Articles | Volume 9, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1299-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1299-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 Nov 2018
Research article |
| 08 Nov 2018
| 08 Nov 2018
Failure criteria for porous dome rocks and lavas: a study of Mt. Unzen, Japan
Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK
Jackie E. Kendrick
Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK
Paul A. Wallace
Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK
Takahiro Miwa
National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Ibaraki, 305-0006, Japan
Adrian J. Hornby
Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK
now at: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
James D. Ashworth
Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK
Takeshi Matsushima
Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Kyushu University, Nagasaki, 855 0843, Japan
Yan Lavallée
Department of Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK
Related authors
No articles found.
Jackie E. Kendrick, Anthony Lamur, Julien Mouli-Castillo, Andrew P. Fraser-Harris, Alexander Lightbody, Katriona Edlmann, Christopher McDermott, and Zoe Shipton
Adv. Geosci., 62, 11–19, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-62-11-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-62-11-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
By testing the strength of granite in compression and tension at a range of deformation rates, we found that the strength increases with faster deformation. This observation highlights that at these rates, relevant for example to geothermal exploration, we have to consider how the rate of deformation impacts the energy released when rocks crack. The results are promising for developing safe procedures for extracting resources from the subsurface.
Yan Lavallée, Takahiro Miwa, James D. Ashworth, Paul A. Wallace, Jackie E. Kendrick, Rebecca Coats, Anthony Lamur, Adrian Hornby, Kai-Uwe Hess, Takeshi Matsushima, Setsuya Nakada, Hiroshi Shimizu, Bernhard Ruthensteiner, and Hugh Tuffen
Solid Earth, 13, 875–900, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-875-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-875-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic eruptions are controlled by the presence of gas bubbles in magma, which, in excess, can cause explosions. Eruption models lack an understanding of how gas percolates in magma flowing in a conduit. Here we study gas percolation in magma associated with the 1994–1995 eruption at Mt. Unzen, Japan. The results show that the pathways for gas escape depend on the depth and ascent rate of magma. Pathways closed at depth but opened along fractures when magma ascended rapidly near the surface.
Jackie E. Kendrick, Lauren N. Schaefer, Jenny Schauroth, Andrew F. Bell, Oliver D. Lamb, Anthony Lamur, Takahiro Miwa, Rebecca Coats, Yan Lavallée, and Ben M. Kennedy
Solid Earth, 12, 633–664, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The last lava dome eruption of Mount Unzen (Japan) ended in 1995, but ongoing instability means much of the area remains an exclusion zone. The rocks in the lava dome impact its stability; heterogeneity (contrasting properties) and anisotropy (orientation-specific properties) can channel fluids and localise deformation, enhancing the risk of lava dome collapse. We recommend using measured material properties to interpret geophysical signals and to model volcanic systems.
O. D. Lamb, S. De Angelis, K. Umakoshi, A. J. Hornby, J. E. Kendrick, and Y. Lavallée
Solid Earth, 6, 1277–1293, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1277-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1277-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we analyse the seismic record during the extrusion of a lava spine at Unzen volcano, Japan, in 1994. We find two strong groups of similar volcanic earthquakes which, combined with previously published field and experimental observations, we interpret as repetitive fracturing along the margin of the lava spine. This work demonstrates the potential of combining these different approaches for achieving a greater understanding of shallow volcanic processes.
J. E. Kendrick, Y. Lavallée, K.-U. Hess, S. De Angelis, A. Ferk, H. E. Gaunt, P. G. Meredith, D. B. Dingwell, and R. Leonhardt
Solid Earth, 5, 199–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-199-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-199-2014, 2014
Cited articles
Al-Harthi, A. A., Al-Amri, R. M., and Shehata, W. M.: The porosity and engineering properties of vesicular basalt in Saudi Arabia, Eng. Geol., 54, 313–320, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00050-2, 1999.
Almberg, L. D., Larsen, J. F., Eichelberger, J. C., Vogel, T. A., and Patino, L. C.: Comparison of eruptive and intrusive samples from Unzen Volcano, Japan: Effects of contrasting pressure-temperature-time paths, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 175, 60–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.03.020, 2008.
Ashby, M. F. and Sammis, C. G.: The damage mechanics of brittle solids in compression, Pure Appl. Geophys., 133, 489–521, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00878002, 1990.
Ashwell, P. A., Kendrick, J. E., Lavallée, Y., Kennedy, B. M., Hess, K., Von Aulock, F. W., Wadsworth, F. B., Vasseur, J., and Dingwell, D. B.: Permeability of compacting porous lavas, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120, 1605–1622, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011519, 2015.
