Articles | Volume 7, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-979-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-979-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Spatial variability of some soil properties varies in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations of west coastal area of India
Sanjib Kumar Behera
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh 534450, India
Kancherla Suresh
ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh 534450, India
Bezawada Narsimha Rao
ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh 534450, India
Ravi Kumar Mathur
ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh 534450, India
Arvind Kumar Shukla
ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabibagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462038, India
Kamireddy Manorama
ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh 534450, India
Kummari Ramachandrudu
ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh 534450, India
Parasa Harinarayana
ICAR-Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh 534450, India
Chandra Prakash
ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabibagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462038, India
Related authors
Sanjib K. Behera, Arvind K. Shukla, Brahma S. Dwivedi, and Brij L. Lakaria
SOIL Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2016-41, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2016-41, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is widespread in all types of soils of world including acid soils affecting crop production and nutritional quality of edible plant parts. The present study was carried out to assess the effects of lime and farmyard manure addition to two acid soils of India on soil properties, extractable zinc by different extractants, dry matter yield, Zn concentration and uptake by maize. Increased level of lime application led to enhancement of soil pH and reduction in extractable Zn in
Sanjib K. Behera, Arvind K. Shukla, Brahma S. Dwivedi, and Brij L. Lakaria
SOIL Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2016-41, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2016-41, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is widespread in all types of soils of world including acid soils affecting crop production and nutritional quality of edible plant parts. The present study was carried out to assess the effects of lime and farmyard manure addition to two acid soils of India on soil properties, extractable zinc by different extractants, dry matter yield, Zn concentration and uptake by maize. Increased level of lime application led to enhancement of soil pH and reduction in extractable Zn in
Related subject area
Crystallography
Effects of spent mushroom compost application on the physicochemical properties of a degraded soil
Using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor to detect change in land surface temperature in relation to land use change in Yazd, Iran
Recent developments in neutron imaging with applications for porous media research
Experimental sand burial affects seedling survivorship, morphological traits, and biomass allocation of Ulmus pumila var. sabulosa in the Horqin Sandy Land, China
Combined deep sampling and mass-based approaches to assess soil carbon and nitrogen losses due to land-use changes in karst area of southwestern China
Fixation kinetics of chelated and non-chelated zinc in semi-arid alkaline soils: application to zinc management
Vegetation greenness response to water availability in northern China from 1982 to 2006
Estimations of soil fertility in physically degraded agricultural soils through selective accounting of fine earth and gravel fractions
Desertification of forest, range and desert in Tehran province, affected by climate change
Investigation of the relationship between landform classes and electrical conductivity (EC) of water and soil using a fuzzy model in a GIS environment
Effect of polluted water on soil and plant contamination by heavy metals in El-Mahla El-Kobra, Egypt
Vegetation cover change detection and assessment in arid environment using multi-temporal remote sensing images and ecosystem management approach
A new X-ray-transparent flow-through reaction cell for a μ-CT-based concomitant surveillance of the reaction progress of hydrothermal mineral–fluid interactions
İlknur Gümüş and Cevdet Şeker
Solid Earth, 8, 1153–1160, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1153-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1153-2017, 2017
Sajad Zareie, Hassan Khosravi, Abouzar Nasiri, and Mostafa Dastorani
Solid Earth, 7, 1551–1564, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1551-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1551-2016, 2016
Anders P. Kaestner, Pavel Trtik, Mohsen Zarebanadkouki, Daniil Kazantsev, Michal Snehota, Katherine J. Dobson, and Eberhard H. Lehmann
Solid Earth, 7, 1281–1292, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1281-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1281-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Experiments to determine the location and displacement of fluids in porous media are of high interest to verify flow and transport models. Neutron imaging presents, due to the high sensitivity to hydrogen, an ideal method to provide 3-D information about fluid distribution on the scale of a few tens of microns in a dense matrix of a sample container. We report instrumentation and method developments that increase spatial or temporal resolution, and demonstrate the performance in case studies.
