Volcanic rocks are shaped by many processes, including volcanism, chemical alteration and weathering. These processes change the rock's properties, making it difficult to predict volcanic hazards or design tunnels and mines in volcanic areas. In this study, we build on earlier research to connect unique spectral signatures that can be remotely imaged using hyperspectral cameras to the density, porosity, strength, and stiffness of volcanic rocks.

Rock fracture connectivity is key for oil/gas, geothermal energy, and nuclear waste storage. This study predicts the zero-percolation threshold – when fractures connect – using simulations. A model links this threshold to fracture number, length, and orientation, enabling fast predictions. Tests on simulated and real fractures confirm its accuracy across sizes/orientations. Provides key tool for subsurface engineering.