Articles | Volume 15, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1365-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1365-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Nov 2024
Research article |
| 25 Nov 2024
| 25 Nov 2024
The Miocene subsidence pattern of the NW Zagros foreland basin reflects the southeastward propagating tear of the Neotethys slab
Renas I. Koshnaw
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Structural Geology and Geothermics, Geoscience Center, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Jonas Kley
Department of Structural Geology and Geothermics, Geoscience Center, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Fritz Schlunegger
Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
Related authors
Renas I. Koshnaw, Fritz Schlunegger, and Daniel F. Stockli
Solid Earth, 12, 2479–2501, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As continental plates collide, mountain belts grow. This study investigated the provenance of rocks from the northwestern segment of the Zagros mountain belt to unravel the convergence history of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Provenance data synthesis and field relationships suggest that the Zagros Mountains developed as a result of the oceanic crust emplacement on the Arabian continental plate, followed by the Arabia–Eurasia collision and later uplift of the broader region.
Michael Margreth, Florian Lustenberger, Dorothea Hug Peter, Fritz Schlunegger, and Massimiliano Zappa
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-78, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-78, 2024
Preprint under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Recession models (RM) are crucial for observing the low flow behavior of a catchment. We developed two novel RM, which are designed to represent slowly draining catchment conditions. With a newly designed low flow prediction procedure we tested the prediction capability of these two models and three others from literature. One of our novel products delivered the best results, because it best represents the slowly draining catchment conditions.
Fritz Schlunegger, Edi Kissling, Dimitri Tibo Bandou, Guilhem Amin Douillet, David Mair, Urs Marti, Regina Reber, Patrick Fabian Schläfli, and Michael Alfred Schwenk
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-683, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-683, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Overdeepenings are bedrock depressions filled with sediment. We combine the results of a gravity survey with drilling data to explore the morphology of such a depression beneath the city of Bern. We find that the target overdeepening comprises two basins >200 m deep. They are separated by a bedrock riegel that itself is cut by narrow canyons up to 150 m deep. We postulate that these structures formed underneath a glacier, where erosion by subglacial meltwater caused the formation of the canyons.
Daniel Bolliger, Fritz Schlunegger, and Brian W. McArdell
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1035–1049, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1035-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1035-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed data from the Illgraben debris flow monitoring station, Switzerland, and we modelled these flows with a debris flow runout model. We found that no correlation exists between the grain size distribution, the mineralogical composition of the matrix, and the debris flow properties. The flow properties rather appear to be determined by the flow volume, from which most other parameters can be derived.
Ariel Henrique do Prado, David Mair, Philippos Garefalakis, Chantal Schmidt, Alexander Whittaker, Sebastien Castelltort, and Fritz Schlunegger
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 1173–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1173-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-1173-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Engineering structures known as check dams are built with the intention of managing streams. The effectiveness of such structures can be expressed by quantifying the reduction of the sediment flux after their implementation. In this contribution, we estimate and compare the volumes of sediment transported in a mountain stream for engineered and non-engineered conditions. We found that without check dams the mean sediment flux would be ca. 10 times larger in comparison with the current situation.
David Mair, Ariel Henrique Do Prado, Philippos Garefalakis, Alessandro Lechmann, Alexander Whittaker, and Fritz Schlunegger
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 953–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Grain size data are important for studying and managing rivers, but they are difficult to obtain in the field. Therefore, methods have been developed that use images from small and remotely piloted aircraft. However, uncertainty in grain size data from such image-based products is understudied. Here we present a new way of uncertainty estimation that includes fully modeled errors. We use this technique to assess the effect of several image acquisition aspects on grain size uncertainty.
Michael A. Schwenk, Laura Stutenbecker, Patrick Schläfli, Dimitri Bandou, and Fritz Schlunegger
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 71, 163–190, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-71-163-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-71-163-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the origin of glacial sediments in the Bern area to determine their route of transport either with the Aare Glacier or the Valais Glacier. These two ice streams are known to have joined in the Bern area during the last major glaciation (ca. 20 000 years ago). However, little is known about the ice streams prior to this last glaciation. Here we collected evidence that during a glaciation about 250 000 years ago the Aare Glacier dominated the area as documented in the deposits.
Ariel Henrique do Prado, Renato Paes de Almeida, Cristiano Padalino Galeazzi, Victor Sacek, and Fritz Schlunegger
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 457–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-457-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-457-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our work is focused on describing how and why the terrace levels of central Amazonia were formed during the last 100 000 years. We propose to address this question through a landscape evolution numerical model. Our results show that terrace levels at lower elevation were established in response to dry–wet climate changes and the older terrace levels at higher elevations most likely formed in response to a previously higher elevation of the regional base level.
Johannes Rembe, Renjie Zhou, Edward R. Sobel, Jonas Kley, Jie Chen, Jian-Xin Zhao, Yuexing Feng, and Daryl L. Howard
Geochronology, 4, 227–250, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-227-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-227-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Calcite is frequently formed during alteration processes in the basaltic, uppermost layer of juvenile oceanic crust. Weathered oceanic basalts are hard to date with conventional radiometric methods. We show in a case study from the North Pamir, Central Asia, that calcite U–Pb age data, supported by geochemistry and petrological microscopy, have potential to date sufficiently old oceanic basalts, if the time span between basalt extrusion and latest calcite precipitation (~ 25 Myr) is considered.