Jiao Tang, Carlos Alberto Busso, Deming Jiang, Ala Musa, Dafu Wu, Yongcui Wang, and Chunping Miao
Solid Earth, 7, 1085–1094, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1085-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1085-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In order to test the tolerance of sandy elm after emergence, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the changes of survivorship, morphological traits and biomass allocation buried by various experimental burial depths. The results showed that partial sand burial did not influence survivorship but increased seedling height, diameter, taproot length, total biomass, and relative growth rates. It decreased total leaf area and changed biomass allocation, transferring more biomass to aboveground.
Yecui Hu, Zhangliu Du, Qibing Wang, and Guichun Li
Solid Earth, 7, 1075–1084, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1075-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1075-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We quantified the SOC and TN losses induced by land-use changes in a typical karst region of southwestern China. Converting from natural forest to croplands greatly led to SOC and TN losses (as higher as 37.8 %), but the magnitude depended on sampling depth and calculation method. We recommend to account for SOC and TN stocks on equivalent soil mass basis together with deep sampling. This study has significant implications on the projected land management in the degraded karst areas.
Theophilus K. Udeigwe, Madeleine Eichmann, and Matthew C. Menkiti
Solid Earth, 7, 1023–1031, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1023-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1023-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Micronutrient fixation leads to the reduction of plant-available portions. This study examined the fixation kinetics of chelated and non-chelated zinc (Zn) in semi-arid soils. About 30 % more Zn was fixed in the non-chelated system in the first 14 days. Slope of change of Zn to Cu (i.e., Cu–Zn) was higher than other micronutrients. Zn fixation kinetics were better described by a power-function model. Tools developed from this study will be used to advance micronutrient management.
Fengtai Zhang and Youzhi An
Solid Earth, 7, 995–1002, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-995-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-995-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The relationship between satellite-observed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data as a proxy for vegetation greenness and water availability (rainfall and soil moisture) can greatly improve our understanding of how vegetation greenness responds to water availability fluctuations. Using Sen and Pearson’s correlation methods, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation greenness for both the entire year and the growing season (GS,4–10) in northern China from 1982 to 2006.
Mavinakoppa S. Nagaraja, Ajay Kumar Bhardwaj, G. V. Prabhakara Reddy, Chilakunda A. Srinivasamurthy, and Sandeep Kumar
Solid Earth, 7, 897–903, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-897-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-897-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Three nutrient stock estimation methods, generalized soil mass (GSM), bulk-density-based soil mass (BDSM) and the proportion of fine earth volume (FEV) method, were compared to estimate organic C and major available nutrient stocks in physically degraded agricultural soils of southern India. The stocks were lowest using FEV method followed by GSM and BDSM method. The study highlights the importance of estimation methods to obtain realistic estimates for the development of degraded land areas.
Hadi Eskandari, Moslem Borji, Hassan Khosravi, and Tayebeh Mesbahzadeh
Solid Earth, 7, 905–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-905-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-905-2016, 2016
Marzieh Mokarram and Dinesh Sathyamoorthy
Solid Earth, 7, 873–880, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-873-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-873-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the relationship between landform classes and electrical conductivity (EC) of water and soil for wheat crops was determined using a combination of a GIS and a fuzzy model. The results show that EC of water is high for valley classes while the EC of soil is high in upland drainage.
Esawy Kasem Mahmoud and Adel Mohamed Ghoneim
Solid Earth, 7, 703–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-703-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-703-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Delta drains receive high concentrations of organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial, domestic as well as diffuse agricultural waste water. High priority should be given to Zefta and drain no.5 sites which receive high loads of pollutants. This was confirmed by the lower water quality and polluted soils, especially by heavy metals in the El-Mahla El-Kobra area.
Anwar Abdelrahman Aly, Abdulrasoul Mosa Al-Omran, Abdulazeam Shahwan Sallam, Mohammad Ibrahim Al-Wabel, and Mohammad Shayaa Al-Shayaa
Solid Earth, 7, 713–725, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-713-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-713-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The use of a holistic ecosystem approach for sustainable development of fragile ecosystem of Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia, was found valuable. A comprehensive analysis of the ecosystem was carried out to determine the complex relationships between agronomic and social dimensions. The major ecosystem change detected by RS was the increase of vegetation cover area between years 1987 and 2000 by 107.4 %; however, it decreased by 27.5 % between 2000 and 2013.
