Articles | Volume 15, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-837-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-837-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
16 Jul 2024
Research article |
| 16 Jul 2024
| 16 Jul 2024
Palaeoseismic crisis in the Galera Fault (southern Spain): consequences in Bronze Age settlements?
Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
Ivan Medina-Cascales
Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
Francisco Juan García-Tortosa
Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias de la Tierra (CEACTierra), Universidad de Jaén, Campus de las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
Maria Oliva Rodríguez-Ariza
Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología Ibérica, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
Fernando Molina González
Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
Juan Antonio Cámara Serrano
Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
Pedro Alfaro
Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain
Related authors
No articles found.
P. Alfaro, J. Delgado, F. J. García-Tortosa, J. J. Giner, L. Lenti, C. López-Casado, S. Martino, and G. Scarascia Mugnozza
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 3631–3643, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3631-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-3631-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Seismics, seismology, paleoseismology, geoelectrics, and electromagnetics | Discipline: Palaeoseismology
Paleoearthquake reconstruction on an impure limestone fault scarp at Sparta, Greece
A 2600-year-long paleoseismic record for the Himalayan Main Frontal Thrust (western Bhutan)
Bradley Goodfellow, Marc Caffee, Greg Chmiel, Ruben Fritzon, Alasdair Skelton, and Arjen Stroeven
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1585, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1585, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstructions of past earthquakes are useful for assessing earthquake hazard risks. We dated a limestone scarp that has been exposed by earthquakes along the Sparta fault, Greece. From this we identify a cluster of four earthquakes within a 1500 year period that culminated with the 464 B.C. event that devastated Spartan society. However, a large earthquake is not necessarily indicated as being overdue by the present ~2500 year period of inactivity on the Sparta fault.
Romain Le Roux-Mallouf, Matthieu Ferry, Rodolphe Cattin, Jean-François Ritz, Dowchu Drukpa, and Phuntsho Pelgay
Solid Earth, 11, 2359–2375, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2359-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2359-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The chronology of historical earthquakes (from historical documents and geological evidence) is still poorly constrained in the western Himalaya. We carried out a field investigation in SW Bhutan along the India–Bhutan border. Our analysis reveals that Bhutan has experienced at least five great earthquakes during the last 2600 years. Coseismic slip values along the Main Himalayan Thrust for most events reach at least 13 m and suggest that associated magnitudes are in the range of Mw 8.5–9.
Cited articles
Alfaro, P., Moretti, M., and Soria, J. M.: Soft-sediment deformation structures induced by earthquakes (seismites) in pliocene lacustrine deposits (Guadix-Baza Basin, central Betic Cordillera, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 90, 531, https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-168193, 1997.
Alfaro, P., Delgado, J., de Galdeano, C. S., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., García-Tortosa, F. J., López-Garrido, A. C., López-Casado, C., Marín-Lechado, C., Gil, A., and Borque, M. J.: The Baza Fault: a major active extensional fault in the central Betic Cordillera (south Spain), Int. J. Earth Sci. (Geol. Rundsch.), 97, 1353–1365, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-007-0213-z, 2008.
Alfaro, P., Gibert, L., Moretti, M., García-Tortosa, F. J., Sanz de Galdeano, C., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., and López-Garrido, Á C.: The significance of giant seismites in the Plio-Pleistocene Baza palaeo-lake (S Spain), Terra Nova, 22, 172–179, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2010.00930.x, 2010.
Alfaro, P., Sánchez-Alzola, A., Martin-Rojas, I., García-Tortosa, F. J., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., Avilés, M., Garrido, A. C. L., de Galdeano, C. S., Ruano, P., Martínez-Moreno, F. J., Pedrera, A., Lacy, M. C., Borque, M. J., Medina-Cascales, I., and Gil, A. J.: Geodetic fault slip rates on active faults in the Baza sub-Basin (SE Spain): Insights for seismic hazard assessment, J. Geodyn., 144, 101815, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2021.101815, 2021.