Alessandro Lechmann, David Mair, Akitaka Ariga, Tomoko Ariga, Antonio Ereditato, Ryuichi Nishiyama, Ciro Pistillo, Paola Scampoli, Mykhailo Vladymyrov, and Fritz Schlunegger
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2441–2473, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2441-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2441-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Muon tomography is a technology that is used often in geoscientific research. The know-how of data analysis is, however, still possessed by physicists who developed this technology. This article aims at providing geoscientists with the necessary tools to perform their own analyses. We hope that a lower threshold to enter the field of muon tomography will allow more geoscientists to engage with muon tomography. SMAUG is set up in a modular way to allow for its own modules to work in between.
Michael A. Schwenk, Patrick Schläfli, Dimitri Bandou, Natacha Gribenski, Guilhem A. Douillet, and Fritz Schlunegger
Sci. Dril., 30, 17–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-17-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-17-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A scientific drilling was conducted into a bedrock trough (overdeepening) in Bern-Bümpliz (Switzerland) in an effort to advance the knowledge of the Quaternary prior to 150 000 years ago. We encountered a 208.5 m-thick succession of loose sediments (gravel, sand and mud) in the retrieved core and identified two major sedimentary sequences (A: lower, B: upper). The sedimentary suite records two glacial advances and the subsequent filling of a lake sometime between 300 000 and 200 000 years ago.
Emilija Krsnik, Katharina Methner, Marion Campani, Svetlana Botsyun, Sebastian G. Mutz, Todd A. Ehlers, Oliver Kempf, Jens Fiebig, Fritz Schlunegger, and Andreas Mulch
Solid Earth, 12, 2615–2631, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2615-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present new surface elevation constraints for the middle Miocene Central Alps based on stable and clumped isotope geochemical analyses. Our reconstructed paleoelevation estimate is supported by isotope-enabled paleoclimate simulations and indicates that the Miocene Central Alps were characterized by a heterogeneous and spatially transient topography with high elevations locally exceeding 4000 m.
Renas I. Koshnaw, Fritz Schlunegger, and Daniel F. Stockli
Solid Earth, 12, 2479–2501, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As continental plates collide, mountain belts grow. This study investigated the provenance of rocks from the northwestern segment of the Zagros mountain belt to unravel the convergence history of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Provenance data synthesis and field relationships suggest that the Zagros Mountains developed as a result of the oceanic crust emplacement on the Arabian continental plate, followed by the Arabia–Eurasia collision and later uplift of the broader region.
David Hindle and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 2425–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Central western Europe underwent a strange episode of lithospheric deformation, resulting in a chain of small mountains that run almost west–east across the continent and that formed in the middle of a tectonic plate, not at its edges as is usually expected. Associated with these mountains, in particular the Harz in central Germany, are marine basins contemporaneous with the mountain growth. We explain how those basins came to be as a result of the mountains bending the adjacent plate.
Thomas Voigt, Jonas Kley, and Silke Voigt
Solid Earth, 12, 1443–1471, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1443-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1443-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Basin inversion in central Europe is believed to have started during Late Cretaceous (middle Turonian) and probably proceeded until the Paleogene. Data from different marginal troughs in central Europe point to an earlier start of basin inversion (in the Cenomanian). The end of inversion is overprinted by general uplift but had probably already occurred in the late Campanian to Maastrichtian. Both the start and end of inversion occurred with low rates of uplift and subsidence.
Jakob Bolz and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 1005–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1005-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1005-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To assess the role smaller graben structures near the southern edge of the Central European Basin System play in the basin’s overall deformational history, we take advantage of a feature found on some of these structures, where slivers from older rock units appear along the graben's main fault, surrounded on both sides by younger strata. The implications for the geometry of the fault provide a substantially improved estimate for the magnitude of normal and thrust motion along the fault system.
Hilmar von Eynatten, Jonas Kley, István Dunkl, Veit-Enno Hoffmann, and Annemarie Simon
Solid Earth, 12, 935–958, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-935-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-935-2021, 2021
Elco Luijendijk, Leo Benard, Sarah Louis, Christoph von Hagke, and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-22, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-22, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Our knowledge of the geological history of mountain belts relies strongly on thermochronometers, methods that reconstruct the temperature history of rocks found in mountain belts. Here we provide a new equation that describes the motion of rocks in a simplified, wedge-shaped representation of a mountain belt. The equation can be used to interpret thermochronometers and can help quantify the deformation, uplift and erosion history of mountain belts.
Owen A. Anfinson, Daniel F. Stockli, Joseph C. Miller, Andreas Möller, and Fritz Schlunegger
Solid Earth, 11, 2197–2220, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2197-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2197-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present new U–Pb age data to provide insights into the source of sediment for the Molasse Sedimentary Basin in Switzerland. The paper aims to help shed light on the processes that built the Central Alpine Mountains between ~35 and ~15 Ma. A primary conclusion drawn from the results is that at ~21 Ma there was a significant change in the sediment sources for the basin. We feel this change indicates major tectonic changes within the Central Alps.
Samuel Mock, Christoph von Hagke, Fritz Schlunegger, István Dunkl, and Marco Herwegh
Solid Earth, 11, 1823–1847, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1823-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1823-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on thermochronological data, we infer thrusting along-strike the northern rim of the Central Alps between 12–4 Ma. While the lithology influences the pattern of thrusting at the local scale, we observe that thrusting in the foreland is a long-wavelength feature occurring between Lake Geneva and Salzburg. This coincides with the geometry and dynamics of the attached lithospheric slab at depth. Thus, thrusting in the foreland is at least partly linked to changes in slab dynamics.
