Bernauer, F., Behnen, K., Wassermann, J., Egdorf, S., Igel, H., Donner, S., Stammler, K., Hoffmann, M., Edme, P., Sollberger, D., Schmelzbach, C., Robertsson, J., Paitz, P., Igel, J., Smolinski, K., Fichtner, A., Rossi, Y., Izgi, G., Vollmer, D., Eibl, E. P. S., Buske, S., Veress, C., Guattari, F., Laudat, T., Mattio, L., Sèbe, O., Olivier, S., Lallemand, C., Brunner, B., Kurzych, A. T., Dudek, M., Jaroszewicz, L. R., Kowalski, J. K., Bońkowski, P. A., Bobra, P., Zembaty, Z., Vackář, J., Málek, J., and Brokesova, J.: Rotation, Strain, and Translation Sensors Performance Tests with Active Seismic Sources, Sensors, 21,
https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010264, 2021.
a
Beyreuther, M., Barsch, R., Krischer, L., Megies, T., Behr, Y., and Wassermann, J.: ObsPy: A Python Toolbox for Seismology, Seismological Research Letters, 81, 530–533,
https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.81.3.530, 2010.
a,
b
Bormann, P., Engdahl, B., and Kind, R.: Seismic Wave Propagation and Earth models, in: New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), edited by: Bormann, P., Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Potsdam, 1–105,
https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch2, 2012.
a
Brotzer, A., Igel, H., Bernauer, F., Wassermann, J., Mellors, R., and Vernon, F.: On single-station, six degree-of-freedom observations of local to regional seismicity at the Piñon Flat Observatory in Southern California, Seismica, 4,
https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v4i1.1416, 2025.
a,
b,
c
Cannata, A., Catania, A., Alparone, S., and Gresta, S.: Volcanic tremor at Mt. Etna: Inferences on magma dynamics during effusive and explosive activity, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 178, 19–31,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.11.027, 2008.
a,
b
Cannata, A., Hellweg, M., Di Grazia, G., Ford, S., Alparone, S., Gresta, S., Montalto, P., and Patanè, D.: Long period and very long period events at Mt. Etna volcano: Characteristics, variability and causality, and implications for their sources, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 187, 227–249,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.09.007, 2009.
a,
b,
c
Cannata, A., Di Grazia, G., Montalto, P., Ferrari, F., Nunnari, G., Patanè, D., and Privitera, E.: New insights into banded tremor from the 2008–2009 Mount Etna eruption, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 115,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB007120, 2010.
a
Cannata, A., Di Grazia, G., Aliotta, M., Cassisi, C., Montalto, P., and Patanè, D.: Monitoring Seismo-volcanic and Infrasonic Signals at Volcanoes: Mt. Etna Case Study, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 170,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-012-0634-x, 2013.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f
Cannata, A., Di Grazia, G., Giuffrida, M., Gresta, S., Palano, M., Sciotto, M., Viccaro, M., and Zuccarello, F.: Space-Time Evolution of Magma Storage and Transfer at Mt. Etna Volcano (Italy): The 2015–2016 Reawakening of Voragine Crater, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 19, 471–495,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GC007296, 2018.
a
Cannavo', F., Sciotto, M., Cannata, A., and Di Grazia, G.: An Integrated Geophysical Approach to Track Magma Intrusion: The 2018 Christmas Eve Eruption at Mount Etna, Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 8009–8017,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083120, 2019.
a
Chouet, B.: Resonance of a fluid-driven crack: Radiation properties and implications for the source of long-period events and harmonic tremor, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 93, 4375–4400,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB05p04375, 1988.
a
Chouet, B.: Volcanoes, Non-linear Processes in, in: Complexity in Tsunamis, Volcanoes, and their Hazards, Springer New York, NY, 469–502, ISBN 978-1-0716-1705-2,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1705-2, 2009.
a
Chouet, B. and Matoza, R. S.: A multi-decadal view of seismic methods for detecting precursors of magma movement and eruption, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 252, 108–175,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.11.013, 2013.