Wolf-Achim Kahl, Christian Hansen, and Wolfgang Bach
Solid Earth, 7, 651–658, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-651-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-651-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
A new flow-through reaction cell consisting of an X-ray transparent semicrystalline thermoplastic has been developed for percolation experiments. Core holder, tubing and all confining parts are designed of PEEK (polyetheretherketone) to allow concomitant surveillance of the reaction progress by X-ray microtomography. The reaction progress of the flow-through experiment can be monitored without dismantling the sample from the core holder.
Cited articles
Agterberg, F. P.: Trend surface analysis, in: Spatial Statistics and Models, edited by: Gaile, G. L. and Willmott, C. J., Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 174–171, 1984.
Behera, S. K. and Shukla, A. K.: Depth-wise distribution of zinc, copper, manganese and iron in acid soils of India and their relationship with some soil properties, J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 61, 244–252, 2013.
Behera, S. K. and Shukla, A. K.: Total and extractable manganese and iron in some cultivated acid soils of India – status, distribution and relationship with some soil properties, Pedosphere, 24, 196–208, 2014.
Behera, S. K. and Shukla, A. K.: Spatial distribution of surface soil acidity, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon content and exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium in some cropped acid soils of India, Land Degrad. Dev., 26, 71–79, 2015.
Behera, S. K., Singh, M. V., Singh, K. N., and Todwal, S.: Distribution variability of total and extractable zinc in cultivated acid soils of India and their relationship with some selected soil properties, Geoderma, 162, 242–250, 2011.
Behera, S. K., Shukla, A. K., and Singh, M. V.: Distribution variability of total and extractable copper in cultivated acid soils of India and their relationship with some selected soil properties, Agrochimica, LVI (1), 28–41, 2012.
Behera, S. K., Suresh, K., Rao, B. N., Manoja, K., and Manorama, K.: Soil nutrient status and leaf nutrient norms in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations grown in the west coastal area of India, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 47, 255–262, 2016.
Berendse, F., van Ruijven, J., Jongejans, E., and Keesstra, S.: Loss of plant species diversity reduces soil erosion resistance, Ecosystems, 18, 881–888, 2015.
Bhattacharyya, T., Pal, D. K., Mandal, C., Chandran, P., Ray, S. K., Sarkar, D., Velmourougane, K., Srivastava, A., Sidhu, G. S., Singh, R. S., Sahoo, A. K., Dutta, D., Nair, K. M., Srivastava, R., Tiwary, P., Nagar, A. P., and Nimkhedkar, S. S.: Soils of India: historical perspective, classification and recent advances, Current Sci., 104, 1308–1323, 2013.
Bray, R. H. and Kurtz, L. T.: Determination of total, organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils, Soil Sci., 59, 39–45, 1945.
Brevik, E. C., Cerdà, A., Mataix-Solera, J., Pereg, L., Quinton, J. N., Six, J., and Van Oost, K.: The interdisciplinary nature of SOIL, SOIL, 1, 117–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-117-2015, 2015.
Brevik, E. C., Calzolari, C., Miller, B. A., Pereira, P., Kabala, C., Baumgarten, A., and Jordan, A.: Soil mapping, classification, and pedologic modeling: History and future directions, Geoderma, 264, Part B, 256–274, 2016.
Cambardella, C. A., Moorman, T. B., Novak, J. M., Parkin, T. B., Karlen, D. L., Turco, R. F., and Konopka, A. E.: Field scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 58, 1501–1511, 1994.
Cerda, A., Morera, A. G., and Bodi, M. S.: Soil and water losses from new citrus orchards growing on sloped soils in the western Mediterranean basin, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 34, 1822–1833, 2009.
Corley, R. H. V. and Tinker, P. B.: The Oil Palm. 4th Edition, Blackwell Sciences Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom, 2003.
Corwin, D. L. and Lesch, S. M.: Apparent soil electrical conductivity measurements in agriculture, Comp. Electr. Agri., 46, 11–43, 2005.
Decock, C., Lee, J., Necpalova, M., Pereira, E. I. P., Tendall, D. M., and Six, J.: Mitigating N2O emissions from soil: from patching leaks to transformative action, SOIL, 1, 687–694, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-687-2015, 2015.
