Articles | Volume 13, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-827-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-827-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Establishing an integrated workflow identifying and linking surface and subsurface lineaments for mineral exploration under cover: example from the Gawler Craton, South Australia
Ulrich Kelka
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
CSIRO – Deep Earth Imaging Future Science Platform, Kensington WA 6151, Australia
Cericia Martinez
CSIRO – Deep Earth Imaging Future Science Platform, Kensington WA 6151, Australia
Carmen Krapf
Department for Energy and Mining, Geological Survey of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
Stefan Westerlund
CSIRO – Deep Earth Imaging Future Science Platform, Kensington WA 6151, Australia
Ignacio Gonzalez-Alvarez
CSIRO – Mineral Resources, Discovery Program, Kensington WA 6151, Australia
Centre for Exploration Targeting, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
Mark Pawley
Department for Energy and Mining, Geological Survey of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
Clive Foss
CSIRO – Deep Earth Imaging Future Science Platform, Kensington WA 6151, Australia
Related authors
Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, Manman Hu, Christoph Schrank, Xiao Chen, Santiago Peña Clavijo, Ulrich Kelka, Ali Karrech, Oliver Gaede, Tomasz Blach, Hamid Roshan, Antoine B. Jacquey, Piotr Szymczak, and Qingpei Sun
Solid Earth, 12, 1829–1849, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1829-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1829-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a trans-disciplinary approach bridging the gap between observations of instabilities from the molecular scale to the very large scale. We show that all scales communicate via propagation of volumetric deformation waves. Similar phenomena are encountered in quantum optics where wave collisions can release sporadic bursts of light. Ocean waves show a similar phenomenon of rogue waves that seem to come from nowhere. This mechanism is proposed to be the trigger for earthquakes.
Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, Manman Hu, Christoph Schrank, Xiao Chen, Santiago Peña Clavijo, Ulrich Kelka, Ali Karrech, Oliver Gaede, Tomasz Blach, Hamid Roshan, and Antoine B. Jacquey
Solid Earth, 12, 869–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-869-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-869-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we expand on a recent discovery of slow cross-diffusion hydromechanical waves cast into a new concise reaction–diffusion equation for THMC coupling. If waves are excited through the THMC reaction terms unbounded reactions can be captured by inclusion of statistical information from the lower scale through nonlocal reaction–diffusion equations. These cross-diffusion coefficients regularize extreme earthquake-like events (rogue waves) through a new form of quasi-soliton wave.
Malcolm Aranha, Alok Porwal, Manikandan Sundaralingam, Ignacio González-Álvarez, Amber Markan, and Karunakar Rao
Solid Earth, 13, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rare earth elements (REEs) are considered critical mineral resources for future industrial growth due to their short supply and rising demand. This study applied an artificial-intelligence-based technique to target potential REE-deposit hosting areas in western Rajasthan, India. Uncertainties associated with the prospective targets were also estimated to aid decision-making. The presented workflow can be applied to similar regions elsewhere to locate potential zones of REE mineralisation.
Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, Manman Hu, Christoph Schrank, Xiao Chen, Santiago Peña Clavijo, Ulrich Kelka, Ali Karrech, Oliver Gaede, Tomasz Blach, Hamid Roshan, Antoine B. Jacquey, Piotr Szymczak, and Qingpei Sun
Solid Earth, 12, 1829–1849, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1829-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1829-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a trans-disciplinary approach bridging the gap between observations of instabilities from the molecular scale to the very large scale. We show that all scales communicate via propagation of volumetric deformation waves. Similar phenomena are encountered in quantum optics where wave collisions can release sporadic bursts of light. Ocean waves show a similar phenomenon of rogue waves that seem to come from nowhere. This mechanism is proposed to be the trigger for earthquakes.
Klaus Regenauer-Lieb, Manman Hu, Christoph Schrank, Xiao Chen, Santiago Peña Clavijo, Ulrich Kelka, Ali Karrech, Oliver Gaede, Tomasz Blach, Hamid Roshan, and Antoine B. Jacquey
Solid Earth, 12, 869–883, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-869-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-869-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we expand on a recent discovery of slow cross-diffusion hydromechanical waves cast into a new concise reaction–diffusion equation for THMC coupling. If waves are excited through the THMC reaction terms unbounded reactions can be captured by inclusion of statistical information from the lower scale through nonlocal reaction–diffusion equations. These cross-diffusion coefficients regularize extreme earthquake-like events (rogue waves) through a new form of quasi-soliton wave.
