Articles | Volume 16, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-865-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.Special issue:
Reflection seismic investigations on south Gotland, Sweden, to evaluate CO2 storage strategies
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- Final revised paper (published on 25 Sep 2025)
- Preprint (discussion started on 11 Mar 2025)
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor
| : Report abuse
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-938', Niklas Kühne, 15 May 2025
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Christopher Juhlin, 17 Jun 2025
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2025-938', Anonymous Referee #2, 20 May 2025
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Christopher Juhlin, 17 Jun 2025
Peer review completion
AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload
AR by Christopher Juhlin on behalf of the Authors (21 Jun 2025)
Author's response
Author's tracked changes
Manuscript
ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (02 Jul 2025) by Michal Malinowski
RR by Niklas Kühne (09 Jul 2025)

ED: Publish subject to technical corrections (10 Jul 2025) by Michal Malinowski

ED: Publish subject to technical corrections (10 Jul 2025) by Michal Malinowski (Executive editor)

AR by Christopher Juhlin on behalf of the Authors (21 Jul 2025)
Author's response
Manuscript
General Comments
The aim of the study is to explore potential geological structures for CO2 storage (CCS). Several active seismic measurement methods were combined for this purpose. In addition to a 2D/3D seismic survey, geophysical logging and DAS measurements were carried out on two cored boreholes. The study area is located in the south of Gotland, Sweden. The 2D/3D seismic data is used to extrapolate information from the borehole cores over a larger area. The borehole measurements serve to calibrate the depth of the seismic sections. After conventional data processing, the reflectors of the depth-converted seismic sections do not correlate with the sonic logs and the geological sections of the two boreholes located in the study area. The discrepancy is attributed to an elliptical anisotropy in the upper 500 m. This results in differences between the horizontal velocity derived from the NMO correction and the vertical velocity required for depth conversion. The DAS measurements in the borehole provide an estimate for the vertical velocity. The application of the vertical velocity results in a high agreement between the reflectors and the sonic logs. The hypothesis of prevailing anisotropy is supported by modelling synthetic data and comparison with measured source gathers. The paper illustrates a successful combination of different measurement methods (surface seismic, borehole logging). It also shows how DAS technology can add value to conventional seismic methods. It emphasizes the importance of complementary use of seismic measurement methods to local boreholes in order to gain a large-scale understanding of the geology of potential CCS reservoirs.
The geology in the south of Sweden has already been examined in other studies. The study shown here clearly demonstrates the previously underestimated effect of anisotropy, which influences seismic velocities. The consideration enables a more precise depth estimation of measured reflectors, which is of crucial importance for CO2 storage. This finding is highly relevant for the evaluation of future data sets in this region and should also lead to a critical examination of results from older measurement campaigns. The use of DAS in the borehole is presented as a suitable means of determining the vertical velocity of seismic waves. The measurement can be carried out in parallel to the ongoing surface seismic survey and requires only minimal data processing in the study presented. As a result, information that improves the accuracy of the surface seismic was obtained at a manageable additional cost. Due to the small lateral velocity differences of the horizontally layered sediments, the DAS measurements also provide a plausible estimate away from the borehole. It remains to be seen in subsequent studies to what extent the approach used can be applied to more complex geology.
Specific Comments
The following section contains some questions/issues that arose while reading the text. The majority of these are questions of understanding and suggestions to make the paper even clearer. I only see a need for optimization in places and recommend accepting the paper with minor revisions. I go through the individual sections of the text chronologically and indicate the line number in the manuscript for better comprehensibility.
1. Introduction
I suggest explaining the term 'supercritical' (Line 58) and including a suitable source to clarify the necessary pressure-temperature conditions and typical depth ranges.
Figure 2 shows the stratigraphy of the Nore-1 well very clearly. Why was Nore-2 not shown with the corresponding borehole logs? If there are only minor differences between the two images, then one image is sufficient. This fact should then be mentioned in the text. I would like to see an explanation in the caption of Figure 2 as to why logging results are not available at all depths. I also recognize the distinction between the cased borehole and the cored area in the illustration. A labelling would additionally support the distinction.
