Articles | Volume 17, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-17-1117-2026
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-17-1117-2026
Research article
 | 
14 Oct 2026
Research article |  | 14 Oct 2026

Geothermal implications of the lithosphere's thermal structure in northern Pakistan

Muhammad Anees, David Hindle, Ernesto Meneses Rioseco, Jonas Kley, Bernd Leiss, Mumtaz Muhammad Shah, and Javed Akhter Qureshi

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Cited articles

Abdulagatova, Z. Z., Kallaev, S. N., Omarov, Z. M., Bakmaev, A. G., Grigor'ev, B. A., and Abdulagatov, I. M.: Temperature effect on thermal-diffusivity and heat-capacity and derived values of thermal-conductivity of reservoir rock materials, Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources, 6, 8, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-019-00131-2, 2020. 
Acton, C. E., Priestley, K., Gaur, V. K., and Rai, S. S.: Group velocity tomography of the Indo-Eurasian collision zone, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 115, 2009JB007021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB007021, 2010. 
Ai, Y., Zhang, J., Dong, M., Wang, B., and Fang, G.: Heat generation effects from shear friction along Xianshui river strike-slip fault in western Sichuan, China, Geothermics, 89, 101936, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101936, 2021. 
Alessio, K. L., Hand, M., Kelsey, D. E., Williams, M. A., Morrissey, L. J., and Barovich, K.: Conservation of deep crustal heat production, Geology, 46, 335–338, 2018. 
Anees, M., Kley, J., Leiss, B., Hindle, D., Wajid, A. A., Wagner, B., Shah, M. M., and Luijendijk, E.: Application of in-situ gamma spectrometry for radiogenic heat production estimation in the Western Himalaya, Kohistan, and Karakoram in northern Pakistan, Geothermal Energy, 11, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40517-023-00273-3, 2023. 
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Short summary
Northern Pakistan has many hot springs, but the lack of direct measurements leaves the temperatures deep beneath these mountains poorly constrained. Using computer models, we show that heat from naturally radioactive rocks and the upward movement of hot crust can produce unusually high underground temperatures, especially beneath steep valleys. Our results identify deep valleys in the Nanga Parbat and Karakoram regions as promising areas for future geothermal exploration.
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