Articles | Volume 17, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-17-665-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-17-665-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
First tomographic imaging of mid-crustal doubling at the Abruzzi outer thrust front, central-southern Italy
Rita de Nardis
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Sciences, Study University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti – Pescara, Chieti, 66013, Italy
CRUST – Interuniversity Centre for 3D Seismotectonics with Territorial Applications, Chieti, 66013, Italy
Department of Sciences, Study University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti – Pescara, Chieti, 66013, Italy
CRUST – Interuniversity Centre for 3D Seismotectonics with Territorial Applications, Chieti, 66013, Italy
Luca De Siena
CRUST – Interuniversity Centre for 3D Seismotectonics with Territorial Applications, Chieti, 66013, Italy
Department of Physics and Astronomy (DIFA), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy
Maria Adelaide Romano
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGS, Trieste, 34010, Italy
Francesco Brozzetti
Department of Sciences, Study University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti – Pescara, Chieti, 66013, Italy
CRUST – Interuniversity Centre for 3D Seismotectonics with Territorial Applications, Chieti, 66013, Italy
Giusy Lavecchia
Department of Sciences, Study University “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti – Pescara, Chieti, 66013, Italy
CRUST – Interuniversity Centre for 3D Seismotectonics with Territorial Applications, Chieti, 66013, Italy
Related authors
Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Totaro, Giusy Lavecchia, Barbara Orecchio, Rita de Nardis, Debora Presti, Federica Ferrarini, Simone Bello, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 13, 205–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Pollino region is a highly seismic area of Italy. Increasing the geological knowledge on areas like this contributes to reducing risk and saving lives. We reconstruct the 3D model of the faults which generated the 2010–2014 seismicity integrating geological and seismological data. Appropriate relationships based on the dimensions of the activated faults suggest that they did not fully discharge their seismic potential and could release further significant earthquakes in the near future.
Guido Maria Adinolfi, Raffaella De Matteis, Rita de Nardis, and Aldo Zollo
Solid Earth, 13, 65–83, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-65-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-65-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a methodology useful to evaluate (1) the reliability of a focal mechanism solution inferred by the inversion of seismological data and (2) the performance of a seismic network, operated to monitor natural or induced seismicity, to assess focal mechanism solutions. As a test case, we studied the focal mechanism reliability by using synthetic data computed for ISNet, a local seismic network monitoring the Irpinia fault system (southern Italy).
Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Totaro, Giusy Lavecchia, Barbara Orecchio, Rita de Nardis, Debora Presti, Federica Ferrarini, Simone Bello, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 13, 205–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Pollino region is a highly seismic area of Italy. Increasing the geological knowledge on areas like this contributes to reducing risk and saving lives. We reconstruct the 3D model of the faults which generated the 2010–2014 seismicity integrating geological and seismological data. Appropriate relationships based on the dimensions of the activated faults suggest that they did not fully discharge their seismic potential and could release further significant earthquakes in the near future.
Guido Maria Adinolfi, Raffaella De Matteis, Rita de Nardis, and Aldo Zollo
Solid Earth, 13, 65–83, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-65-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-65-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a methodology useful to evaluate (1) the reliability of a focal mechanism solution inferred by the inversion of seismological data and (2) the performance of a seismic network, operated to monitor natural or induced seismicity, to assess focal mechanism solutions. As a test case, we studied the focal mechanism reliability by using synthetic data computed for ISNet, a local seismic network monitoring the Irpinia fault system (southern Italy).
Cited articles
Adinolfi, G. M., De Matteis, R., Orefice, A., Festa, G., Zollo, A., de Nardis, R., and Lavecchia, G.: The September 27, 2012, ML 4.1, Benevento earthquake: A case of strike-slip faulting in Southern Apennines (Italy), Tectonophysics, 660, 35–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.06.036, 2015.
Amato, A. and Mele, F. M.: Performance of the INGV National Seismic Network from 1997 to 2007, Ann. Geophys., 15, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-4454, 2008.
Amato, V., Ciarcia, S., Galli, P., Cicchella, D., Galderisi, A., Monaco, L., Fernandez, G., Isaia, R., Nomade, S., Pereira, A., and Giaccio, B.: Unveiling the hidden source of major historical earthquakes: A multi-scale, trans-disciplinary approach to the 1456 and 1688 Sannio earthquakes (MW 7.0, southern Italian Apennines), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 356, 109282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109282, 2025.
Argnani, A., Rovere, M., and Bonazzi, C.: Tectonics of the Mattinata fault, offshore south Gargano (southern Adriatic Sea, Italy): Implications for active deformation and seismotectonics in the foreland of the Southern Apennines, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 121, 1421–1440, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26326.1, 2009.
Bally, A. W., Burbi, L., Cooper, C., and Ghelardoni, R.: Balanced sections and seismic reflection profiles across the central apennines, Mem. Soc. Geol. It., 35, 257–310, 1986.
Battistelli, M., Ferrarini, F., Bucci, F., Santangelo, M., Cardinali, M., Merryman Boncori, J. P., Cirillo, D., Carafa, M. M. C., and Brozzetti, F.: Bridging the Gap Between Active Faulting and Deformation Across Normal-Fault Systems in the Central–Southern Apennines (Italy): Multi-Scale and Multi-Source Data Analysis, Remote Sens., 17, 2491, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17142491, 2025.