Cited articles
Akaike, H.: Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood
principle, in: Selected papers of Hirotugu Akaike, pp. 199–213, Springer,
1998. a
Chen, Y.-C.: A tutorial on kernel density estimation and recent advances,
Biostat. Epidemiol., 1, 161–187, 2017. a
Cowley, W., Katona, L., Gouthas, G., Hough, L., Menpes, S., and Foss, C.: Depth
to crystalline basement data package: South Australia, Geoscience Data
Package [data set], 3, https://sarigbasis.pir.sa.gov.au/WebtopEw/ws/samref/sarig1/wci/Record?r=0&m=1&w=catno=2035148 (last access: 5 January 2022), 2018. a
Daly, S.: Mineralization associated with the GRV and Hiltaba Suite granitoids:
Earea Dam Goldfield, Glenloth Goldfield, Tarcoola Goldfield, in: The geology of
South Australia, The Precambrian’, edited by: Drexel, J. F., Preiss, W. V., and Parker, A. J., 1, 138–139, ISBN 9780730841463,
1993. a
Daly, S., Horn, C., and Fradd, W.: Tarcoola goldfield, Geology of the Mineral
Deposits of Australia and Papua New Guinea: Australasian Institute of Mining
and Metallurgy: Monograph, 14, 1049–1053, 1990. a
Dimmen, V., Rotevatn, A., Peacock, D. C., Nixon, C. W., and Nærland, K.:
Quantifying structural controls on fluid flow: Insights from carbonate-hosted
fault damage zones on the Maltese Islands, J. Struct. Geol.,
101, 43–57, 2017. a
Direen, N., Cadd, A., Lyons, P., and Teasdale, J.: Architecture of Proterozoic
shear zones in the Christie Domain, western Gawler Craton, Australia:
Geophysical appraisal of a poorly exposed orogenic terrane, Precambrian
Res., 142, 28–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2005.09.007,
2005. a, b
Eisenlohr, B., Groves, D., and Partington, G.: Crustal-scale shear zones and
their significance to Archaean gold mineralization in Western Australia,
Mineralium Deposita, 24, 1–8, 1989. a
Epuh, E., Okolie, C., Daramola, O., Ogunlade, F., Oyatayo, F., Akinnusi, S.,
and Emmanuel, E.: An integrated lineament extraction from satellite imagery
and gravity anomaly maps for groundwater exploration in the Gongola basin,
Remote Sens. Appl. Soc. Environ., 20, 100346, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100346, 2020. a
Fairclough, M., Schwarz, M., and Ferris, G.: Interpreted crystalline basement
geology of the Gawler Craton, Adelaide, South Australian Geological Survey,
Special Map, 1: 1000000 series, 2003. a
Ferris, G. M., Schwarz, M. P., and Heithersay, P.: The geological framework, distribution and controls of Fe-oxide Cu-Au mineralisation in the Gawler Craton, South Australia. Part I – Geological and tectonic framework, in: Hydrothermal Iron Oxide Copper-Gold and Related Deposits: A Global Perspective, edited by: Porter, T. M., PGC Publishing, Adelaide, v. 2, pp. 9–31, 2002. a, b
Florinsky, I. V.: Chapter 14 – Lineaments and Faults, in: Digital Terrain
Analysis in Soil Science and Geology (Second Edition), edited by: Florinsky,
I. V., pp. 353–376, Academic Press, second edition edn.,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804632-6.00014-6, 2016. a
Foss, C., Gouthas, G., Wilson, T., Katona, L., and Heath, P.: PACE Copper
Gawler Craton Airborne Geophysical Survey, Region 9A, Childara Enhanced
geophysical imagery and magnetic source depth models, Adelaide, Report Book,
2019/00008, Department of Mines and Energy Resources South Australia, 2019. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i
Fraser, G. L., Skirrow, R. G., Schmidt-Mumm, A., and Holm, O.: Mesoproterozoic
Gold in the Central Gawler Craton, South Australia: Geology, Alteration,
Fluids, and Timing, Econ. Geol., 102, 1511–1539,
https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.102.8.1511, 2007. a
