Articles | Volume 2, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-283-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-283-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Dec 2011
Research article |
| 13 Dec 2011
Erosion rates deduced from seasonal mass balance along the upper Urumqi River in Tianshan
Y. Liu
Institut de physique du globe de Paris – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, UMR 7154, 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
Key Laboratory of Water Environment and Resource, Tianjin Normal University, 393 Binshui west road, Tianjin 300387, China
F. Métivier
Institut de physique du globe de Paris – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, UMR 7154, 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
J. Gaillardet
Institut de physique du globe de Paris – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, UMR 7154, 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
B. Ye
The States Key laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering and Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences 260 Donggang west road, Lanzhou, China
P. Meunier
Département de Géologie, UMR8538, CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
C. Narteau
Institut de physique du globe de Paris – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, UMR 7154, 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
E. Lajeunesse
Institut de physique du globe de Paris – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, UMR 7154, 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
T. Han
The States Key laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering and Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences 260 Donggang west road, Lanzhou, China
L. Malverti
Institut de physique du globe de Paris – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, UMR 7154, 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
Related subject area
Geomorphology
Effect of structural setting of source volume on rock avalanche mobility and deposit morphology
The Münsterdorf sinkhole cluster: Void origin and mechanical failure
Deep oceanic submarine fieldwork with undergraduate students: an immersive experience with the Minerve software
Determining the Plio-Quaternary uplift of the southern French Massif Central; a new insight for intraplate orogen dynamics
Spatio-temporal dynamics of sediment transfer systems in landslide-prone Alpine catchments
Sinkholes and uvalas in evaporite karst: spatio-temporal development with links to base-level fall on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea
Distinct element geomechanical modelling of the formation of sinkhole clusters within large-scale karstic depressions
A semi-automated algorithm to quantify scarp morphology (SPARTA): application to normal faults in southern Malawi
Combined effects of grain size, flow volume and channel width on geophysical flow mobility: three-dimensional discrete element modeling of dry and dense flows of angular rock fragments
Stepwise drying of Lake Turkana at the end of the African Humid Period: a forced regression modulated by solar activity variations?
A geological model for the management of subsurface data in the urban environment of Barcelona and surrounding area
The impact of standard preparation practice on the runoff and soil erosion rates under laboratory conditions
sUAS and their application in observing geomorphological processes
Assessment of combating-desertification strategies using the linear assignment method
Delineating small karst watersheds based on digital elevation model and eco-hydrogeological principles
Rainfall and human activity impacts on soil losses and rill erosion in vineyards (Ruwer Valley, Germany)
Relative tectonic activity classification in the Kermanshah area, western Iran
Degradation of buried ice and permafrost in the Veleta cirque (Sierra Nevada, Spain) from 2006 to 2013 as a response to recent climate trends
Sedimentological characteristics of ice-wedge polygon terrain in Adventdalen (Svalbard) – environmental and climatic implications for the late Holocene
Maskevarri Ráhppát in Finnmark, northern Norway – is it an earthquake-induced landform complex?
The role of karst in engineering and environmental geosciences
Optical method for measuring bed topography and flow depth in an experimental flume
Zhao Duan, Yan-Bin Wu, Qing Zhang, Zhen-Yan Li, Lin Yuan, Kai Wang, and Yang Liu
Solid Earth, 13, 1631–1647, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the mobility and sedimentary characteristics of rock avalanches influenced by initial discontinuity sets with experimental methods. In the experiments, we set different initial configurations of blocks. The results revealed that the mobility and surface structures of the mass flows differed significantly. In the mass deposits, the block orientations were affected by their initial configurations and the motion processes of the mass flows.
