Articles | Volume 7, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1417-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1417-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications
Stefan Markus Schmalholz
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,
Switzerland
Neil Sydney Mancktelow
Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
Viewed
Total article views: 5,363 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 31 May 2016)
HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3,343 | 1,733 | 287 | 5,363 | 187 | 205 |
- HTML: 3,343
- PDF: 1,733
- XML: 287
- Total: 5,363
- BibTeX: 187
- EndNote: 205
Total article views: 4,564 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 21 Oct 2016)
HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2,961 | 1,322 | 281 | 4,564 | 184 | 202 |
- HTML: 2,961
- PDF: 1,322
- XML: 281
- Total: 4,564
- BibTeX: 184
- EndNote: 202
Total article views: 799 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 31 May 2016)
HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
382 | 411 | 6 | 799 | 3 | 3 |
- HTML: 382
- PDF: 411
- XML: 6
- Total: 799
- BibTeX: 3
- EndNote: 3
Cited
53 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Time for anisotropy: The significance of mechanical anisotropy for the development of deformation structures H. Ran et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2018.04.019
- Interaction of folding and thrusting during fold-and-thrust-belt evolution: Insights from numerical simulations and application to the Swiss Jura and the Canadian Foothills F. Humair et al. 10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228474
- Towards a Digital Twin of the Earth System: Geo-Soft-CoRe, a Geoscientific Software & Code Repository I. DeFelipe et al. 10.3389/feart.2022.828005
- The importance of interfacial instability for viscous folding in mechanically heterogeneous layers E. Moulas & S. Schmalholz 10.1144/SP487.10
- Deformation scale using harmonic curvature analysis: A case study from the Hamersley Province D. Nathan et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104302
- About right: references in open-access EGU (European Geosciences Union) journals A. Pozzer 10.5194/gc-4-453-2021
- The Ottawa River Gneiss Complex revisited: definition of the metamorphic core and detachment zone of a large Grenvillian metamorphic core complex T. Rivers & W. Schwerdtner 10.1139/cjes-2023-0060
- The influence of layer-interface geometry on single-layer folding A. Griera et al. 10.1144/SP487.4
- Large grain-size-dependent rheology contrasts of halite at low differential stress: evidence from microstructural study of naturally deformed gneissic Zechstein 2 rock salt (Kristallbrockensalz) from the northern Netherlands J. Barabasch et al. 10.5194/se-14-271-2023
- Asymptotic Study of Instability in a Three-Layer Stokes Flow with an Inhomogeneous Layer Thickness. Modeling of the Folding Process V. Pak 10.1134/S0021894419060063
- Boudinage and folding of oblique single layers in bulk constrictional strain fields: Results from analogue modelling C. Cheng et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105153
- Impact of grain size evolution on necking in calcite layers deforming by combined diffusion and dislocation creep S. Schmalholz & T. Duretz 10.1016/j.jsg.2017.08.007
- Flexural-slip folding in buckling phases of orogenic belts: Insight into the tectonic evolution of fault splays in the East Iran orogen A. Rashidi et al. 10.3389/feart.2023.1169667
- Felsic Tesserae on Venus Permitted by Lithospheric Deformation Models P. Resor et al. 10.1029/2020JE006642
- Crustal versus mantle core complexes J. Brun et al. 10.1016/j.tecto.2017.09.017
- Formation of the bulge of Iapetus through long-wavelength folding of the lithosphere J. Kay & A. Dombard 10.1016/j.icarus.2017.10.033
- A simple computer program for calculating stress and strain rate in 2D viscous inclusion-matrix systems W. Halter et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2022.104617
- The rise and fall of diapirs during thin-skinned extension revisited M. Schöpfer & F. Lehner 10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105165
- Lithospheric strength inferred from modeling of buckling structure: Implications for stress state of the East Sea (Japan Sea) S. Do et al. 10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229859
- Finite element modeling for 2D viscoelastic buckling formation with mechanical strength of mantle and lithosphere S. Do & B. So 10.14770/jgsk.2019.55.3.315
- Oceanic-like axial crustal high in the central Red Sea W. Shi et al. 10.1016/j.tecto.2018.10.011