Bell, K., Lavecchia, G., and Rosatelli, G.: Cenozoic Italian magmatism – Isotope constraints for possible plume-related activity, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 41, 22–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2012.10.005, 2013.
Bigi, G., Coli, M., Cosentino, D., Parotto, M., Praturlon, A., Sartori, R., Scandone, P., and Turco, E.: Structural Model of Italy scale 1:500.000, sheet 4. C.N.R., Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica, SELCA Firenze, Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica, SELCA Firenze, 1992.
Bisio, L., Di Giovambattista, R., Milano, G., and Chiarabba, C.: Three-dimensional earthquake locations and upper crustal structure of the Sannio-Matese region (southern Italy), Tectonophysics, 385, 121–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.01.007, 2004.
Boccaletti, M., Calamita, F., and Viandante, M. G.: La Neo-Catena litosferica appenninica nata a partire dal Pliocene inferiore come espressione della convergenza Africa-Europa, B. Soc. Geol. Ital., 124, 87–105, 2005.
Bollinger, L., Klinger, Y., Forman, S. L., Chimed, O., Bayasgalan, A., Munkhuu, U., Davaasuren, G., Dolgorsuren, T., Enkhee, B., and Sodnomsambuu, D.: OPEN 25 000 Years long seismic cycle in a slow deforming continental region of Mongolia, Sci. Rep., 11, 17855, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97167-w, 2021.
Boncio, P., Mancini, T., Lavecchia, G., and Selvaggi, G.: Seismotectonics of strike–slip earthquakes within the deep crust of southern Italy: Geometry, kinematics, stress field and crustal rheology of the Potenza 1990–1991 seismic sequences (Mmax 5.7), Tectonophysics, 445, 281–300, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.08.016, 2007.
Brozzetti, F.: The Campania-Lucania Extensional Fault System, southern Italy: A suggestion for a uniform model of active extension in the Italian Apennines, Tectonics, 30, 2010TC002794, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002794, 2011.
Brozzetti, F., Cirillo, D., de Nardis, R., Cardinali, M., Lavecchia, G., Orecchio, B., Presti, D., and Totaro, C.: Newly identified active faults in the Pollino seismic gap, southern Italy, and their seismotectonic significance, J. Struct. Geol., 94, 13–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.10.005, 2017.
Butler, R. W. H., Mazzoli, S., Corrado, S., De Donatis, M., Di Bucci, D., Gambini, R., Naso, G., Nicolai, C., Scrocca, D., Shiner, P., and Zucconi, V.: Applying Thick-skinned Tectonic Models to the Apennine Thrust Belt of Italy – Limitations and Implications, in: Thrust Tectonics and Hydrocarbon Systems, Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. B., 647–667, https://doi.org/10.1306/M82813C34, 2004.
Calabrò, R. A., Corrado, S., Di Bucci, D., Robustini, P., and Tornaghi, M.: Thin-skinned vs. thick-skinned tectonics in the Matese Massif, Central–Southern Apennines (Italy), Tectonophysics, 377, 269–297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.09.010, 2003.
Caputo, R. and Tarabusi, G.: Il complesso sistema di sorgenti sismogeniche nell’area ferrarese ei loro effetti nella storia Atti Dell’Accademia Delle Scienze Di Ferrara, vol. 93, Accademia Delle Scienze Di Ferrara, 2016.
Carafa, M. M. C. and Bird, P.: Improving deformation models by discounting transient signals in geodetic data: 2. Geodetic data, stress directions, and long-term strain rates in Italy, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Earth, 121, 5557–5575, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013038, 2016.
Casero, P., Roure, F., and Vially, R.: Tectonic framework and petroleum potential of the Southern Apennines, in: Generation, accumulation, and production of Europe's hydrocarbons: Special Publication of the European Association of Petroleum Geoscientists, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 381–387, 1991.
Ceccaroni, E., Ameri, G., Gómez Capera, A. A., and Galadini, F.: The 2nd century AD earthquake in central Italy: archaeoseismological data and seismotectonic implications, Nat. Hazards, 50, 335–359, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9343-x, 2009.
Cheloni, D., Famiglietti, N. A., Tolomei, C., Caputo, R., and Vicari, A.: The 8 September 2023, MW 6.8, Morocco Earthquake: A Deep Transpressive Faulting Along the Active High Atlas Mountain Belt, Geophys. Res. Lett., 51, e2023GL106992, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106992, 2024.
Chiarabba, C., Jovane, L., and DiStefano, R.: A new view of Italian seismicity using 20 years of instrumental recordings, Tectonophysics, 395, 251–268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.09.013, 2005a.
Chiarabba, C., De Gori, P., Chiaraluce, L., Bordoni, P., Cattaneo, M., De Martin, M., Frepoli, A., Michelini, A., Monachesi, A., Moretti, M., Augliera, G. P., D'Alema, E., Frapiccini, M., Gassi, A., Marzorati, S., Bartolomeo, P. D., Gentile, S., Govoni, A., Lovisa, L., Romanelli, M., Ferretti, G., Pasta, M., Spallarossa, D., and Zunino, E.: Mainshocks and aftershocks of the 2002 molise seismic sequence, southern Italy, J. Seismol., 9, 487–494, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-005-0633-9, 2005b.