Fritz Schlunegger, Romain Delunel, and Philippos Garefalakis
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 717–728, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-717-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-717-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We calculated the probability of sediment transport in coarse-grained mountainous streams in the Alps and the Andes where data on water discharge is available. We find a positive correlation between the predicted probability of sediment transport and the grain size sorting of the bed material. We suggest that besides sediment discharge, the bedload sorting exerts a significant influence on the mobility of sediment and thus on the stability of gravel bars in mountainous streams.
David Mair, Alessandro Lechmann, Romain Delunel, Serdar Yeşilyurt, Dmitry Tikhomirov, Christof Vockenhuber, Marcus Christl, Naki Akçar, and Fritz Schlunegger
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 637–659, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-637-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-637-2020, 2020
Philippos Garefalakis and Fritz Schlunegger
Solid Earth, 10, 2045–2072, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2045-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2045-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The controls on the 20 Myr old Burdigalian transgression in the Swiss Molasse basin have been related to a reduction in sediment flux, a rise in global sea level, or tectonic processes in the adjacent Alps. Here, we readdress this problem and extract stratigraphic signals from the Upper Marine Molasse deposits in Switzerland. In conclusion, we consider rollback tectonics to be the main driving force controlling the transgression, which is related to a deepening and widening of the basin.
François Clapuyt, Veerle Vanacker, Marcus Christl, Kristof Van Oost, and Fritz Schlunegger
Solid Earth, 10, 1489–1503, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1489-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1489-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using state-of-the-art geomorphic techniques, we quantified a 2-order of magnitude discrepancy between annual, decadal, and millennial sediment fluxes of a landslide-affected mountainous river catchment in the Swiss Alps. Our results illustrate that the impact of a single sediment pulse is strongly attenuated at larger spatial and temporal scales by sediment transport. The accumulation of multiple sediment pulses has rather a measurable impact on the regional pattern of sediment fluxes.
Samuel Mock, Christoph von Hagke, Fritz Schlunegger, István Dunkl, and Marco Herwegh
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-56, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-56, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Based on own and published age data, we can infer tectonic pulses along-strike the entire northern rim of the Central Alps between 12–4 million years. Although lithologic variations largely influence the local deformation pattern, the tectonic signal is remarkably consistent all the way from Lake Geneva to Salzburg. This might result from a deep-seated tectonic force and marks a change from dominantly vertical to large-scale horizontal tectonics in the late stage of Alpine orogeny.
Alessandro Lechmann, David Mair, Akitaka Ariga, Tomoko Ariga, Antonio Ereditato, Ryuichi Nishiyama, Ciro Pistillo, Paola Scampoli, Fritz Schlunegger, and Mykhailo Vladymyrov
Solid Earth, 9, 1517–1533, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1517-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1517-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Muon tomography is a technology, similar to X-ray tomography, to image the interior of an object, including geologically interesting ones. In this work, we examined the influence of rock composition on the physical measurements, and the possible error that is made by assuming a too-simplistic rock model. We performed numerical simulations for a more realistic rock model and found that beyond 300 m of rock, the composition starts to play a significant role and has to be accounted for.
David Mair, Alessandro Lechmann, Marco Herwegh, Lukas Nibourel, and Fritz Schlunegger
Solid Earth, 9, 1099–1122, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1099-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1099-2018, 2018
Fritz Schlunegger and Philippos Garefalakis
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 743–761, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-743-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-743-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Clast imbrication, which is a depositional fabric where clasts overlap each other similar to a run of toppled dominoes, is one of the most conspicuous sedimentary structures in coarse-grained fluvial deposits. However, the conditions leading to this fabric have been contested. Here, we calculate the hydrological conditions for various stream gradients. We find that clast imbrication most likely forms where channel gradients exceed a threshold and where upper flow regime conditions prevail.
Anna Costa, Peter Molnar, Laura Stutenbecker, Maarten Bakker, Tiago A. Silva, Fritz Schlunegger, Stuart N. Lane, Jean-Luc Loizeau, and Stéphanie Girardclos
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 509–528, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-509-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-509-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the signal of a warmer climate in the suspended-sediment dynamics of a regulated and human-impacted Alpine catchment. We demonstrate that temperature-driven enhanced melting of glaciers, which occurred in the mid-1980s, played a dominant role in suspended sediment concentration rise, through increased runoff from sediment-rich proglacial areas, increased contribution of sediment-rich meltwater, and increased sediment supply in proglacial areas due to glacier recession.
François Clapuyt, Veerle Vanacker, Fritz Schlunegger, and Kristof Van Oost
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 791–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-791-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-791-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This work aims at understanding the behaviour of an earth flow located in the Swiss Alps by reconstructing very accurately its topography over a 2-year period. Aerial photos taken from a drone, which are then processed using a computer vision algorithm, were used to derive the topographic datasets. Combination and careful interpretation of high-resolution topographic analyses reveal the internal mechanisms of the earthflow and its complex rotational structure, which is evolving over time.
Camille Litty, Fritz Schlunegger, and Willem Viveen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 571–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-571-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-571-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This paper focuses on the analysis of the properties controlling the grain size in the streams of the western Peruvian Andes. Pebble size distributions in these streams have been compared to fluvial processes and basin properties. The resulting trends and differences in sediment properties seem to have been controlled by threshold conditions upon supply and transport.
Laura Stutenbecker, Anna Costa, and Fritz Schlunegger
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 253–272, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-253-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-253-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This paper considers the influence of lithology on the landscape development in the Central Swiss Alps. In high-alpine settings such as the upper Rhône valley, external forcing by climate, glaciation and uplift affects the geomorphological evolution of the landscape. By careful compilation of published data and geomorphological analysis we found that the rock type and its susceptibility to erosion are the main factors controlling the response time to those perturbations.
