Articles | Volume 7, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1085-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1085-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Experimental sand burial affects seedling survivorship, morphological traits, and biomass allocation of Ulmus pumila var. sabulosa in the Horqin Sandy Land, China
Jiao Tang
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang,
110016, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100048, China
Carlos Alberto Busso
Departamento de Agronomía-CERZOS (CONICET: Consejo Nacional de
Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la República
Argentina), Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Andrés 800, 8000
Bahía Blanca, Argentina
Deming Jiang
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang,
110016, China
Ala Musa
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang,
110016, China
Dafu Wu
Department of Resource and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and
Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
Yongcui Wang
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang,
110016, China
Chunping Miao
Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang,
110016, China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100048, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Yongcui Wang, Busso Carlos Alberto, Deming Jiang, Musa Ala, Xuehua Li, Quanlai Zhou, Jixiang Lin, Guohua Ren, and Lian Jia
Solid Earth, 7, 621–629, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-621-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-621-2016, 2016
C. Y. Niu, A. Musa, and Y. Liu
Solid Earth, 6, 1157–1167, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1157-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1157-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The higher soil moisture content among different land uses was exhibited by the grassland, and followed by cropland, poplar land, inter-dunes and shrub land. The temporal variations of soil moisture in different land uses were not always consistent with the rainfall due to the dry sequence. The infiltration depth exhibited a positive correlation with precipitation under all land uses. This study provided an insight into the implications for land and agricultural water management in this area.
Related subject area
Crystallography
Effects of spent mushroom compost application on the physicochemical properties of a degraded soil
Using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor to detect change in land surface temperature in relation to land use change in Yazd, Iran
Recent developments in neutron imaging with applications for porous media research
Combined deep sampling and mass-based approaches to assess soil carbon and nitrogen losses due to land-use changes in karst area of southwestern China
Fixation kinetics of chelated and non-chelated zinc in semi-arid alkaline soils: application to zinc management
Spatial variability of some soil properties varies in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations of west coastal area of India
Vegetation greenness response to water availability in northern China from 1982 to 2006
Estimations of soil fertility in physically degraded agricultural soils through selective accounting of fine earth and gravel fractions
Desertification of forest, range and desert in Tehran province, affected by climate change
Investigation of the relationship between landform classes and electrical conductivity (EC) of water and soil using a fuzzy model in a GIS environment
Effect of polluted water on soil and plant contamination by heavy metals in El-Mahla El-Kobra, Egypt
Vegetation cover change detection and assessment in arid environment using multi-temporal remote sensing images and ecosystem management approach
A new X-ray-transparent flow-through reaction cell for a μ-CT-based concomitant surveillance of the reaction progress of hydrothermal mineral–fluid interactions
İlknur Gümüş and Cevdet Şeker
Solid Earth, 8, 1153–1160, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1153-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1153-2017, 2017
Sajad Zareie, Hassan Khosravi, Abouzar Nasiri, and Mostafa Dastorani
Solid Earth, 7, 1551–1564, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1551-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1551-2016, 2016
Anders P. Kaestner, Pavel Trtik, Mohsen Zarebanadkouki, Daniil Kazantsev, Michal Snehota, Katherine J. Dobson, and Eberhard H. Lehmann
Solid Earth, 7, 1281–1292, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1281-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1281-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Experiments to determine the location and displacement of fluids in porous media are of high interest to verify flow and transport models. Neutron imaging presents, due to the high sensitivity to hydrogen, an ideal method to provide 3-D information about fluid distribution on the scale of a few tens of microns in a dense matrix of a sample container. We report instrumentation and method developments that increase spatial or temporal resolution, and demonstrate the performance in case studies.
Yecui Hu, Zhangliu Du, Qibing Wang, and Guichun Li
Solid Earth, 7, 1075–1084, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1075-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1075-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified the SOC and TN losses induced by land-use changes in a typical karst region of southwestern China. Converting from natural forest to croplands greatly led to SOC and TN losses (as higher as 37.8 %), but the magnitude depended on sampling depth and calculation method. We recommend to account for SOC and TN stocks on equivalent soil mass basis together with deep sampling. This study has significant implications on the projected land management in the degraded karst areas.
