Articles | Volume 15, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-945-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-945-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Aug 2024
Research article |
| 09 Aug 2024
| 09 Aug 2024
What does it take to restore geological models with “natural” boundary conditions?
Melchior Schuh-Senlis
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
RING, GeoRessources/ENSG, Université de Lorraine/CNRS, 54000 Nancy, France
Guillaume Caumon
RING, GeoRessources/ENSG, Université de Lorraine/CNRS, 54000 Nancy, France
Paul Cupillard
RING, GeoRessources/ENSG, Université de Lorraine/CNRS, 54000 Nancy, France
Related authors
Melchior Schuh-Senlis, Cedric Thieulot, Paul Cupillard, and Guillaume Caumon
Solid Earth, 11, 1909–1930, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1909-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1909-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a numerical method for restoring models of the subsurface to a previous state in their deformation history, acting as a numerical time machine for geological structures. The method relies on the assumption that rock layers can be modeled as highly viscous fluids. It shows promising results on simple setups, including models with faults and non-flat topography. While issues still remain, this could open a way to add more physics to reverse time structural modeling.
Jérémie Giraud, Guillaume Caumon, Lachlan Grose, Vitaliy Ogarko, and Paul Cupillard
Solid Earth, 15, 63–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-63-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-63-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present and test an algorithm that integrates geological modelling into deterministic geophysical inversion. This is motivated by the need to model the Earth using all available data and to reconcile the different types of measurements. We introduce the methodology and test our algorithm using two idealised scenarios. Results suggest that the method we propose is effectively capable of improving the models recovered by geophysical inversion and may be applied in real-world scenarios.
Melchior Schuh-Senlis, Cedric Thieulot, Paul Cupillard, and Guillaume Caumon
Solid Earth, 11, 1909–1930, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1909-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1909-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a numerical method for restoring models of the subsurface to a previous state in their deformation history, acting as a numerical time machine for geological structures. The method relies on the assumption that rock layers can be modeled as highly viscous fluids. It shows promising results on simple setups, including models with faults and non-flat topography. While issues still remain, this could open a way to add more physics to reverse time structural modeling.
Related subject area
Subject area: The evolving Earth surface | Editorial team: Stratigraphy, sedimentology, geomorphology, morphotectonics, and palaeontology | Discipline: Sedimentology
Impact of stress regime change on the permeability of a naturally fractured carbonate buildup (Latemar, the Dolomites, northern Italy)
The influence of extraction of various solvents on chemical properties on Chang 7 shale, Ordos Basin, China
Deep vs. shallow – two contrasting theories? A tectonically activated Late Cretaceous deltaic system in the axial part of the Mid-Polish Trough: a case study from southeast Poland
Miocene high elevation in the Central Alps
What makes seep carbonates ignore self-sealing and grow vertically: the role of burrowing decapod crustaceans
Dawn and dusk of Late Cretaceous basin inversion in central Europe
Simulating permeability reduction by clay mineral nanopores in a tight sandstone by combining computer X-ray microtomography and focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy imaging
Birth and closure of the Kallipetra Basin: Late Cretaceous reworking of the Jurassic Pelagonian–Axios/Vardar contact (northern Greece)
Sediment history mirrors Pleistocene aridification in the Gobi Desert (Ejina Basin, NW China)
Tectonic processes, variations in sediment flux, and eustatic sea level recorded by the 20 Myr old Burdigalian transgression in the Swiss Molasse basin
Miocene basement exhumation in the Central Alps recorded by detrital garnet geochemistry in foreland basin deposits
Can anaerobic oxidation of methane prevent seafloor gas escape in a warming climate?