- Structural evolution of continental and marine Permian rock salt of the North German Basin: constraints from microfabrics, geochemistry and U–Pb ages M. Henneberg et al. 10.1007/s00531-020-01905-w
- Selective inversion of rift basins in lithospheric-scale analogue experiments A. Samsu et al. 10.5194/se-14-909-2023
- Mixing instabilities during shearing of metals M. Pouryazdan et al. 10.1038/s41467-017-01879-5
- Folding of a single layer in an anisotropic viscous matrix under layer-parallel shortening Y. Hu et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105246
- Thinning mechanisms of heterogeneous continental lithosphere B. Petri et al. 10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.007
- From parasitic via non-cylindrical to extension-parallel folding of oblique single layers under coaxial plane strain: Layer rotation around the shortening axis (Z) G. Zulauf et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104303
- Layer wrinkling in an inhomogeneous matrix J. Colin & M. Holland 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.08.004
- Intra-salt structure and strain partitioning in layered evaporites: implications for drilling through Messinian salt in the eastern Mediterranean S. Evans & C. Jackson 10.1144/petgeo2020-072
- Regular spacing of deformation bands in sandstone: Layer-thickness control or constitutive instability? K. Elphick et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104335
- On the post-buckling behavior of laterally constrained multilayers H. Chai & D. Moshkovitz 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2022.111827
- Deriving scaling laws in geodynamics using adjoint gradients G. Reuber et al. 10.1016/j.tecto.2017.07.017
- Plastic flow and microstructural instabilities during high-pressure torsion of Cu/ZnO composites Y. Qi et al. 10.1016/j.matchar.2018.09.001
- Rheological stratification in impure rock salt during long-term creep: morphology, microstructure, and numerical models of multilayer folds in the Ocnele Mari salt mine, Romania M. Adamuszek et al. 10.5194/se-12-2041-2021
- Boudinage and two-stage folding of oblique single layers under coaxial plane strain: Layer rotation around the axis of no change (Y) J. Zulauf et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104023
- Necking of the Lithosphere: A Reappraisal of Basic Concepts With Thermo‐Mechanical Numerical Modeling P. Chenin et al. 10.1029/2017JB014155
- Buckle folding in the Northern Calcareous Alps - Field observations and numeric experiments S. Kilian et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104416
- Distribution and magnitude of stress due to lateral variation of gravitational potential energy between Indian lowland and Tibetan plateau S. Schmalholz et al. 10.1093/gji/ggy463
- Lithospheric Folding Controls the Intracontinental Orogen of South China: Insight from Numerical Simulation J. Su 10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2023_311
- Folding during soft-sediment deformation G. Alsop et al. 10.1144/SP487.1
- 2D Hydro‐Mechanical‐Chemical Modeling of (De)hydration Reactions in Deforming Heterogeneous Rock: The Periclase‐Brucite Model Reaction S. Schmalholz et al. 10.1029/2020GC009351
- Coeval boudinage and folding of oblique single layers under coaxial plane strain: Layer rotation around the principal stretching axis (X) J. Zulauf et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104217
- The Force Cone Method Applied to Explain Hidden Whirls in Tribology C. Mattheck et al. 10.3390/ma14143894
- Stress and strain evolution during single-layer folding under pure and simple shear M. Llorens 10.1016/j.jsg.2019.06.009
- Transition from buckling to subduction on strike-slip continental margins: Evidence from the East Sea (Japan Sea) G. Kim et al. 10.1130/G40305.1
- The transition from ancient to modern-style tectonics: Insights from lithosphere dynamics modelling in compressional regimes J. Poh et al. 10.1016/j.gr.2021.06.016
- Contributions of Grain Damage, Thermal Weakening, and Necking to Slab Detachment M. Thielmann & S. Schmalholz 10.3389/feart.2020.00254
- Extension of continental lithosphere in rifted margins: a review of thinning mechanisms J. Tugend et al. 10.5802/crgeos.257
- Fold geometry and folding – a review S. Nabavi & H. Fossen 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103812
- Tectonic inheritance controls nappe detachment, transport and stacking in the Helvetic nappe system, Switzerland: insights from thermomechanical simulations D. Kiss et al. 10.5194/se-11-287-2020
- The development of structural geology and the historical context of the journal of structural geology: A reflection by Bruce Hobbs B. Hobbs 10.1016/j.jsg.2018.12.008