Aranda, G. and Molina, F.: Wealth and power in the Bronze Age of the South-east of the Iberian Peninsula: the funerary record of Cerro de la Encina, Oxford J. Archaeol., 25, 47–59, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0092.2006.00248.x, 2006.
Barka, A.: Slip distribution along the North Anatolian Fault associated with the large earthquakes of the period 1939 to 1967, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 86, 1238–1254, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0860051238, 1996.
Bronk Ramsey, C.: Deposition models for chronological records, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 42–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.019, 2008.
Bronk Ramsey, C.: Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates, Radiocarbon, 51, 337–360, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200033865, 2009.
Calvache Quesada, M. L. and Viseras, C.: Consecuencias geomorfológicas derivadas de un proceso de captura fluvial, Geogaceta, 18, 93–96, 1995.
Cámara, J. A., Molina, F., Spanedda, L., and Nájera, T.: Costruzione e perpetuazione delle identità sociali. L'utilizzo del rituale funerario nel sud-est della penisola iberica durante l'età del bronzo antico e medio (2100–1350 cal. A. C., in: Archeologia e antropologia della morte: 3. Costruzione e decostruzione del Sociale, edited by: Nizzo, V., Atti del 3° Incontro Internazionale di Studi di Antropologia e Archeologia a confronto, E. S. S. Editorial Service System, 237–262, http://hdl.handle.net/10481/65940 (last access: 28 June 2024), 2018.
Cámara, J. A. and Molina, F.: El análisis de la ideología de emulación. El caso de El Argar, http://hdl.handle.net/10481/14999 (last access: 28 June 2024), 2009.
Cámara, J. A. and Molina, F. R.: Jerarquización social en el mundo Argárico (2000–1300 aC), http://hdl.handle.net/10234/46733 (last access: 28 June 2024), 2011.
Castro, J., Martin-Rojas, I., Medina-Cascales, I., García-Tortosa, F. J., Alfaro, P., and Insua-Arévalo, J. M.: Active faulting in the central Betic Cordillera (Spain): Palaeoseismological constraint of the surface-rupturing history of the Baza Fault (Central Betic Cordillera, Iberian Peninsula), Tectonophysics, 736, 15–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.04.010, 2018.
Castro, P. V., Chapman, R. W., Gili, S., Lull, V., Micó, R., Rihyete, C., Risch, R., and Sanahuja, M. E.: La sociedad argárica, in: La Edad del Bronce `Primera Edad de Oro de España?', edited by: Gálvez Priego, M., 11–21, http://hdl.handle.net/10481/67785 (last access: 28 June 2024), 2001.
Castro, P. V., Chapman, R. W., Gili Suriñach, S., Lull, V., Micó Pérez, R., Rihuete Herrada, C., Risch, R., and Sanahuja Yll, M. E.: Tiempos sociales de los contextos funerarios argáricos–tiempos sociales de los contextos funerarios argáricos, ANPARQ-Anales de Prehistoria y Arqueología, 9–10, http://revistas.um.es/index.php/apa/article/view/64001 (last access: 28 June 2024), 2009.
Chéry, J., Carretier, S., and Ritz, J.: Postseismic stress transfer explains time clustering of large earthquakes in Mongolia, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 194, 277–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00552-0, 2001.
Corbí, H., Lancis, C., García-García, F., Pina, J., Soria, J. M., Tent-Manclús, J. E., and Viseras, C.: Updating the marine biostratigraphy of the Granada Basin (central Betic Cordillera). Insight for the Late Miocene palaeogeographic evolution of the Atlantic – Mediterranean seaway, Geobios, 45, 249–263, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2011.10.006, 2012.
DeMets, C., Gordon, R. G., Argus, D. F., and Stein, S.: Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2191–2194, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL02118, 1994.
Diaz-Hernandez, J. and Julia, R.: Geochronological position of badlands and geomorphological patterns in the Guadix-Baza Basin (SE Spain), Quaternary Res., 65, 467–477, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.01.009, 2006.