Theophilus K. Udeigwe, Madeleine Eichmann, and Matthew C. Menkiti
Solid Earth, 7, 1023–1031, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1023-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1023-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Micronutrient fixation leads to the reduction of plant-available portions. This study examined the fixation kinetics of chelated and non-chelated zinc (Zn) in semi-arid soils. About 30 % more Zn was fixed in the non-chelated system in the first 14 days. Slope of change of Zn to Cu (i.e., Cu–Zn) was higher than other micronutrients. Zn fixation kinetics were better described by a power-function model. Tools developed from this study will be used to advance micronutrient management.
Sanjib Kumar Behera, Kancherla Suresh, Bezawada Narsimha Rao, Ravi Kumar Mathur, Arvind Kumar Shukla, Kamireddy Manorama, Kummari Ramachandrudu, Parasa Harinarayana, and Chandra Prakash
Solid Earth, 7, 979–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-979-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-979-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzed the spatial variability of some soil properties in surface and subsurface soil layers of oil palm plantations in the south Goa district of Goa situated in western coastal area of India. The studied soil properties in surface and subsurface layers varied widely. Geostatistical analysis revealed different spatial distribution patterns for the soil properties. The generated prediction maps are useful for site-specific soil nutrient management in the area.
Fengtai Zhang and Youzhi An
Solid Earth, 7, 995–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-995-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-995-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The relationship between satellite-observed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data as a proxy for vegetation greenness and water availability (rainfall and soil moisture) can greatly improve our understanding of how vegetation greenness responds to water availability fluctuations. Using Sen and Pearson’s correlation methods, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation greenness for both the entire year and the growing season (GS,4–10) in northern China from 1982 to 2006.
Mavinakoppa S. Nagaraja, Ajay Kumar Bhardwaj, G. V. Prabhakara Reddy, Chilakunda A. Srinivasamurthy, and Sandeep Kumar
Solid Earth, 7, 897–903, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-897-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-897-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Three nutrient stock estimation methods, generalized soil mass (GSM), bulk-density-based soil mass (BDSM) and the proportion of fine earth volume (FEV) method, were compared to estimate organic C and major available nutrient stocks in physically degraded agricultural soils of southern India. The stocks were lowest using FEV method followed by GSM and BDSM method. The study highlights the importance of estimation methods to obtain realistic estimates for the development of degraded land areas.
Hadi Eskandari, Moslem Borji, Hassan Khosravi, and Tayebeh Mesbahzadeh
Solid Earth, 7, 905–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-905-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-905-2016, 2016
Marzieh Mokarram and Dinesh Sathyamoorthy
Solid Earth, 7, 873–880, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-873-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-873-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the relationship between landform classes and electrical conductivity (EC) of water and soil for wheat crops was determined using a combination of a GIS and a fuzzy model. The results show that EC of water is high for valley classes while the EC of soil is high in upland drainage.
Esawy Kasem Mahmoud and Adel Mohamed Ghoneim
Solid Earth, 7, 703–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-703-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-703-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Delta drains receive high concentrations of organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial, domestic as well as diffuse agricultural waste water. High priority should be given to Zefta and drain no.5 sites which receive high loads of pollutants. This was confirmed by the lower water quality and polluted soils, especially by heavy metals in the El-Mahla El-Kobra area.
Anwar Abdelrahman Aly, Abdulrasoul Mosa Al-Omran, Abdulazeam Shahwan Sallam, Mohammad Ibrahim Al-Wabel, and Mohammad Shayaa Al-Shayaa
Solid Earth, 7, 713–725, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-713-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-713-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The use of a holistic ecosystem approach for sustainable development of fragile ecosystem of Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia, was found valuable. A comprehensive analysis of the ecosystem was carried out to determine the complex relationships between agronomic and social dimensions. The major ecosystem change detected by RS was the increase of vegetation cover area between years 1987 and 2000 by 107.4 %; however, it decreased by 27.5 % between 2000 and 2013.
Wolf-Achim Kahl, Christian Hansen, and Wolfgang Bach
Solid Earth, 7, 651–658, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-651-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-651-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A new flow-through reaction cell consisting of an X-ray transparent semicrystalline thermoplastic has been developed for percolation experiments. Core holder, tubing and all confining parts are designed of PEEK (polyetheretherketone) to allow concomitant surveillance of the reaction progress by X-ray microtomography. The reaction progress of the flow-through experiment can be monitored without dismantling the sample from the core holder.