Chiarabba, C., Bagh, S., Bianchi, I., De Gori, P., and Barchi, M.: Deep structural heterogeneities and the tectonic evolution of the Abruzzi region (Central Apennines, Italy) revealed by microseismicity, seismic tomography, and teleseismic receiver functions, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 295, 462–476, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.028, 2010.
Chiarabba, C., Buttinelli, M., Cattaneo, M., and De Gori, P.: Large Earthquakes Driven by Fluid Overpressure: The Apennines Normal Faulting System Case, Tectonics, 39, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019TC006014, 2020.
Cimini, G. B. and De Gori, P.: Nonlinear P-wave tomography of subducted lithosphere beneath central-southern Apennines (Italy), Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4387–4390, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013546, 2001.
Custódio, S., Dias, N. A., Carrilho, F., Góngora, E., Rio, I., Marreiros, C., Morais, I., Alves, P., and Matias, L.: Earthquakes in western Iberia: improving the understanding of lithospheric deformation in a slowly deforming region, Geophys. J. Int., 203, 127–145, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv285, 2015.
D'Ambrosio, A., Lipparini, L., Bigi, S., Cassola, T., Bambridge, V. R., Derks, J. F., and Trippetta, F.: Structural restoration and basin modelling of the central apennine orogen/foredeep/foreland system: New insights on the regional petroleum system, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 127, 104948, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.104948, 2021.
Delaunay, B.: Sur la sphere vide, Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Otdelenie Matematicheskii i Estestvennyka Nauk, 7, 1–2, 1934.
de Nardis, R.: A Temporary Seismic Monitoring of the Sulmona Area (Abruzzo, Italy) for Seismotectonic Purposes, Bulletin of Geophysics and Oceanography, 52, 651–666, https://doi.org/10.4430/bgta0026, 2011.
de Nardis, R., Pace, B., Lavecchia, G., Visini, F., and Boncio, P.: Geological and Macroseismic Data For Seismotectonic Purpose: The 1706 Maiella (Abruzzo, Italy) Earthquake Case Study, AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2008AGUFM.T21B1946D, abstract id.T21B-1946, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AGUFM.T21B1946D/abstract (last access: December 2021), 2008.
de Nardis, R., Pandolfi, C., Cattaneo, M., Monachesi, G., Cirillo, D., Ferrarini, F., Bello, S., Brozzetti, F., and Lavecchia, G.: Lithospheric double shear zone unveiled by microseismicity in a region of slow deformation, Sci. Rep., 12, 21066, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-24903-1, 2022.
de Nardis, R., Vuan, A., Carbone, L., Talone, D., Romano, M. A., and Lavecchia, G.: Interplay of tectonic and dynamic processes shaping multilayer extensional system in southern-central Apennines, Sci. Rep., 14, 18375, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69118-8, 2024.
Devoti, R., D'Agostino, N., Serpelloni, E., Pietrantonio, G., Riguzzi, F., Avallone, A., Cavaliere, A., Cheloni, D., Cecere, G., D'Ambrosio, C., Franco, L., Selvaggi, G., Metois, M., Esposito, A., Sepe, V., Galvani, A., and Anzidei, M.: A Combined Velocity Field of the Mediterranean Region, Ann. Geophys., 60, 1, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-7059, 2017.
Di Luccio, F., Fukuyama, E., and Pino, N. A.: The 2002 Molise earthquake sequence: What can we learn about the tectonics of southern Italy?, Tectonophysics, 405, 141–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.05.024, 2005.
Di Luzio, E., Mele, G., Tiberti, M. M., Cavinato, G. P., and Parotto, M.: Moho deepening and shallow upper crustal delamination beneath the central Apennines, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 280, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.09.018, 2009.
DISS Working Group: Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS), version 3.3.0: A compilation of potential sources for earthquakes larger than M 5.5 in Italy and surrounding areas, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, https://doi.org/10.13127/DISS3.3.0, 2021.
Di Stefano, R., Bianchi, I., Ciaccio, M. G., Carrara, G., and Kissling, E.: Three-dimensional Moho topography in Italy: New constraints from receiver functions and controlled source seismology, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003649, 2011.
Doglioni, C.: Tectonics of the Dolomites (southern alps, northern Italy), J. Struct. Geol., 9, 181–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(87)90024-1, 1987.
Ferrarini, F., Lavecchia, G., De Nardis, R., and Brozzetti, F.: Fault Geometry and Active Stress from Earthquakes and Field Geology Data Analysis: The Colfiorito 1997 and L'Aquila 2009 Cases (Central Italy), Pure Appl. Geophys., 172, 1079–1103, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0931-7, 2015.
Ferrarini, F., Boncio, P., de Nardis, R., Pappone, G., Cesarano, M., Aucelli, P. P. C., and Lavecchia, G.: Segmentation pattern and structural complexities in seismogenic extensional settings: The North Matese Fault System (Central Italy), J. Struct. Geol., 95, 93–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.11.006, 2017.
Ferrarini, F., Arrowsmith, J. R., Brozzetti, F., de Nardis, R., Cirillo, D., Whipple, K. X., and Lavecchia, G.: Late Quaternary Tectonics along the Peri-Adriatic Sector of the Apenninic Chain (Central-Southern Italy): Inspecting Active Shortening through Topographic Relief and Fluvial Network Analyses, Litosphere, 2021, https://doi.org/10.2113/2021/7866617, 2021a.