DuRoss, C. B., Personius, S. F., Crone, A. J., Olig, S. S., and Lund, W. R.: Integration of paleoseismic data from multiple sites to develop an objective earthquake chronology; application to the Weber Segment of the Wasatch fault zone, Utah, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 101, 2765–2781, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110102, 2011.
Force, E. R.: Seismic Environments of Prehistoric Settlements in Northern Mesopotamia: A Review of Current Knowledge, B. Am. Sch. Oriental Re., 378, 55–69, https://doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.378.0055, 2017.
Galindo-Zaldívar, J., González-Lodeiro, F., and Jabaloy, A.: Stress and palaeostress in the Betic-Rif cordilleras (Miocene to the present), Tectonophysics, 227, 105–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90090-7, 1993.
Galindo‐Zaldívar, J., Jabaloy, A., González‐Lodeiro, F., and Aldaya, F.: Crustal structure of the central sector of the Betic Cordillera (SE Spain), Tectonics, 16, 18–37, https://doi.org/10.1029/96TC02359, 1997.
Galindo-Zaldívar, J., Jabaloy, A., Serrano, I., Morales, J., González-Lodeiro, F., and Torcal, F.: Recent and present-day stresses in the Granada Basin (Betic Cordilleras): Example of a late Miocene-present-day extensional basin in a convergent plate boundary, Tectonics, 18, 686–702, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999TC900016, 1999.
Galindo-Zaldívar, J., Gil, A. J., Sanz de Galdeano, C., Lacy, M. C., García-Armenteros, J. A., Ruano, P., Ruiz, A. M., Martínez-Martos, M., and Alfaro, P.: Active pSHAllow extension in central and eastern Betic Cordillera from CGPS data, Tectonophysics, 663, 290–301, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.08.035, 2015.
García-Aguilar, J. M. and Martín, J. M.: Late Neogene to recent continental history and evolution of the Guadix-Baza basin (SE Spain), Rev. Soc. Geol. Esp., 13, 65–77, 2000.
García-Aguilar, J. M. and Palmqvist, P.: A model of lacustrine sedimentation for the Early Pleistocene deposits of Guadix-Baza basin (southeast Spain), Quatern. Int., 243, 3–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.02.008, 2011.
García-Tortosa, F. J., Alfaro, P., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., Gibert, L., López-Garrido, A. C., Sanz de Galdeano, C., and Ureña, M.: Geomorphologic evidence of the active Baza Fault (Betic Cordillera, South Spain), Geomorphology, 97, 374–391, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.08.007, 2008.
García-Tortosa, F. J., Alfaro, P., Sanz de Galdeano, C., and Galindo-Zaldívar, J.: Glacis geometry as a geomorphic marker of recent tectonics: The Guadix-Baza basin (South Spain), Geomorphology (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 125, 517–529, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.10.021, 2011.
Geli, L., Bard, P.-Y. and Jullien, B.: The effect of topography on earthquake ground motion; a review and new results, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 78, 42–63, https://doi.org/10.1785/bssa0780010042, 1988.
Gibert, L., Scott, G., Martin, R., and Gibert, J.: The Early to Middle Pleistocene boundary in the Baza Basin (Spain), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 2067–2089, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.012, 2007a.
Gibert, L., Ortí, F., and Rosell, L.: Plio-Pleistocene lacustrine evaporites of the Baza Basin (Betic Chain, SE Spain), Sediment. Geol., 200, 89–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.03.003, 2007b.
Gibert, L., Alfaro, P., García-Tortosa, F. J., and Scott, G.: Superposed deformed beds produced by single earthquakes (Tecopa Basin, California): Insights into paleoseismology, Sediment. Geol., 235, 148–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.08.003, 2011.
Gil, A. J., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., Sanz de Galdeano, C., Borque, M. J., Sánchez-Alzola, A., Martinez-Martos, M., and Alfaro, P.: The Padul normal fault activity constrained by GPS data: Brittle extension orthogonal to folding in the central Betic Cordillera, Tectonophysics, 712–713, 64–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.008, 2017.