K. P. Norton, F. Schlunegger, and C. Litty
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 147–157, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-147-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-147-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Cut-fill terraces are common landforms throughout the world. Their distribution both in space and time is not clear-cut, as they can arise from numerous processes. We apply a climate-dependent regolith production algorithm to determine potential sediment loads during climate shifts. When combined with transport capacity, our results suggest that the cut-fill terraces of western Peru can result from transient stripping of hillslope sediment but not steady-state hillslope erosion.
M. Warsitzka, J. Kley, and N. Kukowski
Solid Earth, 6, 9–31, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-9-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-9-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper summarizes the results of scaled analogue experiments examining the kinematics of salt flow and the formation of salt pillows due to basement faulting and subsequent sedimentation. Our experimental results reveal that salt above a basement normal fault can flow downward or upward depending on the direction of the pressure gradient within the salt layer. Due to upward flow driven by differential loading, salt pillows can form above the higher basement block.
Cited articles
Agard, P., Omrani, J., Jolivet, L., and Mouthereau, F.: Convergence history across Zagros (Iran): constraints from collisional and earlier deformation, Int. J. Earth Sci., 94, 401–419, 2005.
Agard, P., Monié, P., Gerber, W., Omrani, J., Molinaro, M., Meyer, B., Labrousse, L., Vrielynck, B., Jolivet, L., and Yamato, P.: Transient, synobduction exhumation of Zagros blueschists inferred from P−T, deformation, time, and kinematic constraints: Implications for Neotethyan wedge dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B11401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004103, 2006.
Agard, P., Omrani, J., Jolivet, L., Whitechurch, H., Vrielynck, B., Spakman, W., Monié, P., Meyer, B., and Wortel, R.: Zagros orogeny: a subduction-dominated process, Geol. Mag., 148, 692–725, 2011.
Alavi, M.: Tectonics of the Zagros orogenic belt of Iran: new data and interpretations, Tectonophysics, 229, 211–238, 1994.
Al-Hadithi, A. K. A., Fajer, R. N., and Koshnaw, R. I.: Early-middle Miocene Inversion of the Abu Jir Fault in the Western Iraq: a Possible Consequence of the Arabian Plate Northward Movement, Iraqi Geol. J., 56, 247–259, 2023.
Allen, M. B. and Armstrong, H. A.: Arabia–Eurasia collision and the forcing of mid-Cenozoic global cooling, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. Palaeoecol., 265, 52–58, 2008.
Allen, P. A. and Allen, J. R.: Basin analysis: Principles and application to petroleum play assessment, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-67377-5, 2013.
Al-Naqib, K. M.: Geology of the Southern area of Kirkuk Liwa, Iraq, IPC, Technical pub. London, internal report, University of Texas, 1959.
Al-Sheikhly, S. S., Tamar-Agha, M. Y. and Mahdi, M. M.: Basin analysis of Cretaceous to Tertiary selected wells in Kirkuk and Bai Hassan Oil Fields, Kirkuk, Northern Iraq, Iraqi J. Sci., 56, 435–443, 2015.
Alvarez, W.: Protracted continental collisions argue for continental plates driven by basal traction, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 296, 434–442, 2010.
Amaru, M.: Global travel time tomography with 3-D reference models, Doctoral dissertation, PhD thesis, Geol. Traiectina, Utrecht University, 1–174, https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/19338 (last access: 17 November 2024), 2007.
Angevine, C. L., Heller, P. L., and Paola, C.: Quantitative sedimentary basin modeling, Continuing Education Course Note Series #32, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 089181180X, https://doi.org/10.1306/CE32509 1990.
ASTER Global Digital Elevation Map: v.2 METI and NASA, https://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gdem.as (last access: 11 November 2024), 2011.
Balázs, A., Faccenna, C., Ueda, K., Funiciello, F., Boutoux, A., Blanc, E. J. P., and Gerya, T.: Oblique subduction and mantle flow control on upper plate deformation: 3D geodynamic modeling, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 569, 117056, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117056, 2021.
Balázs, A., Faccenna, C., Gerya, T., Ueda, K. and Funiciello, F.: The dynamics of forearc–back-arc basin subsidence: Numerical models and observations from Mediterranean subduction zones, Tectonics, 41, e2021TC007078, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021TC007078, 2022.
Ball, P. W., White, N. J., Maclennan, J., and Stephenson, S. N.: Global influence of mantle temperature and plate thickness on intraplate volcanism, Nat. Commun., 12, 2045, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22323-9, 2021.
Ballato, P., Uba, C. E., Landgraf, A., Strecker, M. R., Sudo, M., Stockli, D. F., Friedrich, A., and Tabatabaei, S. H.: Arabia-Eurasia continental collision: Insights from late Tertiary foreland-basin evolution in the Alborz Mountains, northern Iran, Bulletin, 123, 106–131, 2011.
Berberian, M. and King, G. C. P.: Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran, Can. J. Earth Sci., 18, 210–265, 1981.
Bodine, J. H., Steckler, M. S., and Watts, A. B.: Observations of flexure and the rheology of the oceanic lithosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid, 86, 3695–3707, 1981.
Boonma, K., García-Castellanos, D., Jiménez-Munt, I., and Gerya, T.: Thermomechanical modelling of lithospheric slab tearing and its topographic response, Front. Earth Sci., 11, 1095229, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1095229, 2023.
Bottrill, A. D., van Hunen, J., and Allen, M. B.: Insight into collision zone dynamics from topography: numerical modelling results and observations, Solid Earth, 3, 387–399, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-387-2012, 2012.