Ferrarini, F., de Nardis, R., Brozzetti, F., Cirillo, D., Arrowsmith, J. R., and Lavecchia, G.: Multiple Lines of Evidence for a Potentially Seismogenic Fault Along the Central-Apennine (Italy) Active Extensional Belt – An Unexpected Outcome of the MW6.5 Norcia 2016 Earthquake, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 642243, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.642243, 2021b.
Fracassi, U. and Valensise, G.: Unveiling the Sources of the Catastrophic 1456 Multiple Earthquake: Hints to an Unexplored Tectonic Mechanism in Southern Italy, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 97, 725–748, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050250, 2007.
Frepoli, A., Cimini, G. B., De Gori, P., De Luca, G., Marchetti, A., Monna, S., Montuori, C., and Pagliuca, N. M.: Seismic sequences and swarms in the Latium-Abruzzo-Molise Apennines (central Italy): New observations and analysis from a dense monitoring of the recent activity, Tectonophysics, 712–713, 312–329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.026, 2017.
Galadini, F. and Galli, P.: Active Tectonics in the Central Apennines (Italy) – Input Data for Seismic Hazard Assessment, Nat. Hazards, 22, 225–268, 2000.
Galli, P. and Pallone, F.: Reviewing the intensity distribution of the 1933 earthquake (Maiella, central Italy). Clues on the seismogenic fault, Alpine and Mediterranean Quaternary, 32, 93–100, https://doi.org/10.26382/AMQ.2019.05, 2019.
Galli, P., Giaccio, B., Peronace, E., and Messina, P.: Holocene Paleoearthquakes and Early–Late Pleistocene Slip Rate on the Sulmona Fault (Central Apeninnes, Italy), B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 105, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140029, 2015.
Ghisetti, F. and Vezzani, L.: Normal faulting, transcrustal permeability and seismogenesis in the Apennines (Italy), Tectonophysics, 348, 155–168, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00254-2, 2002.
Ghisetti, F., Barchi, M., Bally, A. W., Moretti, I., and Vezzani, L.: Conflicting Balanced Structural Sections Across the Central Apennines (Italy): Problems and Implications, in: Generation, Accumulation and Production of Europe's Hydrocarbons III, edited by: Spencer, A. M., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 219–231, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77859-9_18, 1993.
Giacomuzzi, G., De Gori, P., and Chiarabba, C.: How mantle heterogeneities drive continental subduction and magmatism in the Apennines, Sci. Rep., 12, 13631, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17715-w, 2022.
Gómez-Novell, O., García-Mayordomo, J., Ortuño, M., Masana, E., and Chartier, T.: Fault System-Based Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment of a Moderate Seismicity Region: The Eastern Betics Shear Zone (SE Spain), Front. Earth Sci., 8, 579398, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.579398, 2020.
Govoni, A., Marchetti, A., De Gori, P., Di Bona, M., Lucente, F. P., Improta, L., Chiarabba, C., Nardi, A., Margheriti, L., Agostinetti, N. P., Di Giovambattista, R., Latorre, D., Anselmi, M., Ciaccio, M. G., Moretti, M., Castellano, C., and Piccinini, D.: The 2012 Emilia seismic sequence (Northern Italy): Imaging the thrust fault system by accurate aftershock location, Tectonophysics, 622, 44–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.02.013, 2014.
Improta, L., De Gori, P., and Chiarabba, C.: New insights into crustal structure, Cenozoic magmatism, CO2 degassing, and seismogenesis in the southern Apennines and Irpinia region from local earthquake tomography: seismic tomography of Apennines, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Earth, 119, 8283–8311, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010890, 2014.
Improta, L., Cirella, A., Pezzo, G., Molinari, I., and Piatanesi, A.: Joint Inversion of Geodetic and Strong Motion Data for the 2012, MW 6.1–6.0, May 20th and May 29th, Northern Italy Earthquakes: Source Models and Seismotectonic Interpretation, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Earth, 128, e2022JB026278, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB026278, 2023.
International Seismological Center: ISC online Bulletin, https://doi.org/10.31905/D808B830, 2024.
ISIDe Working Group: Italian Seismological Instrumental and Parametric Database (ISIDe), https://doi.org/10.13127/ISIDE, 2007.
Kirby, E., Whipple, K., and Harkins, N.: Topography reveals seismic hazard, Nature Geosci., 1, 485–487, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo265, 2008.
Lacombe, O. and Bellahsen, N.: Thick-skinned tectonics and basement-involved fold–thrust belts: insights from selected Cenozoic orogens, Geol. Mag., 153, 763–810, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756816000078, 2016.
Lanari, R., Reitano, R., Faccenna, C., Agostinetti, N. P., and Ballato, P.: Surface and Crustal Response to Deep Subduction Dynamics: Insights From the Apennines, Italy, Tectonics, 42, e2022TC007461, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022TC007461, 2023.
Latorre, D., Di Stefano, R., Castello, B., Michele, M., and Chiaraluce, L.: An updated view of the Italian seismicity from probabilistic location in 3D velocity models: The 1981–2018 Italian catalog of absolute earthquake locations (CLASS), Tectonophysics, 846, 229664, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2022.229664, 2023.
Lavecchia, G. and Creati, N.: A mantle plume head trapped in the transition zone beneath the Mediterranean: a new idea, Ann. Geoph., 49, https://repository.geologyscience.ru/handle/123456789/45451, 2006.