Green, R. A. and Bommer, J. J.: What is the smallest earthquake magnitude that needs to be considered in assessing liquefaction hazard?, Earthq. Spectra, 35, 1441–1464, https://doi.org/10.1193/032218EQS064M, 2019.
Haberland, C., Giber, L., Jurado, M., Stiller, M., Baumann-Wilke, M., Scott, G., and Mertz, D. F.: Architecture and tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the intramontane Baza Basin (Betics, SE-Spain): constraints from seismic imaging, Tectonophysics, 709, 69–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.03.022, 2017.
Hernández Pérez, M. S., Barciela González, V., and García Atiénzar, G.: Cabezo redondo (Primera edición ed.), Universidad de Alicante, http://hdl.handle.net/10045/60472 (last access: 28 June 2024), 2016.
Herraiz, M., De Vicente, G., Lindo-Ñaupari, R., Giner, J., Simón, J. L., González-Casado, J. M., Vadillo, O., Rodríguez-Pascua, M. A., Cicuéndez, J. I., Casas, A., Cabañas, L., Rincón, P., Cortés, A. L., Ramírez, M., and Lucini, M.: The recent (upper Miocene to Quaternary) and present tectonic stress distributions in the Iberian Peninsula, Tectonics, 19, 762–786, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000TC900006, 2000.
Klinger, Y., Xu Xiwei, X. X., Tapponnier, P., van der Woerd, J., Lasserre, C., and King, G.: High-resolution satellite imagery mapping of the surface rupture and slip distribution of the Mw ∼ 7.8, 14 November 2001 Kokoxili earthquake, Kunlun Fault, Northern Tibet, China, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 95, 1970–1987, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040233, 2005.
Leonard, M.: Earthquake fault scaling; self-consistent relating of rupture length, width, average displacement, and moment release, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 100, 1971–1988, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090189, 2010.
Lozano, L., Cantavella, J. V., Gaite, B., Ruiz-Barajas, S., Antón, R., and Barco, J.: Seismic analysis of the 2020–2021 Santa Fe seismic sequence in the Granada Basin, Spain; relocations and focal mechanisms, Seismol. Res. Lett., 93, 3246–3265, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220220097, 2022.
Lull, V., Micó, R., Rihuete, C., and Risch, R.: Political collapse and social change at the end of El Argar, in: 1600 – Kultureller Umbruch im Schatten des Thera-Ausbruchs?, edited by: Meller, H., Bertemes, F., Bork, H. R., and Risch, R., Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, 283–302, 2013.
Madarieta-Txurruka, A., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., González-Castillo, L., Peláez, J. A., Ruiz-Armenteros, A. M., Henares, J., Garrido-Carretero, M. S., Avilés, M., and Gil, A. J.: High- and Low-Angle Normal Fault Activity in a Collisional Orogen: The Northeastern Granada Basin (Betic Cordillera), Tectonics, 40, e2021TC006715, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021TC006715, 2021.
Madarieta-Txurruka, A., González-Castillo, L., Peláez, J. A., Catalán, M., Henares, J., Gil, A. J., Lamas-Fernández, F., and Galindo-Zaldívar, J.: The Role of Faults as Barriers in Confined Seismic Sequences: 2021 Seismicity in the Granada Basin (Betic Cordillera), Tectonics, 41, e2022TC007481, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022TC007481, 2022.
Marco, S., Rockwell, T. K., Heimann, A., Frieslander, U., and Agnon, A.: Late Holocene activity of the Dead Sea Transform revealed in 3D palaeoseismic trenches on the Jordan Gorge segment, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 234, 189–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.017, 2005.
Martin-Rojas, I., Alfaro, P., Galindo-Zaldivar, J., Borque-Arancón, M. J., García-Tortosa, F. J., Sanz de Galdeano, C., Avilés, M., Sánchez-Alzola, A., González-Castillo, L., Ruano, P., Medina-Cascales, I., Tendero-Salmerón, V., Madarieta-Txurruka, A., Pedrosa-González, M. T., and Gil-Cruz, A. J.: Insights of Active Extension Within a Collisional Orogen From GNSS (Central Betic Cordillera, S Spain), Tectonics, 42, e2022TC007723, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022TC007723, 2023.