Cited articles
Bazzaz, F. A.: Allocation of Resources in Plants: State of the Science and Critical Questions, in: Plant Resource Allocation, Academic Press, San Diego, 1997.
Belcher, C. R.: Effect of sand cover on the survival and vigor of Rosa rugosa Thunb, Int. J. Biometeorol., 21, 276–280, 1977.
Bellamy, P. H., Loveland, P. J., Bradley, R. I., Lark, R. M., and Kirk, G. J. D.: Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978–2003, Nature, 437, 245–248, 2005.
Berendse, F., van Ruijven, J., Jongejans, E., and Keesstra, S.: Loss of Plant Species Diversity Reduces Soil Erosion Resistance, Ecosystems, 18, 881–888, 2015.
Borreli, P., Panagos, P., Ballabio, C., Lugato, E., Weynants, M., and Montanaalla, L.: Towards a Pan-European assessment of land susceptibiity to wind erosion, Land Degrad. Dev., 27, 1093–1105, 2016.
Brevik, E. C., Cerdà, A., Mataix-Solera, J., Pereg, L., Quinton, J. N., Six, J., and Van Oost, K.: The interdisciplinary nature of SOIL, SOIL, 1, 117–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-117-2015, 2015.
Brown, J. F.: Effects of Experimental Burial on Survival, Growth, and Resource Allocation of Three Species of Dune Plants, J. Ecol., 85, 151–158, 1997.
Caldwell, M. M., Dawson, T. A., and Richards, J. H.: Hydraulic lift: Consequences of water efflux from the roots of plants, Oecologia, 113, 151–161, 1998.
Cao, C. Y., Jiang, D. M., Teng, X. H., Jiang, Y., Liang, W. J., and Cui, Z. B.: Soil chemical and microbiological properties along a chronosequence of Caragana microphylla Lam. plantations in the Horqin sandy land of Northeast China, Appl. Soil Ecol., 40, 78–85, 2008.
Cao, C. Y., Jiang, S. Y., Zhang, Y. Y., Zhang, F. H., and Han, X. S.: Spatial variability of soil nutrients and microbiological properties after the establishment of leguminous shrub Caragana microphylla Lam. plantation on sand dune in the Horqin Sandy Land of Northeast China, Ecol. Eng., 37, 1467–1475, 2011.
Cerdà, A.: The influence of aspect and vegetation on seasonal changes in erosion under rainfall simulation on a clay soil in Spain, Can. J. Soil Sci., 78, 321–330, 1998.
Chen, H. and Maun, M. A.: Effects of sand burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of Cirsium pitcheri, Plant Ecol., 140, 53–60, 1999.
Cheplick, G. P. and Grandstaff, K.: Effects of sand burial on purple sandgrass (Triplasis purpurea): the significance of seed heteromorphism, Plant Ecol., 133, 79–89, 1997.
Colazo, J. C. and Buschiazzo, D.: The impact of agriculture on soil texture due to wind erosion, Land Degrad. Dev., 26, 62–70, 2015.
Disraeli, D. J.: The effect of sand deposits on the growth and morphology of Ammophila Breviligulata, J. Ecol., 72, 145–154, 1984.
Dulamsuren, C., Hauck, M., Nyambayar, S., Bader, M., Osokhjargal, D., Oyungerel, S., and Leuschner, C.: Performance of Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) on steppe slopes of the northern Mongolian mountain taiga: Drought stress and herbivory in mature trees, Environ. Exp. Bot., 66, 18–24, 2009.
Foley, J. A., DeFries, R., Asner, G. P., Barford, C., Bonan, G., Carpenter, S. R., Chapin, F. S., Coe, M. T., Daily, G. C., Gibbs, H. K., Helkowski, J. H., Holloway, T., Howard, E. A., Kucharik, C. J., Monfreda, C., Patz, J. A., Prentice, I. C., Ramankutty, N., and Snyder, P. K.: Global Consequences of Land Use, Science, 309, 570–574, 2005.
Gabarrón-Galeote, M. A., Martínez-Murillo, J. F., Quesada, M. A., and Ruiz-Sinoga, J. D.: Seasonal changes in the soil hydrological and erosive response depending on aspect, vegetation type and soil water repellency in different Mediterranean microenvironments, Solid Earth, 4, 497–509, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-497-2013, 2013.