- The Geometry, Spatial Distribution and Texture of Slate‐Hosted Calcite Veins in the Helvetic Flysch Units—Insights in Structural and Fluid Processes Within a Paleo‐Accretionary Complex I. Akker et al. 10.1029/2023GC010873
- Effects of lateral strength contrasts and inherited heterogeneities on necking and rifting of continents S. Wenker & C. Beaumont 10.1016/j.tecto.2016.10.011
52 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Time for anisotropy: The significance of mechanical anisotropy for the development of deformation structures H. Ran et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2018.04.019
- Interaction of folding and thrusting during fold-and-thrust-belt evolution: Insights from numerical simulations and application to the Swiss Jura and the Canadian Foothills F. Humair et al. 10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228474
- Towards a Digital Twin of the Earth System: Geo-Soft-CoRe, a Geoscientific Software & Code Repository I. DeFelipe et al. 10.3389/feart.2022.828005
- The importance of interfacial instability for viscous folding in mechanically heterogeneous layers E. Moulas & S. Schmalholz 10.1144/SP487.10
- Deformation scale using harmonic curvature analysis: A case study from the Hamersley Province D. Nathan et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104302
- About right: references in open-access EGU (European Geosciences Union) journals A. Pozzer 10.5194/gc-4-453-2021
- The Ottawa River Gneiss Complex revisited: definition of the metamorphic core and detachment zone of a large Grenvillian metamorphic core complex T. Rivers & W. Schwerdtner 10.1139/cjes-2023-0060
- The influence of layer-interface geometry on single-layer folding A. Griera et al. 10.1144/SP487.4
- Large grain-size-dependent rheology contrasts of halite at low differential stress: evidence from microstructural study of naturally deformed gneissic Zechstein 2 rock salt (Kristallbrockensalz) from the northern Netherlands J. Barabasch et al. 10.5194/se-14-271-2023
- Asymptotic Study of Instability in a Three-Layer Stokes Flow with an Inhomogeneous Layer Thickness. Modeling of the Folding Process V. Pak 10.1134/S0021894419060063
- Boudinage and folding of oblique single layers in bulk constrictional strain fields: Results from analogue modelling C. Cheng et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105153
- Impact of grain size evolution on necking in calcite layers deforming by combined diffusion and dislocation creep S. Schmalholz & T. Duretz 10.1016/j.jsg.2017.08.007
- Flexural-slip folding in buckling phases of orogenic belts: Insight into the tectonic evolution of fault splays in the East Iran orogen A. Rashidi et al. 10.3389/feart.2023.1169667
- Felsic Tesserae on Venus Permitted by Lithospheric Deformation Models P. Resor et al. 10.1029/2020JE006642
- Crustal versus mantle core complexes J. Brun et al. 10.1016/j.tecto.2017.09.017
- Formation of the bulge of Iapetus through long-wavelength folding of the lithosphere J. Kay & A. Dombard 10.1016/j.icarus.2017.10.033
- A simple computer program for calculating stress and strain rate in 2D viscous inclusion-matrix systems W. Halter et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2022.104617
- The rise and fall of diapirs during thin-skinned extension revisited M. Schöpfer & F. Lehner 10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105165
- Lithospheric strength inferred from modeling of buckling structure: Implications for stress state of the East Sea (Japan Sea) S. Do et al. 10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229859
- Finite element modeling for 2D viscoelastic buckling formation with mechanical strength of mantle and lithosphere S. Do & B. So 10.14770/jgsk.2019.55.3.315
- Oceanic-like axial crustal high in the central Red Sea W. Shi et al. 10.1016/j.tecto.2018.10.011
- Structural evolution of continental and marine Permian rock salt of the North German Basin: constraints from microfabrics, geochemistry and U–Pb ages M. Henneberg et al. 10.1007/s00531-020-01905-w
- Selective inversion of rift basins in lithospheric-scale analogue experiments A. Samsu et al. 10.5194/se-14-909-2023
- Mixing instabilities during shearing of metals M. Pouryazdan et al. 10.1038/s41467-017-01879-5
- Folding of a single layer in an anisotropic viscous matrix under layer-parallel shortening Y. Hu et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2024.105246
- Thinning mechanisms of heterogeneous continental lithosphere B. Petri et al. 10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.007
- From parasitic via non-cylindrical to extension-parallel folding of oblique single layers under coaxial plane strain: Layer rotation around the shortening axis (Z) G. Zulauf et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104303
