Articles | Volume 7, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1417-2016
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1417-2016
Review article
 | 
21 Oct 2016
Review article |  | 21 Oct 2016

Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications

Stefan Markus Schmalholz and Neil Sydney Mancktelow

Related authors

Buoyancy versus shear forces in building orogenic wedges
Lorenzo G. Candioti, Thibault Duretz, Evangelos Moulas, and Stefan M. Schmalholz
Solid Earth, 12, 1749–1775, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1749-2021,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1749-2021, 2021
Short summary
Impact of upper mantle convection on lithosphere hyperextension and subsequent horizontally forced subduction initiation
Lorenzo G. Candioti, Stefan M. Schmalholz, and Thibault Duretz
Solid Earth, 11, 2327–2357, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2327-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2327-2020, 2020
Short summary
Control of 3-D tectonic inheritance on fold-and-thrust belts: insights from 3-D numerical models and application to the Helvetic nappe system
Richard Spitz, Arthur Bauville, Jean-Luc Epard, Boris J. P. Kaus, Anton A. Popov, and Stefan M. Schmalholz
Solid Earth, 11, 999–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-999-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-999-2020, 2020
Short summary
Tectonic inheritance controls nappe detachment, transport and stacking in the Helvetic nappe system, Switzerland: insights from thermomechanical simulations
Dániel Kiss, Thibault Duretz, and Stefan Markus Schmalholz
Solid Earth, 11, 287–305, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-287-2020,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-287-2020, 2020
Short summary

Related subject area

Tectonics
Stress state at faults: the influence of rock stiffness contrast, stress orientation, and ratio
Moritz O. Ziegler, Robin Seithel, Thomas Niederhuber, Oliver Heidbach, Thomas Kohl, Birgit Müller, Mojtaba Rajabi, Karsten Reiter, and Luisa Röckel
Solid Earth, 15, 1047–1063, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, 2024
Short summary
(D)rifting in the 21st century: key processes, natural hazards, and geo-resources
Frank Zwaan, Tiago M. Alves, Patricia Cadenas, Mohamed Gouiza, Jordan J. J. Phethean, Sascha Brune, and Anne C. Glerum
Solid Earth, 15, 989–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-989-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-989-2024, 2024
Short summary
Interseismic and long-term deformation of southeastern Sicily driven by the Ionian slab roll-back
Amélie Viger, Stéphane Dominguez, Stéphane Mazzotti, Michel Peyret, Maxime Henriquet, Giovanni Barreca, Carmelo Monaco, and Adrien Damon
Solid Earth, 15, 965–988, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-965-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-965-2024, 2024
Short summary
Rift and plume: a discussion on active and passive rifting mechanisms in the Afro-Arabian rift based on synthesis of geophysical data
Ran Issachar, Peter Haas, Nico Augustin, and Jörg Ebbing
Solid Earth, 15, 807–826, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-807-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-807-2024, 2024
Short summary
Propagating rifts: the roles of crustal damage and ascending mantle fluids
Folarin Kolawole and Rasheed Ajala
Solid Earth, 15, 747–762, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-747-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-747-2024, 2024
Short summary

Cited articles

Abbassi, M. R. and Mancktelow, N. S.: The effect of initial perturbation shape and symmetry on fold development, J. Struct. Geol., 12, 273–282, 1990.
Abbassi, M. R. and Mancktelow, N. S.: Single layer buckle folding in non-linear materials-I: Experimental study of fold development from an isolated initial perturbation, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 85–104, 1992.
Abe, S. and Urai, J. L.: Discrete element modeling of boudinage: Insights on rock rheology, matrix flow, and evolution of geometry, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth, 117, B01407, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008555, 2012.
Abe, S., Urai, J. L., and Kettermann, M.: Fracture patterns in nonplane strain boudinage-insights from 3-D discrete element models, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth, 118, 1304–1315, 2013.
Adamuszek, M., Schmid, D. W., and Dabrowski, M.: Fold geometry toolbox–Automated determination of fold shape, shortening, and material properties, J. Struct. Geol., 33, 1406–1416, 2011.
Short summary
About 200 years ago in 1815 Sir James Hall made his famous analogue experiments, which showed probably for the first time that natural folds in ductile rock are the result of a horizontal compression. If such rocks are extended, then the rock layers can thin only locally, which is a process termed necking, and the resulting structure is often termed pinch-and-swell. We review here theoretical and experimental results on folding and necking on all geological scales.