Georg Kaufmann, Douchko Romanov, Ulrike Werban, and Thomas Vienken
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-668, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-668, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss collapse sinkholes occuring since 2004 on the sports field of Münsterdorf, a village north of Hamburg. The sinkholes, 2–5 m in size and about 3–5 m deep, develop in peri-glacial sand, with a likely origin in the cretaceous chalk, present in about 20 m depth. The area has been analyzed with geophysical and direct-push based methods, from which material properties of the subsurface have been derived. The properties have been used for mechanical models, predicting the subsidence.
Marianne Métois, Jean-Emmanuel Martelat, Jérémy Billant, Muriel Andreani, Javier Escartín, Frédérique Leclerc, and the ICAP team
Solid Earth, 12, 2789–2802, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2789-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2789-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use the Minerve virtual reality software to bring undergraduate students to an unusual field trip at 1200 m below sea level in the Lesser Antilles area. This region is located above an active subduction zone responsible for intense volcanic and seismic activity. In particular, we focus on the Roseau submarine fault that ruptured during the Mw 6.3 Les Saintes earthquake and presented a fresh scarp that the students can analyze and map in VR. They compile their results in a GIS project.
Oswald Malcles, Philippe Vernant, Jean Chéry, Pierre Camps, Gaël Cazes, Jean-François Ritz, and David Fink
Solid Earth, 11, 241–258, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-241-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-241-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We aim to better understand the challenging areas that are the intraplate regions using one example: the southern French Massif Central and its numerous hundreds of meters deep valleys. We apply a multidisciplinary approach there using geomorphology, geochronology, and numerical modeling.
Our dating results show that the canyon incisions are part of the Plio-Quaternary evolution with incision rate of ~ 80 m Ma−1. We propose then that this incision is possible due to an active regional uplift.
François Clapuyt, Veerle Vanacker, Marcus Christl, Kristof Van Oost, and Fritz Schlunegger
Solid Earth, 10, 1489–1503, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1489-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1489-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using state-of-the-art geomorphic techniques, we quantified a 2-order of magnitude discrepancy between annual, decadal, and millennial sediment fluxes of a landslide-affected mountainous river catchment in the Swiss Alps. Our results illustrate that the impact of a single sediment pulse is strongly attenuated at larger spatial and temporal scales by sediment transport. The accumulation of multiple sediment pulses has rather a measurable impact on the regional pattern of sediment fluxes.
Robert A. Watson, Eoghan P. Holohan, Djamil Al-Halbouni, Leila Saberi, Ali Sawarieh, Damien Closson, Hussam Alrshdan, Najib Abou Karaki, Christian Siebert, Thomas R. Walter, and Torsten Dahm
Solid Earth, 10, 1451–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1451-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1451-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The fall of the Dead Sea level since the 1960s has provoked the formation of over 6000 sinkholes, a major hazard to local economy and infrastructure. In this context, we study the evolution of subsidence phenomena at three area scales at the Dead Sea’s eastern shore from 1967–2017. Our results yield the most detailed insights to date into the spatio-temporal development of sinkholes and larger depressions (uvalas) in an evaporite karst setting and emphasize a link to the falling Dead Sea level.
Djamil Al-Halbouni, Eoghan P. Holohan, Abbas Taheri, Robert A. Watson, Ulrich Polom, Martin P. J. Schöpfer, Sacha Emam, and Torsten Dahm
Solid Earth, 10, 1219–1241, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1219-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1219-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A 2-D numerical modelling approach to simulate the mechanical formation of sinkhole cluster inside large-scale karstic depressions is presented. Different multiple cavity growth scenarios at depth are compared regarding the mechanical process and collapse style. The outcomes of the models are compared to results from remote sensing and geophysics for an active sinkhole area in the Dead Sea region.
Michael Hodge, Juliet Biggs, Åke Fagereng, Austin Elliott, Hassan Mdala, and Felix Mphepo
Solid Earth, 10, 27–57, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-27-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-27-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This work attempts to create a semi-automated algorithm (called SPARTA) to calculate height, width and slope of surface breaks produced by earthquakes on faults. We developed the Python algorithm using synthetic catalogues, which can include noise features such as vegetation, hills and ditches, which mimic natural environments. We then apply the algorithm to four fault scarps in southern Malawi, at the southern end of the East African Rift system, to understand their earthquake potential.
