Articles | Volume 16, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-1153-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-1153-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
27 Oct 2025
Research article |
| 27 Oct 2025
| 27 Oct 2025
Updating induced seismic hazard assessments during hydraulic stimulation experiments in underground laboratories: workflow and limitations
Valentin Samuel Gischig
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Geological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Antonio Pio Rinaldi
Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Andres Alcolea
GeoenergieSuisse AG, Zurich, Switzerland
Falko Bethman
GeoenergieSuisse AG, Zurich, Switzerland
Marco Broccardo
Dept. of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Eng, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
Kai Bröker
Institute of Geophysical, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Center for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Raymi Castilla
GeoenergieSuisse AG, Zurich, Switzerland
Federico Ciardo
Department Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Victor Clasen Repollés
Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Virginie Durand
GeoAzur, Université Côte d'Azur, Nizza, France
Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly
Institute of Geophysical, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Center for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
Marian Hertrich
Institute of Geophysical, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Rebecca Hochreutener
Institute of Geophysical, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Philipp Kästli
Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Dimitrios Karvounis
GeoenergieSuisse AG, Zurich, Switzerland
Xiaodong Ma
School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
Men-Andrin Meier
Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Peter Meier
GeoenergieSuisse AG, Zurich, Switzerland
Maria Mesimeri
GeoenergieSuisse AG, Zurich, Switzerland
Arnaud Mignan
Mignan Risk Analytics GmbH, Zurich, Switzerland
Anne Obermann
Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Katrin Plenkers
GMuG Gesellschaft für Materialprüfung und Geophysik, Bad Nauheim, Germany
Martina Rosskopf
Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Francisco Serbeto
GeoenergieSuisse AG, Zurich, Switzerland
Paul Selvadurai
Institute of Geophysical, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Alexis Shakas
Institute of Geophysical, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Linus Villiger
Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Quinn Wenning
Geological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Institute of Geophysical, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Alba Zappone
Institute of Geophysical, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Jordan Aaron
Geological Institute, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Hansruedi Maurer
Institute of Geophysical, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Domenico Giardini
Institute of Geophysical, Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Stefan Wiemer
Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
Tom Schaber, Mohammedreza Jalali, Alberto Ceccato, Alba Simona Zappone, Giacomo Pozzi, Valentin Gischig, Marian Hertrich, Men-Andrin Meier, Timo Seemann, Hannes Claes, Yves Guglielmi, Domenico Giardini, Stefan Wiemer, Massimo Cocco, and Florian Amann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4733, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4733, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Solid Earth (SE).
Short summary
Short summary
We studied a deep fault zone in Switzerland to gain a better understanding of how water moves through rocks and how this affects earthquake activity. Using field and laboratory tests, we found that water flow is strongly controlled by open fractures and changes significantly with scale. Small samples underestimate flow compared to larger tests. Our results show that faults are highly variable, highlighting the need for site-specific studies when assessing risks or planning experiments.
Jordan Aaron, Larissa de Palézieux, Jake Langham, Valentin Gischig, Reto Thoeny, and Daniel Figi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2788, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2788, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In mid-May, 2023, the village of Brienz/Brinzauls in the Swiss canton of Graubunden was evacuated, and one month later a flowlike landslide emplaced with velocities of ~25 m/s and narrowly missed impacting the village. Landslides at this site have emplaced with velocities that can vary by 5 order-of-magnitude, a puzzling observation which we analyse in the present work. Our results show that the range of scenarios usually considered in landslide risk analyses must be expanded.
Tom Schaber, Mohammedreza Jalali, Alberto Ceccato, Alba Simona Zappone, Giacomo Pozzi, Valentin Gischig, Marian Hertrich, Men-Andrin Meier, Timo Seemann, Hannes Claes, Yves Guglielmi, Domenico Giardini, Stefan Wiemer, Massimo Cocco, and Florian Amann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4733, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4733, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Solid Earth (SE).
Short summary
Short summary
We studied a deep fault zone in Switzerland to gain a better understanding of how water moves through rocks and how this affects earthquake activity. Using field and laboratory tests, we found that water flow is strongly controlled by open fractures and changes significantly with scale. Small samples underestimate flow compared to larger tests. Our results show that faults are highly variable, highlighting the need for site-specific studies when assessing risks or planning experiments.
Sandro Truttmann, Tobias Diehl, Marco Herwegh, and Stefan Wiemer
Solid Earth, 16, 641–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-641-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-641-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study investigates the statistical relationship between geological fractures and earthquakes in the southwestern Swiss Alps. We analyze how the fracture size and earthquake rupture are related and find differences in how fractures at different depths rupture seismically. While shallow fractures tend to rupture only partially, deeper fractures are more likely to rupture along their entire length, potentially resulting in larger earthquakes.
Jordan Aaron, Larissa de Palézieux, Jake Langham, Valentin Gischig, Reto Thoeny, and Daniel Figi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2788, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2788, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In mid-May, 2023, the village of Brienz/Brinzauls in the Swiss canton of Graubunden was evacuated, and one month later a flowlike landslide emplaced with velocities of ~25 m/s and narrowly missed impacting the village. Landslides at this site have emplaced with velocities that can vary by 5 order-of-magnitude, a puzzling observation which we analyse in the present work. Our results show that the range of scenarios usually considered in landslide risk analyses must be expanded.
Paul Emil Schmid, Jacob Hirschberg, Raffaele Spielmann, and Jordan Aaron
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-743, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-743, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows are fast-moving water-sediment mixtures in steep mountain channels, posing risks to infrastructure and lives. Traditional analysis is slow and labor-intensive. This study presents a method using 3D LiDAR and AI to detect and track moving objects like rocks and wood during events. By converting 3D data into 2D images, it enables fast, accurate measurement of object speed and size, even at night. This improves debris-flow monitoring, enhancing hazard understanding and mitigation.
Kathrin Behnen, Marian Hertrich, Hansruedi Maurer, Alexis Shakas, Kai Bröker, Claire Epiney, María Blanch Jover, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 16, 333–350, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-333-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-333-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Several cross-hole seismic surveys in the undisturbed Rotondo granite are used to analyze the seismic anisotropy in the Bedretto Lab, Switzerland. The P and S1 waves show a clear trend of faster velocities in the NE–SW direction and slower velocities perpendicular to it, indicating a tilted transverse isotropic velocity model. The symmetry plane is mostly aligned with the direction of maximum stress, but also the orientation of fractures is expected to influence the velocities.