Boutelier, D. and Cruden, A. R.: Slab breakoff: Insights from 3D thermo-mechanical analogue modelling experiments, Tectonophysics, 694, 197–213, 2017.
Boutoux, A., Briaud, A., Faccenna, C., Ballato, P., Rossetti, F., and Blanc, E.: Slab folding and surface deformation of the Iran mobile belt, Tectonics, 40, e2020TC006300, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020TC006300, 2021.
Cai, F., Ding, L., Wang, H., Laskowski, A. K., Zhang, L., Zhang, B., Mohammadi, A., Li, J., Song, P., Li, Z., and Zhang, Q.: Configuration and timing of collision between Arabia and Eurasia in the Zagros collision zone, Fars, southern Iran, Tectonics, 40, e2021TC006762, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021TC006762, 2021.
Camp, V. E. and Roobol, M. J.: Upwelling asthenosphere beneath western Arabia and its regional implications, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid, 97, 15255–15271, 1992.
Cardozo, N.: Flex2D, https://www.ux.uis.no/~nestor/work/programs.html (last access: 15 September 2023), 2021.
Chaharlang, R., Ghalamghash, J., Saitoh, Y., Ducea, M. N., and Schmitt, A. K.: Sr–Nd isotopes of Sabalan Volcano, NW Iran: insights into the origin of collisional adakites and geodynamic implications, Int. J. Earth Sci., 112, 2065–2080, 2023.
Chiu, H. Y., Chung, S. L., Zarrinkoub, M. H., Mohammadi, S. S., Khatib, M. M. and Iizuka, Y.: Zircon U–Pb age constraints from Iran on the magmatic evolution related to Neotethyan subduction and Zagros orogeny, Lithos, 162, 70–87, 2013.
Conrad, C. P. and Lithgow-Bertelloni, C.: The temporal evolution of plate driving forces: Importance of “slab suction” versus “slab pull” during the Cenozoic, J. Geophys. Res., 109, B10407, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB002991, 2004.
Craig, T. J., Jackson, J. A., Priestley, K., and McKenzie, D.: Earthquake distribution patterns in Africa: their relationship to variations in lithospheric and geological structure, and their rheological implications, Geophys. J. Int., 185, 403–434, 2011.
Daradich, A., Mitrovica, J. X., Pysklywec, R. N., Willett, S. D., and Forte, A. M.: Mantle flow, dynamic topography, and rift-flank uplift of Arabia, Geology, 31, 901–904, 2003.
Darin, M. H. and Umhoefer, P. J.: Diachronous initiation of Arabia–Eurasia collision from eastern Anatolia to the southeastern Zagros Mountains since middle Eocene time, Int. Geol. Rev., 64, 2653–2681, 2022.
Davies, J. H. and von Blanckenburg, F.: Slab breakoff: a model of lithosphere detachment and its test in the magmatism and deformation of collisional orogens, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 129, 85–102, 1995.
Dávila, F. M. and Lithgow-Bertelloni, C.: Dynamic topography in South America, J. South Am. Earth Sci., 43, 127–144, 2013.
DeCelles, P. G.: Foreland Basin Systems Revisited: Variations in Response to Tectonic Settings, in: Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins, edited by: Busby, C. and Azor, A., Wiley, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444347166.ch20, 2011.
Dercourt, J. E. A., Zonenshain, L. P., Ricou, L. E., Kazmin, V. G., Le Pichon, X., Knipper, A. L., Grandjacquet, C., Sbortshikov, I. M., Geyssant, J., Lepvrier, C., and Pechersky, D. H.: Geological evolution of the Tethys belt from the Atlantic to the Pamirs since the Lias, Tectonophysics, 123, 241–315, 1986.
Dewey, J. F. and Horsfield, B.: Plate tectonics, orogeny and continental growth, Nature, 225, 521–525, 1970.
Dewey, J. F., Hempton, M. R., Kidd, W. S. F., Saroglu, F. A. M. C., and Şengör, A. M. C.: Shortening of continental lithosphere: the neotectonics of Eastern Anatolia – a young collision zone, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 19, 1–36, 1986.
Dewey, J. F., Pitman III, W. C., Ryan, W. B., and Bonnin, J.: Plate tectonics and the evolution of the Alpine system, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84, 3137–3180, 1973.
Dunnington, H. V.: Generation, migration, accumulation, and dissipation of oil in northern Iraq: Middle East, https://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/basinar2/data/a125/a125/0001/1150/1194.htm (last access: 17 November 2024), 1958.
Duretz, T. and Gerya, T. V.: Slab detachment during continental collision: Influence of crustal rheology and interaction with lithospheric delamination, Tectonophysics, 602, 124–140, 2013.
Dziewonski, A. M., Chou, T. A., and Woodhouse, J. H.: Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2825–2852, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB04p02825, 1981.
Ekström, G., Nettles, M., and Dziewoński, A. M.: The global CMT project 2004–2010: Centroid-moment tensors for 13,017 earthquakes, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 200–201, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2012.04.002, 2012.
English, J. M., Lunn, G. A., Ferreira, L., and Yacu, G.: Geologic evolution of the Iraqi Zagros, and its influence on the distribution of hydrocarbons in the Kurdistan region, AAPG Bull., 99, 231–272, 2015.
Ershov, A. V. and Nikishin, A. M.: Recent geodynamics of the Caucasus-Arabia-east Africa region, Geotectonics, 38, 123–136, 2004.
Faccenna, C., Bellier, O., Martinod, J., Piromallo, C., and Regard, V.: Slab detachment beneath eastern Anatolia: A possible cause for the formation of the North Anatolian fault, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 242, 85–97, 2006.