Martínez-Martínez, J. M., Booth-Rea, G., Azañón, J. M., and Torcal, F.: Active transfer fault zone linking a segmented extensional system (Betics, southern Spain): Insight into heterogeneous extension driven by edge delamination, Tectonophysics, 422, 159–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2006.06.001, 2006.
Martínez-Solares, J. M. and Mezcua, J.: Catálogo sísmico de la Península Ibérica, Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Madrid, Spain, 2002.
Mastrolorenzo, G., Petrone, P., Pappalardo, L., and Sheridan, M. F.: The Avellino 3780-yr-B. P. Catastrophe as a Worst-Case Scenario for a Future Eruption at Vesuvius, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 4366–4370, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0508697103, 2006.
Medina-Cascales, I., Koch, L., Cardozo, N., Martin-Rojas, I., Alfaro, P., and García-Tortosa, F. J.: 3D geometry and architecture of a normal fault zone in poorly lithified sediments: A trench study on a strand of the Baza Fault, central Betic Cordillera, south Spain, J. Struct. Geol., 121, 25–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.02.003, 2019.
Medina-Cascales, I., Martin-Rojas, I., García-Tortosa, F. J., Peláez, J. A., and Alfaro, P.: Geometry and kinematics of the Baza Fault (central Betic Cordillera, South Spain): insights into its seismic potential, Geol. Acta, 18, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1344/GeologicaActa2020.18.11, 2020.
Medina-Cascales, I., García-Tortosa, F. J., Martin-Rojas, I., Pérez-Peña, J. V., and Alfaro, P.: Tectonic geomorphology of an active slow-moving, intrabasinal fault: The Galera Fault (Guadix-Baza Basin, central Betic Cordillera, southern Spain), Geomorphology, 393, 107941, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107941, 2021.
Molina, F.: La Prehistoria, in: Historia de Granada I. De las primeras culturas al Islam, edited by: Molina, F. and Roldán, J. M., Don Quijote, 11–131, 1983.
Molina, F. and Cámara, J. A.: La Cultura del Argar en el área occidental del Sudeste, in: La Edad del Bronce en tierras valencianas y zonas limítrofes, edited by: Hernández, L. and Hernández, M. S., Ayuntamiento de Villena/Instituto Alicantino de Cultura Juan Gil-Albert, 455–470, https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/9042/1/Lucentum_Anejo_1985_06.pdf (last access: 28 June 2024), 2004.
Molina, F.: Definición y sistematización del Bronce Tardío y Final en el Sudeste de la Península Ibérica, Cuadernos de prehistoria de la Universidad de Granada, 3, 159–232, https://search.proquest.com/docview/1303720145 (last access: 28 June 2024), 1978.
Molina, F., Cámara, J. A., Afonso, J. A., and Nájera, T.: Las sepulturas del Cerro de la Virgen (Orce, Granada). Diferencias cronológicas y sociales, RAMPAS-Revista Atlántica-Mediterránea de Prehistoria y Arqueología Social, 16, 121–142, https://doi.org/10.25267/Rev_atl-mediterr_prehist_arqueol_soc.2014.v16.13, 2014.
Molina, F., Cámara, J. A., Delgado, A., Jiménez, S. A., Nájera, T., Riquelme, J. A., and Spanedda, L.: Problemas cronológicos y análisis de dieta en la Edad del Bronce de los Altiplanos granadinos: El caso del Cerro de la Virgen (Orce, Granada, España), Museo de Prehistoria de Valencia, http://hdl.handle.net/10481/48129 (last access: 28 June 2024), 2016.
Molina, F., Cámara, J. A., Dorado, A., and Villarroya, M.: El fenómeno campaniforme en el Sudeste de la Península Ibérica: el caso del Cerro de la Virgen (Orce, Granada), in: Sinos e Taças. Junto ao Oceano e mais longe. Aspectos da presença campaniforme na Península Ibérica, edited by: Gonçalves, V. S., Lisboa: Universidade do Lisboa, 258–275, http://hdl.handle.net/10481/49777 (last access: 28 June 2024), 2017.
