Articles | Volume 12, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-275-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-275-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Jan 2021
Research article |
| 29 Jan 2021
The preserved plume of the Caribbean Large Igneous Plateau revealed by 3D data-integrative models
Ángela María Gómez-García
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
CEMarin – Corporation Center of Excellence in Marine Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia
Invited contribution by Ángela María Gómez-García, recipient of the EGU Seismology Outstanding Student Poster and PICO Award 2019.
Eline Le Breton
Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin,
12249 Berlin, Germany
Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Gaspar Monsalve
Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
Denis Anikiev
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Ángela María Gómez-García, Álvaro González, Mauro Cacace, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Gaspar Monsalve
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-798, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-798, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the conditions of the rocks at the depths at which seismicity occurs can shed lights in seismic hazard assessments. In this contribution, we compare the results of laboratory experiments on the potential temperatures at which earthquakes occur with a realistic, three-dimensional thermal model of the upper most 75 km of northwestern South America. Such analyses allow us to better understand the physical properties of the Earth’s interior that can generate earthquakes.
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 163–164, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-163-2021, 2021
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth, 12, 1777–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge about the stress state in the upper crust is of great importance for many economic and scientific questions. However, our knowledge in Germany is limited since available datasets only provide pointwise, incomplete and heterogeneous information. We present the first 3D geomechanical model that provides a continuous description of the contemporary crustal stress state for Germany. The model is calibrated by the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress and stress magnitudes.
Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Vincenzo Picotti, Azam Jozi Najafabadi, and Christian Haberland
Solid Earth, 12, 1309–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Balancing along geological cross sections reveals that the Giudicarie Belt comprises two kinematic domains. The SW domain accommodated at least ~ 18 km Late Oligocene to Early Miocene shortening. Since the Middle Miocene, the SW domain experienced at least ~ 12–22 km shortening, whereas the NE domain underwent at least ~ 25–35 km. Together, these domains contributed to ~ 40–47 km of sinistral offset of the Periadriatic Fault along the Northern Giudicarie Fault since the Late Oligocene.
Azam Jozi Najafabadi, Christian Haberland, Trond Ryberg, Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Michael Weber, and the AlpArray and AlpArray SWATH-D working groups
Solid Earth, 12, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study achieved high-precision hypocenters of 335 earthquakes (1–4.2 ML) and 1D velocity models of the Southern and Eastern Alps. The general pattern of seismicity reflects head-on convergence of the Adriatic Indenter with the Alpine orogenic crust. The relatively deeper seismicity in the eastern Southern Alps and Giudicarie Belt indicates southward propagation of the Southern Alpine deformation front. The derived hypocenters form excellent data for further seismological studies, e.g., LET.
Eline Le Breton, Sascha Brune, Kamil Ustaszewski, Sabin Zahirovic, Maria Seton, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth, 12, 885–913, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The former Piemont–Liguria Ocean, which separated Europe from Africa–Adria in the Jurassic, opened as an arm of the central Atlantic. Using plate reconstructions and geodynamic modeling, we show that the ocean reached only 250 km width between Europe and Adria. Moreover, at least 65 % of the lithosphere subducted into the mantle and/or incorporated into the Alps during convergence in Cretaceous and Cenozoic times comprised highly thinned continental crust, while only 35 % was truly oceanic.
Cameron Spooner, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Mauro Cacace, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-202, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-202, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
By comparing long term lithospheric strength to seismicity patterns across the Alpine region, we show that most seismicity occurs where strengths are highest within the crust. The lower crust appears largely aseismic due to energy being dissipated by ongoing creep from low viscosities. Lithospheric structure appears to exert a primary control on seismicity distribution, with both forelands display a different distribution patterns, likely reflecting their different tectonic settings.
Denis Anikiev, Adrian Lechel, Maria Laura Gomez Dacal, Judith Bott, Mauro Cacace, and Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth
Adv. Geosci., 49, 225–234, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-225-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-225-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a first Germany-wide 3D data-based density and temperature model integrating geoscientific observations and physical processes. The model can serve as a reference for local detailed studies dealing with temperature, pressure, stress, subsidence and sedimentation. Our results help to improve subsurface utilization concepts, reveal current geomechanical conditions crucial for hazard assessment and gather information on viable resources such groundwater and deep geothermal energy.
Cameron Spooner, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Hans-Jürgen Götze, Jörg Ebbing, György Hetényi, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 10, 2073–2088, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2073-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2073-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
By utilising both the observed gravity field of the Alps and their forelands and indications from deep seismic surveys, we were able to produce a 3-D structural model of the region that indicates the distribution of densities within the lithosphere. We found that the present-day Adriatic crust is both thinner and denser than the European crust and that the properties of Alpine crust are strongly linked to their provenance.
Nora Koltzer, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Mauro Cacace, Maximilian Frick, and Judith Bott
Adv. Geosci., 49, 197–206, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-197-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-197-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we investigate groundwater flow in the deep subsurface of the Upper Rhine Graben. We make use of a 3-D numerical model covering the entire Upper Rhine Graben. The deep hydrodynamics are characterized by fluid flow from the graben flanks towards its center and in the southern half of the graben from south to north. Moreover, local heterogeneities in the shallow flow field arise from the interaction between regional groundwater flow and the heterogeneous sedimentary configuration.