Faccenna, C., Becker, T. W., Jolivet, L., and Keskin, M.: Mantle convection in the Middle East: Reconciling Afar upwelling, Arabia indentation and Aegean trench rollback, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 375, 254–269, 2013.
Faccenna, C., Becker, T. W., Holt, A. F., and Brun, J. P.: Mountain building, mantle convection, and supercontinents: revisited, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 564, 116905, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116905, 2021.
Fakhari, M. D., Axen, G. J., Horton, B. K., Hassanzadeh, J., and Amini, A.: Revised age of proximal deposits in the Zagros foreland basin and implications for Cenozoic evolution of the High Zagros, Tectonophysics, 451, 170–185, 2008.
Farhoudi, G. and Karig, D. E.: Makran of Iran and Pakistan as an active arc system, Geology, 5, 664–668, 1977.
Garefalakis, P. and Schlunegger, F.: Link between concentrations of sediment flux and deep crustal processes beneath the European Alps, Sci. Rep., 8, 1–11, 2018.
Garzanti, E., Radeff, G., and Malusà, M. G.: Slab breakoff: A critical appraisal of a geological theory as applied in space and time, Earth-Sci. Rev., 177, 303–319, 2018.
Ghalamghash, J., Schmitt, A. K., and Chaharlang, R.: Age and compositional evolution of Sahand volcano in the context of post-collisional magmatism in northwestern Iran: Evidence for time-transgressive magmatism away from the collisional suture, Lithos, 344, 265–279, 2019.
Gholami Zadeh, P., Adabi, M. H., Hisada, K. I., Hosseini-Barzi, M., Sadeghi, A., and Ghassemi, M. R.: Revised version of the Cenozoic collision along the Zagros Orogen, insights from Cr-spinel and sandstone modal analyses, Sci. Rep., 7, 10828, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11042-1, 2017.
Grabowski, G. J. and Liu, C.: Strontium-isotope age dating and correlation of Phanerozoic anhydrites and unfossiliferous limestones of Arabia, in: GEO 2010, European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.248.311, 2010.
Grosjean, M., Moritz, R., Rezeau, H., Hovakimyan, S., Ulianov, A., Chiaradia, M., and Melkonyan, R.: Arabia-Eurasia convergence and collision control on Cenozoic juvenile K-rich magmatism in the South Armenian block, Lesser Caucasus, Earth-Sci. Rev., 226, 103949, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103949, 2022.
Hafkenscheid, E., Wortel, M. J. R., and Spakman, W.: Subduction history of the Tethyan region derived from seismic tomography and tectonic reconstructions, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B08401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003791, 2006.
Hall, R. and Spakman, W.: Mantle structure and tectonic history of SE Asia, Tectonophysics, 658, 14–45, 2015.
Hatzfeld, D. and Molnar, P.: Comparisons of the kinematics and deep structures of the Zagros and Himalaya and of the Iranian and Tibetan plateaus and geodynamic implications, Rev. Geophys., 48, RG2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009RG000304, 2010.
Hawramy, O. A. and Khalaf, S. K.: Ostracoda of Fatha Formation (Middle Miocene) from (Darbandikhan and Aghjalar) sections, Sulaimani-Kurdistan Region/Northeastern Iraq, J. Zankoy Sulaimani – Part A (JZS-A), 15, 49–76, 2013.
Heller, P. L. and Liu, L.: Dynamic topography and vertical motion of the US Rocky Mountain region prior to and during the Laramide orogeny, Bulletin, 128, 973–988, 2016.
Hempton, M. R.: Constraints on Arabian plate motion and extensional history of the Red Sea, Tectonics, 6, 687–705, 1987.
Hetenyi, M.: Beams on Elastic Foundations, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, https://ia601402.us.archive.org/25/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.73919/ (last access: 17 November 2024), 1946.
Hosseini, K., Matthews, K. J., Sigloch, K., Shephard, G. E., Domeier, M., and Tsekhmistrenko, M.: SubMachine: Web-based tools for exploring seismic tomography and other models of Earth's deep interior, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 19, 1464–1483, 2018.
Jassim, S. Z. and Buday, T.: Units of the unstable shelf and the Zagros Suture, in: The geology of Iraq, edited by: Jassim, S. Z. and Goff, J. C., Dolin and Moravian Museum, Prague, Brno, Czech Republic, 45–56, ISBN 80-7028-287-8, 2006.
Jolivet, L. and Faccenna, C.: Mediterranean extension and the Africa-Eurasia collision, Tectonics, 19, 1095–1106, 2000.
Jolivet, L., Menant, A., Sternai, P., Rabillard, A., Arbaret, L., Augier, R., Laurent, V., Beaudoin, A., Grasemann, B., Huet, B., and Labrousse, L.: The geological signature of a slab tear below the Aegean, Tectonophysics, 659, 166–182, 2015.
Kaviani, A., Sandvol, E., Moradi, A., Rümpker, G., Tang, Z. and Mai, P. M.: Mantle transition zone thickness beneath the Middle East: Evidence for segmented Tethyan slabs, delaminated lithosphere, and lower mantle upwelling, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid, 123, 4886–4905, 2018.
Kennett, B. L. N., Engdahl, E. R., and Buland, R.: Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth from travel times, Geophys. J. Int., 122, 108–124, 1995.
Keskin, M.: Eastern Anatolia: A hotspot in a collision zone without a mantle plume, Special Papers, Vol. 430, Geological Society, America, p. 693, https://doi.org/10.1130/2007.2430(32), 2007.