Lavecchia, G., Brozzetti, F., Barchi, M., Menichetti, M., and Keller, J. V. A.: Seismotectonic zoning in east-central Italy deduced from an analysis of the Neogene to present deformations and related stress fields, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 106, 1107–1120, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1107:SZIECI>2.3.CO;2, 1994.
Lavecchia, G., Nardis, R. D., Visini, F., Ferrarini, F., and Barbano, M. S.: Seismogenic evidence of ongoing compression in eastern-central Italy and mainland Sicily: a comparison, Boll. Soc. Geol. It., 126, 209–222, 2007.
Lavecchia, G., De Nardis, R., Costa, G., Tiberi, L., Ferrarini, F., Cirillo, D., Brozzetti, F., and Suhadolc, P.: Was the Mirandola Thrust Really Involved in the Emilia 2012 Seismic Sequence (northern Italy)? Implications on the likelihood of triggered seismicity effects, Bulletin of Geophysics and Oceanography, 56, 461–488, https://doi.org/10.4430/bgta0162, 2015.
Lavecchia, G., Adinolfi, G. M., De Nardis, R., Ferrarini, F., Cirillo, D., Brozzetti, F., De Matteis, R., Festa, G., and Zollo, A.: Multidisciplinary inferences on a newly recognized active east-dipping extensional system in Central Italy, Terra Nova, 29, 77–89, https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12251, 2017.
Lavecchia, G., Bello, S., Andrenacci, C., Cirillo, D., Ferrarini, F., Vicentini, N., de Nardis, R., and Brozzetti, F.: Host Faults Database of central Italy, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6412501, 2021a.
Lavecchia, G., De Nardis, R., Ferrarini, F., Cirillo, D., Bello, S., and Brozzetti, F.: Regional Seismotectonic Zonation of Hydrocarbon Fields in Active Thrust Belts: A Case Study from Italy, in: Building Knowledge for Geohazard Assessment and Management in the Caucasus and other Orogenic Regions, edited by: Bonali, F. L., Pasquaré Mariotto, F., and Tsereteli, N., Springer, Dordrecht, 89–128, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2046-3_7, 2021b.
Lavecchia, G., Bello, S., Andrenacci, C., Cirillo, D., Ferrarini, F., Vicentini, N., De Nardis, R., Roberts, G., and Brozzetti, F.: QUaternary fault strain INdicators database – QUIN 1.0 – first release from the Apennines of central Italy, Sci. Data, 9, 204, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01311-8, 2022.
Lavecchia, G., Bello, S., Cirillo, D., Pietrolungo, F., and Brozzetti, F.: Quaternary-Host Faults Database 2.0 (Southern Italy), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8414479, 2023a.
Lavecchia, G., Pietrolungo, F., Bello, S., Talone, D., Pandolfi, C., Andrenacci, C., Carducci, A., and De Nardis, R.: Slowly Deforming Megathrusts within the Continental Lithosphere: A Case from Italy, GSA Today, 4, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG573A.1, 2023b.
Lavecchia, G., Brozzetti, F., Bello, S., and De Nardis, R.: Mapping fault architecture from depth to surface: integrating microseismicity and structural geology in low-strain Apennine regions, J. Struct. Geol., 105518, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105518, 2025.
Lu, Y., Wetzler, N., Waldmann, N., Agnon, A., Biasi, G. P., and Marco, S.: A 220 000-year-long continuous large earthquake record on a slow-slipping plate boundary, Sci. Adv., 6, eaba4170, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba4170, 2020.
Mariucci, M. T. and Montone, P.: IPSI 1.5, Italian Present-day Stress Indicators Dataset, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia [data set], https://doi.org/10.13127/IPSI.1.5, 2022.
Martín-Banda, R., Insua-Arévalo, J. M., and García-Mayordomo, J.: Slip Rate Variation During the Last ∼210 ka on a Slow Fault in a Transpressive Regime: The Carrascoy Fault (Eastern Betic Shear Zone, SE Spain), Front. Earth Sci., 8, 599608, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.599608, 2021.
Matos, C., Custódio, S., Batló, J., Zahradník, J., Arroucau, P., Silveira, G., and Heimann, S.: An Active Seismic Zone in Intraplate West Iberia Inferred From High-Resolution Geophysical Data, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Earth, 123, 2885–2907, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB015114, 2018.
Mazzoli, S., Corrado, S., De Donatis, M., Scrocca, D., Butler, R. W. H., Di Bucci, D., Naso, G., Nicolai, C., and Zucconi, V.: Time and space variability of “thin-skinned” and “thick-skinned” thrust tectonics in the Apennines (Italy), Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei, 11, 5–39, 2000.
Mazzotti, A. P., Stucchi, E., Fradelizio, G. L., Zanzi, L., and Scandone, P.: Seismic exploration in complex terrains: A processing experience in the Southern Apennines, Geophysics, 65, 1402–1417, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444830, 2000.
Mazzotti, S., Jomard, H., and Masson, F.: Processes and deformation rates generating seismicity in metropolitan France and conterminous Western Europe, BSGF - Earth Sci. Bull., 191, 19, https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2020019, 2020.
Miccolis, S., Filippucci, M., De Lorenzo, S., Frepoli, A., Pierri, P., and Tallarico, A.: Seismogenic Structure Orientation and Stress Field of the Gargano Promontory (Southern Italy) From Microseismicity Analysis, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 589332, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.589332, 2021.
