic region (southern
Italy), Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 6, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000885, 2005.
Piochi, M., Kilburn, C. R. J., Di Vito, M. A., Mormone, A., Tramelli, A.,
Troise, C., and De Natale, G.: The volcanic and geothermally active Campi
Flegrei caldera: an integrated multidisciplinary image of its buried
structure, Int. J. Earth Sci., 10, 401–421, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-013-0972-7,
2014.
Piochi, M., Mormone, A., Balassone, G., Strauss, H., Troise, C., and De
Natale, G.: Native sulfur, sulfates and sulfides from the active Campi
Flegrei volcano (southern Italy): Genetic environments and degassing
dynamics revealed by mineralogy and isotope geochemistry, J. Volcanol.
Geoth. Res., 304, 180–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.08.017, 2015.
Piochi, M., Mormone, A., and Balassone, G.: Hydrothermal alteration
environments in the recent dynamics of the Ischia volcanic island (Southern
Italy): clues from repeated field, mineralogical and geochemical surveys
across the 2017 earthquake of Casamicciola, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res.,
376, 104–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.03.018, 2019.
Pirajno, F.: Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems, Springer Science
& Business Media, Geological Survey of Western Australia, 1250 pp., 2008.
Politi, J., Spadavecchia, J., Fiorentino, G., Antonucci, I., Casale, S., and De
Stefano, L.: Interaction of Thermus thermophilus ArsC enzyme and gold
nanoparticles naked-eye assays speciation between As(III) and As(V),
Nanotechnology, 30, 26, 435703, https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/43/435703, 2015.
Rittmann, A.: Sintesi geologica dei Campi Flegrei, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 69,
117–28, 1950.
Russo, M., Campostrini, I., and Demartin, F.: I minerali di origine fumarolica
dei Campi Flegrei: Solfatara di Pozzuoli (Napoli) e dintorni, Periodi
dell'AMI, Micro, 3, 15, 2017.
Rye, R. O.: A review of the stable-isotope geochemistry of sulfate minerals
in selected igneous environments and related hydrothermal systems, Chem.
Geol., 215, 5–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.034, 2005.
Rye, R. O., Bethke, P. M., and Wasserman, M. D.: The stable isotope
geochemistry of acid sulfate alteration, Econ. Geol., 87, 225–262,
https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.2.225, 1992.
Saccorotti, G., Petrosino, S., Bianco, F., Castellano, M., Galluzzo, D., La
Rocca, M., Del Pezzo, E., Zaccarelli, L., and Cusano, P.: Seismicity
associated with the 2004–2006 renewed ground uplift at Campi Flegrei
Caldera, Italy, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 165, 14–24,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2007.07.006, 2007.
Sgavetti, M., Pompilio, L., Roveri,M., Manzi, V., Valentino, G. M., Lugli,
S., Carlia, C., Amici, S., Marchese, F., and Lacava, T.: Two geologic systems
providing terrestrial analogues for the exploration of sulfate deposits on
Mars: initial spectral characterization, Planet. Space Sci., 57, 614–627,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2008.05.010, 2008.
Sicardi, L.: La Solfatara di Pozzuoli, Bulletin Volcanologique, 18, 151–158, 1959.
Sillitoe, R. H.: Epithermal models: genetic types, geothermal controls and
shallow features, in: Mineral Deposit Modeling, edited by: Kirkham, R. V., Sinclair, W. D., Thorpe, R. I., and Duke,
J. M., Geological Association of Canada
Special Paper, 40, 403–417, 1993.
Simón, M., Martin, F., García, I., Bouza, P., Dorronsoro, C., and
Auilar, J.: Interaction of limestone grains and acidic solutions from the
oxidation of pyrite tailings, Environ. Pollut., 135, 65–72,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.10.013, 2005.
Toumi, M. and Tlili, A.: Rietveld Refinement and Vibrational Spectroscopic
Study of Alunite from El Gnater, Central Tunisia, Russ. J.
Inorg. Chem., 53, 1845–1853, 2008.
Valentino, G. M. and Stanzione, D.: Source processes of the thermal waters
from the Phlegraean Fields (Naples, Italy) by means of the study of selected
minor and trace elements distribution, Chem. Geol., 194, 245–274,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00196-1, 2003.
Valentino, G. M. and Stanzione, D.: Geochemical monitoring of the thermal
waters of the Phlegraean Fields, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 133,
261–289, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00402-5, 2004.
Valentino, G. M., Cortecci, G., Franco, E., and Stanzione, D.: Chemical and
isotopic compositions of minerals and waters from the Campi Flegrei volcanic
system, Naples, Italy, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 91, 329344, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00042-6, 1999.
Vaselli, O., Tassi, F., and Tedesco, D.: Submarine and inland gas discharges
from the Campi Flegrei (southern Italy) and the Pozzuoli Bay: geochemical
clues for a common hydrothermal-magmatic source, Proced. Earth Plan.
Sc., 4, 57–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeps.2011.11.007, 2011.
Ventriglia, U.: Rilievo Geologico dei campi Flegrei, Soc. Geol. It. Bull.,
69, 265–334, 1942.
White, N. C. and Hedenquist, J. W.: Epithermal environments and styles of mineralization: variations and their causes, and guidelines for exploration, J. Geochem. Explor., 36, 445–474, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(90)90063-G, 1990.
Zillig, W., Prangishvili, D., Schleper, C., Elferink, M., Holz, I., Albers,
A., Janekovic, D., and Götz, D.: Viruses, plasmids and other genetic
elements of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic Archaea, Microbiol. Rev., 18,
225–236, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1996.tb00239.x, 1996.
Zotov, A., Mukhamet-Galeev, A., and Schott, J.: An experimental study of
kaolinite and dickite relative stability at 150–300
∘C and the
thermodynamic properties of dickite, Am. Mineral., 83, 516–524,
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1998-5-610, 1998.