Avard, G. and Whittington, A. G.: Rheology of arc dacite lavas: experimental determination at low strain rates, B. Volcanol., 74, 1039–1056, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-012-0584-2, 2012.
Ball, J. L., Stauffer, P. H., Calder, E. S., and Valentine, G. A.: The hydrothermal alteration of cooling lava domes, B. Volcanol., 77, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-015-0986-z, 2015.
Barmin, A., Melnik, O., and Sparks, R. S. J.: Periodic behavior in lava dome eruptions, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 199, 173–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00557-5, 2002.
Baud, P., Wong, T.-F., and Zhu, W.: Effects of porosity and crack density on the compressive strength of rocks, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 67, 202–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.08.031, 2014.
Brace, W. F., Paulding, B. W., and Scholz, C.: Dilatancy in the fracture of crystalline rocks, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 3939–3953, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ071i016p03939, 1966.
Brantut, N., Heap, M. J., Meredith, P. G., and Baud, P.: Time-dependent cracking and brittle creep in crustal rocks: A review, J. Struct. Geol., 52, 17–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2013.03.007, 2013.
Bubeck, A., Walker, R. J., Healy, D., Dobbs, M., and Holwell, D. A.: Pore geometry as a control on rock strength, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 457, 38–48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.050, 2017.
Calder, E. S., Luckett, R., Sparks, R. S. J., and Voight, B.: Mechanisms of lava dome instability and generation of rockfalls and pyroclastic flows at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, Geol. Soc. Mem., 21, 173–190, 2002.
Calder, E. S., Lavallée, Y., Kendrick, J. E., and Bernstein, M.: Lava Dome Eruptions, in: The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, edited by: Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B., Rymer, H., Stix, J., and McNutt, S., Elsevier, Academic Press, London, UK, 343–362, 2015.
Caricchi, L., Burlini, L., Ulmer, P., Gerya, T., Vassalli, M., and Papale, P.: Non-Newtonian rheology of crystal-bearing magmas and implications for magma ascent dynamics, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 264, 402–419, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.032, 2007.
Cashman, K. V.: Groundmass crystallization of Mount St. Helens dacite, 1980–1986: a tool for interpreting shallow magmatic processes, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 109, 431–449, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00306547, 1992.
Cashman, K. V. and Sparks, R. S. J.: How volcanoes work: A 25 year perspective, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 125, 664–690, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30720.1, 2013.
Castro, J. M., Manga, M., and Martin, M. C.: Vesiculation rates of obsidian domes inferred from H2O concentration profiles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024029, 2005.
Coats, R.: Young's Modulus for UCS, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1287237, 2018.
Cole, P. D., Calder, E. S., Druitt, T. H., Hoblitt, R., Robertson, R., Sparks, R. S. J., and Young, S. R.: Pyroclastic flows generated by gravitational instability of the 1996–97 lava dome of Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3425–3428, 1998.
Collombet, M., Wadsworth, F. B., Gurioli, L., Scheu, B., Kueppers, U., Di Muro, A., and Dingwell, D. B.: The evolution of pore connectivity in volcanic rocks, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 462, 99–109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.01.011, 2017.
Cordonnier, B., Hess, K., Lavallée, Y., and Dingwell, D. B.: Rheological properties of dome lavas: Case study of Unzen volcano, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 279, 263–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.01.014, 2009.
Cordonnier, B., Caricchi, L., Pistone, M., Castro, J. M., Hess, K., Gottschaller, S., Manga, M., Dingwell, D. B., and Burlini, L.: The viscous-brittle transition of crystal-bearing silicic melt: Direct observation of magma rupture and healing, Geology, 40, 611–614, https://doi.org/10.1130/G3914.1, 2012a.
Cordonnier, B., Schmalholz, S. M., Hess, K., and Dingwell, D. B.: Viscous heating in silicate melts: An experimental and numerical comparison, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 117, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007982, 2012b.
Costa, A., Caricchi, L., and Bagdassarov, N.: A model for the rheology of particle-bearing suspensions and partially molten rocks, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 10, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002138, 2009.
de Silva, S. and Lindsay, J. M.: Primary Volcanic Landforms, in: The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, edited by: Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B., McNutt, S., Rymer, H., and Stix, J., Elsevier, Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, 273–298, 2015.
Deubelbeiss, Y., Kaus, B. J. P., Connolly, J., and Caricchi, L.: Potential causes for the non-Newtonian rheology of crystal-bearing magmas, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 12, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003485, 2011.
Dingwell, D. B.: Volcanic Dilemma: Flow or Blow?, Science, 273, 1054–1055, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.273.5278.1054, 1996.