Miriam Larissa Schwarz, Hansruedi Maurer, Anne Christine Obermann, Paul Antony Selvadurai, Alexis Shakas, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1094, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1094, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study applied fat ray travel time tomography to image the geothermal testbed at the BedrettoLab. An active seismic crosshole survey provided a dataset of 42'843 manually picked first breaks. The complex major fault zone was successfully imaged by a 3D velocity model and validated with wireline logs and geological observations. Seismic events from hydraulic stimulation correlated with velocity structures, "avoiding" very high and low velocities, speculatively due to stress gradients.
Marta Han, Leila Mizrahi, and Stefan Wiemer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 991–1012, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-991-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-991-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Relying on recent accomplishments of collecting and harmonizing data by the 2020 European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM20) and leveraging advancements in state-of-the-art earthquake forecasting methods, we develop a harmonized earthquake forecasting model for Europe. We propose several model variants and test them on training data for consistency and on a 7-year testing period against each other, as well as against both a time-independent benchmark and a global time-dependent benchmark.
Laura Gabriel, Marian Hertrich, Christophe Ogier, Mike Müller-Petke, Raphael Moser, Hansruedi Maurer, and Daniel Farinotti
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3741, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3741, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Surface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR) is a geophysical technique directly sensitive to liquid water. We expand the limited applications of SNMR on glaciers by detecting water within Rhonegletscher, Switzerland. By carefully processing the data to reduce noise, we identified signals indicating a water layer near the base of the glacier, surrounded by ice with low water content. Our findings, validated by radar measurements, show SNMR's potential and limitations in studying water in glaciers.
Athanasios N. Papadopoulos, Philippe Roth, Laurentiu Danciu, Paolo Bergamo, Francesco Panzera, Donat Fäh, Carlo Cauzzi, Blaise Duvernay, Alireza Khodaverdian, Pierino Lestuzzi, Ömer Odabaşi, Ettore Fagà, Paolo Bazzurro, Michèle Marti, Nadja Valenzuela, Irina Dallo, Nicolas Schmid, Philip Kästli, Florian Haslinger, and Stefan Wiemer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3561–3578, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3561-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3561-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Earthquake Risk Model of Switzerland (ERM-CH23), released in early 2023, is the culmination of a multidisciplinary effort aiming to achieve, for the first time, a comprehensive assessment of the potential consequences of earthquakes on the Swiss building stock and population. ERM-CH23 provides risk estimates for various impact metrics, ranging from economic loss as a result of damage to buildings and their contents to human losses, such as deaths, injuries, and displaced population.
Laurentiu Danciu, Domenico Giardini, Graeme Weatherill, Roberto Basili, Shyam Nandan, Andrea Rovida, Céline Beauval, Pierre-Yves Bard, Marco Pagani, Celso G. Reyes, Karin Sesetyan, Susana Vilanova, Fabrice Cotton, and Stefan Wiemer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3049–3073, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The 2020 European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM20) is the latest seismic hazard assessment update for the Euro-Mediterranean region. This state-of-the-art model delivers a broad range of hazard results, including hazard curves, maps, and uniform hazard spectra. ESHM20 provides two hazard maps as informative references in the next update of the European Seismic Design Code (CEN EC8), and it also provides a key input to the first earthquake risk model for Europe.
Peter Achtziger-Zupančič, Alberto Ceccato, Alba Simona Zappone, Giacomo Pozzi, Alexis Shakas, Florian Amann, Whitney Maria Behr, Daniel Escallon Botero, Domenico Giardini, Marian Hertrich, Mohammadreza Jalali, Xiaodong Ma, Men-Andrin Meier, Julian Osten, Stefan Wiemer, and Massimo Cocco
Solid Earth, 15, 1087–1112, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1087-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We detail the selection and characterization of a fault zone for earthquake experiments in the Fault Activation and Earthquake Ruptures (FEAR) project at the Bedretto Lab. FEAR, which studies earthquake processes, overcame data collection challenges near faults. The fault zone in Rotondo granite was selected based on geometry, monitorability, and hydro-mechanical properties. Remote sensing, borehole logging, and geological mapping were used to create a 3D model for precise monitoring.
Maren Böse, Laurentiu Danciu, Athanasios Papadopoulos, John Clinton, Carlo Cauzzi, Irina Dallo, Leila Mizrahi, Tobias Diehl, Paolo Bergamo, Yves Reuland, Andreas Fichtner, Philippe Roth, Florian Haslinger, Frédérick Massin, Nadja Valenzuela, Nikola Blagojević, Lukas Bodenmann, Eleni Chatzi, Donat Fäh, Franziska Glueer, Marta Han, Lukas Heiniger, Paulina Janusz, Dario Jozinović, Philipp Kästli, Federica Lanza, Timothy Lee, Panagiotis Martakis, Michèle Marti, Men-Andrin Meier, Banu Mena Cabrera, Maria Mesimeri, Anne Obermann, Pilar Sanchez-Pastor, Luca Scarabello, Nicolas Schmid, Anastasiia Shynkarenko, Bozidar Stojadinović, Domenico Giardini, and Stefan Wiemer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 583–607, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-583-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-583-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Seismic hazard and risk are time dependent as seismicity is clustered and exposure can change rapidly. We are developing an interdisciplinary dynamic earthquake risk framework for advancing earthquake risk mitigation in Switzerland. This includes various earthquake risk products and services, such as operational earthquake forecasting and early warning. Standardisation and harmonisation into seamless solutions that access the same databases, workflows, and software are a crucial component.
Irina Dallo, Michèle Marti, Nadja Valenzuela, Helen Crowley, Jamal Dabbeek, Laurentiu Danciu, Simone Zaugg, Fabrice Cotton, Domenico Giardini, Rui Pinho, John F. Schneider, Céline Beauval, António A. Correia, Olga-Joan Ktenidou, Päivi Mäntyniemi, Marco Pagani, Vitor Silva, Graeme Weatherill, and Stefan Wiemer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 291–307, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-291-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-291-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
For the release of cross-country harmonised hazard and risk models, a communication strategy co-defined by the model developers and communication experts is needed. The strategy should consist of a communication concept, user testing, expert feedback mechanisms, and the establishment of a network with outreach specialists. Here we present our approach for the release of the European Seismic Hazard Model and European Seismic Risk Model and provide practical recommendations for similar efforts.
