Articles | Volume 13, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1065-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1065-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Jun 2022
Research article |
| 29 Jun 2022
| 29 Jun 2022
3D high-resolution seismic imaging of the iron oxide deposits in Ludvika (Sweden) using full-waveform inversion and reverse time migration
Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, 01-452,
Warsaw, Poland
Michał Malinowski
Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, 01-452,
Warsaw, Poland
Geological Survey of Finland, 02151, Espoo, Finland
Andrzej Górszczyk
Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, 01-452,
Warsaw, Poland
ISTerre, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38610, Grenoble,
France
Alireza Malehmir
Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, 75236, Uppsala,
Sweden
Stefan Buske
Institute of Geophysics and Geoinformatics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg,
09596, Freiberg, Germany
Łukasz Sito
Geopartner Geofizyka Sp. z o.o., Skośna 39B, 30-383 Kraków, Poland
Paul Marsden
Nordic Iron Ore AB, 18291, Danderyd, Sweden
Related authors
Michal Malinowski, Tuomo Karinen, Uula Autio, Suvi Heinonen, Brij Singh, Andrzej Górszczyk, Lukasz Sito, and the SEEMS DEEP Working Group
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3111, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3111, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We acquired and processed novel 3D seismic data to reveal the hidden structure of a deep rock formation in northeastern Finland. This study uncovered a complex, layered system rather than a simple magma channel, and identified a major fault that may influence mineral deposits. Our findings offer new tools and insights for exploring valuable underground resources in hard rock environments.
Brij Singh, Andrzej Górszczyk, Michał Malinowski, Suvi Heinonen, Uula Autio, Tuomo Karinen, Marek Wojdyła, and the SEEMS DEEP Working Group
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-496, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-496, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Two reflection seismic (semi-)regional profiles were acquired to map the regional reflectivity of the Koillismaa Layered Igneous Complex in north-eastern Finland. Several reflections up to a depth of 5–6 km are mapped. The top of the magma conduit associated with KLIC is successfully revealed and it is interpreted that there might be a second magma conduit below the exposed intrusion. The study helped in better understanding of the regional structural geology of the area.
Volker Wennrich, Julia Diederich-Leicher, Bárbara Nataly Blanco-Arrué, Christoph Büttner, Stefan Buske, Eduardo Campos Sepulveda, Tibor Dunai, Jacob Feller, Emma Galego, Ascelina Hasberg, Niklas Leicher, Damián Alejandro López, Jorge Maldonado, Alicia Medialdea, Lukas Ninnemann, Russell Perryman, Juan Cristóbal Ríos-Contesse, Benedikt Ritter, Stephanie Scheidt, Barbara Vargas-Machuca, Pritam Yogeshwar, and Martin Melles
Sci. Dril., 34, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-34-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-34-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present the results of comprehensive pre-site surveys and deep drillings in two clay pans in the central Atacama Desert of northern Chile, one of the driest deserts on Earth. The results of the site surveys as well as lithological and downhole-logging data of the deep-drilling operations highlight the potential of the sediment records from the PAG (Playa Adamito Grande) and Paranal clay pans to provide unprecedented information on the Neogene precipitation history of the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert.
Michal Malinowski, Tuomo Karinen, Uula Autio, Suvi Heinonen, Brij Singh, Andrzej Górszczyk, Lukasz Sito, and the SEEMS DEEP Working Group
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3111, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3111, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We acquired and processed novel 3D seismic data to reveal the hidden structure of a deep rock formation in northeastern Finland. This study uncovered a complex, layered system rather than a simple magma channel, and identified a major fault that may influence mineral deposits. Our findings offer new tools and insights for exploring valuable underground resources in hard rock environments.
Niklas Juhojuntti and Lukasz Sito
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3110, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3110, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
LKAB is the largest iron ore miner in the EU, where the Kiirunavaara mine in northern Sweden is the main producing deposit. The company is now exploring the adjacent Per Geijer Deep iron mineralization, associated with rare-earth elements (REEs) and phosphorus, recognized to be of critical importance to EU. We present results from reflection seismic measurements and demonstrate that there is a distinct response from the Per Geijer Deep mineralization, and from the nearby Kiruna orebody.