Michele, M., Latorre, D., and Emolo, A.: An Empirical Formula to Classify the Quality of Earthquake Locations, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 109, 2755–2761, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120190144, 2019.
Milano, G., Di Giovambattista, R., and Ventura, G.: Seismic constraints on the present-day kinematics of the Gargano foreland, Italy, at the transition zone between the southern and northern Apennine belts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L24308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024604, 2005.
Milano, P.: Present-day seismicity of the Matese Massif (central-southern Apennines, Italy): new constraints on the seismotectonic setting of the central and southern sides, Bulletin of Geophysics and Oceanography, 64, 113–134, https://doi.org/10.4430/bgo00414, 2023.
Montone, P. and Mariucci, M. T.: Deep well new data in the area of the 2022 MW 5.5 earthquake, Adriatic Sea, Italy: In situ stress state and P-velocities, Front. Earth Sci., 11, 1164929, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1164929, 2023.
Mostardini, F. and Merlini, S.: Appennino Centro Meridionale – Sezioni Geologiche e Proposta di Modello Strutturale, Mem. Soc. Geol. It., 177–202, 1986.
Nicholson, C., Plesch, A., Sorlien, C. C., Shaw, J. H., and Hauksson, E.: The SCEC 3D Community Fault Model (CFM Version 5.0): An updated and expanded fault set of oblique crustal deformation and complex fault interaction for southern California, Eos (Transactions of AGU), 95, T31B-4585, 2014.
Noguera, A. M. and Rea, G.: Deep structure of the Campanian–Lucanian Arc (Southern Apennine, Italy), Tectonophysics, 324, 239–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00137-2, 2000.
Okabe, A.: Spatial Tessellations, in: International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology, edited by: Richardson, D., Castree, N., Goodchild, M. F., Kobayashi, A., Liu, W., and Marston, R. A., Wiley, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0601, 2017.
Onana, P. N. E., Toto, E. A., Zouhri, L., Chaabane, A., El Mouraouah, A., and Iben Brahim, A.: Recent seismicity of Central High Atlas and Ouarzazate basin (Morocco), Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 70, 633–641, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-011-0361-z, 2011.
Orecchio, B., Scolaro, S., Batlló, J., Neri, G., Presti, D., Stich, D., and Totaro, C.: New Results for the 1968 Belice, South Italy, Seismic Sequence: Solving the Long-Lasting Ambiguity on Causative Source, Seismol. Res. Lett., 92, 2364–2381, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200277, 2021.
Pace, B., Peruzza, L., Lavecchia, G., and Boncio, P.: Layered Seismogenic Source Model and Probabilistic Seismic-Hazard Analyses in Central Italy, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 96, 1567, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120060050, 2006.
Pandolfi, C., Taroni, M., De Nardis, R., Lavecchia, G., and Akinci, A.: Combining Seismotectonic and Catalog-Based 3D Models for Advanced Smoothed Seismicity Computations, Seismol. Res. Lett., 95, 10–20, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220230088, 2023.
Pandolfi, C., Taroni, M., De Nardis, R., Lavecchia, G., and Akinci, A.: Advanced 3D seismic hazard analysis for active compression in the Adriatic Thrust Zone, Italy, B. Earthq. Eng., 22, 4221–4244, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-024-01948-3, 2024.
Patacca, E. and Scandone, P.: The Plio-Pleistocene Thrust Belt-Foredeep System in the Southern Apennines and Sicily (Italy), in: Geology of Italy, edited by: Crescenti, V., D'Offizi, S., Merlino, S., and Sacchi, L., Società Geologica Italiana, Roma, 93–129, 2004.
Patacca, E., Scandone, P., Di Luzio, E., Cavinato, G. P., and Parotto, M.: Structural architecture of the central Apennines: Interpretation of the CROP 11 seismic profile from the Adriatic coast to the orographic divide, Tectonics, 27, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005TC001917, 2008.
Petricca, P., Carminati, E., and Doglioni, C.: The Decollement Depth of Active Thrust Faults in Italy: Implications on Potential Earthquake Magnitude, Tectonics, 38, 3990–4009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019TC005641, 2019.
Pezzo, G., Petracchini, L., Devoti, R., Maffucci, R., Anderlini, L., Antoncecchi, I., Billi, A., Carminati, E., Ciccone, F., Cuffaro, M., Livani, M., Palano, M., Petricca, P., Pietrantonio, G., Riguzzi, F., Rossi, G., Sparacino, F., and Doglioni, C.: Active Fold-Thrust Belt to Foreland Transition in Northern Adria, Italy, Tracked by Seismic Reflection Profiles and GPS Offshore Data, Tectonics, 39, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020TC006425, 2020.
Piccinini, D., Chiarabba, C., Augliera, P., and Monghidoro Earthquake Group (M.E.G.): Compression along the northern Apennines? Evidence from the MW 5.3 Monghidoro earthquake, Terra Nova, 18, 89–94, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2005.00667.x, 2006.
Plesch, A., Shaw, J. H., Benson, C., Bryant, W. A., Carena, S., Cooke, M., Dolan, J., Fuis, G., Gath, E., Grant, L., Hauksson, E., Jordan, T., Kamerling, M., Legg, M., Lindvall, S., Magistrale, H., Nicholson, C., Niemi, N., Oskin, M., Perry, S., Planansky, G., Rockwell, T., Shearer, P., Sorlien, C., Suss, M. P., Suppe, J., Treiman, J., and Yeats, R.: Community Fault Model (CFM) for Southern California, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 97, 1793–1802, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050211, 2007.