Maximilian Frick, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Mauro Cacace, and Michael Schneider
Adv. Geosci., 49, 9–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-9-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-9-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The study presented in this paper aims at reproducing findings from chemical and isotopic groundwater sample analysis along with quantifying the influence of regional (cross-boundary) flow for the area of Berlin, Germany. For this purpose we built 3-D models of the subsurface, populating them with material parameters (e.g. porosity, permeability) and solving them for coupled fluid and heat transport. Special focus was given to the setup of boundary conditions, i.e. fixed pressure at the sides.
Ershad Gholamrezaie, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Judith Bott, Oliver Heidbach, and Manfred R. Strecker
Solid Earth, 10, 785–807, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-785-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-785-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Based on geophysical data integration and 3-D gravity modeling, we show that significant density heterogeneities are expressed as two large high-density bodies in the crust below the Sea of Marmara. The location of these bodies correlates spatially with the bends of the main Marmara fault, indicating that rheological contrasts in the crust may influence the fault kinematics. Our findings may have implications for seismic hazard and risk assessments in the Marmara region.
Nasrin Haacke, Maximilian Frick, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Michael Schneider, and Mauro Cacace
Adv. Geosci., 45, 177–184, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-177-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-45-177-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The main goal of this study was to understand how different realizations of the impact of groundwater pumping activities in a major urban center would affect the results of 3-D numerical models. In detail we looked at two model scenarios which both rely on the same geological structural model but differ in the realization of the groundwater boundary conditions. The results show, that it is necessary to use groundwater wells as an active parameter to reproduce local movement patterns.
Ershad Gholamrezaie, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Judith Sippel, and Manfred R. Strecker
Solid Earth, 9, 139–158, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-139-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-139-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We examined the thermal gradient as an index of the thermal field in the Atlantic. While the thermal anomaly in the South Atlantic should be equilibrated, the thermal disturbance in the North Atlantic causes thermal effects in the present day. Characteristics of the lithosphere ultimately determine the thermal field. The thermal gradient nonlinearly decreases with depth and varies significantly both laterally and with time, which has implications for methods of thermal history reconstruction.
Judith Sippel, Christian Meeßen, Mauro Cacace, James Mechie, Stewart Fishwick, Christian Heine, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Manfred R. Strecker
Solid Earth, 8, 45–81, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-45-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-45-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Kenya Rift is a zone along which the African continental plate is stretched as evidenced by strong earthquake and volcanic activity. We want to understand the controlling factors of past and future tectonic deformation; hence, we assess the structural and strength configuration of the rift system at the present-day. Data-driven 3-D numerical models show how the inherited composition of the crust and a thermal anomaly in the deep mantle interact to form localised zones of tectonic weakness.
Moritz O. Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, John Reinecker, Anna M. Przybycin, and Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth
Solid Earth, 7, 1365–1382, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1365-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1365-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Subsurface engineering relies on sparsely distributed data points of the stress state of the earth's crust. 3D geomechanical--numerical modelling is applied to estimate the stress state in the entire volume of a large area. We present a multi-stage approach of differently sized models which provide the stress state in an area of interest derived from few and widely scattered data records. Furthermore we demonstrate the changes in reliability of the model depending on different input parameters.
P. Klitzke, J. I. Faleide, M. Scheck-Wenderoth, and J. Sippel
Solid Earth, 6, 153–172, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-153-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-153-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a regional 3-D structural model of the Barents Sea and Kara Sea region which is the first to combine information on five sedimentary units and the crystalline crust as well as the configuration of the lithospheric mantle. By relating the shallow and deep structures for certain tectonic subdomains, we shed new light on possible causative basin-forming mechanisms that we discuss.
Y. Cherubini, M. Cacace, M. Scheck-Wenderoth, and V. Noack
Geoth. Energ. Sci., 2, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.5194/gtes-2-1-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gtes-2-1-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Subject area: Crustal structure and composition | Editorial team: Geodesy, gravity, and geomagnetism | Discipline: Geodynamics
Crustal structure of the Volgo–Uralian subcraton revealed by inverse and forward gravity modelling
Interpolation of magnetic anomalies over an oceanic ridge region using an equivalent source technique and crust age model constraint
Gravity modeling of the Alpine lithosphere affected by magmatism based on seismic tomography
Mapping undercover: integrated geoscientific interpretation and 3D modelling of a Proterozoic basin
Density distribution across the Alpine lithosphere constrained by 3-D gravity modelling and relation to seismicity and deformation
3-D crustal density model of the Sea of Marmara
A high-resolution lithospheric magnetic field model over southern Africa based on a joint inversion of CHAMP, Swarm, WDMAM, and ground magnetic field data
Density structure and isostasy of the lithosphere in Egypt and their relation to seismicity
Igor Ognev, Jörg Ebbing, and Peter Haas
Solid Earth, 13, 431–448, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-431-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-431-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new 3D crustal model of Volgo–Uralia, an eastern segment of the East European craton. We built this model by processing the satellite gravity data and using prior crustal thickness estimation from regional seismic studies to constrain the results. The modelling revealed a high-density body on the top of the mantle and otherwise reflected the main known features of the Volgo–Uralian crustal architecture. We plan to use the obtained model for further geothermal analysis of the region.
