Articles | Volume 11, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1571-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1571-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Aug 2020
Research article |
| 26 Aug 2020
| 26 Aug 2020
On the morphology and amplitude of 2D and 3D thermal anomalies induced by buoyancy-driven flow within and around fault zones
Laurent Guillou-Frottier
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
BRGM, Georesources Division, 45060, Orléans, France
ISTO, UMR7327, Université d'Orléans, CNRS, BRGM, 45071,
Orléans, France
Hugo Duwiquet
BRGM, Georesources Division, 45060, Orléans, France
ISTO, UMR7327, Université d'Orléans, CNRS, BRGM, 45071,
Orléans, France
TLS-Geothermics, 31200, Toulouse, France
Gaëtan Launay
Harquail School of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University, P3E2C6, Sudbury, Canada
Audrey Taillefer
CFG Services, 45060, Orléans, France
Vincent Roche
ISTEP, UMR7193, Sorbonne Université, CNRS-INSU, 75005, Paris,
France
Gaétan Link
GET, UMR 5563, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD,
CNES, 31400, Toulouse, France
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Cited
26 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Update and Review of Continental Conductive Surface Heat Flow Measurements in México: An Analysis of Deep Boreholes O. Espinoza-Ojeda et al. 10.1007/s11053-023-10173-9
- Hydrochemical Characteristics and Association of Hot Springs on Small-Scale Faults in Southern Yunnan–Tibet Geothermal Zone L. Zhuo et al. 10.3390/w17101481
- Crustal Fault Zones (CFZ) as Geothermal Power Systems: A Preliminary 3D THM Model Constrained by a Multidisciplinary Approach H. Duwiquet et al. 10.1155/2021/8855632
- Heat flow, thermal anomalies, tectonic regimes and high-temperature geothermal systems in fault zones L. Guillou-Frottier et al. 10.5802/crgeos.213
- Basin-scale 3D modelling of the northern Upper Rhine Graben: insights into basement fault-related geothermal flow pathways A. Lemgruber-Traby et al. 10.1144/geoenergy2023-002
- Inflow–Outflow Behaviour of a Coastal Karst Aquifer Based on 3D Geostatistical Reconstruction of the Thermal Field M. Alfio et al. 10.1007/s10712-025-09881-z
- Advanced 3D TH and THM Modeling to Shed Light on Thermal Convection in Fault Zones With Varying Thicknesses H. Duwiquet et al. 10.1029/2023JB028205
- Transport mechanisms of hydrothermal convection in faulted tight sandstones G. Yan et al. 10.5194/se-14-293-2023
- The Influence of Micro- and Macrocracks on the Permeability of Granite L. Carbillet et al. 10.1007/s00603-024-04174-0
- Tectonic Regime as a Control Factor for Crustal Fault Zone (CFZ) Geothermal Reservoir in an Amagmatic System: A 3D Dynamic Numerical Modeling Approach H. Duwiquet et al. 10.1007/s11053-022-10116-w
- 3D Basin‐Scale Groundwater Flow Modeling as a Tool for Geothermal Exploration: Application to the Geneva Basin, Switzerland‐France M. Alcanié et al. 10.1029/2020GC009505
- Investigating rock permeability effects on mineralization locations of the Changba-Lijiagou Pb-Zn deposit, Gansu, China: Modelling of ore-forming mechanisms through the dual length-scale approach Y. liu et al. 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106445
- Linking mineral deposits to crustal necking: insights from the Western Alps N. Dall’Asta et al. 10.1007/s00126-023-01226-3
- Large-scale reservoir modeling of the Vendenheim geothermal site (France) J. Abreu-Torres et al. 10.5194/adgeo-65-117-2025
- Heat flux in volcanic and geothermal areas: Methods, principles, applications and future directions Y. Wang & Z. Pang 10.1016/j.gr.2022.09.010
- Study on the spatial characteristics and controlling factors of subsurface temperature field in concealed Salt Lake geothermal reservoir, Yuncheng city, Shanxi Province, China G. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103378
- Assessment of deep geothermal research and development in the Upper Rhine Graben M. Frey et al. 10.1186/s40517-022-00226-2
- Structural control of the hydrothermal system of the North-East Pyrénées (Corbières): Geothermal implications A. Eude et al. 10.1051/bsgf/2025013
- Surface-derived fluid percolation along detachment systems enhanced by syn-kinematic granites: uranium mineralization as an application K. Bock et al. 10.1051/bsgf/2024010
- Dual length-scale modelling of the formation mechanism relevant to the Caixiashan Pb-Zn deposit, Xinjiang, China: Effects of regional-model bottom boundary-conditions on mineralization patterns Y. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106547
- Modeling deep control pulsing flux of native H2 throughout tectonic fault-valve systems F. Donzé et al. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.01.178
- Fluid flow in crustal fault zones with varying lengthwise thickness: application to the Margeride fault zone (French Massif Central) E. Penhoët et al. 10.1186/s40517-025-00334-9
- How greisenization could trigger the formation of large vein-and-greisen Sn-W deposits: A numerical investigation applied to the Panasqueira deposit G. Launay et al. 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105299
- Mississippi valley-type Pb–Zn deposits formed by episodic fluid migration in the fold-and-thrust belts of the Tibetan Plateau C. Liu & J. Su 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106597
- Geothermal distribution and evolution of fault-controlled Linyi geothermal system: Constrained from hydrogeochemical composition and numerical simulation Y. Liao et al. 10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103155