Dingwell, D. B. and Webb, S. L.: Structural relaxation in silicate melts and non-Newtonian melt rheology in geologic processes, Phys. Chem. Miner., 16, 508–516, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00197020, 1989.
Dingwell, D. B. and Webb, S. L.: Relaxation in silicate melts, Eur. J. Mineral., 2, 427–449, https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2/4/0427, 1990.
Eggertsson, G. H., Lavallée, Y., Kendrick, J. E., and Markússon, S.: Improving fluid flow in geothermal reservoirs by thermal and mechanical stimulation: The case of Krafla volcano, Iceland, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.04.008, in press, 2018.
Einstein, A.: A new determination of the molecular dimensions (Translation of the 1906 German version), Ann. Phys., 34, 591–592, 1911.
Elsworth, D. and Voight, B.: Evaluation of volcano flank instability triggered by dyke intrusion, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 110, 45–53, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.110.01.03, 1996.
Farquharson, J. I., Heap, M. J., Varley, N. R., Baud, P., and Reuschlé, T.: Permeability and porosity relationships of edifice-forming andesites: A combined field and laboratory study, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 297, 52–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.03.016, 2015.
Farquharson, J. I., Heap, M. J., Baud, P., Reuschlé, T., and Varley, N. R.: Pore pressure embrittlement in a volcanic edifice, B. Volcanol., 78, 6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-015-0997-9, 2016.
Fink, J. H. and Anderson, S. W.: Lava domes and coulees, in: The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, edited by: Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B., Rymer, H., Stix, J., and McNutt, S., Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA, 307–318, 2000.
Fluegel, A.: Glass viscosity calculation based on a global statistical modelling approach, Glas. Technol. J. Glas., 48, 13–30, available at: http://glassproperties.com/viscosity/ (last access: 29 October 2018), 2007.
Gent, A. N.: Theory of the parallel plate viscometer, Br. J. Appl. Phys., 11, 85–87, https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/11/2/310, 1960.
Giordano, D., Russell, J. K., and Dingwell, D. B.: Viscosity of magmatic liquids: A model, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 271, 123–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.038, 2008.
Gonnermann, H. M. and Manga, M.: The Fluid Mechanics Inside a Volcano, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 39, 321–356, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.39.050905.110207, 2007.
Goto, A.: A new model for volcanic earthquake at Unzen Volcano: Melt rupture model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2541–2544, 1999.
Gottsmann, J., Lavallée, Y., Martí, J., and Aguirre-Díaz, G.: Magma-tectonic interaction and the eruption of silicic batholiths, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 284, 426–434, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.008, 2009.
Griffiths, L., Heap, M. J., Xu, T., Chen, C., and Baud, P.: The influence of pore geometry and orientation on the strength and stiffness of porous rock, J. Struct. Geol., 96, 149–160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.02.006, 2017.
Hale, A. J. and Wadge, G.: The transition from endogenous to exogenous growth of lava domes with the development of shear bands, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 171, 237–257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.12.016, 2008.
Harris, A. J. L., Flynn, L. P., Matías, O., and Rose, W. I.: The thermal stealth flows of Santiaguito dome, Guatemala?: Implications for the cooling and emplacement of dacitic block-lava flows, GSA Bull., 5, 533–546, 2002.
Heap, M. J. and Faulkner, D. R.: Quantifying the evolution of static elastic properties as crystalline rock approaches failure, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 45, 564–573, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2007.07.018, 2008.
Heap, M. J., Vinciguerra, S., and Meredith, P. G.: The evolution of elastic moduli with increasing crack damage during cyclic stressing of a basalt from Mt. Etna volcano, Tectonophysics, 471, 153–160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.004, 2009.
Heap, M. J., Faulkner, D. R., Meredith, P. G., and Vinciguerra, S.: Elastic moduli evolution and accompanying stress changes with increasing crack damage: Implications for stress changes around fault zones and volcanoes during deformation, Geophys. J. Int., 183, 225–236, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04726.x, 2010.
Heap, M. J., Lavallée, Y., Laumann, A., Hess, K., Meredith, P. G., and Dingwell, D. B.: How tough is tuff in the event of fire?, Geology, 40, 311–314, https://doi.org/10.1130/G32940.1, 2012.
Heap, M. J., Lavallée, Y., Laumann, A., Hess, K., Meredith, P. G., Dingwell, D. B., Huismann, S. and Weise, F.: The influence of thermal-stressing (up to 1000 °C) on the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of siliceous-aggregate, high-strength concrete, Constr. Build. Mater., 42, 248–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.020, 2013a.