Bruno Cagnoli and Antonio Piersanti
Solid Earth, 8, 177–188, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-177-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-177-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The purpose of our research is to understand the mechanisms that determine the mobility of granular flows of rock fragments. Since rock avalanches and pyroclastic flows are too dangerous to be studied at close range, we use numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. We focus on the fundamentals upon which new numerical models will be built to predict the behaviors of natural flows. These fundamentals include the effects of grain size, flow volume and channel width.
Alexis Nutz and Mathieu Schuster
Solid Earth, 7, 1609–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1609-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1609-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
From the geomorphology of a palaeodelta complex of Lake Turkana (Kenya), we explore the end of the Holocene African Humid Period (AHP) that corresponded to a major change in climate of Africa and that had important environmental impacts. Here, we propose that the transition from a wet to a dry period at the end of the AHP is stepwise, discussing a potential control by short-term variations in solar activity. Understanding this climate event is crucial to facing future climate changes.
Enric Vázquez-Suñé, Miguel Ángel Marazuela, Violeta Velasco, Marc Diviu, Andrés Pérez-Estaún, and Joaquina Álvarez-Marrón
Solid Earth, 7, 1317–1329, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1317-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1317-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the need for a symbiotic relationship between government and research groups for efficient management of geologic data in urban environments. Through its implementation, both the city administration and private companies benefit from the feedback of geologic knowledge acquired during this process, thereby substantially reducing the cost of construction projects and facilitating the development of aquifer management plans.
Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan, Vafa Homayounfar, and Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi
Solid Earth, 7, 1293–1302, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1293-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1293-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Different stages of soil removal, transfer, preparation and placement in laboratory plots cause significant changes in soil structure and, subsequently, the results of runoff, sediment concentration and soil loss. The increasing rates of runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss due to the study soil preparation method for laboratory soil erosion plots were 179, 183 and 1050 % (2.79, 2.83 and 11.50 times), respectively.
Jozef Gallik and Lenka Bolešová
Solid Earth, 7, 1033–1042, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1033-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1033-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Technology is moving ahead very fast, and so researchers have new possibilities for their research. We tried to demonstrate benefits of using remote-sensing technology (Phantom 1 drone) such as its accuracy in the terrain, easy access to hardly accessible areas, and the possibility to collect data even during unfavourable weather conditions. The high mountainous environment provided us great conditions for testing the drone as a device for very easy and accurate mapping of natural phenomena.
Mohammad Hassan Sadeghravesh, Hassan Khosravi, and Soudeh Ghasemian
Solid Earth, 7, 673–683, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-673-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-673-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Select appropriate strategies according to all effective criteria in combating desertification process can be so useful in controlling and rehabilitation of degraded lands, and avoid degradation in vulnerable fields. This study provides systematic and optimal strategies of combating desertification by group decision-making model. To this end, in the framework of Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) and by using Delphi model (Delphi), the preferences of indexes were obtained.
Guang Jie Luo, Shi Jie Wang, Xiao Yong Bai, Xiu Ming Liu, and An Yun Cheng
Solid Earth, 7, 457–468, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-457-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-457-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
For accurately reflecting the eco-hydrological process of the dual structure of the surface and subsurface, we propose a new method for the extraction of small watersheds in karst regions. In this study, we think that the minimum karst watershed has an exit at the corrosion–erosion datum, and the further karst sub-watershed division may cause an eco-hydrological fault. The watersheds delineated by our method accurately reflect the hydrological process in the Sancha River.