Arno Zang, Peter Niemz, Sebastian von Specht, Günter Zimmermann, Claus Milkereit, Katrin Plenkers, and Gerd Klee
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 295–310, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-295-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-295-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present experimental data collected in 2015 at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory. We created six cracks in a rock mass by injecting water into a borehole. The cracks were monitored using special sensors to study how the water affected the rock. The goal of the experiment was to figure out how to create a system for generating heat from the rock that is better than what has been done before. The data collected from this experiment are important for future research into generating energy from rocks.
Matthias S. Brennwald, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Jocelyn Gisiger, Alba Zappone, and Rolf Kipfer
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 13, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The gas equilibrium membrane inlet mass spectrometry (GE-MIMS) method for dissolved-gas quantification was expanded to work in water at high pressures.
Xiaodong Ma, Marian Hertrich, Florian Amann, Kai Bröker, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Valentin Gischig, Rebecca Hochreutener, Philipp Kästli, Hannes Krietsch, Michèle Marti, Barbara Nägeli, Morteza Nejati, Anne Obermann, Katrin Plenkers, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Alexis Shakas, Linus Villiger, Quinn Wenning, Alba Zappone, Falko Bethmann, Raymi Castilla, Francisco Seberto, Peter Meier, Thomas Driesner, Simon Loew, Hansruedi Maurer, Martin O. Saar, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 13, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Questions on issues such as anthropogenic earthquakes and deep geothermal energy developments require a better understanding of the fractured rock. Experiments conducted at reduced scales but with higher-resolution observations can shed some light. To this end, the BedrettoLab was recently established in an existing tunnel in Ticino, Switzerland, with preliminary efforts to characterize realistic rock mass behavior at the hectometer scale.
Viktor J. Bruckman, Gregor Giebel, Christopher Juhlin, Sonja Martens, Antonio P. Rinaldi, and Michael Kühn
Adv. Geosci., 56, 13–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-56-13-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-56-13-2021, 2021
Irene Bianchi, Elmer Ruigrok, Anne Obermann, and Edi Kissling
Solid Earth, 12, 1185–1196, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1185-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1185-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The European Alps formed during collision between the European and Adriatic plates and are one of the most studied orogens for understanding the dynamics of mountain building. In the Eastern Alps, the contact between the colliding plates is still a matter of debate. We have used the records from distant earthquakes to highlight the geometries of the crust–mantle boundary in the Eastern Alpine area; our results suggest a complex and faulted internal crustal structure beneath the higher crests.
Alba Zappone, Antonio Pio Rinaldi, Melchior Grab, Quinn C. Wenning, Clément Roques, Claudio Madonna, Anne C. Obermann, Stefano M. Bernasconi, Matthias S. Brennwald, Rolf Kipfer, Florian Soom, Paul Cook, Yves Guglielmi, Christophe Nussbaum, Domenico Giardini, Marco Mazzotti, and Stefan Wiemer
Solid Earth, 12, 319–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-319-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-319-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The success of the geological storage of carbon dioxide is linked to the availability at depth of a capable reservoir and an impermeable caprock. The sealing capacity of the caprock is a key parameter for long-term CO2 containment. Faults crosscutting the caprock might represent preferential pathways for CO2 to escape. A decameter-scale experiment on injection in a fault, monitored by an integrated network of multiparamerter sensors, sheds light on the mobility of fluids within the fault.
Camilla Rossi, Francesco Grigoli, Simone Cesca, Sebastian Heimann, Paolo Gasperini, Vala Hjörleifsdóttir, Torsten Dahm, Christopher J. Bean, Stefan Wiemer, Luca Scarabello, Nima Nooshiri, John F. Clinton, Anne Obermann, Kristján Ágústsson, and Thorbjörg Ágústsdóttir
Adv. Geosci., 54, 129–136, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-54-129-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-54-129-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the microseismicity occurred at Hengill area, a complex tectonic and geothermal site, where the origin of earthquakes may be either natural or anthropogenic. We use a very dense broadband seismic monitoring network and apply full-waveform based method for location. Our results and first characterization identified different types of microseismic clusters, which might be associated to either production/injection or the tectonic activity of the geothermal area.
Cited articles
Ader, T., Chendorain, M., Free, M., Saarno, T., Heikkinen, P., Malin, P. E., Leary, P., Kwiatek, G., Dresen, G., Bluemle, F., and Vuorinen, T.: Design and implementation of a traffic light system for deep geothermal well stimulation in Finland, J. Seismol., 24, 991–1014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-019-09853-y, 2020.
Albaric, J., Oye, V., Langet, N., Hasting, M., Lecomte, I., Iranpour, K., Messeiller, M., and Reid, P.: Monitoring of induced seismicity during the first geothermal reservoir stimulation at Paralana, Australia, Geothermics, 52, 120–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2013.10.013, 2014.
Amann, F., Gischig, V., Evans, K., Doetsch, J., Jalali, R., Valley, B., Krietsch, H., Dutler, N., Villiger, L., Brixel, B., Klepikova, M., Kittilä, A., Madonna, C., Wiemer, S., Saar, M. O., Loew, S., Driesner, T., Maurer, H., and Giardini, D.: The seismo-hydromechanical behavior during deep geothermal reservoir stimulations: open questions tackled in a decameter-scale in situ stimulation experiment, Solid Earth, 9, 115–137, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-115-2018, 2018.
Atkinson, G. M., Eaton, D. W., Ghofrani, H., Walker, D., Cheadle, B., Schultz, R., Shcherbakov, R., Tiampo, K., Gu, J., Harrington, R. M., Liu, Y., Van Der Baan, M., and Kao, H.: Hydraulic Fracturing and Seismicity in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Seismol. Res. Lett., 87, 631–647, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150263, 2016.