Heap, M. J., Mollo, S., Vinciguerra, S., Lavallée, Y., Hess, K., Dingwell, D. B., Baud, P., and Iezzi, G.: Thermal weakening of the carbonate basement under Mt. Etna volcano (Italy): Implications for volcano instability, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 250, 42–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.10.004, 2013b.
Heap, M. J., Lavallée, Y., Petrakova, L., Baud, P., Reuschlé, T., Varley, N. R., and Dingwell, D. B.: Microstructural controls on the physical and mechanical properties of edifice-forming andesites at Volcán de Colima, Mexico, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 119, 2925–2963, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010521, 2014a.
Heap, M. J., Xu, T., and Chen, C.: The influence of porosity and vesicle size on the brittle strength of volcanic rocks and magma, B. Volcanol., 76, 856, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-014-0856-0, 2014b.
Heap, M. J., Farquharson, J. I., and Kolzenburg, S.: Timescales for permeability reduction and strength recovery in densifying magma, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 429, 223–233, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.053, 2015.
Heap, M. J., Russell, J. K., and Kennedy, L. A.: Mechanical behaviour of dacite from Mount St. Helens (USA): A link between porosity and lava dome extrusion mechanism (dome or spine)?, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 328, 159–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.10.015, 2016a.
Heap, M. J., Wadsworth, F. B., Xu, T., Chen, C., and Tang, C.: The strength of heterogeneous volcanic rocks: A 2D approximation, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 319, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.03.013, 2016b.
Heilprin, A.: Mont Pelée and the Tragedy of Martinique: A Study of the Great Catastrophes of 1902, with Observations and Experiences in the Field, J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, USA, London, UK, 1903.
Hess, K., Cordonnier, B., Lavallée, Y., and Dingwell, D. B.: Viscous heating in rhyolite: An in situ experimental determination, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 275, 121–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.014, 2008.
Hoek, E. and Bieniawski, Z. T.: Brittle Rock Fracture Propagation In Rock Under Compression Brittle Rock Fracture Propagation in Rock Under Compression, Int. J. Fract. Mech., 1, 137–155, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00186851, 1965.
Hornby, A. J., Kendrick, J. E., Lamb, O. D., Hirose, T., De Angelis, S. H., Von Aulock, F. W., Umakoshi, K., Miwa, T., Henton De Angelis, S., Wadsworth, F. B., Hess, K., Dingwell, D. B., and Lavallée, Y.: Spine growth and seismogenic faulting at Mt. Unzen, Japan, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120, 4034–4054, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011660, 2015.
ISRM Turkish National Group: The ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 2007–2014, edited by: R. Ulusay, Springer International, Ankara, Turkey, 2015.
Jahangiri, P., Streblow, R., and Müller, D.: Simulation of Non-Newtonian Fluids using Modelica, Proc. 9th Int. Model. Conf., 3–5 September 2012, Aachen, Germany, 57–62, https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp1207657, 2012.
Kendrick, J. E., Lavallée, Y., Ferk, A., Perugini, D., Leonhardt, R., and Dingwell, D. B.: Extreme frictional processes in the volcanic conduit of Mount St. Helens (USA) during the 2004–2008 eruption, J. Struct. Geol., 38, 61–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.10.003, 2012.
Kendrick, J. E., Smith, R., Sammonds, P., Meredith, P. G., Dainty, M., and Pallister, J. S.: The influence of thermal and cyclic stressing on the strength of rocks from Mount St. Helens, Washington, B. Volcanol., 75, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-013-0728-z, 2013a.
Kendrick, J. E., Lavallée, Y., Hess, K., Heap, M. J., Gaunt, H. E., Meredith, P. G., and Dingwell, D. B.: Tracking the permeable porous network during strain-dependent magmatic flow, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 260, 117–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.05.012, 2013b.
Kendrick, J. E., Lavallée, Y., Mariani, E., Dingwell, D. B., Wheeler, J., and Varley, N. R.: Crystal plasticity as an indicator of the viscous-brittle transition in magmas, Nat. Commun., 8, 1926, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01931-4, 2017.
Kohashi, S., Shimokawa, S., Shimizu, K., Satohira, Y., Yamada, T., and Kimura, T.: Document for the committee of survey and countermeasure on lava dome collapse in Unzen Volcano, Futenma lava dome collapse Discussion materials; Investigation, Observation and countermeasure study committee on Unzen, 28 March 2012, Shimabara-shi Uto-cho, 2012 (in Japanese).