Duan Li, Jinsong Du, Chao Chen, Qing Liang, and Shida Sun
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-117, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-117, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanic magnetic anomalies are generally carried out using only few survey lines and thus there are many areas with data gaps. Traditional interpolation methods based on the morphological characteristics of data are not suitable for data with large gaps. The use of dual-layer equivalent-source techniques may improve the interpolation of magnetic anomaly fields in areas with sparse data which gives a good consideration to the extension of the magnetic lineation feature.
Davide Tadiello and Carla Braitenberg
Solid Earth, 12, 539–561, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present an innovative approach to estimate a lithosphere density distribution model based on seismic tomography and gravity data. In the studied area, the model shows that magmatic events have increased density in the middle to lower crust, which explains the observed positive gravity anomaly. We interpret the densification through crustal intrusion and magmatic underplating. The proposed method has been tested in the Alps but can be applied to other geological contexts.
Mark D. Lindsay, Sandra Occhipinti, Crystal Laflamme, Alan Aitken, and Lara Ramos
Solid Earth, 11, 1053–1077, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1053-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1053-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Integrated interpretation of multiple datasets is a key skill required for better understanding the composition and configuration of the Earth's crust. Geophysical and 3D geological modelling are used here to aid the interpretation process in investigating anomalous and cryptic geophysical signatures which suggest a more complex structure and history of a Palaeoproterozoic basin in Western Australia.
Cameron Spooner, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Hans-Jürgen Götze, Jörg Ebbing, György Hetényi, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 10, 2073–2088, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2073-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2073-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
By utilising both the observed gravity field of the Alps and their forelands and indications from deep seismic surveys, we were able to produce a 3-D structural model of the region that indicates the distribution of densities within the lithosphere. We found that the present-day Adriatic crust is both thinner and denser than the European crust and that the properties of Alpine crust are strongly linked to their provenance.
Ershad Gholamrezaie, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Judith Bott, Oliver Heidbach, and Manfred R. Strecker
Solid Earth, 10, 785–807, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-785-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-785-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Based on geophysical data integration and 3-D gravity modeling, we show that significant density heterogeneities are expressed as two large high-density bodies in the crust below the Sea of Marmara. The location of these bodies correlates spatially with the bends of the main Marmara fault, indicating that rheological contrasts in the crust may influence the fault kinematics. Our findings may have implications for seismic hazard and risk assessments in the Marmara region.
Foteini Vervelidou, Erwan Thébault, and Monika Korte
Solid Earth, 9, 897–910, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-897-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-897-2018, 2018
Mikhail K. Kaban, Sami El Khrepy, and Nassir Al-Arifi
Solid Earth, 9, 833–846, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-833-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-833-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present an integrative model of the crust and upper mantle of Egypt based on an analysis of gravity, seismic, and geological data. These results are essential for deciphering the link between the dynamic processes in the Earth system and near-surface processes (particularly earthquakes) that influence human habitat. We identified the distinct fragmentation of the lithosphere of Egypt in several blocks. This division is closely related to the seismicity patterns in this region.
Cited articles
Álvarez, O., Nacif, S., Gimenez, M., Folguera, A., and Braitenberg, C.:
GOCE derived vertical gravity gradient delineates great earthquake rupture
zones along the Chilean margin, Tectonophysics, 622, 198–215,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.03.011, 2014.
Álvarez, O., Nacif, S., Spagnotto, S., Folguera, A., Gimenez, M.,
Chlieh, M., and Braitenberg, C.: Gradients from GOCE reveal gravity changes
before Pisagua Mw = 8.2 and Iquique Mw = 7.7 large megathrust
earthquakes, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 64, 273–287,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2015.09.014, 2015.
Amante, C. and Eakins, B. W.: ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model:
Procedures, Data Sources and Analysis. NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS
NGDC-24, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, https://doi.org/10.7289/V5C8276M,
2009.
Arndt, N. T., Kerr, A. C., and Tarney, J.: Dynamic melting in plume heads:
the formation of Gorgona komatiites and basalts, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
146, 289–301, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00219-1, 1997.
Baes, M., Gerya, T., and Sobolev, S. V.: 3-D thermo-mechanical modeling of
plume-induced subduction initiation, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 453,
193–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.08.023, 2016.
Bernal-Olaya, R., Mann, P., and Vargas, C. A.: Earthquake, Tomographic,
Seismic Reflection, and Gravity Evidence for a Shallowly Dipping Subduction
Zone beneath the Caribbean Margin of Northwestern Colombia, Pet. Geol.
Potential Colomb. Caribb. Margin AAPG Mem., 108, 247–270,
https://doi.org/10.1306/13531939M1083642, 2015.
Bezada, M. J., Levander, A., and Schmandt, B.: Subduction in the southern
Caribbean: Images from finite-frequency P wave tomography, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 115, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007682, 2010.