J. Rodrigo Comino, C. Brings, T. Lassu, T. Iserloh, J. M. Senciales, J. F. Martínez Murillo, J. D. Ruiz Sinoga, M. Seeger, and J. B. Ries
Solid Earth, 6, 823–837, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-823-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-823-2015, 2015
M. Arian and Z. Aram
Solid Earth, 5, 1277–1291, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1277-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1277-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
The Kermanshah area in the High Zagros, Iran (the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates) has been affected by four classes of tectonic variation. These regions were identified as very high, high, moderate and low relative tectonic activity by calculation and analysis of six geomorphic indices.
A. Gómez-Ortiz, M. Oliva, F. Salvador-Franch, M. Salvà-Catarineu, D. Palacios, J. J. de Sanjosé-Blasco, L. M. Tanarro-García, J. Galindo-Zaldívar, and C. Sanz de Galdeano
Solid Earth, 5, 979–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-979-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-979-2014, 2014
M. Oliva, G. Vieira, P. Pina, P. Pereira, M. Neves, and M. C. Freitas
Solid Earth, 5, 901–914, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-901-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-901-2014, 2014
R. Sutinen, I. Aro, P. Närhi, M. Piekkari, and M. Middleton
Solid Earth, 5, 683–691, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-683-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-683-2014, 2014
H. C. Ho
Solid Earth, 2, 155–158, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-155-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-155-2011, 2011
A. Limare, M. Tal, M. D. Reitz, E. Lajeunesse, and F. Métivier
Solid Earth, 2, 143–154, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-143-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-143-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Aizen, V., Aizen, E., Melack, J., and Dozier, J.: Climatic and hydrologic changes in the Tien Shan, central Asia, J. Climate, 10, 1393–1404, 1997.
Anderson, S., Longacre, S., and Kraal, E.: Patterns of water chemistry and discharge in the glacier-fed Kennicott River, Alaska: evidence for subglacial water storage cycles, Chem. Geol., 202, 297–312, 2003.
Ashworth, P. J., Freguson, R. I., Ashmore, P. E., Paola, C., Powell, D. M., and Prestegaard, K. L.: Measurements in a braided river chute and lobe 2. Sorting of bed load during entrainment, transport and deposition, Water Resour. Res., 28, 1887–1896, 1992.
Avouac, J. P. and Tapponnier, P.: Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 895–898, 1993.
Avouac, J. P. and Burov, E. B.: Erosion as a driving mechanism of intracontinental mountain growth, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 17747–17769, 1996.
Avouac, J. P., Tapponnier, P., Bai, M., You, H., and Wang, G.: Active thrusting and folding along the northern Tien Shan and late Cenozoic rotation of the Tarim relative to Dzungaria and Kazakhstan, J. Geophys. Res., 98B4, 6655–6804, 1993.
Bennis, S.: Hydraulique et Hydrologie, Presses de l{'}universit{é} du Qu{é}bec, 2007.
Berner, E. and Berner, R.: Global environment: Water, air and geochemical cycles, Prentice Hal, 1996.
Bhutiyani, M.: Sediment load characteristics of a proglacial stream of Siachen Glacier and the erosion rate in Nubra valley in the Karakoram Himalayas, India, J. Hydrol., 227, 84–92, 2000.
Blum, J., Gazis, C., Jacobson, A., and Page Chamberlain, C.: Carbonate versus silicate weathering in the Raikhot watershed within the High Himalayan Crystalline Series, Geology, 26, 411–414, 1998.
Bunte, K. and Abt, S.: Effect of sampling time on measured gravel bed load transport rates in a coarse-bedded stream, Water Resour. Res., 41, W11405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003880, 2005.
Bunte, K., Abt, S., Potyondy, J., and Swingle, K.: A comparison of coarse bedload transport measured with bedload traps and Helley-Smith samplers, Geodin. Acta, 21, 53–66, 2008.
Caine, N.: Spatial patterns of geochemical denudation in a Colorado alpine environment, Periglacial Geomorphology, edited by J. C. Dixon and A. B. Abrahams, Wiley, Chichester, 63–88, 1992.