Dessai, A. G.: The geology of Goa group: Revisited, J. Geol. Soc. India, 78, 233–242, 2011.
ESRI: ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.1. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA, 2012.
Fairhurst, T. H., and Mutert, E.: Interpretation and management of oil palm leaf analysis data. Better Crops Intern., 13(1), 48-51, 1999.
Ferreira, V., Panagopoulos, T., Andrade, R., Guerrero, C., and Loures, L.: Spatial variability of soil properties and soil erodibility in the Alqueva reservoir watershed, Solid Earth, 6, 383–392, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-383-2015, 2015.
Foroughifar, H., Pakpour, A., Jafarzadeh, A. A., Miransari, M., and Torabi, H.: Using geostatistics and geographic information system techniques to characterize spatial variability of soil properties, including micronutrients, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 44, 1273–1281, 2013.
Foth, H. D. and Turk, L. M.: Fundamentals in Soil Science, John Wiley, New York, 1972.
Franzlubbers, A. J. and Hons, F. M.: Soil profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage, Soil Till. Res., 39, 229–239, 1996.
Fu, W., Tunney, H., and Zhang, C.: Spatial variation of soil nutrients in a dairy farm and its implications for site-speci?c fertilizer application, Soil Till. Res., 106, 185–193, 2010.
Goh, K. J., Hardter, R., and Fairhust, T. H.: Fertilizer for maximum return, in Oil palm: Management for High and Sustainable Yields, edited by: Fairhust, T. H., and Hardter, R., International Potash Institute, Singapore, 279–306, 2003.
Goovaerts, P.: Geostatistics for natural resources evaluation, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1997.
Goovaerts, P.: Geostatistical tools for characterizing the spatial variability of microbiological and physio-chemical soil properties, Biol. Fert. Soils, 27, 315–334, 1998.
Gupta, U. C.: A simplified method for determining hot-water soluble boron in podzol soils, Soil Sci., 103, 424–428, 1967.
Hanway, J. J. and Heidel, H.: Soil analyses methods as used in Iowa state college soil testing laboratory, Iowa Agriculture, 57, 1–31, 1952.
Jackson, M. L.: Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1973.
Johnston, M., Foley, J. A., Holloway, T., Kucharik, C. J., and Monfreda, C.: Resetting global expectations from biofuels, Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 014004, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/014004, 2009.
Jones, Jr. J. B.: Soil test methods: Past, present, and future, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 29, 1543–1552, 1998.
Keesstra, S. D., Geissen, V., Mosse, K., Piiranen, S., Scudiero, E., Leistra, M., and van Schaik, L.: Soil as a filter for groundwater quality, Current Opinion Env. Sust., 4, 507–516, 2012.
Kerry, R. and Oliver, M. A.: Average variograms to guide soil sampling for land management, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 5, 307–325, 2004.
Kerry, R. and Oliver, M. A.: Comparing sampling needs for variograms of soil properties computed by the method of moments and residual maximum likelihood, Geoderma, 140, 383–396, 2007.
Lieskovský, J. and Kenderessy, P.: Modelling the effect of vegetation cover and different tillage practices on soil erosion in vineyards: a case study in vráble (Slovakia) using WATEM/SEDEM, Land Degrad. Dev., 25, 288–296, 2014.
Lopez-Granados, F., Jurado-Exposito, M., Atenciano, S., Garcia-Ferrer, A., De la Orden, M.S., and Garcia-Torres, L.: Spatial variability of agricultural soil parameters in southern Spain, Plant Soil, 246, 97–105, 2002.
McCormick, S., Jordan, C., and Bailey, J. S.: Within and between-field spatial variation in soil phosphorus in permanent grassland, Precis. Agric., 10, 262–276, 2009.
McLaughlin, M. J., Reuter, D., and Rayment, G. E.: Soil testing-Principles and concepts, in: Soil Analysis: An Interpretation Manual, edited by: Perverill, K. I., Sparrow, L. A., and Reuter, D. J., CSIRO publishing, Collingwood, 1–21, 1999.
Mengel, K. and Kirkby, E. A.: Principles of Plant Nutrition, International Potash Institute, Basel, Switzerland, 1987.