Blanco, J. F., Vargas, C. A., and Monsalve, G.: Lithospheric thickness estimation beneath Northwestern South America from an S-wave receiver function analysis, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 18, 1376–1387, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006785, 2017.
Boschman, L. M., van Hinsbergen, D. J., Torsvik, T. H., Spakman, W., and
Pindell, J. L.: Kinematic reconstruction of the Caribbean region since the
Early Jurassic, Earth-Sci. Rev., 138, 102–136,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.08.007, 2014.
Bowland, C. L. and Rosencrantz, E.: Upper crustal structure of the western
Colombian Basin, Caribbean Sea, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 100, 534–546,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<0534:UCSOTW>2.3.CO;2, 1988.
Brunet, D.: Implicit Contour Morphing Framework,
available at:
http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/66407-implicit-contour-morphing-framework (last access: 17 August 2020), 2020.
Brunet, D. and Sills, D.: An Implicit Contour Morphing Framework Applied to
Computer-Aided Severe Weather Forecasting, IEEE Signal Proc. Let., 22, 1936–1939, https://doi.org/10.1109/LSP.2015.2447279, 2015.
Buchan, K. L. and Ernst, R. E.: A giant circumferential dyke swarm
associated with the High Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP), Gondwana
Res., 58, 39–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2018.02.006, 2018.
Buchs, D. M., Kerr, A. C., Brims, J. C., Zapata-Villada, J. P.,
Correa-Restrepo, T., and Rodríguez, G.: Evidence for subaerial
development of the Caribbean oceanic plateau in the Late Cretaceous and
palaeo-environmental implications, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 499, 62–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.07.020, 2018.
Burov, E. and Cloetingh, S.: Controls of mantle plumes and lithospheric
folding on modes of intraplate continental tectonics: Differences and
similarities, Geophys. J. Int., 178, 1691–1722,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04238.x, 2009.
Campbell, I. H.: Large Igneous Provinces and the Mantle Plume Hypothesis,
Elements, 1, 265–269, https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.1.5.265, 2005.
Chiarabba, C., De Gori, P., Faccenna, C., Speranza, F., Seccia, D.,
Dionicio, V., and Prieto, G. A.: Subduction system and flat slab beneath the
Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 17, 16–27, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC006048, 2015.
Christeson, G. L., Mann, P., Escalona, A., and Aitken, T. J.: Crustal
structure of the Caribbean – Northeastern South America arc-continent
collision zone, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 113, 1–19,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005373, 2008.
Civiero, C., Armitage, J. J., Goes, S., and Hammond, J. O. S.: The Seismic
Signature of Upper-Mantle Plumes: Application to the Northern East African
Rift, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 20, 6106–6122,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008636, 2019.
Deng, Y., Zhang, Z., Mooney, W., Badal, J., Fan, W., and Zhong, Q.: Mantle
origin of the Emeishan large igneous province (South China) from the
analysis of residual gravity anomalies, Lithos, 204, 4–13,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.02.008, 2014.
Diebold, J. and Driscoll, N.: Chapter 19 New insights on the formation of
the Caribbean basalt province revealed by multichannel seismic images of
volcanic structures in the Venezuelan basin, Sediment. Basins
World, 4, 561–568, 571–589
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-5997(99)80053-7, 1999.
Donnelly, T. W.: Magnetic anomaly observations in the Eastern Caribbean Sea,
Initial Reports Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 1023–1029, 1973.
Doubrovine, P. V., Steinberger, B., and Torsvik, T. H.: Absolute plate
motions in a reference frame defined by moving hot spots in the Pacific,
Atlantic, and Indian oceans, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 117, B09101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB009072, 2012.
Driscoll, N. and Diebold, J.: Chapter 20 Tectonic and stratigraphic
development of the eastern Caribbean: New constraints from multichannel
seismic data, Sediment. Basins World, 4, 591–595, 599–605, 611–626,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-5997(99)80054-9, 1999.
Duncan, R. A. and Hargraves, R. B.: Plate tectonic evolution of the Caribbean region in the mantle reference frame, in: The Caribbean-South American Plate Boundary and Regional Tectonics (Vol. 162), edited by: Bonini, W., Hargraves, R., and Shagam, R., Geological Society of America, https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM162-p81, 1984.
Edgar, T., Ewing, J., and Hennion, J.: Seismic refraction and reflection in
Caribbean Sea, Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. B., 55, 833–870, https://doi.org/10.1306/819a3c76-16c5-11d7-8645000102c1865d, 1971.
Ernst, R. E.: Mafic-Ultramafic Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs): Importance of
the Pre-Mesozoic record, Episodes, 30, 108–114,
https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i2/005, 2007.
Ernst, R. E.: Large Igneous Provinces, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139025300, 2014.
Ernst, R. E., Buchan, K. L., and Campbell, I. H.: Frontiers in Large Igneous
Province research, Lithos, 79, 271–297,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.09.004, 2005.
Ernst, R. E., Liikane, D. A., Jowitt, S. M., Buchan, K. L., and Blanchard, J. A.: A new plumbing system framework for mantle plume-related continental
Large Igneous Provinces and their mafic-ultramafic intrusions, J. Volcanol.