Molina, F., Pérez, C., Spanedda, L., and Cámara, J. A.: Una nueva lectura de las fortificaciones calcolíticas del Cero de la Virgen (Orce, Granada, España), Ophiussa, 2, 25–37, http://hdl.handle.net/10481/57581 (last access: 28 June 2024), 2018.
Morales, J., Serrano, I., Vidal, F., and Torcal, F.: The depth of the earthquake activity in the Central Betics (Southern Spain), Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 3289–3292, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL03306, 1997.
Moretti, M., Alfaro, P., Caselles, O., and Canas, J. A.: Modelling seismites with a digital pSHAking table, Tectonophysics, 304, 369–383, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00289-3, 1999.
Muñoz D. and Udías A.: Three large historical earthquakes in Southern Spain, in: Seismicity, Seismotectonics and Seismic Risk of the Ibero-Maghrebian Region, Monografia n. 8, edited by: Mezcua, J. and Udías, A., Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Madrid, 175–182, 1991.
Nocquet, J.: Present-day kinematics of the Mediterranean: A comprehensive overview of GPS results, Tectonophysics, 579, 220–242, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.03.037, 2012.
Nur, A. and Cline, E. H.: Poseidon's Horses: Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Storms in the Late Bronze Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean, J. Archaeol. Sci., 27, 43–63, https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1999.0431, 2000.
Okada, Y.: Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 75, 1135–1154, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0750041135, 1985.
Okada, Y.: Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 82, 1018–1040, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0820021018, 1992.
Oswald, P., Strasser, M., Hammerl, C., and Moernaut, J.: Seismic control of large prehistoric rockslides in the Eastern Alps, Nat. Commun., 12, 1059, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21327-9, 2021.
Owen, G.: Deformation processes in unconsolidated sands, in: Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, edited by: Jones, M. E. and Preston, R. M. F., Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 29, 11–24, 1987.
Pace, B., Visini, F., and Peruzza, L.: FiSH; MATLAB tools to turn fault data into seismic-hazard models, Seismol. Res. Lett., 87, 374–386, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150189, 2016.
Pedrera, A., Marin-Lechado, C., Galindo-Zaldivar, J., Rodriguez-Fernandez, L. R., and Ruiz-Constan, A.: Fault and fold interaction during the development of the Neogene-Quaternary Almeria-Nijar basin (SE Betic Cordilleras), Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 262, 217–230, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.262.01.13, 2006.
Peña, J. A.: La depresión de Guadix-Baza – La depresión de Guadix-Baza, Estudios Geológicos, 41, 33–46, https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.85411-2688, 1985.
Pérez-Peña, A., Martín-Davila, J., Gárate, J., Berrocoso, M., and Buforn, E.: Velocity field and tectonic strain in Southern Spain and surrounding areas derived from GPS episodic measurements, J. Geodyn., 49, 232–240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2010.01.015, 2010.
Reicherter, K., Jabaloy, A., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., Ruano, P., Becker-Heidmann, P., Morales, J., Reiss, S., and González-Lodeiro, F.: Repeated palaeoseismic activity of the Ventas de Zafarraya fault (S Spain) and its relation with the 1884 Andalusian earthquake, Int. J. Earth Sci. (Geol. Rundsch.), 92, 912–922, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-003-0366-3, 2003.
Reimer, P. J., Austin, W. E. N., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Blackwell, P. G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Butzin, M., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Hajdas, I., Heaton, T. J., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kromer, B., Manning, S. W., Muscheler, R., Palmer, J. G., Pearson, C., van der Plicht, J., Reimer, R. W., Richards,D. A., Scott, E. M., Southon, J. R., Turney, C. S. M., Wacker, L., Adolphi, F., Büntgen, U., Capano, M., Fahrni, S. M., Fogtmann-Schulz, A., Friedrich, R., Köhler, P., Kudsk, S., Miyake, F., Olsen, J., Reinig, F., Sakamoto, M., Sookdeo, A., and Talamo, S.: The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP), Radiocarbon, 62, 725–757, https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.41, 2020.