Baisch, S., Carbon, D., Dannwolf, U., Delacou, B., Devaux, M., Dunand, F., Jung, R., Koller, M., Martin, C., Sartori, M., Secanell, R., and Vörös, R.: Deep Heat Mining Basel – Seismic Risk Analysis, SERIANEX Study Prepared for the Departement für Wirtschaft, Soziales und Umwelt des Kantons Basel-Stadt, Amt für Umwelt und Energie, https://www.wsu.bs.ch/dossiers/abgeschlossene-dossiers/geothermie.html (last access: July 2025), 2009.
Baisch, S., Koch, C., and Muntendam-Bos, A.: Traffic Light Systems: To What Extent Can Induced Seismicity Be Controlled?, Seismol. Res. Lett., 90, 1145–1154, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220180337, 2019.
Bethmann, F., Deichmann, N., and Mai, P. M.: Seismic wave attenuation from borehole and surface records in the top 2.5 km beneath the city of Basel, Switzerland: Seismic wave attenuation in thick sediments, Geophys. J. Int., 190, 1257–1270, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05555.x, 2012.
Boese, C. M., Kwiatek, G., Fischer, T., Plenkers, K., Starke, J., Blümle, F., Janssen, C., and Dresen, G.: Seismic monitoring of the STIMTEC hydraulic stimulation experiment in anisotropic metamorphic gneiss, Solid Earth, 13, 323–346, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-323-2022, 2022.
Bommer, J. J. and Abrahamson, N. A.: Why Do Modern Probabilistic Seismic-Hazard Analyses Often Lead to Increased Hazard Estimates?, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 96, 1967–1977, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120060043, 2006.
Bommer, J. J. and Verdon, J. P.: The maximum magnitude of natural and induced earthquakes, Geomech. Geophys. Geo-Energy Geo-Resour., 10, 172, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-024-00895-2, 2024.
Bommer, J. J., Oates, S., Cepeda, J. M., Lindholm, C., Bird, J., Torres, R., Marroquín, G., and Rivas, J.: Control of hazard due to seismicity induced by a hot fractured rock geothermal project, Eng. Geol., 83, 287–306, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.11.002, 2006.
Bommer, J. J., Crowley, H., and Pinho, R.: A risk-mitigation approach to the management of induced seismicity, J. Seismol., 19, 623–646, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-015-9478-z, 2015.
Bosman, K., Baig, A., Viegas, G., and Urbancic, T.: Towards an improved understanding of induced seismicity associated with hydraulic fracturing, First Break, 34, https://doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.34.7.86051, 2016.
Broccardo, M., Mignan, A., Grigoli, F., Karvounis, D., Rinaldi, A. P., Danciu, L., Hofmann, H., Milkereit, C., Dahm, T., Zimmermann, G., Hjörleifsdóttir, V., and Wiemer, S.: Induced seismicity risk analysis of the hydraulic stimulation of a geothermal well on Geldinganes, Iceland, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1573–1593, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1573-2020, 2020.
Bröker, K. and Ma, X.: Estimating the Least Principal Stress in a Granitic Rock Mass: Systematic Mini-Frac Tests and Elaborated Pressure Transient Analysis, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 55, 1931–1954, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02743-1, 2022.
Bröker, K., Ma, X., Zhang, S., Gholizadeh Doonechaly, N., Hertrich, M., Klee, G., Greenwood, A., Caspari, E., and Giardini, D.: Constraining the stress field and its variability at the BedrettoLab: Elaborated hydraulic fracture trace analysis, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 178, 105739, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2024.105739, 2024a.
Bröker, K., Ma, X., Gholizadeh Doonechaly, N., Rosskopf, M., Obermann, A., Rinaldi, A. P., Hertrich, M., Serbeto, F., Maurer, H., Wiemer, S., and Giardini, D.: Hydromechanical characterization of a fractured crystalline rock volume during multi-stage hydraulic stimulations at the BedrettoLab, Geothermics, 124, 103126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103126, 2024b.
Buijze, L., Van Bijsterveldt, L., Cremer, H., Paap, B., Veldkamp, H., Wassing, B. B. T., Van Wees, J.-D., Van Yperen, G. C. N., Ter Heege, J. H., and Jaarsma, B.: Review of induced seismicity in geothermal systems worldwide and implications for geothermal systems in the Netherlands, Neth. J. Geosci., 98, e13, https://doi.org/10.1017/njg.2019.6, 2019.
Butler, A. G. and van Aswegen, G.: Ground velocity relationships based on a large sample of underground measurements in two South African mining regions, Rockbursts and Seismicity in Mines, edited by: Young, R. P., ISBN 90 54103205, 1993.
Cai, M. and Kaiser, P. K.: Rockburst support reference book—volume I: rockburst phenomenon and support characteristics, Laurentian University, 284, ISBN 978-0-88667-096-2, 2018.
Ceccato, A., Behr, W. M., Zappone, A. S., Tavazzani, L., and Giuliani, A.: Structural Evolution, Exhumation Rates, and Rheology of the European Crust During Alpine Collision: Constraints From the Rotondo Granite – Gotthard Nappe, Tectonics, 43, e2023TC008219, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023TC008219, 2024.
Ciardo, F. and Rinaldi, A. P.: Impact of injection rate ramp-up on nucleation and arrest of dynamic fault slip, Geomech. Geophys. Geo-Energy Geo-Resour., 8, 28, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-021-00336-4, 2022.
Clarke, H., Verdon, J. P., Kettlety, T., Baird, A. F., and Kendall, J.: Real-Time Imaging, Forecasting, and Management of Human-Induced Seismicity at Preston New Road, Lancashire, England, Seismol. Res. Lett., https://doi.org/10.1785/0220190110, 2019.
Cocco, M., Tinti, E., and Cirella, A.: On the scale dependence of earthquake stress drop, J. Seismol., 20, 1151–1170, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9594-4, 2016.
Cornell, C. A.: Engineering seismic risk analysis, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 58, 1583–1606, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0580051583, 1968.
Cremen, G. and Werner, M. J.: A novel approach to assessing nuisance risk from seismicity induced by UK shale gas development, with implications for future policy design, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 2701–2719, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-2701-2020, 2020.
Deichmann, N.: Theoretical Basis for the Observed Break in ML / Mw Scaling between Small and Large Earthquakes, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 107, 505–520, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120160318, 2017.
Diehl, T., Kraft, T., Kissling, E., and Wiemer, S.: The induced earthquake sequence related to the St. Gallen deep geothermal project (Switzerland): Fault reactivation and fluid interactions imaged by microseismicity, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 7272–7290, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014473, 2017.