Calmels, D., Gaillardet, J., Brenot, A., and France-Lanord, C.: Sustained sulfide oxidation by physical erosion processes in the Mackenzie River basin: Climatic perspectives, Geology, 35, 1003–1006, https://doi.org/10.1130/G24132A.1, 2007.
Calmels, D., Galy, A., Hovius, N., Bickle, M., West, A. J., Chen, M.-C., and Chapman, H.: Contribution of deep groundwater to the weathering budget in a rapidly eroding mountain belt, Taiwan, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 303, 48–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.12.032, 2011.
Charreau, J., Gumiaux, C., Avouac, J., Augier, R., Chen, Y., Barrier, L., and Gilder, S.: The Neogene Xiyu Formation, a diachronous prograding gravel wedge at front of the Tianshan: Climatic and tectonic implications, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 287, 298–310, 2009.
Charreau, J., Blard, P., Puchol, N., Avouac, J., Lallier-Verg{è}s, E., Bourl{è}s, D., Braucher, R., and Gallaud, A.: Paleo-erosion rates in Central Asia since 9 Ma: A transient increase at the onset of Quaternary glaciations?, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,304, 85–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.01.018, available at:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X11000422, 2011.
Church, M. and Slaymaker, O.: Disiquilibrium of Holocene sediment yield in glaciated British Columbia, Nature, 337, 452–454, 1989.
Dadson, S. J., Hovius, N., Chen, H., Dade, W. B., Hsieh, M. L., Willett, S. D., Hu, J. C., Horng, M. J., Chen, M. C., Stark, C. P., Lague, D., and Lin, J. C.: Links between erosion, runoff variability and seismicity in the Taiwan orogen, Nature, 426, 648–651, 2003.
Devauchelle, O., M{é}tivier, F., Lajeunesse, E., Gaillardet, J., Liu, Y., and Ye, B.: Dissolution in a porous medium: effect on the concentration – discharge relationships, in: River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics 2011, IAHR, 2011.
Dietrich, W. E., Bellugi, D. G., Sklar, L. S., Stock, J. D., Heimsath, A., and Roering, J.: geomorphic transport law for predicting landscape form and dynamics, in: Prediction in Geomorphology, 135, 1–30, 2003.
Diplas, P., Kuhnle, R., Gray, J., Glysson, D., and Edwards, T.: Sediment transport measurements, in: Sedimentation engineering: processes, management, modeling, and practice, edited by: Garcia, M. H., 110(5), 307–353, ASCE, 2008.
Foster, D., Gleadow, A., and Mortimer, G.: Rapid Pliocene exhumation in the Karakoram (Pakistan), revealed by fission-track thermochronology of the K2 gneiss, Geology, 22, 19, 1994.
Gabet, E., Burbank, D., Pratt-Sitaula, B., Putkonen, J., and Bookhagen, B.: Modern erosion rates in the High Himalayas of Nepal, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 267, 482–494, 2008.
Galy, A. and France-Lanord, C.: Higher erosion rates in the Himalaya: Geochemical constraints on riverine fluxes, Geology, 29, 23-26, 2001.
Godsey, S., Kirchner, J., and Clow, D.: Concentration–discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments, Hydrol. Process., 23, 1844–1864, 2009.
Goudie, A.: The changing earth, Blackwell, 1995.
Habersack, H., Seitz, H., and Laronne, J. B.: Spatio-temporal variability of bedload transport rates, Gedinamica acta, 21, 67–78, 2008.
Han, T., Ding, Y., Ye, B., Liu, S., and Jiao, K.: Mass-balance characteristics of Urumqi glacier No. 1, Tien Shan, China, Ann. Glaciol., 43, 323–328, 2006.
Howard, A. D., Dietrich, W. E., and Seidl, M. A.: Modeling fluvial erosion on regional to continental scales, JGR, 99, 13971–13986, 1994.