Risch, R. and Meller, H.: Change and Continuity in Europe and the Mediterranean around 1600 bc, P. Prehist. Soc., 81, 239–264, https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2015.10, 2015.
Rockwell, T. K., Dawson, T. E., Young Ben-Horin, J., and Seitz, G.: A 21-Event, 4,000-Year History of Surface Ruptures in the Anza Seismic Gap, San Jacinto Fault, and Implications for Long-term Earthquake Production on a Major Plate Boundary Fault, Pure Appl. Geophys., 172, 1143–1165, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0955-z, 2015.
Rodríguez-Fernández, J. and Sanz de Galdeano, C.: Late orogenic intramontane basin development: the Granada basin, Betics (southern Spain), Basin Res., 18, 85–102, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2006.00284.x, 2006.
Ruano, P., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., and Jabaloy, A.: Recent Tectonic Structures in a Transect of the Central Betic Cordillera, Pure Appl. Geophys., 161, 541–563, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-003-2462-5, 2006.
Sanz de Galdeano, C. and Alfaro, P.: Tectonic significance of the present relief of the Betic Cordillera, Geomorphology, 63, 175–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.04.002, 2004.
Sanz de Galdeano, C. and Vera, J. A.: Stratigraphic record and palaeogeographical context of the Neogene basins in the Betic Cordillera, Spain, Basin Res., 4, 21–36, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.1992.tb00040.x, 1992.
Sanz de Galdeano, C., Peláez Montilla, J. A., and López Casado, C.: Seismic Potential of the Main Active Faults in the Granada Basin (Southern Spain), Pure Appl. Geophys., 160, 1537–1556, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-003-2359-3, 2003.
Sanz de Galdeano, C., García-Tortosa, F. J., Peláez, J. A., Alfaro, P., Azañón, J. M., Galindo-Zaldívar, J., López Casado, C., López Garrido, A. C., Rodríguez-Fernández, J., and Ruano, P.: Main active faults in the Granada and Guadix-Baza Basins (Betic Cordillera), J. Iber. Geol., 38, 209, https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_JIGE.2012.v38.n1.39215, 2012.
Sanz de Galdeano, C., Azañón, J. M., Cabral, J., Ruano, P., Alfaro, P., Canora, C., Ferrater, M., García Tortosa, F. J., García-Mayordomo, J., Gràcia, E., Insua-Arévalo, J. M., Jiménez Bonilla, A., Lacan, P. G., Marín-Lechado, C., Martín-Banda, R., Martín González, F., Martínez-Díaz, J. J., Martin-Rojas, I., Masana, E., . . . Simón, J. L.: Active Faults in Iberia, in: The Geology of Iberia: A Geodynamic Approach: Volume 5: Active Processes: Seismicity, Active Faulting and Relief, edited by: Quesada, C. and Oliveira, J. T., Springer International Publishing, 33–75, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10931-8_4, 2020.
Schubart, H., Pingel, V., and Arteaga, O.: Fuente Álamo. Las excavaciones arqueológicas 1977–1991 en el poblado de la Edad de Bronce, Junta de Andalucía, 2000.
Schüle, W.: Orce und Galera. Zwei Siedlungen aus dem 3. bis 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. im Südosten der Iberischen Halbinsel. I. Übersicht über die Ausgrabungen 1962–1970 (Book Review), Schwabe and Co., Basel, https://search.proquest.com/docview/1308882337 (last access: 28 June 2024), 1980.
Scott, G. R. and Gibert, L.: The oldest hand-axes in Europe, Nature, 461, 82–85, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08214, 2009.
Serpelloni, E., Vannucci, G., Pondrelli, S., Argnani, A., Casula, G., Anzidei, M., Baldi, P., and Gasperini, P.: Kinematics of the Western Africa-Eurasia plate boundary from focal mechanisms and GPS data, Geophys. J. Int., 169, 1180–1200, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03367.x, 2007.
