Argus, D. F., Gordon, R. G., and DeMets, C.: Geologically current motion of 56 plates relative to the no-net-rotation reference frame, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003751, 2011.
Anastasiou, D. G., Papanikolaou, X., Ganas, A., and Paradissis, D.: StrainTool: A software package to estimate strain tensor parameters, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13142493, 2024.
Authemayou, C., Brocard, G., Teyssier, C., Simon-Labric, T., Guttiérrez, A., Chiquín, E. N., and Morán, S.: The Caribbean–North America–Cocos Triple Junction and the dynamics of the Polochic–Motagua fault systems: Pull-up and zipper models, Tectonics, 30, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002814, 2011.
Bagnardi, M. and Hooper, A.: Inversion of Surface Deformation Data for Rapid Estimates of Source Parameters and Uncertainties: A Bayesian Approach, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 19, 2194–2211, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC007585, 2018.
Bommer, J. J., Benito, M. B., Ciudad-Real, M., Lemoine, A., López-Menjívar, M. A., Madariaga, R., Mankelow, J., Méndez de Hasbun, P., Murphy, W., Nieto-Lovo, M., Rodríguez-Pineda, C. E., and Rosa, H.: The El Salvador earthquakes of January and February 2001: context, characteristics and implications fo
r seismic risk, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 22, 389–418, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00024-6, 2002.
Bürgmann, R. and Chadwell, D.: Seafloor Geodesy, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 42, 509–534, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-054953, 2014.
Canora, C., Martínez-Díaz, J. J., Villamor, P., Berryman, K., Álvarez-Gómez, J. A., Pullinger, C., and Capote, R.: Geological and Seismological Analysis of the 13 February 2001 Mw 6.6 El Salvador Earthquake: Evidence for Surface Rupture and Implications for Seismic Hazard, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100, 2873–2890, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090377, 2010.
Canora, C., Villamor, P., Martinez-Diaz, J., Berryman, K., Álvarez-Gómez, J., Capote, R., and Hernández, W.: Paleoseismic analysis of the San Vicente segment of the El Salvador Fault Zone, El Salvador, Central America, Geologica Acta, 10, 103–123, https://doi.org/10.1344/105.000001700, 2012.
Canora, C., Martinez-Diaz, J., Villamor, P., Staller, A., Berryman, K., Álvarez-Gómez, J., Capote, R., and Diaz, M.: Structural evolution of the El Salvador Fault Zone: An evolving fault system within a volcanic arc, Journal of Iberian Geology, 40, 471–488, https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_JIGE.2014.v40.n3.43559, 2014.
Chavez Hernandez, J. A., Lazecký, M., Šebesta, J., and Bakoň, M.: Relation between surface dynamics and remote sensor InSAR results over the Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, Natural Hazards, 103, 3661–3682, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04150-1, 2020.
Correa-Mora, F., DeMets, C., Alvarado, D., Turner, H. L., Mattioli, G., Hernandez, D., Pullinger, C., Rodriguez, M., and Tenorio, C.: GPS-derived coupling estimates for the Central America subduction zone and volcanic arc faults: El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, Geophysical Journal International, 179, 1279–1291, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04371.x, 2009.
Cosenza-Muralles, A. B., Lasserre, C., DeMets, C., Zan, F. D., Shau, R., Ansari, H., Lyon-Caen, H., Feigl, K., and Parizzi, A.: Large Scale Observations and Modeling of Strain Partitioning in Guatemala from SAR Interferometry, ESS Open Archive, https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10510185.1, 2022.
DeMets, C., Gordon, R. G., and Argus, D. F.: Geologically current plate motions, Geophysical Journal International, 181, 1–80, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x, 2010.
Ebmeier, S. K., Biggs, J., Mather, T. A., and Amelung, F.: On the lack of InSAR observations of magmatic deformation at Central American volcanoes, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 118, 2571–2585, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50195, 2013.
Elliott, J. R., Walters, R. J., and Wright, T. J.: The role of space-based observation in understanding and responding to active tectonics and earthquakes, Nature Communications, 7, 13844, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13844, 2016.
Ellis, A., DeMets, C., Briole, P., Cosenza, B., Flores, O., Graham, S. E., Guzmán-Speziale, M., Hernández, D., Kostoglodov, V., LaFemina, P., Lord, N., Lasserre, C., Lyon-Caen, H., Rodriguez Maradiaga, M., McCaffrey, R., Molina, E., Rivera, J., Rogers, R., and Staller, A.: GPS constraints on deformation in northern Central America from 1999 to 2017, Part 1 – Time-dependent modelling of large regional earthquakes and their post-seismic effects, Geophysical Journal International, 214, 2177–2194, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy249, 2018.