Gallant, J. C. and Dowling, T. I.: A multiresolution index of valley bottom
flatness for mapping depositional areas, Water Resour. Res., 39, 1347,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002WR001426, 2003. a
González-Álvarez, I., Krapf, C., Kelka, U., Martínez, C., Albrecht,
T., Ibrahimi, T., Pawley, M., Irvine, J., Petts, A., Gum, J., and Klump, J.:
Linking cover and basement rocks in the Central Gawler Craton, South
Australia, Department of Mines and Energy Resources South Australia, Report Book 2020/00029, p. 82, 2020. a, b, c, d
González-Álvarez, I., Krapf, C., Albrecht, T., Kelka, U., Martínez,
C., Ibrahimi, T., Pawley, M., Irvine, J., Petts, A., Gum, J., and Klump, J.:
Connecting the cover and the fabric of the basement in the Central Gawler Craton, South Australia, MESA Journal, 96, 4–21, 2022a. a
González-Álvarez, I., Krapf, C., Fox, D., Ibrahimi, T., Foss, C.,
Dutch, R., Jagodzinski, L., Legras, M., Pinchand, T., Noble, R., and Reid,
N.: Maximizing drilling information in greenfields exploration: linking the
fabric and geochemical footprint of the basement to the surface in South
Australia, J. Geochem. Explor., in press, 2022b. a, b
Grauch, V. and Hudson, M. R.: Guides to understanding the aeromagnetic
expression of faults in sedimentary basins: Lessons learned from the central
Rio Grande rift, New Mexico, Geosphere, 3, 596–623, 2007. a
Hall, J.: Geophysical lineaments and deep continental structure, Philos.
T. Roy. Soc. London A, 317, 33–44, 1986. a
Hashim, M., Ahmad, S., Johari, M. A. M., and Pour, A. B.: Automatic lineament
extraction in a heavily vegetated region using Landsat Enhanced Thematic
Mapper (ETM+) imagery, Adv. Space Res., 51, 874–890, 2013. a
Heath, P., Dhu, T., Reed, G., and Fairclough, M.: Geophysical modelling of the
Gawler Province, SA–interpreting geophysics with geology, Explor.
Geophys., 40, 342–351, 2009. a
Hibburt, J.: The Geology of South Australia, Vol. 2, The Phanerozoic, chap. 8:
Mulgathing Trough, p. 78, 54, Mines and Energy, South Australia, Geological
Survey of South Australia, 1995. a
Holden, D. J., Archibald, N. J., Boschetti, F., and Jessell, M. W.: Inferring
geological structures using wavelet-based multiscale edge analysis and
forward models, Explor. Geophys., 31, 617–621, 2000. a
Hou, B.: Palaeochannel studies related to the Harris Greenstone Belt, Gawler
Craton, South Australia: architecture and evolution of the Kingoonya
Palaeochannel System, Report Book, 2004/1, CRC LEME Open File Report 154,
p. 40, 2004. a
Hovgaard, J. and Grasty, R.: Reducing statistical noise in airborne gamma-ray
data through spectral component analysis, in: Proceedings of exploration,
vol. 97, pp. 753–764, 1997. a
Huang, Q., Kamenetsky, V. S., McPhie, J., Ehrig, K., Meffre, S., Maas, R.,
Thompson, J., Kamenetsky, M., Chambefort, I., Apukhtina, O., and Hu, Y.:
Neoproterozoic (ca. 820–830 Ma) mafic dykes at Olympic Dam, South Australia:
links with the gairdner large igneous province, Precambrian Res., 271,
160–172, 2015. a
Ilugbo, S. and Adebiyi, A.: Intersection of lineaments for groundwater prospect
analysis using satellite remotely sensed and aeromagnetic dataset around
Ibodi, Southwestern Nigeria, Int. J. Phys. Sci., 12,
329–353, 2017. a
Katona, L.: Gridding of South Australian ground gravity data, using the
Supervised Variable Density Method, Department of the Premier and Cabinet, 2017. a
Katona, L., Hutchens, M., and Foss, C.: Geological Survey of South Australia:
An overview of the Gawler Craton Airborne Survey–new data and products,
Preview, 2019, 24–26, 2019. a