Misdorp, R.: Existing problems in the coastal zones: A concern for the IPCC? In Changing climate and the coast: Report to the IPCC from the Miami conference on adaptive responses to sea level rise and other impacts of global climate change, Proceedings of the Miami Workshop, 1990.
Mueller, T. G., Hartsock, N. J., Stombaugh, T. S., Shearer, S. A., Cornelius, P. L., and Barnhise, R. I.: Soil electrical conductivity map variability in limestone soil overlain by loess, Agron. J., 95, 496–507, 2003.
Mukherjee, A., Zimmerman, A. R., Hamdan, R., and Cooper, W. T.: Physicochemical changes in pyrogenic organic matter (biochar) after 15 months of field aging, Solid Earth, 5, 693–704, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-693-2014, 2014.
Mupenzi, J. D. L. P., Li, L., Ge, J., Varenyam, A., Habiyaremye, G., Theoneste, N., and Emmanuel, K.: Assessment of soil degradation and chemical compositions in Rwandan tea-growing areas, Geosci. Front., 2, 599–607, 2011.
Murphy, D. J.: Oil palm: future prospects for yield and quality improvements, Lipid Tech., 21, 257–260, 2009.
Narasimha Rao, B., Suresh, K., Behera, S. K., Ramachandrudu, K., and Manorama, K.: Nutrient management in oil palm, Technical Bulletin, DOPR, Pedavegi, Andhra Pradesh, India, 1–24, 2014.
Ng, S. K. and Thamboo, S.: Nutrient contents of oil palms in Malaya. I. Nutrients required for reproduction: Fruit bunches and male inflorescence, Malaysian Agr. J., 46, 3–45, 1967.
Novara, A., Gristina, L., Guaitoli, F., Santoro, A., and Cerdà, A.: Managing soil nitrate with cover crops and buffer strips in Sicilian vineyards, Solid Earth, 4, 255–262, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-255-2013, 2013.
Novara, A., Rühl, J., La Mantia, T., Gristina, L., La Bella, S., and Tuttolomondo, T.: Litter contribution to soil organic carbon in the processes of agriculture abandon, Solid Earth, 6, 425–432, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-425-2015, 2015.
Ochoa-Cueva, P., Fries, A., Montesinos, P., Rodríguez-Díaz, J. A., and Boll, J.: Spatial estimation of soil erosion risk by land-cover change in the Andes of southern Ecuador, Land Degrad. Dev., 26, 565–573, 2015.
Oliver, M. A. and Webster, R.: A tutorial guide to geostatistics: Computing and modelling variograms and kriging, Catena, 113, 56–79, 2014.
Pal, D. K., Wani, S. P., Sahrawat, K. L., and Srivastava, P.: Red ferruginous soils of tropical Indian environments: A review of the pedogenic processes and its implications for edaphology, Catena, 121, 260–278, 2014.
Parfitt, J. M. B., Timm, L. C., Pauletto, E. A., Sousa, R. O., Castilhos, D. D., de Avila, C. L., and Reckziegel, N. L.: Spatial variability of the chemical, physical and biological properties in lowland cultivated with irrigated rice, Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo (in Portuguese), 33, 819–830, 2009.
Parras-Alcántara, L., Lozano-García, B., Brevik, E. C., and Cerdá, A.: Soil organic carbon stocks assessment in Mediterranean natural areas: A comparison of entire soil profiles and soil control sections, J. Environ. Manag., 155, 219–228, 2015.
Pereira, P., Cerdà, A., Úbeda, X., Mataix-Solera, J., Martin, D., Jordán, A., and Burguet, M.: Spatial models for monitoring the spatio-temporal evolution of ashes after fire – a case study of a burnt grassland in Lithuania, Solid Earth, 4, 153–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-153-2013, 2013.
Pereira, P., Cerdà, A., Úbeda, X., Mataix-Solera, J., Arcenegui, V., and Zavala, L. M.: Modelling the Impacts of Wildfire on Ash Thickness in a Short-Term Period, Land Degrad. Dev., 26, 180–192, 2015.