- Layer wrinkling in an inhomogeneous matrix J. Colin & M. Holland 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.08.004
- Intra-salt structure and strain partitioning in layered evaporites: implications for drilling through Messinian salt in the eastern Mediterranean S. Evans & C. Jackson 10.1144/petgeo2020-072
- Regular spacing of deformation bands in sandstone: Layer-thickness control or constitutive instability? K. Elphick et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104335
- On the post-buckling behavior of laterally constrained multilayers H. Chai & D. Moshkovitz 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2022.111827
- Deriving scaling laws in geodynamics using adjoint gradients G. Reuber et al. 10.1016/j.tecto.2017.07.017
- Plastic flow and microstructural instabilities during high-pressure torsion of Cu/ZnO composites Y. Qi et al. 10.1016/j.matchar.2018.09.001
- Rheological stratification in impure rock salt during long-term creep: morphology, microstructure, and numerical models of multilayer folds in the Ocnele Mari salt mine, Romania M. Adamuszek et al. 10.5194/se-12-2041-2021
- Boudinage and two-stage folding of oblique single layers under coaxial plane strain: Layer rotation around the axis of no change (Y) J. Zulauf et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104023
- Necking of the Lithosphere: A Reappraisal of Basic Concepts With Thermo‐Mechanical Numerical Modeling P. Chenin et al. 10.1029/2017JB014155
- Buckle folding in the Northern Calcareous Alps - Field observations and numeric experiments S. Kilian et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104416
- Distribution and magnitude of stress due to lateral variation of gravitational potential energy between Indian lowland and Tibetan plateau S. Schmalholz et al. 10.1093/gji/ggy463
- Lithospheric Folding Controls the Intracontinental Orogen of South China: Insight from Numerical Simulation J. Su 10.2113/2024/lithosphere_2023_311
- Folding during soft-sediment deformation G. Alsop et al. 10.1144/SP487.1
- 2D Hydro‐Mechanical‐Chemical Modeling of (De)hydration Reactions in Deforming Heterogeneous Rock: The Periclase‐Brucite Model Reaction S. Schmalholz et al. 10.1029/2020GC009351
- Coeval boudinage and folding of oblique single layers under coaxial plane strain: Layer rotation around the principal stretching axis (X) J. Zulauf et al. 10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104217
- The Force Cone Method Applied to Explain Hidden Whirls in Tribology C. Mattheck et al. 10.3390/ma14143894
- Stress and strain evolution during single-layer folding under pure and simple shear M. Llorens 10.1016/j.jsg.2019.06.009
- Transition from buckling to subduction on strike-slip continental margins: Evidence from the East Sea (Japan Sea) G. Kim et al. 10.1130/G40305.1
- The transition from ancient to modern-style tectonics: Insights from lithosphere dynamics modelling in compressional regimes J. Poh et al. 10.1016/j.gr.2021.06.016
- Contributions of Grain Damage, Thermal Weakening, and Necking to Slab Detachment M. Thielmann & S. Schmalholz 10.3389/feart.2020.00254
- Extension of continental lithosphere in rifted margins: a review of thinning mechanisms J. Tugend et al. 10.5802/crgeos.257
- Fold geometry and folding – a review S. Nabavi & H. Fossen 10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103812
- Tectonic inheritance controls nappe detachment, transport and stacking in the Helvetic nappe system, Switzerland: insights from thermomechanical simulations D. Kiss et al. 10.5194/se-11-287-2020
- The development of structural geology and the historical context of the journal of structural geology: A reflection by Bruce Hobbs B. Hobbs 10.1016/j.jsg.2018.12.008
- The Geometry, Spatial Distribution and Texture of Slate‐Hosted Calcite Veins in the Helvetic Flysch Units—Insights in Structural and Fluid Processes Within a Paleo‐Accretionary Complex I. Akker et al. 10.1029/2023GC010873
Discussed (final revised paper)
Latest update: 06 Nov 2024
Short summary
About 200 years ago in 1815 Sir James Hall made his famous analogue experiments, which showed probably for the first time that natural folds in ductile rock are the result of a horizontal compression. If such rocks are extended, then the rock layers can thin only locally, which is a process termed necking, and the resulting structure is often termed pinch-and-swell. We review here theoretical and experimental results on folding and necking on all geological scales.
About 200 years ago in 1815 Sir James Hall made his famous analogue experiments, which showed...