Keskin, M.: Magma generation by slab steepening and breakoff beneath a subduction-accretion complex: An alternative model for collision-related volcanism in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 8046, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018019, 2003.
Khadivi, S., Mouthereau, F., Barbarand, J., Adatte, T., and Lacombe, O.: Constraints on palaeodrainage evolution induced by uplift and exhumation on the southern flank of the Zagros–Iranian Plateau, J. Geol. Soc., 169, 83–97, 2012.
Kissling, E. and Schlunegger, F.: Rollback orogeny model for the evolution of the Swiss Alps, Tectonics, 37, 1097–1115, 2018.
Konert, G., Afifi, A. M., Al-Hajri, S. I. A., and Droste, H. J.: Paleozoic stratigraphy and hydrocarbon habitat of the Arabian plate, GeoArabia, 6, 407–442, 2001.
Koshnaw, R. I.: Koshnaw_etal_Supplementary_Data_SolidEarth_2024, V1, Mendeley Data [data set], https://doi.org/10.17632/h24t4r566s.1, 2024.
Koshnaw, R. I., Stockli, D. F., and Schlunegger, F.: Timing of the Arabia-Eurasia continental collision – Evidence from detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of the Red Bed Series strata of the northwest Zagros hinterland, Kurdistan region of Iraq, Geology, 47, 47–50, 2019.
Koshnaw, R. I., Stockli, D. F., Horton, B. K., Teixell, A., Barber, D. E., and Kendall, J. J.: Late Miocene deformation kinematics along the NW Zagros fold-thrust belt, Kurdistan region of Iraq: Constraints from apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronometry and balanced cross sections, Tectonics, 39, e2019TC005865, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019TC005865, 2020a.
Koshnaw, R. I., Horton, B. K., Stockli, D. F., Barber, D. E., and Tamar-Agha, M. Y.: Sediment routing in the Zagros foreland basin: Drainage reorganization and a shift from axial to transverse sediment dispersal in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, Basin Res., 32, 688–715, 2020b.
Koshnaw, R. I., Schlunegger, F., and Stockli, D. F.: Detrital zircon provenance record of the Zagros mountain building from the Neotethys obduction to the Arabia–Eurasia collision, NW Zagros fold–thrust belt, Kurdistan region of Iraq, Solid Earth, 12, 2479–2501, 2021.
Koulakov, I., Zabelina, I., Amanatashvili, I., and Meskhia, V.: Nature of orogenesis and volcanism in the Caucasus region based on results of regional tomography, Solid Earth, 3, 327–337, 2012.
Kundu, B. and Santosh, M.: Dynamics of post-slab breakoff in convergent plate margins: a “jellyfish” model, Am. J. Sci., 311, 701–717, 2011.
Mahdi, A. H. I.: Fossils Mollusca (bivalve) from the Fatha formation of northern Iraq, Iraqi Bull. Geol. Min., 3, 41–53, 2007.
McNab, F., Ball, P. W., Hoggard, M. J. and White, N. J.: Neogene uplift and magmatism of Anatolia: Insights from drainage analysis and basaltic geochemistry, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 19, 175–213, 2018.
McQuarrie, N. and van Hinsbergen, D. J.: Retrodeforming the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone: Age of collision versus magnitude of continental subduction, Geology, 41, 315–318, 2013.
McQuarrie, N., Stock, J. M., Verdel, C., and Wernicke, B. P.: Cenozoic evolution of Neotethys and implications for the causes of plate motions, Geophys. Res. Lett, 30, 20031986, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017992, 2003.
Menant, A., Sternai, P., Jolivet, L., Guillou-Frottier, L. and Gerya, T.: 3D numerical modeling of mantle flow, crustal dynamics and magma genesis associated with slab roll-back and tearing: The eastern Mediterranean case, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 442, 93–107, 2016.
Moghadam, H. S., Ghorbani, G., Khedr, M. Z., Fazlnia, N., Chiaradia, M., Eyuboglu, Y., Santosh, M., Francisco, C. G., Martinez, M. L., Gourgaud, A., and Arai, S.: Late Miocene K-rich volcanism in the Eslamieh Peninsula (Saray), NW Iran: implications for geodynamic evolution of the Turkish–Iranian High Plateau, Gondwana Res., 26, 1028–1050, 2014.
Mohammadi, A., Burg, J. P., Bouilhol, P., and Ruh, J.: U–Pb geochronology and geochemistry of Zahedan and Shah Kuh plutons, southeast Iran: Implication for closure of the South Sistan suture zone, Lithos, 248, 293–308, 2016.
Müller, R. D., Cannon, J., Qin, X., Watson, R. J., Gurnis, M., Williams, S., Pfaffelmoser, T., Seton, M., Russell, S. H. J., and Zahirovic, S.: GPlates: Building a virtual Earth through deep time, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 19, 2243–2261, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC007584, 2018.
Navabpour, P., Angelier, J., and Barrier, E.: Stress state reconstruction of oblique collision and evolution of deformation partitioning in W-Zagros (Iran, Kermanshah), Geophys. J. Int., 175, 755–782, 2008.
Niu, Y. L.: Slab breakoff: a causal mechanism or pure convenience?, Sci. Bull., 62, 456–461, 2017.
Omrani, J., Agard, P., Whitechurch, H., Benoit, M., Prouteau, G., and Jolivet, L.: Arc-magmatism and subduction history beneath the Zagros Mountains, Iran: a new report of adakites and geodynamic consequences, Lithos, 106, 380–398, 2008.