Ellis, A., DeMets, C., McCaffrey, R., Briole, P., Cosenza Muralles, B., Flores, O., Guzmán-Speziale, M., Hernández, D., Kostoglodov, V., LaFemina, P., Lord, N., Lasserre, C., Lyon-Caen, H., Rodriguez Maradiaga, M., Molina, E., Rivera, J., Rogers, R., Staller, A., and Tikoff, B.: GPS constraints on deformation in northern Central America from 1999 to 2017, Part 2: Block rotations and fault slip rates, fault locking and distributed deformation, Geophysical Journal International, 218, 729–754, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz173, 2019.
Evans, E. L., Minson, S. E., and Chadwell, C. D.: Imaging the next Cascadia earthquake: optimal design for a seafloor GNSS-A network, Geophysical Journal International, 228, 944–957, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab360, 2022.
Fang, J., Wright, T. J., Johnson, K. M., Ou, Q., Styron, R., Craig, T. J., Elliott, J. R., Hooper, A., and Zheng, G.: Strain Partitioning in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau From Kinematic Modeling of High-Resolution Sentinel-1 InSAR and GNSS, Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2024GL111199, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL111199, 2024
Farr, T. G., Rosen, P. A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S., Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., and Alsdorf, D.: The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Reviews of Geophysics, 45, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000183, 2007.
Franco, A., Lasserre, C., Lyon-Caen, H., Kostoglodov, V., Molina, E., Guzman-Speziale, M., Monterosso, D., Robles, V., Figueroa, C., Amaya, W., Barrier, E., Chiquin, L., Moran, S., Flores, O., Romero, J., Santiago, J. A., Manea, M., and Manea, V. C.: Fault kinematics in northern Central America and coupling along the subduction interface of the Cocos Plate, from GPS data in Chiapas (Mexico), Guatemala and El Salvador, Geophysical Journal International, 189, 1223–1236, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05390.x, 2012.
Gamboa-Canté, C., Arroyo-Solórzano, M., Benito, B., Aguilar, J., Arroyo, I. G., Camacho-Astigarrabia, E., Castro, D., Flores, O., Linkimer, L., Marroquin, M. G., Mixco-Durán, L., Strauch, W., Talavera, E., Valle, G., and Yani-Quiyuch, R.: Seismicity in Central America (1520–2020) and Earthquake catalog compilation for seismic hazard assessments, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 22, 7201–7234, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-024-02059-9, 2024.
Garibaldi, N., Tikoff, B., and Hernández, W.: Neotectonic deformation within an extensional stepover in El Salvador magmatic arc, Central America: Implication for the interaction of arc magmatism and deformation, Tectonophysics, 693, 327–339, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.05.015, 2016.
Garnier, B., Tikoff, B., Flores, O., Jicha, B., DeMets, C., Cosenza-Muralles, B., Hernandez, D., Marroquin, G., Mixco, L., and Hernandez, W.: An integrated structural and GPS study of the Jalpatagua fault, southeastern Guatemala, Geosphere, 17, 201–225, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02243.1, 2020.
Garnier, B., Tikoff, B., Flores, O., Jicha, B., DeMets, C., Cosenza-Muralles, B., Hernandez, W., and Greene, D.: Deformation in Western Guatemala Associated With the NAFCA (North America-Central American Forearc-Caribbean) Triple Junction: Neotectonic Strain Localization Into the Guatemala City Graben, Tectonics, 41, e2021TC006739, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021TC006739, 2022.
GEBCO Compilation Group: GEBCO 2020 Grid, British Oceanographic Data Centre, National Oceanography Centre, NERC, UK, https://doi.org/10.5285/a29c5465-b138-234d-e053-6c86abc040b9, 2020.
Hayes, H., Moore, M., Portner, P., Hearne, H., Flamme, F., Furtney, F., and Smoczyk, S.: Slab2, a comprehensive subduction zone geometry model, Science, 362, 58–61, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat4723, 2018.
Huang, Z., Zhou, Y., Qiao, X., Zhang, P., and Cheng, X.: Kinematics of the
∼ 1000 km Haiyuan fault system in northeastern Tibet from high-resolution Sentinel-1 InSAR velocities: Fault architecture, slip rates, and partitioning, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 583, 117450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117450, 2022.
ISC: International Seismological Centre, ISC Bulletin, https://doi.org/10.31905/D808B830, 2023.
Kobayashi, D., LaFemina, P., Geirsson, H., Chichaco, E., Abrego, A. A., Mora, H., and Camacho, E.: Kinematics of the western Caribbean: Collision of the Cocos Ridge and upper plate deformation, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15, 1671–1683, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005234, 2014.
Kowalski, Z., Graniczny, M., Przyłucka, M., Šebesta, J., and Chavez, A.: Vertical ground motions of the San Salvador metropolitan area (AMSS) seen at the ALOS InSAR data,
https://fringe2017.esa.int/page_session238.php (last access: 2024), 2017.