Geoth. Res., 384, 75–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.07.007, 2019.
Escalona, A. and Mann, P.: Tectonics, basin subsidence mechanisms, and
paleogeography of the Caribbean-South American plate boundary zone, Mar.
Petrol. Geol., 28, 8–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.01.016, 2011.
Ewing, J., Antoine, J., and Ewing, M.: Geophysical measurements in the
Western Caribbean Sea and in the Gulf of Mexico, J. Geophys. Res., 65, 4087–4126, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ065i012p04087, 1960.
EXXON: Tectonic map of the world, American Association of
Petroleum Geologists Foundation, Tulsa, OK, 1985.
Förste, C., Bruinsma, S., Abrikosov, O., Lemoine, J.-M., Marty, J.-C.,
Flechtner, F., Balmino, G., Barthelmes, F., and Biancale, R.: EIGEN-6C4 The
latest combined global gravity field model including GOCE data up to degree
and order 2190 of GFZ Potsdam and GRGS Toulouse, GFZ Data Serv.,
https://doi.org/10.5880/icgem.2015.1, 2014.
François, T., Koptev, A., Cloetingh, S., Burov, E., and Gerya, T.:
Plume-lithosphere interactions in rifted margin tectonic settings:
Inferences from thermo-mechanical modelling, Tectonophysics, 746, 138–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.11.027, 2018.
Geldmacher, J., Hanan, B. B., Blichert-Toft, J., Harpp, K., Hoernle, K.,
Hauff, F., Werner, R., and Kerr, A. C.: Hafnium isotopic variations in
volcanic rocks from the Caribbean Large Igneous province and Galápagos
hot spot tracks, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 1–24,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GC000477, 2003.
Goes, S., Govers, R., and Vacher, P.: Shallow mantle temperatures under
Europe from P and S wave tomography, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 105, 11153–11169, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900300, 2000.
Gómez-García, A. M., Meeßen, C., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Monsalve, G., Bott, J., Bernhardt, A., and Bernal, G.: Scripts to calculate the
Vertical Gravity Gradients response of a 3D lithospheric model using
spherical coordinates: the Caribbean oceanic domain as a case study, GFZ Data Services
https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.5.2019.002, 2019a.
Gómez-García, Á. M., Meeßen, C., Scheck-Wenderoth, M.,
Monsalve, G., Bott, J., Bernhardt, A., and Bernal, G.: 3-D modeling of
Vertical Gravity Gradients and the delimitation of tectonic boundaries: the
Caribbean oceanic domain as a case study, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 20, 5371–5393, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008340, 2019b.
Gómez-García, Á. M., Le Breton, E., Scheck-Wenderoth, M.,
Monsalve, G., and Anikiev, D.: 3D lithospheric structure of the Caribbean and
north South American plates and rotation files of kinematic reconstructions
back to 90 Ma of the Caribbean Large Igneous Plateau, GFZ Data Services, https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.5.2020.003, 2020.
Hacker, B. R. and Abers, G. A.: Subduction Factory 3: An Excel worksheet and
macro for calculating the densities, seismic wave speeds, and H2O contents
of minerals and rocks at pressure and temperature, Geochem. Geophy.
Geosy., 5, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000614, 2004.
Hastie, A. R. and Kerr, A. C.: Mantle plume or slab window?: Physical and
geochemical constraints on the origin of the Caribbean oceanic plateau,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 98, 283–293, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.11.001,
2010.
Hayes, G. P., Moore, G. L., Portner, D. E., Hearne, M., Flamme, H., Furtney, M., and Smoczyk, G. M.: Slab2, a comprehensive subduction zone geometry model, Science, 362, 58–61, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat4723, 2018.
He, B., Xu, Y. G., Chung, S. L., Xiao, L., and Wang, Y.: Sedimentary evidence
for a rapid, kilometer-scale crustal doming prior to the eruption of the
Emeishan flood basalts, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 213, 391–405,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00323-6, 2003.
Ince, E. S., Barthelmes, F., Reißland, S., Elger, K., Förste, C.,
Flechtner, F., and Schuh, H.: ICGEM – 15 years of successful collection and distribution of global gravitational models, associated services, and future plans, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 647–674, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-647-2019, 2019.
Kerr, A. C.: La Isla de Gorgona, Colombia: A petrological enigma?, Lithos, 84, 77–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.02.006, 2005.
Kerr, A. C.: Oceanic Plateaus, in: Treatise on Geochemistry: Second Edition, Vol. 4, 631–667, Oxford: Elsevier Ltd., https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00320-X, 2014.
Kerr, A. C. and Mahoney, J. J.: Oceanic plateaus: Problematic plumes,
potential paradigms, Chem. Geol., 241, 332–353,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.01.019, 2007.
Kerr, A. and Tarney, J.: Tectonic evolution of the Caribbean and
northwestern South America: The case for accretion of two Late Cretaceous
oceanic plateaus, Geology, 33, 269–272, https://doi.org/10.1130/G21109.1, 2005.