Hubbell, D. W.: Bed load sampling and analysis, in: Sediment transport in gravel bed rivers, edited by: Thorne, C. R., Bathurst, J. C., and Hey, R. D., 89–106, Jonh Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, 1987.
Jacobson, A. and Blum, J.: Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr geochemistry of disseminated calcite in Himalayan silicate rocks from Nanga Parbat: Influence on river-water chemistry, Geology, 28, 463–466, 2000.
Kuhnle, R.: Bed Load transport during rising and falling stages on two small streams, Earth. Surf. Process. Landforms, 17, 191–197, 1992.
Lague, D., Crave, A., and Davy, P.: Laboratory experiments simulating the geomorphic response to tectonic uplift, J. Geophys. Res., 108(B1), 2008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001785, 2003.
Lee, X., Qin, D., Hou, S., Ren, J., Duan, K., and ZHou, H.: Changes in chemical and isotopic properties near infiltrated cracks in an ice core from Urumqi glacier No. 1, Tien Shan, China, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 162–166, 2002.
Lenzi, M., Mao, L., and Comiti, F.: Interannual variation of suspended sediment load and sediment yield in an alpine catchment, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 48, 899–916, 2003.
Li, Z., Edwards, R., Mosley-Thompson, E., Wang, F., Dong, Z., You, X., Li, H., Li, C., and Zhu, Y.: Seasonal variability of ionic concentrations in surface snow and elution processes in snowfirn packs at the PGPI site on Urumqi glacier No. 1, eastern Tien Shan, China, Ann. Glaciol., 43, 250–256, 2006.
Li, Z., Wang, W., Zhang, M., Wang, F., and Li, H.: Observed changes in streamflow at the headwaters of the Urumqi River, eastern Tianshan, central Asia, Hydrol. Process., 24, 217–224, 2010.
Liu, F., Williams, M., and Yang, D.: Snow and water chemistry of a headwater alpine basin, Urumqi River, Tian Shan, PR China, in: Biogeochemistry of seasonally snow covered catchments, edited by: Williams, M. and Tranter, M., IAHS-AIHS Publ. 228, 1995.
Liu, Y., M{é}tivier, F., Lajeunesse, E., Lancien, P., Narteau, C., and Meunier, P.: Measuring bed load in gravel bed mountain rivers : averaging methods and sampling strategies, Geodynamica Acta, 21, 81–92, 2008.
Liu, Y., M{é}tivier, F., Ye, B., Narteau, C., Han, T., and Meunier, P.: Relationship between Streambed Evolution and Runoff in Gravel-bed Streams, Urumqi River, in: 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Engineering (ICISE2010), 2010.
M{é}tivier, F. and Barrier, L.: Alluvial landscape evolution: what do we know about metamorphosis of gravel bed meandering and braided streams, in: Gravel-bed Rivers: processes, tools, environments., edited by Church, M., Biron, P., and Roy, A., 34, 474–501, Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2012.
M{é}tivier, F. and Gaudemer, Y.: Mass transfer between eastern Tien Shan and adjacent basins (central Asia): Constraints on regional tectonics and topography, Geophys. J. Int., 128, 1–17, 1997.
M{é}tivier, F. and Gaudemer, Y.: Stability of output fluxes of large rivers in South and East Asia during the last 2 million years: implications on floodplain processes, Basin Res., 11, 293–303, 1999.
M{é}tivier, F., Meunier, P., Moreira, M., Crave, A., Chaduteau, C., Ye, B., and Liu, G.: Transport dynamics and morphology of a high mountain stream during the peak flow season: the {Ü}r{ü}mqi river (Chinese Tian-Shan), in: Second international conference on fluvial hydraulics – River flow 2004, 2004.
Meunier, P., M{é}tivier, F., Lajeunesse, E., Meriaux, A. S., and Faure, J.: Flow pattern and sediment transport in a braided river: The torrent de St Pierre (French Alps), J. Hydrol., 330, 496–505, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.009, available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.009, 2006a.