2. Geological setting and results from coring
I am somewhat confused about the depth of the cores described in Line 80. Can you please explain if both holes were cored for the identical depths? I am also interested in whether the stratigraphy in Figure 2 was obtained directly from the cores and if so, where the information for the upper 170 m is derived from in this case.
I find the description of the geology very interesting and comprehensible. However, my personal perception is also that the description is very detailed and provides information that is not necessary for the other sections of the paper. As an example, I would mention the section Line 87-101, where the Cambrian sequence is described in great detail and accuracy. I consider it sufficient for the whole Cambro-Silurian sucession to explain the history of their formation with a focus on the reflective layers and potential CO2 storage areas, as has already been done very clearly in large parts of the section.
In contrast to the other figures, the resolution of Figure 3 is lower and should be adjusted. For a better comparison between a) and b), I also recommend adapting the different colours for the source/receiver positions to each other (a): yellow/white, b) blue/red). In addition, the label 'b)' should be displayed in the same style and position as in image a). Finally, the position of the drill holes could also be included in Figure b).
3. Seismic data
3.1 Acquisition
I find the description of the measurement procedure and the repositioning of the receivers in several steps confusing (lines 135-146). I suggest a clearer description of the process and/or visualization in a map or diagram with changing number and position of receivers used.
3.2 Processing
I see the listing of the processing steps in Table 1 and the illustration of the influence on the data in Figure 4 as positive.
In lines 179-185, the discrepancy between the geological section and the section converted with the NMO velocity is discussed. The argument could be supported visually by integrating the geologic section into Figure 6 and highlighting the depth differences of the prominent reflectors with arrows. Could you please also refer to the red lines in Figure 6 and explain where these constant values for the upper borehole section come from.
I have a few more general questions about the extensive and comprehensible processing flow. If I understand the description of the processing correctly, it was done exclusively in the CSG domain. Was a repetition of some processing steps in CRG domain or Inline/Crossline domain considered? If not, what were the arguments against this? In addition, no migration of the data was applied. I would like to see a brief explanation of this decision in the text.
4. Borehole geophysical data
4.1 Distributed acoustic sensing data
I wonder what influence the loosely hanging cable has on the coupling and therefore the data quality. Could you please provide a study that has dealt with this question? In the text, the data is referred to 'sea level' (line 194/195/200), whereas in Figure 7 it is referred to 'depth below surface'. If the two reference depths differ in the study area, the values and terminology would have to be harmonized. Lines 196-198 address problems with the quality of the DAS data. Apart from frequency filtering, are there other strategies for avoiding tube waves during acquisition or processing?
The description of the average velocity with increasing depth should be more comprehensible (lines 202-203). So that it becomes clear in which range the average velocity is 3100 m/s and from where it starts to decrease.
5. Discussion
5.1 Depth conversion
Could you please clarify exactly which velocities from the DAS data were used for the depth conversion (line 229-230)? It is unclear to me whether the velocity below 580 m is constant at 3100 m/s or whether the average of all interval velocities in this range is 3100 m/s.
5.2 Seismic modelling
You conclude in line 268-269 that other forms of anisotropy could explain the data. Would for the case of elliptical anisotropy other combinations of the strength of the anisotropy and the thickness of the anisotropic region also explain the data? And if so, why did you choose the variant presented in the paper?
6. Conclusions
I find the conclusion consistent with the results presented and provides a successful link back to the introduction and research question. I would also like you to address possible limitations of the approach used in the paper when discussing the DAS application (lines 291-292). For example, is the use of vertical velocities from borehole DAS still an option for areas with greater lateral variation?
Technical Comments
Line 1: Inconsistencies in the date format (6th and 13th) should be corrected.
Line 137: Addition of 'survey' after 3D.
144-145: Replace the colloquial description 'hammer was dropped 5 times' with a more formal expression.
225 (Figure 8): Remove a (presumably) unwanted overlay between the image description and the first image.
268 (Figure 10): Display figures side by side, adjust y-axis labelling from 'm' to 'km' as in other figures.
268 (Figure 10, caption): Possibly omit 'modelling' in the second sentence.