Samuel Zappalá, Alireza Malehmir, Haralambos Kranis, George Apostolopoulos, and Myrto Papadopoulou
Solid Earth, 16, 409–423, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-409-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-409-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Three 2D seismic profiles were acquired in the Thinia valley, an isthmus connecting the main part of the island to the Paliki peninsula, to improve the subsurface knowledge of the tectonically peculiar Kefalonia island. Here the presence of a possible channel has been largely disputed in ongoing investigations for the possible location of Homer’s Ithaca. Results from different analyses further constrain the recent tectonic history of the area and thus the long-debated presence of a historic water channel in the valley.
Michael Westgate, Musa S. D. Manzi, Alireza Malehmir, Ian James, and Christian Schiffer
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1844, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1844, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study makes use of advanced seismic imaging techniques to look beneath the surface of South Africa’s Kheis region. The results reveal hidden faults and folded rocks that help explain how ancient continents collided. The findings challenge older ideas about major geological boundaries and suggest a new model for how the crust formed and evolved. This work shows how old data, when re-analyzed with new methods and integrated with supporting data, can disclose important geological qualities.
Brij Singh, Andrzej Górszczyk, Michał Malinowski, Suvi Heinonen, Uula Autio, Tuomo Karinen, Marek Wojdyła, and the SEEMS DEEP Working Group
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-496, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-496, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Two reflection seismic (semi-)regional profiles were acquired to map the regional reflectivity of the Koillismaa Layered Igneous Complex in north-eastern Finland. Several reflections up to a depth of 5–6 km are mapped. The top of the magma conduit associated with KLIC is successfully revealed and it is interpreted that there might be a second magma conduit below the exposed intrusion. The study helped in better understanding of the regional structural geology of the area.
Quang Nguyen, Michal Malinowski, Stanisław Mazur, Sergiy Stovba, Małgorzata Ponikowska, and Christian Hübscher
Solid Earth, 15, 1029–1046, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our work demonstrates the following: (1) an efficient seismic data-processing strategy focused on suppressing shallow-water multiple reflections. (2) An improvement in the quality of legacy marine seismic data. (3) A seismic interpretation of sedimentary successions overlying the basement in the transition zone from the Precambrian to Paleozoic platforms. (4) The tectonic evolution of the Koszalin Fault and its relation to the Caledonian Deformation Front offshore Poland.
Vera Lay, Christoph Büttner, Stefan Buske, and Ernst Niederleithinger
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 67–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-67-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-67-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a valuable experiment for ultrasonic quality assurance under realistic conditions for underground sealing structures made from shotcrete, where the locations of artificial reflectors are partly known. We apply advanced geophysical imaging methods to further enhance the quality of the obtained ultrasonic images.
Felix Hloušek, Michal Malinowski, Lena Bräunig, Stefan Buske, Alireza Malehmir, Magdalena Markovic, Lukasz Sito, Paul Marsden, and Emma Bäckström
Solid Earth, 13, 917–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Methods for mineral exploration play an important role within the EU. Exploration must be environmentally friendly, cost effective, and feasible in populated areas. Seismic methods have the potential to deliver detailed images of mineral deposits but suffer from these demands. We show the results for a sparse 3D seismic dataset acquired in Sweden. The 3D depth image allows us to track the known mineralizations beyond the known extent and gives new insights into the geometry of the deposit.
Michal Chamarczuk, Michal Malinowski, Deyan Draganov, Emilia Koivisto, Suvi Heinonen, and Sanna Rötsä
Solid Earth, 13, 705–723, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-705-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-705-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In passive seismic measurement, all noise sources from the environment, such as traffic, vibrations caused by distant excavation, and explosive work from underground mines, are utilized. In the Kylylahti experiment, receivers recorded ambient noise sources for 30 d. These recordings were subjected to data analysis and processing using novel methodology developed in our study and used for imaging the subsurface geology of the Kylylahti mine area.
Tomi Jusri, Stefan Buske, Olaf Hellwig, and Felix Hloušek
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-143, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-143, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a method for constructing angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) and common-angle stacks from Fresnel volume migration, which can facilitate prestack amplitude analysis from the migrated seismic data in the angle-domain. The results obtained in this study may eventually help improve the feasibility of rock characterization in challenging geological settings, such as in hard-rock environments.