Gao, Y., Dang, X., Yu, Y., Li, Y., Liu, Y., and Wang , J.: Effects of tillage methods on soil carbon and wind erosion, Land Degrad. Dev., 27, 583–591, 2015.
Harris, D. and Davy, A. J.: Seedling Growth in Elymus farctus after Episodes of Burial with Sand, Ann. Bot., 60, 587–593, 1987.
He, Y. H., Zhao, H. L., Zhao, X. Y., and Liu, X. P.: Effects of different sand burial depths on growth and biomass allocation in Caragana microphylla seedlings, Arid Land Geogr., 31, 701–706, 2008.
Jeffreyt, B., Bobbie, M. M., Johnj, B., Dennisc, G., Robertj, L., and Jhonathane, E.: Sand abrasion Injury and biomass partitioning in cotton seedlings, Agr. J., 101, 1297–1303, 2009.
Jiang, D. M., Liu, Z. M., Cao, C. Y., Kou, Z. W., and Wang, R. Y.: Desertification and ecological restoration of Keerqin Sandy Land, China environmental science Press, Beijing, 2003.
Jiang, D. M., Tang, Y., and Busso, C. A.: Effects of vegetation cover on recruitment of Ulmus pumila L. in Horqin Sandy Land, northeastern China, J. Arid Land, 6, 343–351, 2013.
Li, J., Qu, H., Zhao, H. L., Zhou, R. L., Yun, J., and Pan, C. C.: Growth and physiological responses of Agriophyllum squarrosum to sand burial stress, J. Arid Land, 7, 94–100, 2015.
Li, S. L., Werger, M. A., Zuidema, P., Yu, F.-H., and Dong, M.: Seedlings of the semi-shrub Artemisia ordosica are resistant to moderate wind denudation and sand burial in Mu Us sandland, China, Trees, 24, 515–521, 2010.
Li, X. H., Jiang, D. M., Zhou, Q. L., and Oshida, T.: Soil seed bank characteristics beneath an age sequence of Caragana microphylla shrubs in the Horqin Sandy Land region of northeastern China, Land Degrad. Dev., 25, 236–243, 2014.
Li, Y. G., Jiang, G. M., Niu, S. L., Liu, M. Z., Peng, Y., Yu, S. L., and Gao, L. M.: Gas Exchange and Water Use Efficiency of Three Native Tree Species in Hunshandak Sandland of China, Photosynthetica, 41, 227–232, 2003.
Liu, B., Liu, Z. M., and Guan, D. X.: Seedling growth variation in response to sand burial in four Artemisia species from different habitats in the semi-arid dune field, Trees, 22, 41–47, 2008.
Liu, B., Liu, Z. M., Lü, X. T., Maestre, F. T., and Wang, L. X.: Sand burial compensates for the negative effects of erosion on the dune-building shrub Artemisia wudanica, Plant Soil, 374, 263–273, 2014.
Liu, H. and Guo, K.: The impacts of sand burial on seedling development of Caragana intermedia, Acta Ecologica Sinica, 25, 2550–2555, 2005.
Liu, Z. M., Zhu, J. L., and Deng, X.: Arrival vs. retention of seeds in bare patches in the semi-arid desertified grassland of Inner Mongolia, northeastern China, Ecol. Eng., 49, 153–159, 2012.
Ma, C. G.: A Provenance Test of White Elm (Ulmus-Pumila L) in China, Silvae Genet, 38, 37–44, 1989.
Maun, M. A.: Adaptations enhancing survival and establishment of seedlings on coastal dune systems, Vegetatio, 111, 59–70, 1994.
Maun, M. A.: Adaptations of plants to burial in coastal sand dunes, Canadian Journal of Botany-Revue Canadienne De Botanique, 76, 713–738, 1997.
Maun, M. A. and Lapierre, J.: Effects of Burial by Sand on Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of Four Dune Species, Am. J. Bot., 73, 450–455, 1986.
Miao, R. H., Jiang, D. M., Musa, A., Zhou, Q. L., Guo, M. X., and Wang, Y. C.: Effectiveness of shrub planting and grazing exclusion on degraded sandy grassland restoration in Horqin sandy land in Inner Mongolia, Ecol. Eng., 74, 164–173, 2014.
Miner, B. G., Sultan, S. E., Morgan, S. G., Padilla, D. K., and Relyea, R. A.: Ecological consequences of phenotypic plasticity, Trends Ecol. Evol., 20, 685–692, 2005.