Dinske, C. and Shapiro, S. A.: Seismotectonic state of reservoirs inferred from magnitude distributions of fluid-induced seismicity, J. Seismol., 17, 13–25, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-012-9292-9, 2013.
Douglas, J., Edwards, B., Convertito, V., Sharma, N., Tramelli, A., Kraaijpoel, D., Cabrera, B. M., Maercklin, N., and Troise, C.: Predicting Ground Motion from Induced Earthquakes in Geothermal Areas, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 103, 1875–1897, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120197, 2013.
Eaton, D. W. and Igonin, N.: What controls the maximum magnitude of injection-induced earthquakes?, Lead. Edge, 37, 135–140, https://doi.org/10.1190/tle37020135.1, 2018.
Edwards, B., Kraft, T., Cauzzi, C., Kastli, P., and Wiemer, S.: Seismic monitoring and analysis of deep geothermal projects in St Gallen and Basel, Switzerland, Geophys. J. Int., 201, 1022–1039, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv059, 2015.
EGI at the University of Utah: Utah FORGE Induced Seismicity Mitigation Plan, Report prepared for US Department of Energy, https://gdr.openei.org/submissions/1319 (last access: August 2024), 2020.
Ellsworth, W. L.: Injection-Induced Earthquakes, Science, 341, 1225942, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225942, 2013.
Galis, M., Ampuero, J. P., Mai, P. M., and Cappa, F.: Induced seismicity provides insight into why earthquake ruptures stop, Sci. Adv., 3, eaap7528, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aap7528, 2017.
Garagash, D. I. and Germanovich, L. N.: Nucleation and arrest of dynamic slip on a pressurized fault, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 117, 2012JB009209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JB009209, 2012.
Gerstenberger, M. C., Marzocchi, W., Allen, T., Pagani, M., Adams, J., Danciu, L., Field, E. H., Fujiwara, H., Luco, N., Ma, K.-F., Meletti, C., and Petersen, M. D.: Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis at Regional and National Scales: State of the Art and Future Challenges, Rev. Geophys., 58, e2019RG000653, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000653, 2020.
Gholizadeh Doonechaly, N., Reinicke, A., Hertrich, M., Plenkers, K., Obermann, A., Fischli, F., Maurer, H., Wiemer, S., and Giardini, D.: Multiphysics monitoring of cementation operation: implications for wellbore integrity and hydrogeological characterization, Environ. Earth Sci., 83, 146, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-024-11451-2, 2024.
Giardini, D., Wiemer, S., Maurer, H., Hertrich, M., Meier, P., Alcolea, A., Castilla, R., and Hochreutener, R.: Validation of Technologies for reservoir engineering (VALTER), ETH Zurich, https://doi.org/10.3929/ETHZ-B-000644092, 2022.
Gischig, V., Jalali, R., Amann, F., Krietsch, H., Klepikova, M., Esposito, S., Broccardo, M., Obermann, A., Mignan, A., Doetsch, J., and Madonna, C.: Impact of the ISC Experiment at the Grimsel Test Site – Assessment of Potential Seismic Hazard and Disturbances to Nearby Experiments and KWO Infrastructure, ETH Zurich, https://doi.org/10.3929/ETHZ-B-000189973, 2016.
Gischig, V., Bethmann, F., Hertrich, M., Wiemer, S., Mignan, A., Broccardo, M., Villiger, L., Obermann, A., and Diehl, T.: Induced seismic hazard and risk analysis of hydraulic stimulation experiments at the Bedretto Underground Laboratory for Geosciences and Geoenergies (BULGG), ETH Zurich, https://doi.org/10.3929/ETHZ-B-000384348, 2019.
Gischig, V. S.: Rupture propagation behavior and the largest possible earthquake induced by fluid injection into deep reservoirs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7420–7428, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065072, 2015.
Gischig, V. S., Giardini, D., Amann, F., Hertrich, M., Krietsch, H., Loew, S., Maurer, H., Villiger, L., Wiemer, S., Bethmann, F., Brixel, B., Doetsch, J., Doonechaly, N. G., Driesner, T., Dutler, N., Evans, K. F., Jalali, M., Jordan, D., Kittilä, A., Ma, X., Meier, P., Nejati, M., Obermann, A., Plenkers, K., Saar, M. O., Shakas, A., and Valley, B.: Hydraulic stimulation and fluid circulation experiments in underground laboratories: Stepping up the scale towards engineered geothermal systems, Geomech. Energy Environ., 24, 100175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2019.100175, 2020.
Grigoli, F., Cesca, S., Priolo, E., Rinaldi, A. P., Clinton, J. F., Stabile, T. A., Dost, B., Fernandez, M. G., Wiemer, S., and Dahm, T.: Current challenges in monitoring, discrimination, and management of induced seismicity related to underground industrial activities: A European perspective, Rev. Geophys., 55, 310–340, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000542, 2017.
Häring, M. O., Schanz, U., Ladner, F., and Dyer, B. C.: Characterisation of the Basel 1 enhanced geothermal system, Geothermics, 37, 469–495, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2008.06.002, 2008.
Hedley, D. G. F.: Peak particle velocity for rockbursts in some Ontario mines, Rockbursts and seismicity in mines, Balkema, Rotterdam, 345–348, ISBN 9061911451, 1990.
Hofmann, H., Zimmermann, G., Zang, A., and Min, K.-B.: Cyclic soft stimulation (CSS): a new fluid injection protocol and traffic light system to mitigate seismic risks of hydraulic stimulation treatments, Geotherm. Energy, 6, 27, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40517-018-0114-3, 2018.
IEAGHG: Current State of Knowledge Regarding the Risk of Induced Seismicity at CO2 Storage Projects: 2022-02, https://ieaghg.org/publications/current-state-of-knowledge-regarding-the-risk-of-induced-seismicity-at-co2-storage-projects/, January 2022.
Kastrup, U., Zoback, M. L., Deichmann, N., Evans, K. F., Giardini, D., and Michael, A. J.: Stress field variations in the Swiss Alps and the northern Alpine foreland derived from inversion of fault plane solutions, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 109, 2003JB002550, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002550, 2004.