Silva, P. G., Rodríguez Pascua, M. A., Giner Robles, J. L., Pérez López, R., Lario Gómez, J., Perucha Atienza, M. A., Bardají Azcárate, T., Huerta Hurtado, P., Roquero García- Casal, E., and Bautista Davila, M. B.: Catálogo de los efectos geológicos de los terremotos en España, IGME, AEQUA, https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=765771&orden=0&info=open_link_libro (last access: 28 June 2024), 2014.
Sims, J. D.: Determining earthquake recurrence intervals from deformational structures in young lacustrine sediments, Tectonophysics, 29, 141–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(75)90139-0, 1975.
Soria, F. J., Lopez-Garrido, A. C., and Vera, J. A.: Análisis estratigráfico y sedimentológico de los depósitos neógeno-cuaternarios en el sector de Orce, depresión de Guadix-Baza, Paleontol. Evol. Mem. Esp., 1, 11–34, 1987.
Soria, J. M., Fernández, J., and Viseras, C.: Late Miocene stratigraphy and palaeogeographic evolution of the intramontane Guadix Basin (Central Betic Cordillera, Spain): implications for an Atlantic–Mediterranean connection, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 151, 255–266, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00019-X, 1999.
Toda, S., Stein, R., Sevilgen, V., and Lin, J.: Coulomb 3.3 Graphic-rich deformation and stress-change software for earthquake, tectonic, and volcano research and teaching-user guide, Aquatic Science and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional, https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1060/of2011-1060.pdf (last access: 28 June 2024), 2011.
Tuttle, M., Hartleb, R., Wolf, L., and Mayne, P.: Paleoliquefaction Studies and the Evaluation of Seismic Hazard, Geosciences, 9, 311, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9070311, 2019.
University of Oxford: OxCal, https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/oxcal.html (last access: 28 June 2024), 2024.
Vera, J. A.: Estudio estratigráfico de la Depresión de Guadix-Baza, Bol. Geol. Min., 81, 429–462, 1970.
Vera, J. A., Fernandez, J., Lopez-Garrido, A. C., and Rodriguez-Fernandez, J.: Geologìa y estratigrafìa de los materìales plioceno-pleistoceno del sector Orde-Venta Micena, Prov. Granada, Paleontol. Evol., 18, 3–11, 1983.
Von Suchodoletz, H., Kirkitadze, G., Koff, T., Fischer, M. L., Poch, R. M., Khosravichenar, A., Schneider, B., Glaser, B., Lindauer, S., Hoth, S., Skokan, A., Navrozashvili, L., Lobjanidze, M., Akhalaia, M., Losaberidze, L., and Elashvili, M.: Human-environmental interactions and seismic activity in a Late Bronze to Early Iron Age settlement center in the southeastern Caucasus, Front. Earth Sci., 10, 964188, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.964188, 2022.
Walker, J., Gaffney, V., Fitch, S., Muru, M., Fraser, A., Bates, M., and Bates, R.: A great wave: the Storegga tsunami and the end of Doggerland?, Antiquity, 94, 1409–1425, https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.49, 2020.
Wells, D. L. and Coppersmith, K. J.: New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 84, 974–1002, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840040974, 1994.
Yazdi, P., García‐Mayordomo, J., Álvarez‐Gómez, J. A., Gaspar‐Escribano, J. M., and Masana, E.: Exploring the Connection of XVI‐Century Major Historical Earthquakes in the Eastern Betic Cordillera, Spain: Insights From Viscoelastic Relaxation of the Lithosphere, Tectonics, 42, e2023TC007917, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023TC007917, 2023.
Short summary
We investigated prehistoric earthquakes produced by the Galera Fault (southern Spain) over the last 24 000 years. From this analysis, we deduced the basic parameters that allow for the characterization of the seismic hazard of this fault. Furthermore, we discuss how the Galera Fault is prone to producing seismic crises. We also propose that one of these crises could have been responsible for the abandonment of Bronze Age human settlements located near the fault.
We investigated prehistoric earthquakes produced by the Galera Fault (southern Spain) over the...