Ni, J., Luo, D. H., Xia, J., Zhang, Z. H., and Hu, G.: Vegetation in karst terrain of southwestern China allocates more biomass to roots, Solid Earth, 6, 799–810, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-799-2015, 2015.
Niu, C. Y., Musa, A., and Liu, Y.: Analysis of soil moisture condition under different land uses in the arid region of Horqin sandy land, northern China, Solid Earth, 6, 1157–1167, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1157-2015, 2015.
Park, Y. D., Lee, D. K., Batkhuu, N. O., Tsogtbaatar, J., Combalicer, M. S., Go, E., Park, and Su, Y. W.: Woody Species Variations in Biomass Allocation, Photosynthetic WUE and Carbon Isotope Composition under Natural Drought Condition in Mongolia, J. Environ. Sci. Manag., 29–37, 2012.
Perumal, V. J. and Maun, M. A.: Ecophysiological response of dune species to experimental burial under field and controlled conditions, Plant Ecol., 184, 89–104, 2006.
Qian, J. Q., Liu, Z. M., Hatier, J. H. B., and Liu, B.: The Vertical Distribution of Soil Seed Bank and Its Restoration Implication in an Active Sand Dune of Northeastern Inner Mongolia, China, Land Degrad. Dev., 27, 305–315, 2015.
Qiu, S. W.: Study on the formation and evolution of Horqin Sandy Land, Scientia Geographica Sinica, 9, 317–328, 1989.
Qu, H., Zhao, H. L., Zhou, R. L., Zuo, X. A., Luo, Y., Wang, J. G., and Barron, J. O.: Effects of sand burial on the survival and physiology of three psammophytes of Northern China, African J. Biotechnol., 11, 4518–4529, 2012.
Schlütz, F., Dulamsuren, C., Wieckowska, M., Mühlenberg, M., and Hauck, M.: Late Holocene vegetation history suggests natural origin of steppes in the northern Mongolian mountain taiga, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 261, 203–217, 2008.
Shi, L., Zhang, Z. J., Zhang, C. Y., and Zhang, J. Z.: Effects of sand burial on survival, growth, gas exchange and biomass allocation of Ulmus pumila seedlings in the Hunshandak Sandland, China, Ann. Bot., 94, 553–560, 2004.
Smith, P., Cotrufo, M. F., Rumpel, C., Paustian, K., Kuikman, P. J., Elliott, J. A., McDowell, R., Griffiths, R. I., Asakawa, S., Bustamante, M., House, J. I., Sobocká, J., Harper, R., Pan, G., West, P. C., Gerber, J. S., Clark, J. M., Adhya, T., Scholes, R. J., and Scholes, M. C.: Biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity as key drivers of ecosystem services provided by soils, SOIL, 1, 665–685, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-665-2015, 2015.
Sokal, R. and Rohlf, F.: Biometry, 3rd Edn., WH Freman and Company, New York, 1995.
Sun, Z. G., Mou, X. G., Lin, G. H., Wang, L. L., Song, H. L., and Jiang, H.: Effects of sediment burial disturbance on seedling survival and growth of Suaeda salsa in the tidal wetland of the Yellow River estuary, Plant Soil, 337, 457–468, 2010.
Sun, Z. G., Song, H. L., Sun, W. G., and Sun, J. K.: Effects of continual burial by sediment on morphological traits and dry mass allocation of Suaeda salsa seedlings in the Yellow River estuary: An experimental study, Ecol. Eng., 68, 176–183, 2014.
Sykes, M. T. and Wilson, J. B.: An experimental investigation into the response of New Zealand sand dune species to different depths of burial by sand, Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 39, 171–181, 1990.
Tang, J., Busso, C.A., Jiang, D. M., Wang, Y. C., Wu, D. F., Musa, A., Miao, R. H., and Miao, C. P.: Seed Burial Depth and Soil Water Content Affect Seedling Emergence and Growth of Ulmus pumila var. sabulosa in the Horqin Sandy Land, Sustainability, 8, 68–77, 2016.
Tang, J., Jiang, D. M., and Wang, Y. C.: A review on the process of seed-seedling regeneration of Ulmus pumila in sparse forest grassland, Chinese J. Ecol., 33, 1114–1120, 2014.