Pavlis, N. K., Holmes, S. A., Kenyon, S. C., and Factor, J. K.: An Earth Gravitational Model to Degree 2160: EGM2008, EGU General Assembly 2008, 13–18 April 2008, Vienna, Austria, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, EGU2008-A-01891, https://meetings.copernicus.org/www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2008/01891/EGU2008-A-01891.pdf (last access: 17 November 2024), 2008.
Pirouz, M., Avouac, J. P., Gualandi, A., Hassanzadeh, J., and Sternai, P.: Flexural bending of the Zagros foreland basin, Geophys. J. Int., 210, 1659–1680, 2017.
Royden, L. and Faccenna, C.: Subduction orogeny and the Late Cenozoic evolution of the Mediterranean Arcs, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 46, 261–289, 2018.
Royden, L. H.: The tectonic expression slab pull at continental convergent boundaries, Tectonics, 12, 303–325, 1993.
Ruh, J. B., Valero, L., Najafi, M., Etemad‐Saeed, N., Vouga, J., Mohammadi, A., Landtwing, F., Guillong, M., Cobianchi, M., and Mancin, N.: Tectono‐Sedimentary Evolution of Shale‐Related Minibasins in the Karvandar Basin (South Sistan, SE Iran): Insights From Magnetostratigraphy, Isotopic Dating, and Sandstone Petrology, Tectonics, 42, e2023TC007971, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023TC007971, 2023.
Sachsenhofer, R. F., Bechtel, A., Gratzer, R., and Rainer, T. M.: Source-rock maturity, hydrocarbon potential, and oil–source-rock correlation in well shorish-1, Erbil province, Kurdistan region, Iraq, J. Petrol. Geol., 38, 357–381, 2015.
Saura, E., Garcia-Castellanos, D., Casciello, E., Parravano, V., Urruela, A., and Vergés, J.: Modeling the flexural evolution of the Amiran and Mesopotamian foreland basins of NW Zagros (Iran-Iraq), Tectonics, 34, 377–395, 2015.
Savostin, L. A., Sibuet, J. C., Zonenshain, L. P., Le Pichon, X., and Roulet, M. J.: Kinematic evolution of the Tethys belt from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pamirs since the Triassic, Tectonophysics, 123, 1–35, 1986.
Schlunegger, F. and Kissling, E.: Slab rollback orogeny in the Alps and evolution of the Swiss Molasse basin, Nat. Commun., 6, 8605, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9605, 2015.
Schlunegger, F. and Kissling, E.: Slab load controls beneath the Alps on the source-to-sink sedimentary pathways in the Molasse basin, Geosciences, 12, 226, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12060226, 2022.
Şengör, A. C., Özeren, M. S., Keskin, M., Sakınç, M., Özbakır, A. D., and Kayan, İ.: Eastern Turkish high plateau as a small Turkic-type orogen: Implications for post-collisional crust-forming processes in Turkic-type orogens, Earth-Sci. Rev., 90, 1–48, 2008.
Shawkat, M. G. and Tucker, M. E.: Stromatolites and sabkha cycles from the Lower Fars Formation (Miocene) of Iraq, Geologische Rundschau, 67, 1–14, 1978.
Sinclair, H. D.: Flysch to molasse transition in peripheral foreland basins: The role of the passive margin versus slab breakoff, Geology, 25, 1123–1126, 1997.
Sinclair, H. D. and Naylor, M.: Foreland basin subsidence driven by topographic growth versus plate subduction, Bulletin, 124, 368–379, 2012.
Song, P., Ding, L., Zhang, L., Cai, F., Zhang, Q., Li, Z., Wang, H., Jafari, M. K., and Talebian, M.: Paleomagnetism From Central Iran Reveals Arabia-Eurasia Collision Onset at the Eocene/Oligocene Boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL103858, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103858, 2023.
Sun, G., Hu, X., Garzanti, E., BouDagher-Fadel, M. K., Xu, Y., Jiang, J., Wolfgring, E., Wang, Y., and Jiang, S.: Pre-Eocene Arabia-Eurasia collision: New constraints from the Zagros Mountains (Amiran Basin, Iran), Geology, 51, 941–946, 2023.
Vanderhaeghe, O.: The thermal–mechanical evolution of crustal orogenic belts at convergent plate boundaries: A reappraisal of the orogenic cycle, J. Geodynam., 56, 124–145, 2012.
Van der Meulen, M. J., Meulenkamp, J. E., and Wortel, M. J. R.: Lateral shifts of Apenninic foredeep depocentres reflecting detachment of subducted lithosphere, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 154, 203–219, 1998.
van Hunen, J. and Allen, M. B.: Continental collision and slab break-off: A comparison of 3-D numerical models with observations, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 302, 27–37, 2011.
Wilson, J. W. P., Roberts, G. G., Hoggard, M. J., and White, N. J.: Cenozoic epeirogeny of the A rabian P eninsula from drainage modeling, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 15, 3723–3761, 2014.
Wortel, M. J. R. and Spakman, W.: Subduction and slab detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian region, Science, 290, 1910–1917, 2000.
Xie, X. and Heller, P. L.: Plate tectonics and basin subsidence history, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 121, 55–64, 2009.
Short summary
This study investigates how Earth's geodynamic processes shaped the NW Zagros mountain belt in the Middle East. The Neogene foreland basin underwent subsidence due to the load of the surface and the subducting slab and was later influenced by the Neotethys horizontal slab tearing and the associated asthenospheric mantle flow during the Late Miocene and onward.
This study investigates how Earth's geodynamic processes shaped the NW Zagros mountain belt in...