Pomposo, G. and Pizzi, A.: Evidence of recent and active tectonics in the buried external sector of the Abruzzi central Appennines; [Evidenze di tettonica recente ed attiva nel settore esterno sepolto dell'Appennino centrale abruzzese], Rend. Online Soc. Geol. It., 5, 176–178, 2009.
Pondrelli, S., Salimbeni, S., Ekström, G., Morelli, A., Gasperini, P., and Vannucci, G.: The Italian CMT dataset from 1977 to the present, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 159, 286–303, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2006.07.008, 2006.
Puliti, I., Pizzi, A., Gori, S., Falcucci, E., Galadini, F., Moro, M., and Saroli, M.: Paleoseismological evidence of multiple, large-magnitude earthquake surface ruptures on the active Mt. Morrone normal fault, central Apennines, Italy, Solid Earth, 16, 275–296, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-275-2025, 2025.
Racano, S., Fubelli, G., Centamore, E., Bonasera, M., and Dramis, F.: Geomorphological detection of surface effects induced by active blind thrusts in the southern Abruzzi peri-Adriatic belt (Central Italy), Geogr. Fis. Din. Quat., 3–13, https://doi.org/10.4461/GFDQ.2020.43.1, 2020.
Ramalho, M., Matias, L., Neres, M., Carafa, M. M. C., Carvalho, A., and Teves-Costa, P.: A sanity check for earthquake recurrence models used in PSHA of slowly deforming regions: the case of SW Iberia, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 117–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-117-2022, 2022.
Rawlinson, N. and Sambridge, M.: Seismic wavefront tracking in 3D heterogeneous media: applications with multiple data classes, Explt. Geophys., 37, 322–330, https://doi.org/10.1071/EG06322, 2006.
Rawlinson, N. and Urvoy, M.: Simultaneous inversion of active and passive source datasets for 3-D seismic structure with application to Tasmania, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L24313, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028105, 2006.
Rawlinson, N. and Spakman, W.: On the use of sensitivity tests in seismic tomography, Geophys. J. Int., 205, 1221–1243, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw084, 2016.
Reasenberg, P. and Oppenheimer, D.: FPFIT, FPPLOT and FPPAGE: FORTRAN computer programs for calculating and displaying earthquake fault-plane solution, U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report, 85–739, https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0739/report.pdf (last access: 27 March 2026), 1985.
Romano, M. A., de Nardis, R., Lavecchia, G., Garbin, M., Peruzza, L., Priolo, E., Romanelli, M., and Ferrarini, F.: Preliminary analysis of the microearthquakes-faults association in the Sulmona basin (central Apennines, Italy), Rend. Online Soc. Geol. It., 29, 150–153, 2013a.
Romano, M. A., de Nardis, R., Garbin, M., Peruzza, L., Priolo, E., Lavecchia, G., and Romanelli, M.: Temporary seismic monitoring of the Sulmona area (Abruzzo, Italy): a quality study of microearthquake locations, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 2727–2744, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2727-2013, 2013b.
Rovida, A., Locati, M., Camassi, R., Lolli, B., and Gasperini, P.: The Italian earthquake catalogue CPTI15, B. Earthq. Eng., 18, 2953–2984, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00818-y, 2020.
Rovida, A., Locati, M., Camassi, R., Lolli, B., Gasperini, P., and Antonucci, A.: Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani (CPTI15), versione 4.0 (4.0), INGV [data set], https://doi.org/10.13127/CPTI/CPTI15.4, 2022.
Scafidi, D., Solarino, S., and Eva, C.: P wave seismic velocity and Vp Vs ratio beneath the Italian peninsula from local earthquake tomography, Tectonophysics, 465, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.07.013, 2009.
Schorlemmer, D., Mele, F., and Marzocchi, W.: A completeness analysis of the National Seismic Network of Italy, J. Geophys. Res., 115, B04308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006097, 2010.
Scognamiglio, L., Tinti, E., and Quintiliani, M.: Time Domain Moment Tensor (TDMT), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, https://doi.org/10.13127/tdmt, 2006.
Scrocca, D., Carminati, E., and Doglioni, C.: Deep structure of the southern Apennines, Italy: Thin-skinned or thick-skinned?, Tectonics, 24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004TC001634, 2005.
Sébrier, M., Siame, L., Zouine, E. M., Winter, T., Missenard, Y., and Leturmy, P.: Active tectonics in the Moroccan High Atlas, C. R. Geosci., 338, 65–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2005.12.001, 2006.
Speranza, F. and Chiappini, M.: Thick-skinned tectonics in the external Apennines, Italy: New evidence from magnetic anomaly analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 107, ETG 8-1–ETG 8-19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000027, 2002.
Steckler, M. S., Agostinetti, N. P., Wilson, C. K., Roselli, P., Seeber, L., Amato, A., and Lerner-Lam, A.: Crustal structure in the Southern Apennines from teleseismic receiver functions, Geol., 36, 155, https://doi.org/10.1130/G24065A.1, 2008.