Prasad, M. V., Sarkar, A., and Jameema, J.: Performance of oil palm production technologies, Indian Res. J. Extn. Edn., 10, 10–15, 2013.
Saito, H., McKenna, A., Zimmerman, D. A., and Coburn, T. C.: Geostatistical interpolation of object counts collected from multiple strip transects: ordinary kriging versus finite domain kriging, Stoch. Env. Res. Risk Asst., 19, 71–85, 2005.
Sanil Kumar, V., Pathak, K. C., Pednekar, P., Raju, N. S. N., and Gowthaman, R.: Coastal Processes along the Indian coastline, Curr. Sci., 91, 530–536, 2006.
SAS Institute: The SAS system for Windows, Release 9.2. SAS Inst., Cary, NC, 2011.
Seutloali, K. E. and Beckedahl, H. R.: Understanding the factors influencing rill erosion on roadcuts in the south eastern region of South Africa, Solid Earth, 6, 633–641, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-633-2015, 2015.
Shapiro, S. S. and Wilk, M. B.: An analysis of variance test for normality: complete samples, Biometrika, 52, 591–611, 1965.
Sharma, B. D., Mukhopadhyay, S. S., and Arora, H.: Total and DTPA-extractable micronutrients in relation to pedogenesis in some Alfisols of Punjab, India, Soil Sci., 170, 559–572, 2005.
Smith, F. W. and Loneragan, J. F.: Interpretation of plant analysis: concepts and principles, in: Plant Analysis: An Interpretation Manual, edited by: Reuter, D. J. and Robinson, B., CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 3–33, 1997.
Smith, P., Cotrufo, M. F., Rumpel, C., Paustian, K., Kuikman, P. J., Elliott, J. A., McDowell, R., Griffiths, R. I., Asakawa, S., Bustamante, M., House, J. I., Sobocká, J., Harper, R., Pan, G., West, P. C., Gerber, J. S., Clark, J. M., Adhya, T., Scholes, R. J., and Scholes, M. C.: Biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity as key drivers of ecosystem services provided by soils, SOIL, 1, 665–685, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-665-2015, 2015.
Soil Survey Staff.: Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th Edn., USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC, 2014.
Srinivasarao, C., Venkateswarlu, B., Lal, R., Singh, A. K., Kundu, S., Vittal, K. P. R., Patel, J. J., and Patel, M. M.: Long-term manuring and fertilizer effects on depletion of soil organic carbon stocks under pearl millet-cluster bean-castor rotation in Western India, Land Degrad. Dev., 25, 173–183, 2014.
Stanchi, S., Falsone, G., and Bonifacio, E.: Soil aggregation, erodibility, and erosion rates in mountain soils (NW Alps, Italy), Solid Earth, 6, 403–414, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-403-2015, 2015.
Tesfahunegn, G. B., Tamene, L., and Vlek, P. L. G.: Catchment-scale spatial variability of soil properties and implications on site-specific soil management in northern Ethiopia, Soil Till. Res., 117, 124–139, 2011.
Utset, A., Lopez, T., and Diaz, M.: A comparison of soil maps, kriging and a combined method for spatially prediction bulk density and field capacity of Ferralsols in the Havana-Matanaz Plain, Geoderma, 96, 199–213, 2000.
Walkley, A. J. and Black, I. A.: An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method, Soil Sci., 37, 29–38, 1934.
Williams, C. H. and Steinbergs, A.: Soil sulphur fractions as chemical indices of available sulphur in some Australian soils, Australian J. Agri. Res., 10, 340–352, 1969.
Zhang, H., Zhuang, S., Qian, H., Wang, F., and Ji, H.: Spatial variability of the topsoil organic carbon in the Moso bamboo forests of southern China in association with soil properties, PLoS ONE, 10, e0119175, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119175, 2015.
Short summary
This study analyzed the spatial variability of some soil properties in surface and subsurface soil layers of oil palm plantations in the south Goa district of Goa situated in western coastal area of India. The studied soil properties in surface and subsurface layers varied widely. Geostatistical analysis revealed different spatial distribution patterns for the soil properties. The generated prediction maps are useful for site-specific soil nutrient management in the area.
This study analyzed the spatial variability of some soil properties in surface and subsurface...