Precipitation of dolomite from seawater on a Carnian coastal plain (Dolomites, northern Italy): evidence from carbonate petrography and Sr isotopes
The Ogooue Fan (offshore Gabon): a modern example of deep-sea fan on a complex slope profile
Formation of linear planform chimneys controlled by preferential hydrocarbon leakage and anisotropic stresses in faulted fine-grained sediments, offshore Angola
From oil field to geothermal reservoir: assessment for geothermal utilization of two regionally extensive Devonian carbonate aquifers in Alberta, Canada
Sedimentary mechanisms of a modern banded iron formation on Milos Island, Greece
Onyedika Anthony Igbokwe, Jithender J. Timothy, Ashwani Kumar, Xiao Yan, Mathias Mueller, Alessandro Verdecchia, Günther Meschke, and Adrian Immenhauser
Solid Earth, 15, 763–787, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-763-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-763-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a workflow that models the impact of stress regime change on the permeability of fractured Latemar carbonate buildup using a displacement-based linear elastic finite-element method (FEM) and outcrop data. Stress-dependent heterogeneous apertures and effective permeability were calculated and constrained by the study area's stress directions. Simulated far-field stresses at NW–SE subsidence deformation and N–S Alpine deformation increased the overall fracture aperture and permeability.
Yan Cao, Zhijun Jin, Rukai Zhu, and Kouqi Liu
Solid Earth, 14, 1169–1179, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1169-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1169-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was performed on shale before and after solvent extraction. The extraction yield from shale with THF is higher than other solvents. The organic-C-normalized yield of a mature sample is higher than other samples. The aromaticity of organic matter increases, and the length of organic matter aliphatic chains does not vary monotonically with increasing maturity. The results will help in the selection of organic solvents for oil-washing experiments of shale.
Zbyszek Remin, Michał Cyglicki, and Mariusz Niechwedowicz
Solid Earth, 13, 681–703, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-681-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-681-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Traditionally, the axial part of the Polish Basin, i.e. the Mid-Polish Trough, was interpreted as the deepest and most subsiding part of the basin during the Cretaceous times. We interpret this area conversely, as representing a landmass – the Łysogóry–Dobrogea Land. Inversion-related tectonics, uplift on the one hand and enhanced subsidence on the other, drove the development of the Szozdy Delta within the axial part of the basin. New heavy mineral data suggest different burial histories.
Emilija Krsnik, Katharina Methner, Marion Campani, Svetlana Botsyun, Sebastian G. Mutz, Todd A. Ehlers, Oliver Kempf, Jens Fiebig, Fritz Schlunegger, and Andreas Mulch
Solid Earth, 12, 2615–2631, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2615-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Here we present new surface elevation constraints for the middle Miocene Central Alps based on stable and clumped isotope geochemical analyses. Our reconstructed paleoelevation estimate is supported by isotope-enabled paleoclimate simulations and indicates that the Miocene Central Alps were characterized by a heterogeneous and spatially transient topography with high elevations locally exceeding 4000 m.
Jean-Philippe Blouet, Patrice Imbert, Sutieng Ho, Andreas Wetzel, and Anneleen Foubert
Solid Earth, 12, 2439–2466, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2439-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2439-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Biochemical reactions related to hydrocarbon seepage are known to induce carbonates in marine sediments. Seep carbonates may act as seals and force lateral deviations of rising hydrocarbons. However, crustacean burrows may act as efficient vertical fluid channels allowing hydrocarbons to pass through upward, thereby allowing the vertical growth of carbonate stacks over time. This mechanism may explain the origin of carbonate columns in marine sediments throughout hydrocarbon provinces worldwide.
Thomas Voigt, Jonas Kley, and Silke Voigt
Solid Earth, 12, 1443–1471, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1443-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1443-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Basin inversion in central Europe is believed to have started during Late Cretaceous (middle Turonian) and probably proceeded until the Paleogene. Data from different marginal troughs in central Europe point to an earlier start of basin inversion (in the Cenomanian). The end of inversion is overprinted by general uplift but had probably already occurred in the late Campanian to Maastrichtian. Both the start and end of inversion occurred with low rates of uplift and subsidence.
Arne Jacob, Markus Peltz, Sina Hale, Frieder Enzmann, Olga Moravcova, Laurence N. Warr, Georg Grathoff, Philipp Blum, and Michael Kersten
Solid Earth, 12, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we combined different imaging and experimental measuring methods for analysis of cross-scale effects which reduce permeability of tight reservoir rocks. Simulated permeability of digital images of rocks is often overestimated, which is caused by non-resolvable clay content within the pores of a rock. By combining FIB-SEM with micro-XCT imaging, we were able to simulate the true clay mineral abundance to match experimentally measured permeability with simulated permeability.