Katona, L. F., Reed, G. D., Hutchens, M. F., Baigent, M., Spencer, P., and Lees, M.: PACE Copper Gawler Craton Airborne Geophysical Survey, Region 9A, Childara – Enhanced geophysical imagery and magnetic source depth models, Department of Mines and Energy Resources South Australia, SARIG [data set], https://sarigbasis.pir.sa.gov.au/WebtopEw/ws/samref/sarig1/wci/Record?r=0&m=1&w=catno=2039795 (last access: 5 January 2022), 2018. a
Kelka, U. and Martinez, C.: Automated surface and subsurface lineament
extraction in the Central Gawler Craton, CSIRO report, Australia, EP201430,
41, 2020. a
Krapf, C. and González-Álvarez, I.: It is rather flat out there…
Regolith mapping depicting intricate landsca pe patterns and relationships to
bedrock geology and structures under cover on the Nullarbor Plain, in:
Coompana Drilling and Geochemistry Workshop 2018 extended abstracts, Report
Book, vol. 19, pp. 12–17, 2018. a
Krapf, C., Irvine, J., Cowley, W., and M, F.: Regolith Map of South Australia,
1:2 000 000 Series (1st edition), Geological Survey of South Australia, https://sarigbasis.pir.sa.gov.au/WebtopEw/ws/samref/sarig1/image/DDD/DIGIMAP00003.pdf (last access: 5 January 2022), 2012. a
Langenheim, V. and Hildenbrand, T.: Commerce geophysical lineament – Its
source, geometry, and relation to the Reelfoot rift and New Madrid seismic
zone, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 109, 580–595, 1997. a
Masoud, A. and Koike, K.: Applicability of computer-aided comprehensive tool
(LINDA: LINeament Detection and Analysis) and shaded digital elevation model
for characterizing and interpreting morphotectonic features from lineaments,
Comput. Geosci., 106, 89–100,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.06.006, 2017. a
Motta, J., Betts, P., de Souza Filho, C., Thiel, S., Curtis, S., and Armit, R.:
Proxies for basement structure and its implications for Mesoproterozoic
metallogenic provinces in the Gawler Craton, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 124, 3088–3104, 2019. a
Nelson, R.: The Mulgathing Trough. South Australia, Quarterly Geol. Notes,
58, 5–8, 1976. a
O'Driscoll, E.: Observations of the lineament-ore relation, Philos.
T. Roy. Soc. London A, 317, 195–218, 1986. a
Pandey, P. and Sharma, L.: Image Processing Techniques Applied to Satellite
Data for Extracting Lineaments Using PCI Geomatica and Their Morphotectonic
Interpretation in the Parts of Northwestern Himalayan Frontal Thrust, J. Ind. Soc. Remote Sens., 47, 809–820, 2019. a
Pawley, M. and Wilson, T.: Solid geology interpretation of the GCAS 9A area,
South Australia’s 4D Geodynamic and Metallogenic Evolution, Department for Energy and Mining, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10878.41287, 2019. a, b, c
Raghavan, V., Wadatsumi, K., and Masumoto, S.: Automatic extraction of
lineament information from satellite images using digital elevation data,
Nonrenew. Res., 2, 148–155, 1993. a
Reid, A. and Dutch, R.: Lithostratigraphy, structure and metamorphic
architecture of a reworked Paleoproterozoic continental rift in the western
Gawler Craton, What lies beneath the western Gawler Craton? 13GA-EG1E Seismic
and Magnetotelluric Workshop 2015, Report Book 2015/00029, pp. 15–27, 2015. a, b
Reid, A. J., Jagodzinski, E. A., Fraser, G. L., and Pawley, M. J.: SHRIMP
U–Pb zircon age constraints on the tectonics of the Neoarchean to early
Paleoproterozoic transition within the Mulgathing Complex, Gawler Craton,
South Australia, Precambrian Res., 250, 27–49,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2014.05.013, 2014. a, b
Reid, A. J., Jagodzinski, E. A., Wade, C. E., Payne, J. L., and Jourdan, F.:
Recognition of c. 1780 Ma magmatism and metamorphism in the buried
northeastern Gawler Craton: Correlations with events of the Aileron Province,