Kerr, A. C., Tarney, J., Saunders, A. D., Nivia, A., and Marriner, G. F.: The
internal structure of oceanic plateaus: inferences from obducted Cretaceous
terranes in western Colombia and the Caribbean, Tectonophysics, 292, 173–188, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00067-5, 1998.
Kroehler, M. E., Mann, P., Escalona, A., and Christeson, G. L.: Late
Cretaceous-Miocene diachronous onset of back thrusting along the South
Caribbean deformed belt and its importance for understanding processes of
arc collision and crustal growth, Tectonics, 30, TC6003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002918, 2011.
Laske, G., Masters, G., Ma, Z., and Pasyanos, M. E.: CRUST1.0: An Updated
Global Model of Earth's Crust, Geophys. Res. Abstr.,
EGU2013–2658, EGU General Assembly 2013, Vienna, Austria, 2013.
Lewis, J. F., Kysar Mattietti, G., Perfit, M., and Kamenov, G.: Geochemistry
and petrology of three granitoid rock cores from the Nicaraguan rise,
Caribbean sea: Implications for its composition, structure and tectonic
evolution, Geol. Acta, 9, 467–479, https://doi.org/10.1344/105.000001714, 2011.
Li, D., Yang, S., Chen, H., Cheng, X., Li, K., Jin, X., Li, Z., Li, Y., and
Zou, S.: Late Carboniferous crustal uplift of the Tarim plate and its
constraints on the evolution of the Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous
Province, Lithos, 204, 36–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.05.023, 2014.
Mauffret, A. and Leroy, S.: Seismic stratigraphy and structure of the
Caribbean igneous province, Tectonophysics, 283, 61–104,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00103-0, 1997.
Mauffret, A., Leroy, S., Vila, J. M., Hallot, E., de Lépinay Mercier, B.,
and Duncan, R. A.: Prolonged magmatic and tectonic development of the
Caribbean Igneous Province revealed by a diving submersible survey, Mar.
Geophys. Res., 22, 17–45, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004873905885, 2001.
McNutt, M. and Caress, D. W.: Crust and Lithospheric Structure – Hot Spots and Hot-Spot Swells, in: Treatise on Geophysics, Vol. 1, 445–478, Elsevier B.V., Oxford, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53802-4.00212-8, 2007.
Meeßen, C.: VelocityConversion, GFZ Data Services,
https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.6.1.2017.001, 2017.
Monsalve, G., Jaramillo, J. S., Cardona, A., Schulte-Pelkum, V., Posada, G.,
Valencia, V., and Poveda, E.: Deep crustal faults, shear zones, and magmatism
in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia: growth of a plateau from teleseismic
receiver function and geochemical Mio-Pliocene volcanism constraints, J.
Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 124, 9833–9851, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB017835,
2019.
Montelli, R., Nolet, G., Dahlen, F. A., Masters, G., Engdahl, E. R., and
Hung, S. H.: Finite-Frequency Tomography Reveals a Variety of Plumes in the
Mantle, Science, 303, 338–343, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1092485,
2004.
Montes, C., Bayona, G., Cardona, A., Buchs, D. M., Silva, C. A., Morón, S., Hoyos, N., Ramírez, D. A., Jaramillo, C. A., and Valencia, V.:
Arc-continent collision and orocline formation: Closing of the Central
American seaway, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 117, 1–25,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008959, 2012.
Montes, C., Rodriguez-Corcho, A. F., Bayona, G., Hoyos, N., Zapata, S., and
Cardona, A.: Continental margin response to multiple arc-continent
collisions: The northern Andes-Caribbean margin, Earth-Sci. Rev., 198, 102903, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102903, 2019a.
Montes, C., Rodriguez-Corcho, A. F., Bayona, G., Hoyos, N., Zapata, S., and
Cardona, A.: GPlates dataset for the tectonic reconstruction of the Northern
Andes-Caribbean Margin, Data Br., 25, 104398, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104398,
2019b.
Mora-Bohórquez, J. A., Ibánez-Mejia, M., Oncken, O., de Freitas, M.,
Vélez, V., Mesa, A., and Serna, L.: Structure and age of the Lower
Magdalena Valley basin basement, northern Colombia: New reflection-seismic
and U-Pb-Hf insights into the termination of the central Andes against the
Caribbean basin, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 74, 1–26,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2017.01.001, 2017.
Mora, J. A., Oncken, O., Le Breton, E., Ibánez-Mejia, M., Faccenna, C.,
Veloza, G., Vélez, V., de Freitas, M., and Mesa, A.: Linking Late
Cretaceous to Eocene tectonostratigraphy of the San Jacinto fold belt of NW
Colombia with Caribbean plateau collision and flat subduction, Tectonics, 36, 2599–2629, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004612, 2017.
Müller, R. D., Seton, M., Zahirovic, S., Williams, S. E., Matthews, K. J., Wright, N. M., Shephard, G. E., Maloney, K. T., Barnett-Moore, N.,
Hosseinpour, M., Bower, D. J., and Cannon, J.: Ocean Basin Evolution and
Global-Scale Plate Reorganization Events Since Pangea Breakup, Annu. Rev.
