Articles | Volume 17, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-17-1117-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-17-1117-2026
Research article
 | 
14 Oct 2026
Research article |  | 14 Oct 2026

Geothermal implications of the lithosphere's thermal structure in northern Pakistan

Muhammad Anees, David Hindle, Ernesto Meneses Rioseco, Jonas Kley, Bernd Leiss, Mumtaz Muhammad Shah, and Javed Akhter Qureshi

Model code and software

davidhindle/transient-heatflow-moving-grid: version 1.0.0 - Solid Earth code archive (Version v1.0.0) David Hindle https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23160464

davidhindle/steady-nl-heat: steady-nl-heat (Version steady-nl-heat) David Hindle https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7875951

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Short summary
Northern Pakistan has many hot springs, but the lack of direct measurements leaves the temperatures deep beneath these mountains poorly constrained. Using computer models, we show that heat from naturally radioactive rocks and the upward movement of hot crust can produce unusually high underground temperatures, especially beneath steep valleys. Our results identify deep valleys in the Nanga Parbat and Karakoram regions as promising areas for future geothermal exploration.
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