Kolzenburg, S., Heap, M. J., Lavallée, Y., Russell, J. K., Meredith, P. G., and Dingwell, D. B.: Strength and permeability recovery of tuffisite-bearing andesite, Solid Earth, 3, 191–198, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-191-2012, 2012.
Kueppers, U., Scheu, B., Spieler, O., and Dingwell, D. B.: Field-based density measurements as tool to identify preeruption dome structure: set-up and first results from Unzen volcano, Japan, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 141, 65–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.09.005, 2005.
Kushnir, A. R. L., Martel, C., Bourdier, J.-L., Heap, M. J., Reuschlé, T., Erdmann, S., Komorowski, J.-C., and Cholik, N.: Probing permeability and microstructure: Unravelling the role of a low-permeability dome on the explosivity of Merapi (Indonesia), J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 316, 56–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.02.012, 2016.
Kushnir, A. R. L., Martel, C., Champallier, R., and Arbaret, L.: In situ confirmation of permeability development in shearing bubble-bearing melts and implications for volcanic outgassing, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 458, 315–326, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.10.053, 2017.
Lamb, O. D., De Angelis, S., Umakoshi, K., Hornby, A. J., Kendrick, J. E., and Lavallée, Y.: Repetitive fracturing during spine extrusion at Unzen volcano, Japan, Solid Earth, 6, 1277–1293, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1277-2015, 2015.
Lamb, O. D., Angelis, S. De, Wall, R. J., Lamur, A., Varley, N. R., Reyes-Dávila, G., Arámbula-Mendoza, R., Hornby, A. J., Kendrick, J. E., and Lavallée, Y.: Seismic and experimental insights into eruption precursors at Volcán de Colima, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6092–6100, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073350, 2017.
Lamur, A., Kendrick, J. E., Eggertsson, G. H., Wall, R. J., Ashworth, J. D., and Lavallée, Y.: The permeability of fractured rocks in pressurised volcanic and geothermal systems, Sci. Rep., 7, 6173, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05460-4, 2017.
Lamur, A., Lavallée, Y., Iddon, F. E., Hornby, A. J., Kendrick, J. E., Von Aulock, F. W., and Wadsworth, F. B.: Disclosing the temperature of columnar jointing in lavas, Nat. Commun., 9, 1432, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03842-4, 2018.
Laumonier, M., Arbaret, L., Burgisser, A., and Champallier, R.: Porosity redistribution enhanced by strain localization in crystal-rich magmas, Geology, 39, 715–718, https://doi.org/10.1130/G31803.1, 2011.
Lavallée, Y., Hess, K., Cordonnier, B., and Dingwell, D. B.: Non-Newtonian rheological law for highly crystalline dome lavas, Geology, 35, 843–846, https://doi.org/10.1130/G23594A.1, 2007.
Lavallée, Y., Meredith, P. G., Dingwell, D. B., Hess, K., Wassermann, J., Cordonnier, B., Gerik, A., and Kruhl, J. H.: Seismogenic lavas and explosive eruption forecasting, Nature, 453, 507–510, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06980, 2008.
Lavallée, Y., Varley, N. R., Alatorre-Ibargüengoitia, M. a., Hess, K., Kueppers, U., Mueller, S. P., Richard, D., Scheu, B., Spieler, O., and Dingwell, D. B.: Magmatic architecture of dome-building eruptions at Volcán de Colima, Mexico, B. Volcanol., 74, 249–260, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0518-4, 2012.
Lavallée, Y., Heap, M. J., Kueppers, U., Kendrick, J. E., and Dingwell, D. B.: The fragility of Volcán de Colima – a material constraint, in: Volcán de Colima: portrait of a persistently hazardous volcano, edited by: Varley, N. R., Connor, C. B., and Komorowski, J. C., Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2018.
Lejeune, A. M. and Richet, P.: Rheology of crystal-bearing silicate melts?: An experimental study at high viscosities, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 4215–4229, 1995.
Lejeune, A. M., Bottinga, Y., Trull, T. W., and Richet, P.: Rheology of bubble-bearing magmas, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 166, 71–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00278-7, 1999.
Llewellin, E. W. and Manga, M.: Bubble suspension rheology and implications for conduit flow, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 143, 205–217, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.09.018, 2005.
Lopez, D. L. and Williams, S. N.: Catastrophic Volcanic Collapse: Relation to Hydrothermal Processes, Science, 260, 1794–1796, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5115.1794, 1993.
Mader, H. M., Llewellin, E. W., and Mueller, S. P.: The rheology of two-phase magmas: A review and analysis, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 257, 135–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.02.014, 2013.
