AIST, Geological Survey of Japan, Research Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Central 7, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
Naoto Hirano
Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
Center for Northeast Asian Studies, Tohoku University, 41 Kawauchi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8576, Japan
Shiki Machida
Ocean Resources Research Center for Next Generation, Chiba Institution of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, 275-0016, Japan
Hirochika Sumino
Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
Norikatsu Akizawa
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8564, Japan
Akihiro Tamura
Earth Science Course, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
Tomoaki Morishita
Earth Science Course, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
Yasuhiro Kato
Ocean Resources Research Center for Next Generation, Chiba Institution of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, 275-0016, Japan
Department of Systems Innovation, School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
Submarine Resources Research Center, Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization, Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan
Publisher's note: the paper published on 8 February 2024 received a first corrigendum on 13 May 2024. This corrigendum was updated with further corrections and the supplement was exchanged on 2 April 2025.
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Plate tectonics theory is the motion of rocky plates (lithosphere) over ductile zones (asthenosphere). The causes of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) are controversial; however, petit-spot volcanism supports the presence of melt at the LAB. We conducted geochemistry, geochronology, and geochemical modeling of petit-spot volcanoes on the western Pacific Plate, and the results suggested that carbonatite melt and recycled oceanic crust induced the partial melting at the LAB.
Plate tectonics theory is the motion of rocky plates (lithosphere) over ductile zones...