Tang, Y., Jiang, D. M., and Lü, X. T.: Effects of Exclosure Management on Elm (Ulmus Pumila) Recruitment in Horqin Sandy Land, Northeastern China, Arid Land Res. Manag., 28, 109–117, 2013.
Tian, F. P., Liu, Y., Wu, G. L., and Shi, S. L.: Seedling recruitment of forb species under experimental microhabitats in alpine grassland, Pakistan J. Bot., 47, 2127–2134, 2015.
Verheijen, F. G. A., Jones, R. J. A., Rickson, R. J., and Smith, C. J.: Tolerable versus actual soil erosion rates in Europe, Earth-Sci. Rev., 94, 23–38, 2009.
Walck, J. L., Baskin, J. M., and Baskin, C. C.: Relative competitive abilities and growth characteristics of a narrowly endemic and a geographically widespread Solidago species (Asteraceae), Am. J. Bot., 86, 820–828, 1999.
Wang, D., Zhu, Y. J., Wu, G. L., and Feng, J.: Seedling performance within eight different seed-size alpine forbs under experimentation with irradiance and nutrient gradients, Pakistan J. Bot., 46, 1261–1268, 2014.
Wang, J., Zhou, R. L., Zhao, H. L., Zhao, Y., and Hou, Y.: Growth and physiological adaptation of Messerschmidia sibirica to sand burial on coastal sandy, Acta Ecologica Sinica, 32, 4291–4299, 2012.
Wang, K. B., Deng, L., Ren, Z. P., Li, J. P., and Shangguan, Z. P.: Grazing exclusion significantly improves grassland ecosystem C and N pools in a desert steppe of Northwest China, Catena, 137, 441–448, 2016.
Wang, T., Xue;, X., Zhou;, L., and Guo, J.: Combating aeolian desertification in northern China, Land Degrad. Dev., 26, 118–132, 2015.
Wu, G. L., Feng, J., Shi, Z. H., and Du, G. Z.: Plant seedling performance traits impact on successful recruitment in various microhabitats for five Alpine Saussurea species, Pakistan J. Bot., 45, 61–71, 2013.
Xu, L., Huber, H., During, H. J., Dong, M., and Anten, N. P. R.: Intraspecific variation of a desert shrub species in phenotypic plasticity in response to sand burial, New Phytol., 199, 991–1000, 2013.
Yan, Q. L. Liu, Z. M., Zhu, J. J., Luo, Y. M., Wang, H. M., and Jiang, D.: Structure, Pattern and Mechanisms of Formation of Seed Banks in Sand Dune Systems in Northeastern Inner Mongolia, China, Plant Soil, 277, 175–184, 2005.
Yang, H. L., Cao, Z. P., Dong, M., Ye, Y. Z., and Huang, Z. Y.: Effects of sand burying on caryopsis germination and seedling growth of Bromus inermis Leyss, Chinese J. Appl. Ecol., 18, 2438–2443, 2007.
Yang, L. M., Zhou, G. S., Wang, G. H., and Wang, Y. H.: Effect of human activities on soil environment and plant species diversity of elm sparse woods, J. Appl. Ecol., 14, 321–325, 2003.
Zhang, T. H., Zhao, H. L., Li, S. G., Li, F. R., Shirato, Y., Ohkuro, T., and Taniyama, I.: A comparison of different measures for stabilizing moving sand dunes in the Horqin Sandy Land of Inner Mongolia, China, J. Arid Environ., 58, 203–214, 2004.
Zhao, H. L., Li, J., Zhou, R. L., Qu, H., Yun, J., and Pan, C. C.: Effects of Sand Burial on Growth Properties of Pinus sylvestnis var.mongolica, J. Desert Res., 35, 60–65, 2015.
Zhao, W. Z., Li, Q. Y., and Fang, H. Y.: Effects of sand burial disturbance on seedling growth of Nitraria sphaerocarpa, Plant Soil, 295, 95–102, 2007.
Short summary
In order to test the tolerance of sandy elm after emergence, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the changes of survivorship, morphological traits and biomass allocation buried by various experimental burial depths. The results showed that partial sand burial did not influence survivorship but increased seedling height, diameter, taproot length, total biomass, and relative growth rates. It decreased total leaf area and changed biomass allocation, transferring more biomass to aboveground.
In order to test the tolerance of sandy elm after emergence, an experiment was conducted to...