Igneous intrusions that could be associated with volcanic eruptions on Earth’s surface can be also seen on geophysical data at great depths, well beyond the reach of boreholes. Our results show how advance analysis of seismic data together with regional geological information could be used to predict their key characteristics such as lithology, thickness and overall geometry that are necessary in order to understand Earth’s magmatic activity.

By analyzing the faint, late-arriving seismic waves from large earthquakes, we can create accurate maps of Earth's deep core. This study provides a new mathematical foundation to confirm the reliability of this method, showing that precise measurements are possible even when earthquake sources are not perfectly distributed. Our findings help improve imaging of Earth's interior, making it more trustworthy.

Brunia is a Neoproterozoic crustal block whose pre-Variscan history is unclear. New U–Pb and Lu–Hf detrital zircon data from Devonian strata reveal two provenance types. Type-1 spectra reflect recycling of local Brunia arc sources and show isotopic similarity to West Avalonia, indicating a shared Neoproterozoic history. Type-2 spectra match Fennoscandian datasets, implying sediment input from the Caledonides and an Early Devonian connection between Brunia and Baltica.