Hossein Hassani, Felix Hloušek, Stefan Buske, and Olaf Wallner
Solid Earth, 12, 2703–2715, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2703-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2703-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Passive seismic imaging methods use natural earthquakes as seismic sources, while in active seismic imaging methods, artificial sources (e.g. explosives) are used to generate seismic waves. We imaged some structures related to a major fault plane through a passive seismic imaging approach using microearthquakes with magnitudes smaller than 0.9 (Mw). These structures have not been illuminated by a previously conducted 3D active seismic survey due to their large dip angles.
Yinshuai Ding and Alireza Malehmir
Solid Earth, 12, 1707–1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1707-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1707-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this article, we investigate the potential of reverse time migration (RTM) for deep targeting iron oxide deposits and the possible AVO effect that is potentially seen in the common image gathers from this migration algorithm. The results are promising and help to delineate the deposits and host rock structures using a 2D dataset from the Ludvika mines of central Sweden.
Nikita Afonin, Elena Kozlovskaya, Suvi Heinonen, and Stefan Buske
Solid Earth, 12, 1563–1579, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1563-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1563-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In our study, we show the results of a passive seismic interferometry application for mapping the uppermost crust in the area of active mineral exploration in northern Finland. The obtained velocity models agree well with geological data and complement the results of reflection seismic data interpretation.
Saeid Cheraghi, Alireza Malehmir, Mostafa Naghizadeh, David Snyder, Lucie Mathieu, and Pierre Bedeaux
Solid Earth, 12, 1143–1164, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1143-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1143-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution seismic profiles in 2D are acquired in the north and south of the Chibougamau area, Quebec, Canada located in the northeast of the Abitibi Greenstone belt. The area mostly includes volcanic rocks, and both profiles cross over several fault zones. The seismic method is acquired to image the subsurface down to depth of 12 km. The main aim of this study is to image major fault zones and the geological formations connected to those faults to investigate metal endowment in the area.
Andrzej Górszczyk and Stéphane Operto
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 1773–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1773-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-1773-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the 3D multi-parameter synthetic geomodel of the subduction zone, as well as the workflow designed to implement all of its components. The model contains different geological structures of various scales and complexities. It is intended to serve as a tool for the geophysical community to validate imaging approaches, design acquisition techniques, estimate uncertainties, benchmark computing approaches, etc.
Alireza Malehmir, Magdalena Markovic, Paul Marsden, Alba Gil, Stefan Buske, Lukasz Sito, Emma Bäckström, Martiya Sadeghi, and Stefan Luth
Solid Earth, 12, 483–502, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-483-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-483-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A smooth transition toward decarbonization demands access to more minerals of critical importance. Europe has a good geology for many of these mineral deposits, but at a depth requiring sensitive, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective methods for their exploration. In this context, we present a sparse 3D seismic dataset that allowed identification of potential iron oxide resources at depth and helped to characterise key geological structures and a historical tailing in central Sweden.
Cited articles
Adamczyk, A., Malinowski, M., and Malehmir, A.: High-resolution near-surface
velocity model building using full-waveform inversion – a case study from
southwest Sweden, Geophys. J. Int., 197, 1693–1704,
https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu070, 2014.
Adamczyk, A., Malinowski, M., and Górszczyk, A.: Full-waveform inversion
of conventional Vibroseis data recorded along a regional profile from
southeast Poland, Geophys. J. Int., 203, 351–365,
https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv305, 2015.
Afanasiev, M. V., Pratt, R. G., Kamei, R., and McDowell, G.: Waveform-based
simulated annealing of crosshole transmission data: a semi-global method for
estimating seismic anisotropy, Geophys. J. Int., 199,
1586–1607, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu307, 2014.
Al-Yahya, K.: Velocity analysis by iterative profile migration, Geophysics,
54, 718–729, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442699, 1989.