Kettlety, T., Verdon, J. P., Butcher, A., Hampson, M., and Craddock, L.: High-Resolution Imaging of the ML 2.9 August 2019 Earthquake in Lancashire, United Kingdom, Induced by Hydraulic Fracturing during Preston New Road PNR-2 Operations, Seismol. Res. Lett., 92, 151–169, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200187, 2021.
Király, E., Gischig, V., Karvounis, D., and Wiemer, S.: Validating models to forecasting induced seismicity related to deep geothermal energy projects, in: Proceedings of 39th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, SGP-TR-202, https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2014/Kiraly.pdf, 2014.
Király-Proag, E., Zechar, J. D., Gischig, V., Wiemer, S., Karvounis, D., and Doetsch, J.: Validating induced seismicity forecast models – Induced Seismicity Test Bench, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 6009–6029, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013236, 2016.
Király-Proag, E., Gischig, V., Zechar, J. D., and Wiemer, S.: Multicomponent ensemble models to forecast induced seismicity, Geophys. J. Int., 212, 476–490, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx393, 2018.
Kivi, I. R., Boyet, A., Wu, H., Walter, L., Hanson-Hedgecock, S., Parisio, F., and Vilarrasa, V.: Global physics-based database of injection-induced seismicity, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 3163–3182, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-3163-2023, 2023.
Kneafsey, T., Dobson, P., Blankenship, D., Schwering, P., White, M., Morris, J. P., Huang, L., Johnson, T., Burghardt, J., Mattson, E., Neupane, G., Strickland, C., Knox, H., Vermuel, V., Ajo-Franklin, J., Fu, P., Roggenthen, W., Doe, T., Schoenball, M., Hopp, C., Tribaldos, V. R., Ingraham, M., Guglielmi, Y., Ulrich, C., Wood, T., Frash, L., Pyatina, T., Vandine, G., Smith, M., Horne, R., McClure, M., Singh, A., Weers, J., and Robertson, M.: The EGS Collab project: Outcomes and lessons learned from hydraulic fracture stimulations in crystalline rock at 1.25 and 1.5 km depth, Geothermics, 126, 103178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103178, 2025.
Kraft, T., Roth, P., Ritz, V., Antunes, V., Toledo Zambrano, T. A., and Wiemer, S.: Good-Practice Guide for Managing Induced Seismicity in Deep Geothermal Energy Projects in Switzerland, ETH Zurich, https://doi.org/10.3929/ETHZ-B-000714220, 2025.
Krietsch, H., Gischig, V. S., Doetsch, J., Evans, K. F., Villiger, L., Jalali, M., Valley, B., Löw, S., and Amann, F.: Hydromechanical processes and their influence on the stimulation effected volume: observations from a decameter-scale hydraulic stimulation project, Solid Earth, 11, 1699–1729, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1699-2020, 2020.
Kwiatek, G., Plenkers, K., Dresen, G., and JAGUARS Research Group: Source Parameters of Picoseismicity Recorded at Mponeng Deep Gold Mine, South Africa: Implications for Scaling Relations, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 101, 2592–2608, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110094, 2011.
Kwiatek, G., Martínez-Garzón, P., Plenkers, K., Leonhardt, M., Zang, A., Von Specht, S., Dresen, G., and Bohnhoff, M.: Insights Into Complex Subdecimeter Fracturing Processes Occurring During a Water Injection Experiment at Depth in Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, Sweden, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 123, 6616–6635, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JB014715, 2018.
Lasocki, S. and Orlecka-Sikora, B.: Seismic hazard assessment under complex source size distribution of mining-induced seismicity, Tectonophysics, 456, 28–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2006.08.013, 2008.
Lee, K.-K.: Summary Report of Korean Goverment Commission on Relations between the 2017 Pohang Earthquake EGS Project, The Geological Society of Korea, https://doi.org/10.22719/KETEP-20183010111860, 2019.
Lützenkirchen, V. and Loew, S.: Late Alpine brittle faulting in the Rotondo granite (Switzerland): deformation mechanisms and fault evolution, Swiss J. Geosci., 104, 31–54, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-010-0050-0, 2011.
Lützenkirchen, V. H.: Structural geology and hydrogeology of brittle fault zones in the central and eastern Gotthard massif, Switzerland, ETH Zurich, https://doi.org/10.3929/ETHZ-A-004522949, 2002.
Ma, X., Hertrich, M., Amann, F., Bröker, K., Gholizadeh Doonechaly, N., Gischig, V., Hochreutener, R., Kästli, P., Krietsch, H., Marti, M., Nägeli, B., Nejati, M., Obermann, A., Plenkers, K., Rinaldi, A. P., Shakas, A., Villiger, L., Wenning, Q., Zappone, A., Bethmann, F., Castilla, R., Seberto, F., Meier, P., Driesner, T., Loew, S., Maurer, H., Saar, M. O., Wiemer, S., and Giardini, D.: Multi-disciplinary characterizations of the BedrettoLab – a new underground geoscience research facility, Solid Earth, 13, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, 2022.
McClure, M. W. and Horne, R. N.: Investigation of injection-induced seismicity using a coupled fluid flow and rate/state friction model, Geophysics, 76, WC181–WC198, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0064.1, 2011.
McClure, M. W. and Horne, R. N.: Correlations between formation properties and induced seismicity during high pressure injection into granitic rock, Eng. Geol., 175, 74–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.03.015, 2014.
McGarr, A.: Scaling of ground motion parameters, state of stress, and focal depth, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 89, 6969–6979, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB08p06969, 1984.
McGarr, A.: Maximum magnitude earthquakes induced by fluid injection: Limits on fluid injection earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 119, 1008–1019, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010597, 2014.
McGarr, A. and Fletcher, J. B.: Development of Ground-Motion Prediction Equations Relevant to Shallow Mining-Induced Seismicity in the Trail Mountain Area, Emery County, Utah, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 95, 31–47, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120040046, 2005.
McGuire, R. K. and Arabasz, W. J.: An introduction to probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, Geotechnical and environmental geophysics, 1, 333–353, 1990.
Mendecki, A. J.: Simple GMPE for underground mines, Acta Geophys., 67, 837–847, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-019-00289-z, 2019.