LaFemina, P., Dixon, T. H., Govers, R., Norabuena, E., Turner, H., Saballos, A., Mattioli, G., Protti, M., and Strauch, W.: Fore-arc motion and Cocos Ridge collision in Central America, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002181, 2009.
Legrand, D., Marroquín, G., DeMets, C., Mixco, L., García, A., Villalobos, M., Ferrés, D., Gutiérrez, E., Escobar, D., Torres, R., and Hernández, D.: Active deformation in the San Salvador extensional stepover, El Salvador from an analysis of the April–May 2017 earthquake sequence and GPS data, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 104, 102854, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102854, 2020.
Legrand, D., Perton, M., Spica, Z., Jon, J., Alatorre-Ibargüengoitia, M., Peiffer, L., Campion, R., Valdés, C., Caballero-Jiménez, G., Vargas-Zamudio, K., Espíndola, J. M., and De la Cruz-Reyna, S.: The Magma plumbing system and seismo-tectonics of the Guatemala–Mexico triple junction as revealed by the seismicity of the Tacaná volcano before and after the 2017 Mw8.2 Chiapas earthquake, Geophysical Journal International, 242, ggaf167, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaf167, 2025.
Lemrabet, L.: Apport et spécificités des mesures d'interférométrie radar à l'échelle continentale: cas d'étude des déformations actuelles du plateau tibétain oriental, Université Claude Bernard,
https://theses.hal.science/tel-04390093v1 (last access: 23 February 2026), 2022.
Lemrabet, L., Doin, M.-P., Lasserre, C., and Durand, P.: Referencing of Continental-Scale InSAR-Derived Velocity Fields: Case Study of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 128, e2022JB026251, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB026251, 2023.
Marconato, L., Audin, L., Doin, M.-P., Nocquet, J.-M., Jarrin, P., Rolandone, F., Harrichhausen, N., Mothes, P., Mora-Páez, H., and Cisneros, D.: Internal deformation of the North Andean Sliver in Ecuador and southern Colombia observed by InSAR, Geophysical Journal International, 239, 1557–1575, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggae338, 2024.
Martínez-Díaz, J., Álvarez-Gómez, J., Benito, B., and Hernandez, D.: Triggering of destructive earthquakes in El Salvador, Geology, 32, 65–68, https://doi.org/10.1130/G20089.1, 2004.
Martínez-Díaz, J. J., Álvarez-Gómez, J. A., Staller, A., Alonso-Henar, J., Canora, C., Insúa-Arévalo, J. M., Tsige, M., Villamor, P., Herrero-Barbero, P., Hernández-Moreno, C., Hernández, W., Hernández, D., Marroquín, G., and Mixco, L.: Active faults of El Salvador, Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 105, 103038, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103038, 2021.
Maubant, L., Radiguet, M., Pathier, E., Doin, M.-P., Cotte, N., Kazachkina, E., and Kostoglodov, V.: Interseismic coupling along the Mexican subduction zone seen by InSAR and GNSS, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 586, 117534, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117534, 2022.
McCaffrey, R.: Crustal Block Rotations and Plate Coupling, in: Plate Boundary Zones, edited by: Stein, S. and Freymueller, J. T., American Geophysical Union, 22 pp., https://doi.org/10.1029/GD030p0101, 2002.
McCaffrey, R.: Time-dependent inversion of three-component continuous GPS for steady and transient sources in northern Cascadia, Geophysical Research Letters, 36, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036784, 2009.
Meade, B. J., Hager, B. H., McClusky, S. C., Reilinger, R. E., Ergintav, S., Lenk, O., Barka, A., and Özener, H.: Estimates of Seismic Potential in the Marmara Sea Region from Block Models of Secular Deformation Constrained by Global Positioning System Measurements, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92, 208–215, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000837, 2002.
Plafker, G.: Tectonic aspects of the guatemala earthquake of 4 february 1976, Science, 193, 1201–1208, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.193.4259.1201, 1976.
Portela, J., Staller, A., Béjar-Pizarro, M., Hamling, I. J., and Hernández, D.: Tectonic deformation in El Salvador from combined InSAR and GNSS data, Tectonophysics, 230364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2024.230364, 2024.
Portela, J., Staller, A., Béjar-Pizarro, M., Martínez-Díaz, J. J., Álvarez-Gómez, J. A., and Khazaradze, G.: New Insights on the Crustal Deformation in the Eastern Betics From Densified GNSS Data, Tectonics, 44, e2024TC008381, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024TC008381, 2025.