Baeten, G., Maag, J. W. de, Plessix, R.-E., Klaassen, R., Qureshi, T.,
Kleemeyer, M., ten, Kroode, F., and Rujie, Z.: The use of low frequencies in
a full-waveform inversion and impedance inversion land seismic case study,
Geophys. Prospec., 61, 701–711,
https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.12010, 2013.
Bellefleur, G. and Adam, E.: 3D seismic datasets applied to mineral
exploration: revisiting three Canadian case studies, First Break, 37, 75–81,
https://doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.n0044, 2019.
Bellefleur, G., Schetselaar, E., White, D., Miah, K., and Dueck, P.: 3D
seismic imaging of the Lalor volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit,
Manitoba, Canada, Geophys. Prospec., 63, 813–832,
https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.12236, 2015.
Bräunig, L., Buske, S., Malehmir, A., Bäckström, E., Schön,
M., and Marsden, P.: Seismic depth imaging of iron-oxide deposits and their
host rocks in the Ludvika mining area of central Sweden, Geophys. Prospec., 68, 24–43, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.12836, 2020.
Brodic, B., Malehmir, A., Pacheco, N., Juhlin, C., Carvalho, J., Dynesius,
L., van den Berg, J., de Kunder, R., Donoso, G., Sjölund, T., and
Araujo, V.: Innovative seismic imaging of volcanogenic massive sulphide
deposits, Neves-Corvo, Portugal – Part 1: In-mine array, Geophysics, 86,
165–179, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0565.1, 2021.
Chattopadhyay, S. and McMechan, G. A.: Imaging conditions for prestack
reverse-time migration, Geophysics, 73, 81–89,
https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2903822, 2008.
Cheng, X., Jiao, K., Sun, D., Xu, Z., Vigh, D., and El-Emam, A.:
High-resolution Radon preconditioning for full-waveform inversion of land
seismic data, Interpretation, 5, 23–33,
https://doi.org/10.1190/INT-2017-0020.1, 2017.
Claerbout, J. F.: Toward a
unified theory of reflector mapping, Geophysics, 36, 467–481,
https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440185, 1971.
Ding, Y. and Malehmir, A.: Reverse time migration (RTM) imaging of iron oxide deposits in the Ludvika mining area, Sweden, Solid Earth, 12, 1707–1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1707-2021, 2021.
Hampson, D. and Russell, B.: First-break interpretation using generalized
linear inversion, in: SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1984, SEG
Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1984, 532–534,
https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1894084, 1984.
Heinonen, S., Malinowski, M., Hloušek, F., Gislason, G., Buske, S.,
Koivisto, E., and Wojdyla, M.: Cost-Effective Seismic Exploration: 2D
Reflection Imaging at the Kylylahti Massive Sulfide Deposit, Finland,
Minerals, 9, 263, https://doi.org/10.3390/min9050263, 2019.
Hicks, G. J.: Arbitrary source and receiver positioning in
finite-difference schemes using Kaiser windowed sinc functions, Geophysics,
67, 156–165, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1451454, 2002.
Hloušek, F., Hellwig, O., and Buske, S.: Three-dimensional focused
seismic imaging for geothermal exploration in crystalline rock near
Schneeberg, Germany, Geophys. Prospec., 63, 999–1014,
https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.12239, 2015.
Hloušek, F., Malinowski, M., Bräunig, L., Buske, S., Malehmir, A., Markovic, M., Sito, L., Marsden, P., and Bäckström, E.: Three-dimensional reflection seismic imaging of the iron oxide deposits in the Ludvika mining area, Sweden, using Fresnel volume migration, Solid Earth, 13, 917–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-917-2022, 2022.
Hofmann, M., Hofmann, H., Hagelüken, C., and Hool, A.: Critical raw
materials: A perspective from the materials science community, Sustainable
Materials and Technologies, 17, e00074,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2018.e00074, 2018.
Hustedt, B., Operto, S., and Virieux, J.: Mixed-grid and staggered-grid
finite-difference methods for frequency-domain acoustic wave modelling,
Geophys. J. Int., 157, 1269–1296,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02289.x, 2004.
Malehmir, A. and Bellefleur, G.: 3D seismic reflection imaging of
volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits: Insights from reprocessing
Halfmile Lake data, New Brunswick, Canada3D seismic imaging of VHMS
deposits, Geophysics, 74, 209–219, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3230495,
2009.