Meunier, P., Metivier, F., Lajeunesse, E., Meriaux, A. S., and Faure, J.: Flow pattern and sediment transport in a braided river: The "torrent de St Pierre" (French Alps), J. Hydrol., 330, 496–505, 2006b.
Millot, R., Gaillardet, J., Dupr{é}, B., and All{è}gre, C.: The global control of silicate weathering rates and the coupling with physical erosion: new insights from rivers of the Canadian Shield, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 196, 83–98, 2002.
Molnar, P., Thorson Brown, E., Burchfiel, B. C., Deng, Q., Feng, X., Li, J., Raisbeck, M., Shi, J., Wu, Z., Yiou, F., and You, H.: Quaternary climate change and the formation of river terraces accross growing anticlines on the north flank of the Tien Shan area, J. of Geology, 102, 583–602, 1994.
Mueller, E. R. and Pitlick, J.: Morphologically based model of bed load transport capacity in a headwater stream, J. Geophys. Res., 110, F02016 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JF000117, 2005.
Negrel, P., Allegre, C., Dupre, B., and Lewin, E.: Erosion sources determined by inversion of major and trace element ratios and strontium isotopic ratios in river water: The Congo Basin case, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 120, 59–76, 1993.
NIST/SEMATECH: e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/, 2009.
Oliva, P., Viers, J., Dupr{é}, B., Fortun{é}, J. P., Martin, F., Braun, J. J., Nahon, D., and Robain, H.: The effect of organic matter on chemical weathering: study of a small tropical watershed: nsimi-zo{é}t{é}l{é} site, cameroon, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 63, 4013–4035, https://doi.org/{10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00306-3}, available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703799003063, 1999.
Paola, C., Heller, P. L., and Angevine, C. L.: The large-scale dynamics of grain-size variation in alluvial basins, 1: Theory, Basin Res., 4, 73–90, 1992.
Pelpola, C. and Hickin, E.: Long-term bed load transport rate based on aerial-photo and ground penetrating radar surveys of fan-delta growth, Coast Mountains, British Columbia, Geomorphology, 57, 169–181, 2004.
Pitlick, J., Segura, C., and Mueller, E. R.: Influence of sediment transport intensity and hydrology on the bankfull hydraulic geometry of gravel bed rivers, EOS Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 2010.
Poisson, B. and Avouac, J. P.: Holocene hydrological changes inferred from alluvial stream entrenchment in North Tian Shan (Nortwestern China), J. Geol., 112, 231–249, 2004.
Pratt-Sitaula, B., Garde, M., Burbank, D., Oskin, M., Heimsath, A., and Gabet, E.: Bedload-to-suspended load ratio and rapid bedrock incision from Himalayan landslide-dam lake record, Quaternary Res., 68, 111–120, 2007.
Prestrud Anderson, S., Drever, J., and Humphrey, N.: Chemical weathering in glacial environments, Geology, 25, 399–402, 1997.
Riebe, C., Kirchner, J., Granger, D., and Finkel, R.: Strong tectonic and weak climatic control of long-term chemical weathering rates, Geology, 29, 511, 2001.
Ryan, S. E. and Porth, L. S.: A field comparison of three pressure-difference bedload sampler, Geomorphology, 30, 307–322, 1999.
Sanders, L.: A manual of field hydrogeology, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 113 Sylvan Ave. Englewood Cliffs NJ 07632 USA, 381, 1998 pp., 1998.
Schiefer, E., Hassan, M., Menounos, B., Pelpola, C., and Slaymaker, O.: Interdecadal patterns of total sediment yield from a montane catchment, southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia, Canada, Geomorphology, 118, 207–212, 2010.
Sharp, M., Tranter, M., Brown, G. H., and Skidmore, M.: Rates of chemical denudation and CO2 drawdown in a glacier-covered alpine catchment, Geology, 23, 61–64, 1995.