Lydia R. Bailey, Filippo L. Schenker, Maria Giuditta Fellin, Miriam Cobianchi, Thierry Adatte, and Vincenzo Picotti
Solid Earth, 11, 2463–2485, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2463-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2463-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Kallipetra Basin, formed in the Late Cretaceous on the reworked Pelagonian–Axios–Vardar contact in the Hellenides, is described for the first time. We document how and when the basin evolved in response to tectonic forcings and basin inversion. Cenomanian extension and basin widening was followed by Turonian compression and basin inversion. Thrusting occurred earlier than previously reported in the literature, with a vergence to the NE, at odds with the regional SW vergence of the margin.
Georg Schwamborn, Kai Hartmann, Bernd Wünnemann, Wolfgang Rösler, Annette Wefer-Roehl, Jörg Pross, Marlen Schlöffel, Franziska Kobe, Pavel E. Tarasov, Melissa A. Berke, and Bernhard Diekmann
Solid Earth, 11, 1375–1398, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1375-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1375-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We use a sediment core from the Gobi Desert (Ejina Basin, NW China) to illustrate the landscape history of the area. During 2.5 million years a sediment package of 223 m thickness has been accumulated. Various sediment types document that the area turned from a playa environment (shallow water environment with multiple flooding events) to an alluvial–fluvial environment after the arrival of the Heihe in the area. The river has been diverted due to tectonics.
Philippos Garefalakis and Fritz Schlunegger
Solid Earth, 10, 2045–2072, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2045-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-2045-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The controls on the 20 Myr old Burdigalian transgression in the Swiss Molasse basin have been related to a reduction in sediment flux, a rise in global sea level, or tectonic processes in the adjacent Alps. Here, we readdress this problem and extract stratigraphic signals from the Upper Marine Molasse deposits in Switzerland. In conclusion, we consider rollback tectonics to be the main driving force controlling the transgression, which is related to a deepening and widening of the basin.
Laura Stutenbecker, Peter M. E. Tollan, Andrea Madella, and Pierre Lanari
Solid Earth, 10, 1581–1595, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1581-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1581-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Aar and Mont Blanc regions in the Alps are large granitoid massifs characterized by high topography. We analyse when these granitoids were first exhumed to the surface. We test this by tracking specific garnet grains, which are exclusively found in the granitoid massifs, in the sediments contained in the alpine foreland basin. This research ties in with ongoing debates on the timing and mechanisms of mountain building.
Christian Stranne, Matt O'Regan, Martin Jakobsson, Volker Brüchert, and Marcelo Ketzer
Solid Earth, 10, 1541–1554, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1541-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1541-2019, 2019
Maximilian Rieder, Wencke Wegner, Monika Horschinegg, Stefanie Klackl, Nereo Preto, Anna Breda, Susanne Gier, Urs Klötzli, Stefano M. Bernasconi, Gernot Arp, and Patrick Meister
Solid Earth, 10, 1243–1267, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1243-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1243-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), an abundant mineral in Earth's geological record, is still incompletely understood. We studied dolomites embedded in a 100 m thick succession of coastal alluvial clays of Triassic age in the southern Alps. Observation by light microscopy and Sr isotopes suggests that dolomites may spontaneously from concentrated evaporating seawater, in coastal ephemeral lakes or tidal flats along the western margin of the Triassic Tethys sea.
Salomé Mignard, Thierry Mulder, Philippe Martinez, and Thierry Garlan
Solid Earth, 10, 851–869, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-851-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-851-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A large quantity a continental material is transported to the oceans by the world rivers. Once in the ocean, these particles can be transported down the continental shelf thanks to underwater avalanches. The repetition of such massive events can form very important sedimentary deposits at the continent–ocean transition. Data obtained during an oceanic cruise in 2010 allowed us to study such a system located offshore of Gabon and to evaluate the importance sediment transport in this area.