Malehmir, A., Durrheim, R., Bellefleur, G., Urosevic, M., Juhlin, C., White,
D. J., Milkereit, B., and Campbell, G.: Seismic methods in mineral
exploration and mine planning: A general overview of past and present case
histories and a look into the future, Geophysics, 77, 173–190,
https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0028.1, 2012a.
Malehmir, A., Juhlin, C., Wijns, C., Urosevic, M., Valasti, P., and
Koivisto, E.: 3D reflection seismic imaging for open-pit mine planning and
deep exploration in the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE deposit, northern Finland,
Geophysics, 77, 95–108, 2012b.
Malehmir, A., Maries, G., Bäckström, E., Schön, M., and Marsden,
P.: Developing cost-effective seismic mineral exploration methods using a
landstreamer and a drophammer, Sci. Rep., 7, 10325,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10451-6, 2017.
Malehmir, A., Markovic, M., Marsden, P., Gil, A., Buske, S., Sito, L., Bäckström, E., Sadeghi, M., and Luth, S.: Sparse 3D reflection seismic survey for deep-targeting iron oxide deposits and their host rocks, Ludvika Mines, Sweden, Solid Earth, 12, 483–502, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-483-2021, 2021.
Malehmir, A., Tryggvason, A., Wijns, C., Koivisto, E. A.-L., Lindqvist, T.,
Skyttä, P., and Montonen, M.: Why 3D seismic data are an asset for
exploration and mine planning?: Velocity tomography of weakness zones in the
Kevitsa Ni-Cu-PGE mine, northern Finland, Geophysics, 83, 33–46,
https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0225.1, 2018.
Malinowski, M., Operto, S., and Ribodetti, A.: High-resolution seismic
attenuation imaging from wide-aperture onshore data by visco-acoustic
frequency-domain full-waveform inversion: Attenuation imaging, Geophys. J. Int., 186, 1179–1204,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05098.x, 2011.
Maries, G., Malehmir, A., Bäckström, E., Schön, M., and Marsden,
P.: Downhole physical property logging for iron-oxide exploration, rock
quality, and mining: An example from central Sweden, Ore Geol. Rev.,
90, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.10.012, 2017.
Markovic, M., Maries, G., Malehmir, A., Ketelhodt, J. von,
Bäckström, E., Schön, M., and Marsden, P.: Deep reflection
seismic imaging of iron-oxide deposits in the Ludvika mining area of central
Sweden, Geophys. Prospec., 68, 7–23,
https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.12855, 2020.
Métivier, L. and Brossier, R.: The SEISCOPE optimization toolbox: A
large-scale nonlinear optimization library based on reverse communication,
Geophysics, 81, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0031.1, 2016.
Milkereit, B., Berrer, E. K., King, A. R., Watts, A. H., Roberts, B., Erick,
A., Eaton, D. W., Wu, J., and Salisbury, M. H.: Development of 3-D seismic
exploration technology for deep nickel-copper deposits – A case history from
the Sudbury basin, Canada 3-D Seismic Exploration Technology, Geophysics,
65, 1890–1899, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444873, 2000.
Pratt, R. G.: Seismic waveform inversion in the frequency domain, Part 1:
Theory and verification in a physical scale model, Geophysics, 64, 888–901,
https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444597, 1999.
Ravaut, C., Operto, S., Improta, L., Virieux, J., Herrero, A., and
Dell'Aversana, P.: Multiscale imaging of complex structures from multifold
wide-aperture seismic data by frequency-domain full-waveform tomography:
application to a thrust belt, Geophys. J. Int., 159,
1032–1056, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02442.x, 2004.
Ripa, M. and Kübler, L: Apatite-bearing iron ores in the Bergslagen
region of south-central Sweden, Sveriges geologiska undersökning
Rapporter och meddelanden, 113, 49–54, 2003.
Schijns, H., Madero, G., Bugueño, J., Salazar, A., and Grant, T.: Sparse
3D seismic and magnetic imaging at Escondida porphyry copper mine, Chile,
The Leading Edge, 40, 114–121, https://doi.org/10.1190/tle40020114.1, 2021.