Earth Pl. Sc., 44, 107–138,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060115-012211, 2016.
Müller, R. D., Cannon, J., Qin, X., Watson, R. J., Gurnis, M., Williams, S., Pfaffelmoser, T., Seton, M., Russell, S. H. J., and Zahirovic, S.:
GPlates: Building a Virtual Earth Through Deep Time, Geochem. Geophy.
Geosy., 19, 2243–2261, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC007584, 2018.
Müller, R. D., Zahirovic, S., Williams, S. E., Cannon, J., Seton, M.,
Bower, D. J., Tetley, M. G., Heine, C., Le Breton, E., Liu, S., Russell, S. H. J., Yang, T., Leonard, J., and Gurnis, M.: A Global Plate Model Including
Lithospheric Deformation Along Major Rifts and Orogens Since the Triassic,
Tectonics, 38, 1884–1907, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005462, 2019.
Neill, I., Kerr, A. C., Hastie, A. R., Stanek, K.-P., and Millar, I. L.:
Origin of the Aves Ridge and Dutch-Venezuelan Antilles: interaction of the
Cretaceous “Great Arc” and Caribbean-Colombian Oceanic Plateau?, J. Geol.
Soc. London, 168, 333–348, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492010-067, 2011.
Nerlich, R., Clark, S. R., and Bunge, H. P.: Reconstructing the link between
the Galapagos hotspot and the Caribbean Plateau, GeoResJ, 1–2, 1–7,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.grj.2014.02.001, 2014.
Nolet, G., Hello, Y., Lee, S. van der, Bonnieux, S., Ruiz, M. C., Pazmino, N. A., Deschamps, A., Regnier, M. M., Font, Y., Chen, Y. J., and Simons, F. J.: Imaging the Galápagos mantle plume with an unconventional
application of floating seismometers, Sci. Rep., 9, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36835-w, 2019.
O'Neill, C., Müller, D., and Steinberger, B.: On the uncertainties in hot
spot reconstructions and the significance of moving hot spot reference
frames, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 6, Q04003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000784,
2005.
Pindell, J. and Kennan, L.: Tectonic evolution of the Gulf of Mexico,
Caribbean and northern South America in the mantle reference frame: an
update, edited by: James, K. H., Lorente, M. A., and Pindell, J. L., Orig. Evol. Caribb.
plate. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., 328, 1–55, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP328.1,
2009.
Pindell, J., Kennan, L., Stanek, K. P., Maresch, W. V., and Draper, G.:
Foundations of Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean evolution: Eight controversies
resolved, Geol. Acta, 4, 303–341, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP328.1, 2006.
Pindell, J. L. and Barrett, S. F.: Geological evolution of the Caribbean region; A Plate tectonic perspective, in: The Geology of North America, edited by: Dengo, G. and Case, J. E., 405–432, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-GNA-H.405, 1990.
Porritt, R. W., Becker, T. W., and Monsalve, G.: Seismic anisotropy and slab
dynamics from SKS splitting recorded in Colombia, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 8775–8783, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061958, 2014.
Reguzzoni, M. and Sampietro, D.: GEMMA: An Earth crustal model based on GOCE
satellite data, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs., 35, 31–43,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2014.04.002, 2015.
Rosencrantz, E.: Structure and tectonics of the Yucatan Basin, Caribbean
Sea, as determined from seismic reflection studies, Tectonics, 9, 1037–1059, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC009i005p01037, 1990.
Sæther, B.: Improved estimation of subsurface magnetic properties using
minimum mean-square error methods, Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Trondheim, 1997.
Sanchez-Rojas, J. and Palma, M.: Crustal density structure in northwestern
South America derived from analysis and 3-D modeling of gravity and
seismicity data, Tectonophysics, 634, 97–115,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.07.026, 2014.
Schaeffer, A. J. and Lebedev, S.: Global shear speed structure of the upper
mantle and transition zone, Geophys. J. Int., 194, 417–449,
https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt095, 2013.
Schellart, W. P., Stegman, D. R., and Freeman, J.: Global trench migration
velocities and slab migration induced upper mantle volume fluxes:
Constraints to find an Earth reference frame based on minimizing viscous
dissipation, Earth-Sci. Rev., 88, 118–144,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.01.005, 2008.
Schmidt, S., Plonka, C., Götze, H. J., and Lahmeyer, B.: Hybrid modelling
of gravity, gravity gradients and magnetic fields, Geophys. Prospect., 59, 1046–1051, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.2011.00999.x, 2011.
Sinton, C. W., Duncan, R. A., Storey, M., Lewis, J., and Estrada, J. J.: An
oceanic flood basalt province within the Caribbean plate, Earth Planet. Sc.
Lett., 155, 221–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00214-8, 1998.
Siravo, G., Faccenna, C., Gérault, M., Becker, T. W., Fellin, M. G.,
Herman, F., and Molin, P.: Slab flattening and the rise of the Eastern
Cordillera, Colombia, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 512, 100–110,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.002, 2019.
Steinberger, B. and O'Connell, R. J.: Effects of mantle flow on hotspot
motion, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 121, 377–398, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM121p0377, 2000.