Smith, D.: Long-term rates of contemporary solifluction in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, Periglacial Geomorphology, edited by: J. C. Dixon and Abrahams, A. B., Wiley, Chichester, 203–221, 1992.
Thomas, R. and Lewis, J.: A new model for bed load sampler calibration to replace the probability-matching method, Water Resour. Res., 29, 583–597, 1993.
Turowski, J. M., Rickenmann, D., and Dadson, S. J.: The partitioning of the total sediment load of a river into suspended load and bedload: a review of empirical data, Sedimentology, 57, 1126–1146, 2010.
Vericat, D., Church, M., and Batalla, R.: Bed load bias: Comparison of measurements obtained using two (76 and 152) helley-Smith samplers in a gravel bed river, Water Resour. Res., 42, W01402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004025, available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005WR004025, 2006.
Wang, Q., Zhang, P. Z., Freymueller, J. T., Bilham, R., Larson, K. M., Lai, X., You, X., Niu, Z., Wu, J., Li, Y., Liu, J., Yang, Z., and Chen, Q.: Present-day Crustal Deformation in China Constrained by Global Positioning System Measurements, Science, 294, 574–577, 2001.
West, A., Bickle, M., Collins, R., and Brasington, J.: Small-catchment perspective on Himalayan weathering fluxes, Geology, 30, 355–358, 2002.
West, A. J., Galy, A., and Bickle, M.: Tectonic and climatic controls on silicate weathering, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 235, 211–228, https://doi.org/{10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.020}, available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X05002116, 2005.
Whipple, K.: The influence of climate on the tectonic evolution of mountain belts, Nat. Geosci., 2, 97–104, 2009.
Williams, M. W., Yang, D., Liu, F., Turk, J., and M., M. J.: Controls on the major ion chemistry of the \" Ur\" umqi River, Tian Shan, People{'}s Republic of China., J. Hydrol., 172, 209–229, 1995.
Wittmann, H., von Blanckenburg, F., Kruesmann, T., Norton, K., and Kubik, P.: Relation between rock uplift and denudation from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment in the Central Alps of Switzerland, J. Geophys. Res., 112, 2007.
Wulf, H., Bookhagen, B., and Scherler, D.: Seasonal precipitation gradients and their impact on fluvial sediment flux in the Northwest Himalaya, Geomorphology, 118, 13–21, 2010.
Yang, S., Jie, L., and Wang, Q.: The deformation pattern and fault rate in the Tianshan Mountains inferred from GPS observations, Science in China series D: Earth Sci., 51, 1064–1080, 2008.
Ye, B., Ding, Y., Liu, F., and Liu, C.: Responses of various-sized alpine glaciers and runoff to climatic change, J. Glaciol., 49, 1–7, 2003.
Ye, B., Yang, D., Jiao, K., Han, T., Jin, Z., Yang, H., and Li, Z.: The Urumqi River source glacier No. 1, Tianshan, China: changes over the past 45 years, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L21504, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024178, 2005.
Yi, C., Jiao, K., Liu, K., He, Y., and Ye, Y.: ESR dating of the sediments of the Last Glaciation at the source area of the Urumqi River, Tian Shan Mountains, China, Quatern. Int., 97, 141–146, 2002.
Zeitler, P.: Cooling history of the NW Himalaya, Pakistan, Tectonics, 4, 127–151, 1985.
Zhang, W., Chen, J., Ogawa, K., and Yamaguchi, Y.: An approach to estimating evapotranspiration in the Urumqi River basin, Tianshan, China, by means of remote sensing and a geographical information system technique, Hydrol. Processes, 19, 1839–1854, 2005.
Zhao, Z., Tian, L., Fischer, E., Li, Z., and Jiao, K.: Study of chemical composition of precipitation at an alpine site and a rural site in the Urumqi River Valley, Eastern Tien Shan, China, Atmos. Environ., 42, 8934–8942, 2008.