Sutieng Ho, Martin Hovland, Jean-Philippe Blouet, Andreas Wetzel, Patrice Imbert, and Daniel Carruthers
Solid Earth, 9, 1437–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1437-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1437-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
A newly discovered type of hydrocarbon leakage structure is investigated following the preliminary works of Ho (2013; et al. 2012, 2013, 2016): blade-shaped gas chimneys instead of classical cylindrical ones. These so-called
Linear Chimneysare hydraulic fractures caused by overpressured hydrocarbon fluids breaching cover sediments along preferential directions. These directions are dictated by anisotropic stresses induced by faulting in sediments and pre-existing salt-diapiric structures.
Leandra M. Weydt, Claus-Dieter J. Heldmann, Hans G. Machel, and Ingo Sass
Solid Earth, 9, 953–983, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-953-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-953-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the assessment of the geothermal potential of two extensive upper Devonian aquifer systems within the Alberta Basin (Canada). Our work provides a first database on geothermal rock properties combined with detailed facies analysis (outcrop and core samples), enabling the identification of preferred zones in the reservoir and thus allowing for a more reliable reservoir prediction. This approach forms the basis for upcoming reservoir studies with a focus on 3-D modelling.
Ernest Chi Fru, Stephanos Kilias, Magnus Ivarsson, Jayne E. Rattray, Katerina Gkika, Iain McDonald, Qian He, and Curt Broman
Solid Earth, 9, 573–598, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-573-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-573-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Banded iron formations (BIFs) are chemical sediments last seen in the marine sedimentary record ca. 600 million years ago. Here, we report on the formation mechanisms of a modern BIF analog in the Cape Vani sedimentary basin (CVSB) on Milos Island, Greece, demonstrating that rare environmental redox conditions, coupled to submarine hydrothermal activity and microbial processes, are required for these types of rocks to form in the modern marine biosphere.
Cited articles
Al-Fahmi, M. M., Plesch, A., Shaw, J. H., and Cole, J. C.: Restorations of faulted domes, AAPG Bull., 100, 151–163, https://doi.org/10.1306/08171514211, 2016. a, b
Arndt, D., Bangerth, W., Clevenger, T. C., Davydov, D., Fehling, M., Garcia-Sanchez, D., Harper, G., Heister, T., Heltai, L., Kronbichler, M., Kynch, R. M., Maier, M., Pelteret, J.-P., Turcksin, B., and Wells, D.: The deal.II Library, Version 9.1, J. Numer. Math., 27, 203–213, https://doi.org/10.1515/jnma-2019-0064, 2019. a
Arndt, D., Bangerth, W., Davydov, D., Heister, T., Heltai, L., Kronbichler, M., Maier, M., Pelteret, J.-P., Turcksin, B., and Wells, D.: The deal.II finite element library: Design, features, and insights, Comput. Math. Appl., 81, 407–422, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2020.02.022, 2020. a
Asgari, A. and Moresi, L.: Multiscale Particle-In-Cell Method: From Fluid to Solid Mechanics, in: Advanced Methods for Practical Applications in Fluid Mechanics, Chap. 9, edited by: Jones, S. A., IntechOpen, Rijeka, https://doi.org/10.5772/26419, 2012. a
Athy, L. F.: Density, porosity, and compaction of sedimentary rocks, AAPG Bull., 14, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1306/3D93289E-16B1-11D7-8645000102C1865D, 1930. a
Back, S., Strozyk, F., Kukla, P. A., and Lambiase, J. J.: Three-dimensional restoration of original sedimentary geometries in deformed basin fill, onshore Brunei Darussalam, NW Borneo, Basin Res., 20, 99–117, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2007.00343.x, 2008. a
Bangerth, W., Hartmann, R., and Kanschat, G.: deal.II – a General Purpose Object Oriented Finite Element Library, ACM T. Math. Software, 33, 24/1–24/27, https://doi.org/10.1145/1268776.1268779, 2007. a
Buiter, S. J., Schreurs, G., Albertz, M., Gerya, T. V., Kaus, B., Landry, W., le Pourhiet, L., Mishin, Y., Egholm, D. L., Cooke, M., Maillot, B., Thieulot, C., Crook, T., May, D., Souloumiac, P., and Beaumont, C.: Benchmarking numerical models of brittle thrust wedges, J. Struct. Geol., 92, 140–177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.03.003, 2016. a