Meier, P. and Christe, F.: ZoDrEx. Zonal Isolation, Drilling and Exploitation of EGS Projects, Final report: 9 March 2023, https://www.aramis.admin.ch/Grunddaten/?ProjectID=41464 (last access: 21 October 2025), 2023.
Mesimeri, M., Scarabello, L., Zimmermann, E., Haag, T., Zylis, E., Villiger, L., Kaestli, P., Meier, M.-A., Rinaldi, A. P., Obermann, A., Hertrich, M., Clinton, J., Giardini, D., and Wiemer, S.: Multiscale Seismic Monitoring in the Bedretto Underground Laboratory for Geosciences and Geoenergies (BULGG), Seismol. Res. Lett., 96, 182–191, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220240128, 2025.
Mignan, A., Landtwing, D., Kästli, P., Mena, B., and Wiemer, S.: Induced seismicity risk analysis of the 2006 Basel, Switzerland, Enhanced Geothermal System project: Influence of uncertainties on risk mitigation, Geothermics, 53, 133–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.05.007, 2015.
Mignan, A., Broccardo, M., Wiemer, S., and Giardini, D.: Induced seismicity closed-form traffic light system for actuarial decision-making during deep fluid injections, Sci. Rep., 7, 13607, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13585-9, 2017.
Mignan, A., Broccardo, M., and Wang, Z.: Comprehensive Survey of Seismic Hazard at Geothermal Sites by a Meta-Analysis of the Underground Feedback Activation Parameter afb, Energies, 14, 7998, https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237998, 2021.
Norbeck, J. and Latimer, T.: Commercial-Scale Demonstration of a First-of-a-Kind Enhanced Geothermal System, Earth ArXiv, https://doi.org/10.31223/X52X0B, 20 July 2023.
Obermann, A., Rosskopf, M., Durand, V., Plenkers, K., Bröker, K., Rinaldi, A. P., Gholizadeh Doonechaly, N., Gischig, V., Zappone, A., Amann, F., Cocco, M., Hertrich, M., Jalali, M., Junker, J. S., Kästli, P., Ma, X., Maurer, H., Meier, M., Schwarz, M., Selvadurai, P., Villiger, L., Wiemer, S., Dal Zilio, L., and Giardini, D.: Seismic Response of Hectometer‐Scale Fracture Systems to Hydraulic Stimulation in the Bedretto Underground Laboratory, Switzerland, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 129, e2024JB029836, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB029836, 2024.
Plenkers, K., Reinicke, A., Obermann, A., Gholizadeh Doonechaly, N., Krietsch, H., Fechner, T., Hertrich, M., Kontar, K., Maurer, H., Philipp, J., Rinderknecht, B., Volksdorf, M., Giardini, D., and Wiemer, S.: Multi-Disciplinary Monitoring Networks for Mesoscale Underground Experiments: Advances in the Bedretto Reservoir Project, Sensors, 23, 3315, https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063315, 2023.
Petruccelli, A., Schorlemmer, D., Tormann, T., Rinaldi, A. P., Wiemer, S., Gasperini, P., and Vannucci, G.: The influence of faulting style on the size-distribution of global earthquakes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 527, 115791, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115791, 2019.
Plenkers, K., Manthei, G., Kwiatek, G.: Underground In-situ Acoustic Emission in Study of Rock Stability and Earthquake Physics; in: Acoustic Emission Testing, edited by: C. U. Grosse, Ohtsu, M., Aggelis, D. G., and Shiotani, T., Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67936-1_16, 2022.
Ritz, V. A., Mizrahi, L., Clasen Repollés, V., Rinaldi, A. P., Hjörleifsdóttir, V., and Wiemer, S.: Pseudo-Prospective Forecasting of Induced and Natural Seismicity in the Hengill Geothermal Field, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 129, e2023JB028402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JB028402, 2024.
Rosskopf, M., Durand, V., Plenkers, K., Villiger, L., Giardini, D., and Obermann, A.: Accuracy of picoseismic catalogs in hectometer-scale in-situ experiments, 38 pp., ETH Zürich, https://doi.org/10.3929/ETHZ-B-000719147, 2024a.
Rosskopf, M., Durand, V., and Obermann, A.: Seismic Catalogs for the 2022–2023 Hydraulic Stimulation Experiments at the Bedretto Underground Laboratory, ETH Zürich, https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000658218, 9 February 2024b.
Schmittbuhl, J., Lambotte, S., Lengliné, O., Grunberg, M., Jund, H., Vergne, J., Cornet, F., Doubre, C., and Masson, F.: Induced and triggered seismicity below the city of Strasbourg, France from November 2019 to January 2021, C.R. Géosci., 353, 561–584, https://doi.org/10.5802/crgeos.71, 2022.
Schoenball, M., Ajo-Franklin, J. B., Blankenship, D., Chai, C., Chakravarty, A., Dobson, P., Hopp, C., Kneafsey, T., Knox, H. A., Maceira, M., Robertson, M. C., Sprinkle, P., Strickland, C., Templeton, D., Schwering, P. C., Ulrich, C., Wood, T., and The EGS Collab Team: Creation of a Mixed-Mode Fracture Network at Mesoscale Through Hydraulic Fracturing and Shear Stimulation, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 125, e2020JB019807, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB019807, 2020.
Scholz, C. H.: On the stress dependence of the earthquake b value, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 1399–1402, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062863, 2015.
Schorlemmer, D., Wiemer, S., and Wyss, M.: Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes, Nature, 437, 539–542, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04094, 2005.
Schultz, R.: Inferring maximum magnitudes from the ordered sequence of large earthquakes, Philos. T. R. Soc. S.-A, 382, 20230185, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2023.0185, 2024.
Schultz, R., Skoumal, R. J., Brudzinski, M. R., Eaton, D., Baptie, B., and Ellsworth, W.: Hydraulic Fracturing-Induced Seismicity, Rev. Geophys., 58, e2019RG000695, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000695, 2020a.
Schultz, R., Beroza, G., Ellsworth, W., and Baker, J.: Risk-Informed Recommendations for Managing Hydraulic Fracturing–Induced Seismicity via Traffic Light Protocols, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 110, 2411–2422, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120200016, 2020b.
Shakas, A., Maurer, H., Giertzuch, P.-L., Hertrich, M., Giardini, D., Serbeto, F., and Meier, P.: Permeability Enhancement From a Hydraulic Stimulation Imaged With Ground Penetrating Radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088783, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088783, 2020.