- Understanding controls on hydrothermal dolomitisation: insights from 3D reactive transport modelling of geothermal convection R. Benjakul et al. 10.5194/se-11-2439-2020
26 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Update and Review of Continental Conductive Surface Heat Flow Measurements in México: An Analysis of Deep Boreholes O. Espinoza-Ojeda et al. 10.1007/s11053-023-10173-9
- Hydrochemical Characteristics and Association of Hot Springs on Small-Scale Faults in Southern Yunnan–Tibet Geothermal Zone L. Zhuo et al. 10.3390/w17101481
- Crustal Fault Zones (CFZ) as Geothermal Power Systems: A Preliminary 3D THM Model Constrained by a Multidisciplinary Approach H. Duwiquet et al. 10.1155/2021/8855632
- Heat flow, thermal anomalies, tectonic regimes and high-temperature geothermal systems in fault zones L. Guillou-Frottier et al. 10.5802/crgeos.213
- Basin-scale 3D modelling of the northern Upper Rhine Graben: insights into basement fault-related geothermal flow pathways A. Lemgruber-Traby et al. 10.1144/geoenergy2023-002
- Inflow–Outflow Behaviour of a Coastal Karst Aquifer Based on 3D Geostatistical Reconstruction of the Thermal Field M. Alfio et al. 10.1007/s10712-025-09881-z
- Advanced 3D TH and THM Modeling to Shed Light on Thermal Convection in Fault Zones With Varying Thicknesses H. Duwiquet et al. 10.1029/2023JB028205
- Transport mechanisms of hydrothermal convection in faulted tight sandstones G. Yan et al. 10.5194/se-14-293-2023
- The Influence of Micro- and Macrocracks on the Permeability of Granite L. Carbillet et al. 10.1007/s00603-024-04174-0
- Tectonic Regime as a Control Factor for Crustal Fault Zone (CFZ) Geothermal Reservoir in an Amagmatic System: A 3D Dynamic Numerical Modeling Approach H. Duwiquet et al. 10.1007/s11053-022-10116-w
- 3D Basin‐Scale Groundwater Flow Modeling as a Tool for Geothermal Exploration: Application to the Geneva Basin, Switzerland‐France M. Alcanié et al. 10.1029/2020GC009505
- Investigating rock permeability effects on mineralization locations of the Changba-Lijiagou Pb-Zn deposit, Gansu, China: Modelling of ore-forming mechanisms through the dual length-scale approach Y. liu et al. 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106445
- Linking mineral deposits to crustal necking: insights from the Western Alps N. Dall’Asta et al. 10.1007/s00126-023-01226-3
- Large-scale reservoir modeling of the Vendenheim geothermal site (France) J. Abreu-Torres et al. 10.5194/adgeo-65-117-2025
- Heat flux in volcanic and geothermal areas: Methods, principles, applications and future directions Y. Wang & Z. Pang 10.1016/j.gr.2022.09.010
- Study on the spatial characteristics and controlling factors of subsurface temperature field in concealed Salt Lake geothermal reservoir, Yuncheng city, Shanxi Province, China G. Wu et al. 10.1016/j.geothermics.2025.103378
- Assessment of deep geothermal research and development in the Upper Rhine Graben M. Frey et al. 10.1186/s40517-022-00226-2
- Structural control of the hydrothermal system of the North-East Pyrénées (Corbières): Geothermal implications A. Eude et al. 10.1051/bsgf/2025013
- Surface-derived fluid percolation along detachment systems enhanced by syn-kinematic granites: uranium mineralization as an application K. Bock et al. 10.1051/bsgf/2024010
- Dual length-scale modelling of the formation mechanism relevant to the Caixiashan Pb-Zn deposit, Xinjiang, China: Effects of regional-model bottom boundary-conditions on mineralization patterns Y. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106547
- Modeling deep control pulsing flux of native H2 throughout tectonic fault-valve systems F. Donzé et al. 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.01.178
- Fluid flow in crustal fault zones with varying lengthwise thickness: application to the Margeride fault zone (French Massif Central) E. Penhoët et al. 10.1186/s40517-025-00334-9
- How greisenization could trigger the formation of large vein-and-greisen Sn-W deposits: A numerical investigation applied to the Panasqueira deposit G. Launay et al. 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105299
- Mississippi valley-type Pb–Zn deposits formed by episodic fluid migration in the fold-and-thrust belts of the Tibetan Plateau C. Liu & J. Su 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106597
- Geothermal distribution and evolution of fault-controlled Linyi geothermal system: Constrained from hydrogeochemical composition and numerical simulation Y. Liao et al. 10.1016/j.geothermics.2024.103155
- Understanding controls on hydrothermal dolomitisation: insights from 3D reactive transport modelling of geothermal convection R. Benjakul et al. 10.5194/se-11-2439-2020
Latest update: 29 Jun 2025
Short summary
In the first kilometers of the subsurface, temperature anomalies due to heat conduction rarely exceed 20–30°C. However, when deep hot fluids in the shallow crust flow upwards, for example through permeable fault zones, hydrothermal convection can form high-temperature geothermal reservoirs. Numerical modeling of hydrothermal convection shows that vertical fault zones may host funnel-shaped, kilometer-sized geothermal reservoirs whose exploitation would not need drilling at depths below 2–3 km.
In the first kilometers of the subsurface, temperature anomalies due to heat conduction rarely...
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