Chamberlin, R. T.: The Appalachian folds of central Pennsylvania, J. Geol., 18, 228–251, https://doi.org/10.1086/621722, 1910. a, b
Chauvin, B.: Applicability of the mechanics-based restoration: boundary conditions, fault network and comparison with a geometrical method, PhD thesis, Université de Lorraine, https://theses.hal.science/tel-01774241v2/file/DDOC_T_2017_0160_CHAUVIN.pdf (last access: 1 August 2024), 2017. a
Chauvin, B. P., Lovely, P. J., Stockmeyer, J. M., Plesch, A., Caumon, G., and Shaw, J. H.: Validating novel boundary conditions for three-dimensional mechanics-based restoration: An extensional sandbox model example, AAPG Bull., 102, 245–266, https://doi.org/10.1306/0504171620817154, 2018. a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Cobbold, P., Rossello, E., and Vendeville, B.: Some experiments on interacting sedimentation and deformation above salt horizons, B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 3, 453–460, 1989. a
Courant, R., Friedrichs, K., and Lewy, H.: Über die partiellen Differenzengleichungen der mathematischen Physik, Math. Ann., 100, 32–74, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01448839, 1928. a
Crook, A. J., Obradors-Prats, J., Somer, D., Peric, D., Lovely, P., and Kacewicz, M.: Towards an integrated restoration/forward geomechanical modelling workflow for basin evolution prediction, Oil Gas Sci. Technol., 73, 18, https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018018, 2018. a
Dahlstrom, C.: Balanced cross sections, Can. J. Earth Sci., 6, 743–757, https://doi.org/10.1139/e69-069, 1969. a, b
de Melo Garcia, S. F., Letouzey, J., Rudkiewicz, J.-L., Danderfer Filho, A., and Frizon de Lamotte, D.: Structural modeling based on sequential restoration of gravitational salt deformation in the Santos Basin (Brazil), Mar. Petrol. Geol., 35, 337–353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.02.009, 2012. a
De Santi, M. R., Campos, J. L. E., and Martha, L. F.: A Finite Element approach for geological section reconstruction, in: Proceedings of the 22th Gocad Meeting, Nancy, France, Citeseer, 1–13, 2002. a
Dimakis, P., Braathen, B. I., Faleide, J. I., Elverhøi, A., and Gudlaugsson, S. T.: Cenozoic erosion and the preglacial uplift of the Svalbard–Barents Sea region, Tectonophysics, 300, 311–327, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00245-5, 1998. a
Donea, J., Huerta, A., Ponthot, J.-P., and Rodriguez-Ferran, A.: Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Methods, in: Encyclopedia of Computational Mechanics, vol. 1, Chap. 14, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 3, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119176817.ecm2009, 2004. a
Durand-Riard, P., Caumon, G., and Muron, P.: Balanced restoration of geological volumes with relaxed meshing constraints, Comput. Geosci., 36, 441–452, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2009.07.007, 2010. a, b
Durand-Riard, P., Salles, L., Ford, M., Caumon, G., and Pellerin, J.: Understanding the evolution of syn-depositional folds: Coupling decompaction and 3D sequential restoration, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 28, 1530–1539, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.04.001, 2011. a
Durand-Riard, P., Guzofski, C., Caumon, G., and Titeux, M.-O.: Handling natural complexity in three-dimensional geomechanical restoration, with application to the recent evolution of the outer fold and thrust belt, deep-water Niger Delta, AAPG Bull., 97, 87–102, https://doi.org/10.1306/06121211136, 2013a. a
Durand-Riard, P., Shaw, J. H., Plesch, A., and Lufadeju, G.: Enabling 3D geomechanical restoration of strike-and oblique-slip faults using geological constraints, with applications to the deep-water Niger Delta, J. Struct. Geol., 48, 33–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.12.009, 2013b. a
Espurt, N., Angrand, P., Teixell, A., Labaume, P., Ford, M., de Saint Blanquat, M., and Chevrot, S.: Crustal-scale balanced cross-section and restorations of the Central Pyrenean belt (Nestes-Cinca transect): Highlighting the structural control of Variscan belt and Permian-Mesozoic rift systems on mountain building, Tectonophysics, 764, 25–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.04.026, 2019. a