Schmelzbach, C., Simancas, J. F., Juhlin, C., & Carbonell, R.: Seismic
reflection imaging over the South Portuguese Zone fold-and-thrust belt, SW
Iberia, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 113, B08301,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005341, 2008.
Singh, B., Malinowski, M., Hloušek, F., Koivisto, E., Heinonen, S.,
Hellwig, O., Buske, S., Chamarczuk, M., and Juurela, S.: Sparse 3D Seismic
Imaging in the Kylylahti Mine Area, Eastern Finland: Comparison of Time
Versus Depth Approach, Minerals, 9, 305, https://doi.org/10.3390/min9050305,
2019.
Stephens, M., Ripa, M., Lundström, I., Persson, L., Bergman, T., Ahl, M., Wahlgren, C.-H., Persson P.-O., and Wickström, L.: Synthesis of the bedrock geology in the Bergsla gen region, Fennoscandian Shield, south-central Sweden, edited by: Bergman, S. and Kathol, B., Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU), ISBN 978-91-7403-410-3, 2009.
Stopin, A., Plessix, R.-É., and Al Abri, S.: Multiparameter waveform
inversion of a large wide-azimuth low-frequency land data set in Oman,
Geophysics, 79, 69–77, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2013-0323.1, 2014.
Tromp, J.: Seismic wavefield imaging of Earth's interior across scales,
Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 1, 40–53,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-019-0003-8, 2020.
Urosevic, M., Bhat, G., and Grochau, M. H.: Targeting nickel sulfide
deposits from 3D seismic reflection data at Kambalda, Australia, Geophysics,
123–132, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0514.1, 2012.
Virieux, J. and Operto, S.: An overview of full-waveform inversion in
exploration geophysics, Geophysics, 74, 1–26,
https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3238367, 2009.
White, D. J., Secord, D., and Malinowski, M.: 3D seismic imaging of
volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the Flin Flon mining camp, Canada:
Part 1 – Seismic results3D seismic in Flin Flon VMS camp, Geophysics, 77,
47–58, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0487.1, 2012.
Yang, P., Brossier, R., Métivier, L., and Virieux, J.: A review on the
systematic formulation of 3-D multiparameter full waveform inversion in
viscoelastic medium, Geophys. J. Int., 207, 129–149,
https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw262, 2016.
Yang, P., Brossier, R., Métivier, L., Virieux, J., and Zhou, W.: A
Time-Domain Preconditioned Truncated Newton Approach to Visco-acoustic
Multiparameter Full Waveform Inversion, SIAM J. Sci. Comp., 40, 1101–1130, https://doi.org/10.1137/17M1126126, 2018.
Yang, Z., Huang, S., and Yan, R.: Improved subsalt tomography using RTM
surface offset gathers, SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts, 5254–5258,
https://doi.org/10.1190/segam2015-5848366.1, 2015.
Ziramov, S., Kinkela, J., and Urosevic, M.: Neves-Corvo 3D-A High-resolution
Seismic Survey at a Mine Camp Scale, in: Near Surface Geoscience 2016 –
22nd European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics,
Barcelona, Spain, 4–8 September 2016, cp-495-00188, European Association of
Geoscientists & Engineers, https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201602090,
2016.
Zhang, J. and Toksöz, M. N.: Nonlinear refraction traveltime tomography,
Geophysics, 63, 1726–1737, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444468, 1998.
Zhou, H.-W., Hu, H., Zou, Z., Wo, Y., and Youn, O.: Reverse time migration:
A prospect of seismic imaging methodology, Earth-Sci. Rev., 179,
207–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.02.008, 2018.
Short summary
Fast depletion of shallower deposits is pushing the mining industry to look for cutting-edge technologies for deep mineral targeting. We demonstrated a joint workflow including two state-of-the-art technologies: full-waveform inversion and reverse time migration. We produced Earth images with significant details which can help with better estimation of areas with high mineralisation, better mine planning and safety measures.
Fast depletion of shallower deposits is pushing the mining industry to look for cutting-edge...
Special issue