This study highlights the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the lower crust in central Morocco from the Hercynian to the Quaternary from the study of granulitic xenoliths. After a first tectono-metamorphic event, the lower crust recorded heating associated with a moderate deformation preserved in sillimanite. Later, the lower crust interacted with basanite that brought the xenoliths up to the surface. This allows us to compare the evolution of the lower crust in the Rif and the Middle Atlas.

We investigate an exhumed hydrothermal system in the Atacama Desert (Chile) to understand how earthquake swarms form. Wall rocks near fault veins experienced high-stress pulses, and fault veins underwent cyclic crack opening and shearing. These findings suggest ancient earthquake swarm activity, from dynamic crack propagation to repeated crack opening and shearing. This system represents a unique geological record of earthquake swarms, providing insights into their initiation and evolution.