Pritchard, M. E., Biggs, J., Wauthier, C., Sansosti, E., Arnold, D. W. D., Delgado, F., Ebmeier, S. K., Henderson, S. T., Stephens, K., Cooper, C., Wnuk, K., Amelung, F., Aguilar, V., Mothes, P., Macedo, O., Lara, L. E., Poland, M. P., and Zoffoli, S.: Towards coordinated regional multi-satellite InSAR volcano observations: results from the Latin America pilot project, Journal of Applied Volcanology, 7, 5, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-018-0074-0, 2018.
Rodríguez, M., DeMets, C., Rogers, R., Tenorio, C., and Hernandez, D.: A GPS and modelling study of deformation in northern Central America, Geophysical Journal International, 178, 1733–1754, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04251.x, 2009.
Schiek, C. G., Hurtado, J. M., Velasco, A. A., Buckley, S. M., and Escobar, D.: Determining Volcanic Deformation at San Miguel Volcano, El Salvador by Integrating Radar Interferometry and Seismic Analyses, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008, abstract id. U51A-0018, 2008.
Shen, Z.-K., Jackson, D. D., and Kagan, Y. Y.: Implications of Geodetic Strain Rate for Future Earthquakes, with a Five-Year Forecast of M5 Earthquakes in Southern California, Seismological Research Letters, 78, 116–120, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.78.1.116, 2007.
Shen, Z.-K., Wang, M., Zeng, Y., and Wang, F.: Optimal Interpolation of Spatially Discretized Geodetic Data, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 105, 2117–2127, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140247, 2015.
Staller, A.: Modelización de las deformaciones corticales en El Salvador (Centroamérica) mediante la integración de datos geodésicos (GPS), geológicos y sismológicos, Archivo Digital UPM, https://doi.org/10.20868/UPM.thesis.29172, 2014.
Staller, A., Martínez-Díaz, J. J., Benito, B., Alonso-Henar, J., Hernández, D., Hernández-Rey, R., and Díaz, M.: Present-day crustal deformation along the El Salvador Fault Zone from ZFESNet GPS network, Tectonophysics, 670, 66–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.12.017, 2016.
Styron, R., García-Pelaez, J., and Pagani, M.: CCAF-DB: the Caribbean and Central American active fault database, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 20, 831–857, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-831-2020, 2020.
Wang, H., Wright, T. J., Yu, Y., Lin, H., Jiang, L., Li, C., and Qiu, G.: InSAR reveals coastal subsidence in the Pearl River Delta, China, Geophysical Journal International, 191, 1119–1128, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05687.x, 2012.
Wang, H., Wright, T. J., Liu-Zeng, J., and Peng, L.: Strain Rate Distribution in South-Central Tibet From Two Decades of InSAR and GPS, Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 5170–5179, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL081916, 2019.
Watson, A. R., Elliott, J. R., Lazecký, M., Maghsoudi, Y., McGrath, J. D., and Walters, R. J.: An InSAR-GNSS Velocity Field for Iran, Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2024GL108440, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL108440, 2024.
Wessel, P., Luis, J. F., Uieda, L., Scharroo, R., Wobbe, F., Smith, W. H. F., and Tian, D.: The Generic Mapping Tools Version 6, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 20, 5556–5564, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008515, 2019.
White, R. A.: Tectonic implications of upper-crustal seismicity in Central America, edited by: Slemmons, D. B., Engdahl, E. R., Zoback, M. D., and Blackwell, D. D., Geological Society of America, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-CSMS-NEO.323, 1991.
Woods, K., Wallace, L. M., Williams, C. A., Hamling, I. J., Webb, S. C., Ito, Y., Palmer, N., Hino, R., Suzuki, S., Savage, M. K., Warren-Smith, E., and Mochizuki, K.: Spatiotemporal Evolution of Slow Slip Events at the Offshore Hikurangi Subduction Zone in 2019 Using GNSS, InSAR, and Seafloor Geodetic Data, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 129, e2024JB029068, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB029068, 2024.
Wu, D.-L., Ge, W.-P., Liu, S.-Z., Yuan, D.-Y., Zhang, B., and Wei, C.-M.: Present-Day 3D Crustal Deformation of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau From Space Geodesy, Geophysical Research Letters, 51, e2023GL106143, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106143, 2024.
Xu, J., Gao, Z., Liu, J., Yan, W., Guo, H., Liu, R., Yi, C., and Xu, D.: InSAR observations reveal interactions between seismic and aseismic slip during and after the 2016 Mw 6.6 Muji earthquake, Scientific Reports, 15, 15116, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-98880-6, 2025.
Zhang, Y.-P., Wang, Y., Wang, W.-T., Shao, Z.-G., Xu, B.-B., He, X.-H., Feng, W.-P., Yao, Q., Yang, Y.-Q., Ma, H.-S., and Zhang, P.-Z.: Active Block Tectonics and Intracontinental Deformation Within the India-Eurasia Oblique Convergence Zone, Tectonics, 44, e2025TC009029, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025TC009029, 2025.