Talone, D., De Siena, L., Lavecchia, G., and De Nardis, R.: The Attenuation and Scattering Signature of Fluid Reservoirs and Tectonic Interactions in the Central-Southern Apennines (Italy), Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL106074, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106074, 2023.
Taroni, M. and Carafa, M. M. C.: Earthquake size distributions are slightly different in compression vs extension, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 398, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01059-y, 2023.
Tibaldi, A., De Nardis, R., Torrese, P., Bressan, S., Pedicini, M., Talone, D., Bonali, F. L., Corti, N., Russo, E., and Lavecchia, G.: A multi-scale approach to the recent activity of the Stradella thrust in the seismotectonic context of the Emilia Arc (northwestern Italy), Tectonophysics, 857, 229853, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229853, 2023.
Tozer, R. S. J., Butler, R. W. H., and Corrado, S.: Comparing thin- and thick-skinned thrust tectonic models of the Central Apennines, Italy, Stephan Mueller Spec. Publ. Ser., 1, 181–194, https://doi.org/10.5194/smsps-1-181-2002, 2002.
Trionfera, B., Frepoli, A., De Luca, G., De Gori, P., and Doglioni, C.: The 2013–2018 Matese and Beneventano Seismic Sequences (Central–Southern Apennines): New Constraints on the Hypocentral Depth Determination, Geosciences, 10, 17, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10010017, 2019.
Trippetta, F., Durante, D., Lipparini, L., Romi, A., and Brandano, M.: Carbonate-ramp reservoirs modelling best solutions: Insights from a dense shallow well database in Central Italy, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 126, 104931, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.104931, 2021.
Turrini, C., Lacombe, O., and Roure, F.: Present-day 3D structural model of the Po Valley basin, Northern Italy, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 56, 266–289, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.02.006, 2014.
Van Der Wal, J. L. N., Nottebaum, V. C., Stauch, G., Binnie, S. A., Batkhishig, O., Lehmkuhl, F., and Reicherter, K.: Geomorphological Evidence of Active Faulting in Low Seismicity Regions – Examples From the Valley of Gobi Lakes, Southern Mongolia, Front. Earth Sci., 8, 589814, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.589814, 2021.
Vannoli, P., Burrato, P., and Valensise, G.: The Seismotectonics of the Po Plain (Northern Italy): Tectonic Diversity in a Blind Faulting Domain, Pure Appl. Geophys., 172, 1105–1142, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0873-0, 2015.
Vezzani, L., Festa, A., and Ghisetti, F. C.: Geology and Tectonic Evolution of the Central-Southern Apennines, Italy, Geol. Soc. Am., 469, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE469, 2010.
Visini, F., De Nardis, R., Barbano, M. S., and Lavecchia, G.: Testing the seismogenic sources of the January 11th 1693 Sicilian earthquake (Io X/XI): insights from macroseismic field simulations, Ital. J. Geosci., 128, 147–156, 2009.
Visini, F., De Nardis, R., and Lavecchia, G.: Rates of active compressional deformation in central Italy and Sicily: evaluation of the seismic budget, Int. J. Earth Sci. (Geol. Rundsch), 99, 243–264, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-009-0473-x, 2010.
Volatili, T., Gironelli, V., Luzi, L., Galli, P., Carafa, M. M. C., and Tondi, E.: Elusive seismogenic sources of historical earthquakes: insights from the MW 6.8, 1706 Maiella earthquake (central Italy), B. Earthq. Eng., 23, 1279–1296, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-025-02110-3, 2025.
Wessel, P. and Smith, W. H. F.: New, improved version of generic mapping tools released, Eos Trans. AGU, 79, 579–579, https://doi.org/10.1029/98EO00426, 1998.
Wortel, M. J. R. and Spakman, W.: Subduction and Slab Detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian Region, Science, 290, 1910–1917, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5498.1910, 2000.
Yeck, W. L., Hatem, A. E., Goldberg, D. E., Barnhart, W. D., Jobe, J. A. T., Shelly, D. R., Villaseñor, A., Benz, H. M., and Earle, P. S.: Rapid Source Characterization of the 2023 MW 6.8 Al Haouz, Morocco, Earthquake, The Seismic Record, 3, 357–366, https://doi.org/10.1785/0320230040, 2023.
Zhang, Y., Feng, W., Xu, L., Zhou, C., and Chen, Y.: Spatio-temporal rupture process of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake, Sci. China Ser. D, 52, 145–154, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-008-0148-7, 2009.
Zhao, L., Paul, A., Malusà, M. G., Xu, X., Zheng, T., Solarino, S., Guillot, S., Schwartz, S., Dumont, T., Salimbeni, S., Aubert, C., Pondrelli, S., Wang, Q., and Zhu, R.: Continuity of the Alpine slab unraveled by high-resolution P wave tomography: Continuity of the Alpine Slab, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Earth, 121, 8720–8737, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013310, 2016.
Short summary
The Outer Thrust System (OTS) in coastal Abruzzi (Italy) remains debated in terms of its geometry, seismic activity, and deformation style. This study presents a new seismic tomography of the Abruzzi Arc basal thrust, revealing mid-crustal doubling at depths of 14–24 km. The conceptual 3D model highlights deep compressive tectonics influencing the crustal structure. If the thrust is seismogenic, it could have significant implications for regional geodynamics and seismic hazard assessment.
The Outer Thrust System (OTS) in coastal Abruzzi (Italy) remains debated in terms of its...