Steinberger, B. and Torsvik, T. H.: Absolute plate motions and true polar
wander in the absence of hotspot tracks, Nature, 452, 620–623,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06824, 2008.
Syracuse, E. M., Maceira, M., Prieto, G. A., Zhang, H., and Ammon, C. J.:
Multiple plates subducting beneath Colombia, as illuminated by seismicity
and velocity from the joint inversion of seismic and gravity data, Earth
Planet. Sc. Lett., 444, 139–149, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.03.050, 2016.
Tetley, M. G., Williams, S. E., Gurnis, M., Flament, N., and Müller, R. D.: Constraining Absolute Plate Motions Since the Triassic, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 124, 7231–7258, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB017442, 2019.
Thompson, P. M. E., Kempton, P. D., White, R. V., Kerr, A. C., Tarney, J.,
Saunders, A. D., Fitton, J. G., and McBirney, A.: Hf-Nd isotope constraints
on the origin of the Cretaceous Caribbean plateau and its relationship to
the Galápagos plume, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 217, 59–75,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00542-9, 2004.
Uieda, L., Oliveira Jr., V. C., and Barbosa, V. C. F.: Modeling the Earth with Fatiando a Terra, in: Proceedings of the 12th Python in Science Conference, edited by: van der Walt, S., Millman, J., and Huff, K., 96–103, Austin, Texas, https://doi.org/10.25080/majora-8b375195-010, 2013.
Van Benthem, S., Govers, R., Spakman, W., and Wortel, R.: Tectonic evolution
and mantle structure of the Caribbean, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 118, 3019–3036, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50235, 2013.
Van Der Lelij, R., Spikings, R. A., Kerr, A. C., Kounov, A., Cosca, M.,
Chew, D., and Villagomez, D.: Thermochronology and tectonics of the Leeward
Antilles: Evolution of the southern Caribbean Plate boundary zone,
Tectonics, 29, TC6003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009TC002654, 2010.
Van Der Meer, D. G., Spakman, W., Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Amaru, M. L., and
Torsvik, T. H.: Towards absolute plate motions constrained by lower-mantle
slab remnants, Nat. Geosci., 3, 36–40, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo708, 2010.
Vargas, C. A. and Mann, P.: Tearing and breaking off of subducted slabs as
the result of collision of the Panama arc-indenter with Northwestern South
America, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 103, 2025–2046,
https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120328, 2013.
Wagner, L. S., Jaramillo, J. S., Ramírez-Hoyos, L. F., Monsalve, G.,
Cardona, A., and Becker, T. W.: Transient slab flattening beneath Colombia,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6616–6623, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073981, 2017.
Watts, A. B., Ten Brink, U. S., Buhl, P., and Brocher, T. M.: A multichannel
seismic study of lithospheric flexure across the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount
chain, Nature, 315, 105–111, https://doi.org/10.1038/315105a0, 1985.
Weatherall, P., Marks, K. M., Jakobsson, M., Schmitt, T., Tani, S., Arndt, J. E., Rovere, M., Chayes, D., Ferrini, V., and Wigley, R.: A new digital
bathymetric model of the world's oceans, Earth Space Sci., 2, 331–345,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015EA000107, 2015.
Werner, R., Hoernle, K., Barckhausen, U., and Hauff, F.: Geodynamic evolution
of the Galápagos hot spot system (Central East Pacific) over the past 20
m.y.: Constraints from morphology, geochemistry, and magnetic anomalies,
Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 1108, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000576, 2003.
Wessel, P. and Kroenke, L. W.: Pacific absolute plate motion since 145 Ma:
An assessment of the fixed hot spot hypothesis, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol.
Ea., 113, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005499, 2008.
Williams, S., Flament, N., Dietmar Müller, R., and Butterworth, N.:
Absolute plate motions since 130 Ma constrained by subduction zone
kinematics, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 418, 66–77,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.02.026, 2015.
Yarce, J., Monsalve, G., Becker, T. W., Cardona, A., Poveda, E., Alvira, D.,
and Ordoñez-Carmona, O.: Seismological observations in Northwestern
South America: Evidence for two subduction segments, contrasting crustal
thicknesses and upper mantle flow, Tectonophysics, 637, 57–67,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.09.006, 2014.
Zhang, S. H., Zhao, Y., Ye, H., and Hu, G. H.: Early Neoproterozoic
emplacement of the diabase sill swarms in the Liaodong Peninsula and
pre-magmatic uplift of the southeastern North China Craton, Precambrian
Res., 272, 203–225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.11.005, 2016.
Short summary
The Earth’s crust beneath the Caribbean Sea formed at about 90 Ma due to large magmatic activity of a mantle plume, which brought molten material up from the deep Earth. By integrating diverse geophysical datasets, we image for the first time two fossil magmatic conduits beneath the Caribbean. The location of these conduits at 90 Ma does not correspond with the present-day Galápagos plume. Either this mantle plume migrated in time or these conduits were formed above another unknown plume.
The Earth’s crust beneath the Caribbean Sea formed at about 90 Ma due to large magmatic...