Manga, M., Castro, J. M., Cashman, K. V., and Lowewenberg, M.: Rheology of bubble-bearing magmas, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 87, 15–28, 1998.
Martel, C. and Schmidt, B. C.: Decompression experiments as an insight into ascent rates of silicic magmas, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 144, 397–415, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-002-0404-3, 2003.
Matsushima, T. and Takagi, A.: GPS and EDM monitoring of Unzen Volcano ground deformation, Earth Planets Space, 52, 1015–1018, 2000.
Maxwell, J. C.: On the dynamical theory of gases, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. Lond., 157, 49–88, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1867.0004, 1867.
McKenzie, D. and Holness, M.: Local deformation in compacting flows: Development of pressure shadows, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 180, 169–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00152-7, 2000.
Mueller, S., Melnik, O., Spieler, O., Scheu, B., and Dingwell, D. B.: Permeability and degassing of dome lavas undergoing rapid decompression: An experimental determination, B. Volcanol., 67, 526–538, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0392-4, 2005.
Mueller, S., Scheu, B., Kueppers, U., Spieler, O., Richard, D., and Dingwell, D. B.: The porosity of pyroclasts as an indicator of volcanic explosivity, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 203, 168–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.04.006, 2011a.
Mueller, S., Llewellin, E. W., and Mader, H. M.: The effect of particle shape on suspension viscosity and implications for magmatic flows, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047167, 2011b.
Nakada, S. and Fujii, T.: Preliminary report on the activity at Unzen Volcano (Japan), November 1990–November 1991: Dacite lava domes and pyroclastic flows, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 54, 319–333, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(93)90070-8, 1993.
Nakada, S. and Motomura, Y.: Petrology of the 1991–1995 eruption at Unzen: Effusion pulsation and groundmass crystallization, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 89, 173–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00131-0, 1999.
Nakada, S., Miyake, Y., Sato, H., Oshima, O., and Fujinawa, A.: Endogenous growth of dacite dome at Unzen volcano (Japan), 1993–1994, Geology, 23, 157–160, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0157:EGODDA>2.3.CO;2, 1995.
Nakada, S., Shimizu, H. and Ohta, K.: Overview of the 1990–1995 eruption at Unzen Volcano, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 89, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00118-8, 1999.
NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems, and U.S./Japa. A. S. T.: NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC ASTER, DEM Prod. N032E130, https://doi.org/10.5067/ASTER/AST14DEM.003, 2001.
Ostwald, W.: Concerning the function rate of the viscosity of dispersion systems, 36, 248–250, 1925.
Pallister, B. J. S., Thornber, C. R., Cashman, K. V., Clynne, M. A., Lowers, H. A., Mandeville, C. W., Brownfield, I. K., and Meeker, G. P.: Petrology of the 2004–2006 Mount St. Helens Lava Dome – Implications for Magmatic Plumbing and Eruption Triggering, in: A Volcano Rekindled: The Renewed Eruption of Mount St. Helens 2004–2006, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750, edited by: Sherrod, D. R., Scott, W. E., and Stauffer, P. H., USGS, Reston, VA, USA, 647–702, 2008.
Paterson, M. S. and Wong, T.-F.: Experimental Rock Deformation: The Brittle Field, 2nd edn., Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 2005.
Pierson, T. C., Janda, R. J., Thouret, J.-C., and Borrero, C. A.: Perturbation and melting of snow and ice by the 13 November 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia, and consequent mobilization, flow and deposition of lahars, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 41, 17–66, 1990.
Pola, A., Crosta, G., Fusi, N., Barberini, V., and Norini, G.: Influence of alteration on physical properties of volcanic rocks, Tectonophysics, 566–567, 67–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.07.017, 2012.
Quane, S. L. and Russell, J. K.: Welding: insights from high-temperature analogue experiments, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 142, 67–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.10.014, 2005.
Reid, M. E., Keith, T. E. C., Kayen, R. E., Iverson, N. R., Iverson, R. M., and Brien, D. L.: Volcano collapse promoted by progressive strength reduction: New data from Mount St. Helens, B. Volcanol., 72, 761–766, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-010-0377-4, 2010.
Reiner, M.: The Deborah Number, Phys. Today, 17, 62, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3051374, 1964.
Roscoe, R.: The viscosity of suspensions of rigid spheres, Br. J. Appl. Phys., 3, 267–269, https://doi.org/10.1088/0508-3443/3/8/306, 1952.
Rust, A. C. and Manga, M.: Effects of bubble deformation on the viscosity of dilute suspensions, J. Non-Newton. Fluid, 104, 53–63, 2002.