Precambrian Res., 302, 198–220, 2017. a
Sanderson, D. J., Peacock, D. C., Nixon, C. W., and Rotevatn, A.: Graph theory
and the analysis of fracture networks, J. Struct. Geol., 125,
155–165, 2019. a
Scheiber, T., Fredin, O., Viola, G., Jarna, A., Gasser, D., and
Łapińska-Viola, R.: Manual extraction of bedrock lineaments from
high-resolution LiDAR data: methodological bias and human perception, GFF,
137, 362–372, 2015. a
Schmidt, P. W. and Clark, D.: Magnetic characteristics of the Hiltaba Suite
Granitoids and Volcanics: Late Devonian overprinting and related thermal
history of the Gawler Craton, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 58,
361–374, 2011. a
Sheikhrahimi, A., Pour, A. B., Pradhan, B., and Zoheir, B.: Mapping
hydrothermal alteration zones and lineaments associated with orogenic gold
mineralization using ASTER data: A case study from the Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone,
Iran, Adv. Space Res., 63, 3315–3332, 2019. a
Skirrow, R. G., Bastrakov, E. N., Barovich, K., Fraser, G. L., Creaser, R. A.,
Fanning, C. M., Raymond, O. L., and Davidson, G. J.: Timing of Iron Oxide
Cu-Au-(U) Hydrothermal Activity and Nd Isotope Constraints on Metal Sources
in the Gawler Craton, South Australia, Econ. Geol., 102, 1441–1470,
https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.102.8.1441, 2007. a
Southworth, C. S.: Central Appalachian Cross-Strike Structural Discontinuities
and Lineaments Compiled on Side-Looking Airborne Radar Image Mosaics, AAPG
Bull., 69, 1448–1448, 1985. a
Swain, G., Hand, M., Teasdale, J., Rutherford, L., and Clark, C.: Age
constraints on terrane-scale shear zones in the Gawler Craton, southern
Australia, Precambrian Res., 139, 164–180, 2005. a
Vassilas, N., Perantonis, S., Charou, E., Tsenoglou, T., Stefouli, M., and
Varoufakis, S.: Delineation of lineaments from satellite data based on
efficient neural network and pattern recognition techniques, in: Proc. Second
Hellenic Conference on AI, pp. 355–365, Citeseer, 2002. a
Wang, J.: LINDA – a system for automated linear feature detection and analysis,
Can. J. Remote Sens., 19, 009–021, 1993. a
Wilson, T., Pawley, M., and Verco, R.: Structural geology and GCAS:
implications for gold systems in the central Gawler Craton, in: Geological
Survey of South Australia Discovery Day 2018: presentation abstracts and
posters, edited by: Reid, A., vol. Report Book, 2018/00034, pp. 9–14,
Government of South Australia, Department for Energy and Mining, 2018. a, b
Witt, W., Hickman, A., Townsend, D., and Preston, W.: Mineral Potential of the
Archaean Pilbara and Yilgarn Cratons, Western Australia, AGSO J.
Aust. Geol. Geophys., 17, 201–222, 1998. a
Xu, J., Wen, X., Zhang, H., Luo, D., Li, J., Xu, L., and Yu, M.: Automatic
extraction of lineaments based on wavelet edge detection and aided tracking
by hillshade, Adv. Space Res., 65, 506–517, 2020. a
Zhang, L., Wu, J., Hao, T., and Wang, J.: Automatic lineament extraction from
potential-field images using the Radon transform and gradient calculation,
Geophysics, 71, J31–J40, 2006. a
Short summary
The insights of this study will help to improve our understanding on how to identify basement linear structures and how these lineaments could be related to surface lineaments or geology in the context of the Central Gawler Craton, South Australia. This contribution suggests a targeting concept for identifying the structural footprint of subsurface mineral systems by combining remotely sensed data corresponding to surface and subsurface features.
The insights of this study will help to improve our understanding on how to identify basement...
Special issue