Faulkner, D., Mitchell, T., Healy, D., and Heap, M.: Slip on'weak'faults by the rotation of regional stress in the fracture damage zone, Nature, 444, 922–925, 2006. a
Fletcher, R. C. and Pollard, D. D.: Can we understand structural and tectonic processes and their products without appeal to a complete mechanics?, J. Struct. Geol., 21, 1071–1088, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00056-5, 1999. a
Fossen, H.: Structural geology, in: 2nd Edn., Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-05764-7, 2016. a
Gassmöller, R., Lokavarapu, H., Heien, E., Puckett, E. G., and Bangerth, W.: Flexible and Scalable Particle-in-Cell Methods With Adaptive Mesh Refinement for Geodynamic Computations, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 19, 3596–3604, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC007508, 2018. a
Gassmöller, R., Lokavarapu, H., Bangerth, W., and Puckett, E. G.: Evaluating the accuracy of hybrid finite element/particle-in-cell methods for modelling incompressible Stokes flow, Geophys. J. Int., 219, 1915–1938, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz405, 2019. a
Gratier, J.-P.: L'équilibrage des coupes géologiques. Buts, méthodes et applications, Géosciences, Rennes, https://insu.hal.science/insu-00648843/file/Grattier.pdf (last access: 1 August 2024), 1988. a
Groshong, R.: 3-D structural geology, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31055-6, 2006. a
Gunzburger, Y. and Cornet, F. H.: Rheological characterization of a sedimentary formation from a stress profile inversion, Geophys. J. Int., 168, 402–418, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03140.x, 2007. a, b
Guzofski, C. A., Mueller, J. P., Shaw, J. H., Muron, P., Medwedeff, D. A., Bilotti, F., and Rivero, C.: Insights into the mechanisms of fault-related folding provided by volumetric structural restorations using spatially varying mechanical constraints, AAPG Bull., 93, 479–502, https://doi.org/10.1306/11250807130, 2009. a, b
Hall, J.: II. On the Vertical Position and Convolutions of certain Strata, and their relation with Granite, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 7, 79–108, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800019268, 1815. a
Ismail-Zadeh, A. and Tackley, P.: Computational methods for geodynamics, Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511780820, 2010. a, b
Ismail-Zadeh, A., Tsepelev, I., Talbot, C., and Korotkii, A.: Three-dimensional forward and backward modelling of diapirism: numerical approach and its applicability to the evolution of salt structures in the Pricaspian basin, Tectonophysics, 387, 81–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.06.006, 2004. a, b
Ismail-Zadeh, A. T., Talbot, C. J., and Volozh, Y. A.: Dynamic restoration of profiles across diapiric salt structures: numerical approach and its applications, Tectonophysics, 337, 23–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00111-1, 2001. a, b, c
Kaus, B. J. and Podladchikov, Y. Y.: Forward and reverse modeling of the three-dimensional viscous Rayleigh-Taylor instability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1095–1098, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL011789, 2001. a, b
Kaus, B. J., Mühlhaus, H., and May, D. A.: A stabilization algorithm for geodynamic numerical simulations with a free surface, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 181, 12–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2010.04.007, 2010. a
Kronbichler, M., Heister, T., and Bangerth, W.: High accuracy mantle convection simulation through modern numerical methods, Geophys. J. Int., 191, 12–29, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05609.x, 2012. a
Lovely, P., Flodin, E., Guzofski, C., Maerten, F., and Pollard, D. D.: Pitfalls among the promises of mechanics-based restoration: Addressing implications of unphysical boundary conditions, J. Struct. Geol., 41, 47–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.02.020, 2012. a, b
Lovely, P. J., Jayr, S. N., and Medwedeff, D. A.: Practical and efficient three-dimensional structural restoration using an adaptation of the GeoChron model, AAPG Bull., 102, 1985–2016, https://doi.org/10.1306/03291817191, 2018. a