Sakuma, S., Kajiwara, T., Nakada, S., Uto, K., and Shimizu, H.: Drilling and logging results of USDP-4 – Penetration into the volcanic conduit of Unzen Volcano, Japan, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 175, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.03.039, 2008.
Sammis, C. G. and Ashby, M. F.: The failure of brittle porous solids under compressive stress states, Acta Metall., 34, 511–526, 1986.
Schaefer, L. N., Kendrick, J. E., Oommen, T., Lavallée, Y., and Chigna, G.: Geomechanical rock properties of a basaltic volcano, Front. Earth Sci., 3, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2015.00029, 2015.
Scholz, C. H.: Microfracturing and the inelastic deformation of rock in compression, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 1417, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB073i004p01417, 1968.
Scott, W. E., Sherrod, D. R., and Gardner, C. A.: Overview of the 2004 to 2006, and continuing, eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington, in: A Volcano Rekindled: The Renewed Eruption of Mount St. Helens, 2004–2006, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750, vol. 1750, 3–22, edited by: Sherrod, D. R., Scott, W. E., and Stauffer, P. H., available at: http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1750/chapters/pp2008-1750_chapter01.pdf (last access: 30 October 2018), 2008.
Siebert, L., Glicken, H., and Ui, T.: Volcanic hazards from Bezymianny- and Bandai-type eruptions, B. Volcanol., 49, 435–459, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01046635, 1987.
Siebert, L., Cottrell, E., Venzke, E., and Andrews, B.: Earth's Volcanoes and Their Eruptions: An Overview, in: The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, edited by: Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B. F., McNutt, S., Rymer, H., and Stix, J., Elsevier, Academic Press, London UK, 239–256, 2015.
Smith, R., Kilburn, C. R. J., and Sammonds, P. R.: Rock fracture as a precursor to lava dome eruptions at Mount St. Helens from June 1980 to October 1986, B. Volcanol., 69, 681–693, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-006-0102-5, 2007.
Smith, R., Sammonds, P. R., Tuffen, H., and Meredith, P. G.: Evolution of the mechanics of the 2004–2008 Mt. St. Helens lava dome with time and temperature, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 307, 191–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.044, 2011.
Sparks, R. S. J.: Causes and consequences of pressurisation in lava dome eruptions, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 150, 177–189, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00109-X, 1997.
Sparks, R. S. J. and Young, S. R.: The eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat (1995–1999): overview of scientific results, in: The Eruption of Soufrire Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999, edited by: Druitt, T. H. and. Kokelaar, B. P, Geological Society, London, Memoirs, UK, 45–69, 2002.
Stasiuk, M. V. and Jaupart, C.: Lava flow shapes and dimensions as reflections of magma system conditions, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 78, 31–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00002-4, 1997.
Surono, Jousset, P., Pallister, J., Boichu, M., Buongiorno, M. F., Budisantoso, A., Costa, F., Andreastuti, S., Prata, F., Schneider, D., Clarisse, L., Humaida, H., Sumarti, S., Bignami, C., Griswold, J., Carn, S., Oppenheimer, C., and Lavigne, F.: The 2010 explosive eruption of Java's Merapi volcano-A “100-year” event, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 241–242, 121–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.06.018, 2012.
Takarada, S., Miyabuchi, Y., Hoshizumi, H., Matsushima, T., and Nagai, D.: A02: Unzen and Aso volcanoes, central Kyushu, Japan: Unzen's new lava dome climb and 1991–95 poyroclastic flows and Aso's active crater and one of the largest calderas in Japan, Proc. IAVCEI Conf. Field trip guide, 20–24 July 2013, Kagoshima, Japan, 2013.
Tanguy, J. C.: Rapid dome growth at Montagne Pelée during the early stages of the 1902–1905 eruption: A reconstruction from Lacroix's data, B. Volcanol., 66, 615–621, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0344-z, 2004.
Truby, J. M., Mueller, S. P., Llewellin, E. W., and Mader, H. M.: The rheology of three-phase suspensions at low bubble capillary number, Proc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 471, 20140557, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0557, 2015.
Umakoshi, K., Takamura, N., Shinzato, N., Uchida, K., Matsuwo, N., and Shimizu, H.: Seismicity associated with the 1991–1995 dome growth at Unzen Volcano, Japan, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 175, 91–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.03.030, 2008.
Vallance, J. W., Schneider, D. J., and Schilling, S. P.: Growth of the 2004–2006 Lava-Dome Complex at Mount St. Helens, Washington, in: A Volcano Rekindled: The Renewed Eruption of Mount St. Helens 2004–2006, edited by: Sherrod, D. R., Scott, W. E., and Stauffer, P. H., U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1750, USGS, Reston, VA, USA, 169–208, 2008.