Shapiro, S. A., Dinske, C., Langenbruch, C., and Wenzel, F.: Seismogenic index and magnitude probability of earthquakes induced during reservoir fluid stimulations, Lead. Edge, 29, 304–309, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3353727, 2010.
Spada, M., Tormann, T., Wiemer, S., and Enescu, B.: Generic dependence of the frequency-size distribution of earthquakes on depth and its relation to the strength profile of the crust, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 709–714, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL054198, 2013.
Thingbaijam, K. K. S., Martin Mai, P., and Goda, K.: New Empirical Earthquake Source‐Scaling Laws, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 107, 2225–2246, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120170017, 2017.
TNO: Probabilistic Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis in the TNO Model Chain Groningen, TNO2020 R11052, https://www.nlog.nl/en/public-shra-groningen (last access: August 2024), 2020.
Trutnevyte, E. and Wiemer, S.: Tailor-made risk governance for induced seismicity of geothermal energy projects: An application to Switzerland, Geothermics, 65, 295–312, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.10.006, 2017.
Urban, P., Lasocki, S., Blascheck, P., Do Nascimento, A. F., Van Giang, N., and Kwiatek, G.: Violations of Gutenberg–Richter Relation in Anthropogenic Seismicity, Pure Appl. Geophys., 173, 1517–1537, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-015-1188-5, 2016.
Van Der Elst, N. J., Page, M. T., Weiser, D. A., Goebel, T. H. W., and Hosseini, S. M.: Induced earthquake magnitudes are as large as (statistically) expected, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 4575–4590, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB012818, 2016.
Van Elk, J., Doornhof, D., Bommer, J. J., Bourne, S. J., Oates, S. J., Pinho, R., and Crowley, H.: Hazard and risk assessments for induced seismicity in Groningen, Neth. J. Geosci., 96, s259–s269, https://doi.org/10.1017/njg.2017.37, 2017.
Van Thienen-Visser, K. and Breunese, J. N.: Induced seismicity of the Groningen gas field: History and recent developments, Lead. Edge, 34, 664–671, https://doi.org/10.1190/tle34060664.1, 2015.
Verdon, J. P. and Bommer, J. J.: Green, yellow, red, or out of the blue? An assessment of Traffic Light Schemes to mitigate the impact of hydraulic fracturing-induced seismicity, J. Seismol., 25, 301–326, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-020-09966-9, 2021.
Villiger, L., Gischig, V. S., Doetsch, J., Krietsch, H., Dutler, N. O., Jalali, M., Valley, B., Selvadurai, P. A., Mignan, A., Plenkers, K., Giardini, D., Amann, F., and Wiemer, S.: Influence of reservoir geology on seismic response during decameter-scale hydraulic stimulations in crystalline rock, Solid Earth, 11, 627–655, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-627-2020, 2020.
Volpe, G., Pozzi, G., Collettini, C., Spagnuolo, E., Achtziger-Zupančič, P., Zappone, A., Aldega, L., Meier, M. A., Giardini, D., and Cocco, M.: Laboratory simulation of fault reactivation by fluid injection and implications for induced seismicity at the BedrettoLab, Swiss Alps, Tectonophysics, 862, 229987, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229987, 2023.
Wesseloo, J.: The Spatial Assessment of the Current Seismic Hazard State for Hard Rock Underground Mines, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 51, 1839–1862, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1430-4, 2018.
White, J. A. and Foxall, W.: Assessing induced seismicity risk at CO2 storage projects: Recent progress and remaining challenges, Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control, 49, 413–424, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.03.021, 2016.
Wiemer, S., Danciu, L., Edwards, B., Marti, M., Fäh, D., Hiemer, S., Wössner, J., Cauzzi, C., Kästli, P., and Kremer, K.: Seismic Hazard Model 2015 for Switzerland (SUIhaz2015), Swiss Seismological Service, https://doi.org/10.12686/A2, 2016.
Wiemer, S., Philippe, R., Kästli, P., Danciu, L., Bazzurro, P., Fäh, D., Duvernay, B., Lestuzzi, P., Marti, M., Papadopoulos, A., Bergamo, P., Khodaverdian, A., Fagà, E., Odabasi, O., Cauzzi, C., Valenzuela Rodriguez, N., Schmid, N., Hammer, C., Panzera, F., Perron, V., Dallo, I., Zaugg, S. N., and Haslinger, F.: Earthquake Seismic Risk Model for Switzerland (ERM-CH23), SED, Swiss Seismological Service at ETH Zürich, https://doi.org/10.12686/A20, 2023.
Zang, A., Niemz, P., von Specht, S., Zimmermann, G., Milkereit, C., Plenkers, K., and Klee, G.: Comprehensive data set of in situ hydraulic stimulation experiments for geothermal purposes at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 295–310, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-295-2024, 2024.
Zappone, A., Rinaldi, A. P., Grab, M., Wenning, Q. C., Roques, C., Madonna, C., Obermann, A. C., Bernasconi, S. M., Brennwald, M. S., Kipfer, R., Soom, F., Cook, P., Guglielmi, Y., Nussbaum, C., Giardini, D., Mazzotti, M., and Wiemer, S.: Fault sealing and caprock integrity for CO2 storage: an in situ injection experiment, Solid Earth, 12, 319–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-319-2021, 2021.
Zhou, W., Lanza, F., Grigoratos, I., Schultz, R., Cousse, J., Trutnevyte, E., Muntendam-Bos, A., and Wiemer, S.: Managing Induced Seismicity Risks From Enhanced Geothermal Systems: A Good Practice Guideline, Rev. Geophys., 62, e2024RG000849, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RG000849, 2024.
Short summary
Induced earthquakes present a major obstacle for developing geoenergy resources. These occur during hydraulic stimulations that enhance fluid pathways in the rock. In the Bedretto Underground Laboratory, hydraulic stimulations are investigated in a downscaled manner. A workflow to analyze the hazard posed by induced earthquakes is applied at different stages of the test program. The hazard estimates illustrate the difficulty in reducing the uncertainty due to the variable seismogenic responses.
Induced earthquakes present a major obstacle for developing geoenergy resources. These occur...