Maerten, L. and Maerten, F.: Chronologic modeling of faulted and fractured reservoirs using geomechanically based restoration: Technique and industry applications, AAPG Bull., 90, 1201–1226, https://doi.org/10.1306/02240605116, 2006. a, b
Massimi, P., Quarteroni, A., and Scrofani, G.: An adaptive finite element method for modeling salt diapirism, Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. S., 16, 587–614, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218202506001273, 2006. a
Moretti, I.: Working in complex areas: New restoration workflow based on quality control, 2D and 3D restorations, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 25, 205–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2007.07.001, 2008. a
Moretti, I., Lepage, F., and Guiton, M.: KINE3D: a new 3D restoration method based on a mixed approach linking geometry and geomechanics, Oil Gas Sci. Technol., 61, 277–289, https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2006021, 2006. a, b
Parquer, M. N., Collon, P., and Caumon, G.: Reconstruction of Channelized Systems Through a Conditioned Reverse Migration Method, Math. Geosci., 49, 965–994, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11004-017-9700-3, 2017. a
Ramberg, H.: Gravity, deformation and the earth's crust: in theory, experiments and geological application, in: 2nd Edn., Academic Press, London, New York, ISBN 10.0125768605, 1981. a
Rouby, D.: Restauration en carte des domaines faillés en extension. Méthode et applications, PhD thesis, Université Rennes 1, https://theses.hal.science/tel-00675437/file/Rouby.pdf (last access: 2 August 2024), 1994. a
Royden, L. and Keen, C.: Rifting process and thermal evolution of the continental margin of eastern Canada determined from subsidence curves, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 51, 343–361, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90216-2, 1980. a
Schönborn, G.: Balancing cross sections with kinematic constraints: The Dolomites (northern Italy), Tectonics, 18, 527–545, 1999. a
Schreurs, G., Buiter, S. J., Boutelier, J., Burberry, C., Callot, J.-P., Cavozzi, C., Cerca, M., Chen, J.-H., Cristallini, E., Cruden, A. R., Cruz, L., Daniel, J.-M., Da Poian, G., Garcia, V. H., Gomes, C. J., Grall, C., Guillot, Y., Guzmán, C., Hidayah, T. N., Hilley, G., Klinkmüller, M., Koyi, H. A., Lu, C.-Y., Maillot, B., Meriaux, C., Nilfouroushan, F., Pan, C.-C., Pillot, D., Portillo, R., Rosenau, M., Schellart, W. P., Schlische, R. W., Take, A., Vendeville, B., Vergnaud, M., Vettori, M., Wang, S.-H., Withjack, M. O., Yagupsky, D., and Yamada, Y.: Benchmarking analogue models of brittle thrust wedges, J. Struct. Geol., 92, 116–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.03.005, 2016. a
Stockmeyer, J. M. and Guzofski, C.: Interplay between extension, salt and pre-existing structure, offshore Angola, in: AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition, 6–9 April 2014, Houston, Texas, USA, 2014. a
Tang, P., Wang, C., and Dai, X.: A majorized Newton-CG augmented Lagrangian-based finite element method for 3D restoration of geological models, Comput. Geosci., 89, 200–206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2016.01.013, 2016. a
Thielmann, M., May, D., and Kaus, B.: Discretization errors in the hybrid finite element particle-in-cell method, Pure Appl. Geophys., 171, 2165–2184, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0808-9, 2014. a
Trim, S., Lowman, J., and Butler, S.: Improving mass conservation with the tracer ratio method: application to thermochemical mantle flows, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 21, e2019GC008799, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008799, 2020. a
Willis, B.: The mechanics of Appalachian structure, vol. 13, US Government Printing Office, ISBN 13:9780332003221, 1894. a
Short summary
This paper presents the application of a numerical method for restoring models of the subsurface to a previous state in their deformation history, acting as a numerical time machine for geological structures. The method is applied to a model based on a laboratory experiment. The results show that using force conditions in the computation of the deformation allows us to assess the value of some previously unknown physical parameters of the different materials inside the model.
This paper presents the application of a numerical method for restoring models of the subsurface...