Venezky, D. Y. and Rutherford, M. J.: Petrology and Fe–Ti oxide reequilibration of the 1991 Mount Unzen mixed magma, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 89, 213–230, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(98)00133-4, 1999.
Voight, B.: Structural stability of andesite volcanoes and lava domes, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lond., 358, 1663–1703, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2000.0609, 2000.
Voight, B. and Elsworth, D.: Failure of volcano slopes, Geotechnique, 47, 1–31, 1997.
Voight, B. and Elsworth, D.: Instability and collapse of hazardous gas-pressurized lava domes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1–4, 2000.
Voight, B., Glicken, H., Janda, J., and Douglass, P. M.: Catastrophic rockslide avalanche of May 18, in: The 1980 eruptions of Mount St Helens, Washington, vol. 1250, 347–378, edited by: Lipman, P. W. and Mullineaux, D. R., Geological Survey Professional Paper, U.S. G.P.O., Washington, DC, USA, 1981.
Voight, B., Sparks, R. S. J., Miller, A. D., Stewart, R. C., Hoblitt, R. P., Clarke, A., Ewart, J., Aspinall, W. P., Baptie, B., Calder, E. S., Cole, P. D., Druitt, T. H., Hartford, C., Herd, R. A., Jackson, P., Lejeune, A. M., Lockhart, A. B., Loughlin, S. C., Luckett, R., Lynch, L., Norton, G. E., Robertson, R., Watson, I. M., Watts, R., and Young, S. R.: Magma Flow Instability and Cyclic Activity at Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, British West Indies, Science, 283, 1138–1142, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5405.1138, 1999.
Vona, A., Romano, C., Dingwell, D. B., and Giordano, D.: The rheology of crystal-bearing basaltic magmas from Stromboli and Etna, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 75, 3214–3236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.03.031, 2011.
Vona, A., Romano, C., Giordano, D., and Russell, J. K.: The multiphase rheology of magmas from Monte Nuovo (Campi Flegrei, Italy), Chem. Geol., 346, 213–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.10.005, 2013.
Wadsworth, F. B., Witcher, T., Vasseur, J., Dingwell, D. B., and Scheu, B.: When Does Magma Break?, in: Advances in Volcanology, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 2017.
Wallace, P. A., Kendrick, J. E., Ashworth, J. D., Coats, R., Lamb, O., Miwa, T., Mariani, E., and Lavallée, Y.: The influence of strain localisation on spine extrusion dynamics during the 1991–1995 eruption at Unzen volcano (Japan), Proc. 19th EGU General Assembly, 23–28 April 2017, Vienna, Austria, 17258, 2017EGUGA..1917258W, 2017.
Walter, T. R., Troll, V. R., Cailleau, B., Belousov, A., Schmincke, H. U., Amelung, F., and Bogaard, P.: Rift zone reorganization through flank instability in ocean island volcanoes: An example from Tenerife, Canary Islands, B. Volcanol., 67, 281–291, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-004-0352-z, 2005.
Webb, S. L. and Dingwell, D. B.: The onset of non-Newtonian rheology of silicate melts – A fiber elongation study, Phys. Chem. Miner., 17, 125–132, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00199663, 1990.
Webb, S. L. and Knoche, R.: The glass-transition, structural relaxation and shear viscosity of silicate melts, Chem. Geol., 128, 165–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00171-9, 1996.
Yamamoto, T., Takarada, S., and Suto, S.: Pyroclastic flows from the 1991 eruption of Unzen volcano, Japan, B. Volcanol., 55, 166–175, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301514, 1993.
Young, S. R., Sparks, R. S. J., Aspinall, W. P., Lynch, L. L., Miller, A. D., Robertson, R. E. A., and Shepherd, J. B.: Overview of the eruption of Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, 18 July 1995 to December 1997, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3389–3392, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL01405, 1998.
Zhu, W., Baud, P., and Wong, T.-F.: Micromechanics of cataclastic pore collapse in limestone, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 115, B04405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006610, 2010.
Short summary
Lava domes are mounds of viscous lava and their collapse can cause deadly pyroclastic flows. This paper looks at the example of Mt. Unzen in Japan. Using novel experimental techniques, we discovered that crystals and bubbles in the lava make it behave differently to what was previously thought and that it becomes weaker and more susceptible to collapse as it cools. This calls for a review of current models, allowing for better failure prediction of lava domes in the future.
Lava domes are mounds of viscous lava and their collapse can cause deadly pyroclastic flows....