a
Chouet, B., Saccorotti, G., Martini, M., Dawson, P., De Luca, G., Milana, G., and Scarpa, R.: Source and path effects in the wave fields of tremor and explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 102, 15129–15150,
https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00953, 1997.
a,
b,
c
Cochard, A., Igel, H., Schuberth, B., Suryanto, W., Velikoseltsev, A., Schreiber, U., Wassermann, J., Scherbaum, F., and Vollmer, D.: Rotational Motions in Seismology: Theory, Observation, Simulation, in: Earthquake Source Asymmetry, Structural Media and Rotation Effects, edited by: Teisseyre, R., Majewski, E., and Takeo, M., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 391–411, ISBN 978-3-540-31337-3,
https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-31337-0_30, 2006.
a,
b,
c
Currenti, G. and Bonaccorso, A.: Cyclic magma recharge pulses detected by high-precision strainmeter data: the case of 2017 inter-eruptive activity at Etna volcano, Scientific Reports, 9, 1–7,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44066-w, 2019.
a
Currenti, G., Jousset, P., Napoli, R., Krawczyk, C., and Weber, M.: On the comparison of strain measurements from fibre optics with a dense seismometer array at Etna volcano (Italy), Solid Earth, 12, 993–1003,
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-993-2021, 2021.
a,
b,
c,
d
De Barros, L., Bean, C. J., Lokmer, I., Saccorotti, G., Zuccarello, L., O'Brien, G. S., Métaxian, J.-P., and Patanè, D.: Source geometry from exceptionally high resolution long period event observations at Mt Etna during the 2008 eruption, Geophysical Research Letters, 36,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041273, 2009.
a,
b
Di Grazia, G., Falsaperla, S., and Langer, H.: Volcanic tremor location during the 2004 Mount Etna lava effusion, Geophysical Research Letters, 33,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL025177, 2006.
a,
b,
c,
d
Donner, S.: Chapter Three – Rotational ground motion measurements for regional seismic moment tensors: A review, in: Inversion of Geophysical Data, edited by: Schmelzbach, C., 62 Advances in Geophysics, 141–186, Elsevier,
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agph.2021.06.002, 2021.
a,
b,
c,
d
Douglas, A.: 23 – Seismometer Arrays – Their Use in Earthquake and Test Ban Seismology, in: International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, edited by: Lee, W. H., Kanamori, H., Jennings, P. C., and Kisslinger, C., vol. 81 of International Geophysics, 357–367, Academic Press,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80226-1, 2002.
a
Eibl, E. P. S., Bean, C., Jónsdóttir, I., Hoskuldsson, A., Thordarson, T., Coppola, D., Witt, T., and Walter, T. R.: Multiple Coincident Eruptive Seismic Tremor Sources During the 2014-2015 Eruption at Holuhraun, Iceland, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 122,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013892, 2017a.
a,
b,
c,
d
Eibl, E. P. S., Bean, C., Vogfjörd, K., Ying, Y., Lokmer, I., Möllhoff, M., O'Brien, G., and Pálsson, F.: Tremor-rich shallow dyke formation followed by silent magma flow at Bárdarbunga in Iceland, Nature Geoscience, 10, 299–304,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2906, 2017b.
a
Eibl, E. P. S., Bean, C. J., Einarsson, B., Pàlsson, F., and Vogfjörd, K. S.: Seismic ground vibrations give advanced early-warning of subglacial floods, Nature Communications, 11,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15744-5, 2020.
a
Eibl, E. P. S., Rosskopf, M., Sciotto, M., Currenti, G., Di Grazia, G., Jousset, P., Krüger, F., and Weber, M.: Performance of a Rotational Sensor to Decipher Volcano Seismic Signals on Etna, Italy, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 127, e2021JB023617,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB023617, 2022a.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f,
g,
h,
i,
j,
k,
l,
m,
n,
o,
p,
q
Eibl, E. P. S., Vollmer, D., Jousset, P., Currenti, G., Contrafatto, D., Larocca, G., Pellegrino, D., and Pulvirenti, M.: 1-month seismological experiment on Etna, Italy in 2019, GFZ Data Services [data set],
https://doi.org/10.14470/ME7564062119, 2022b.
a
Eibl, E. P. S., Vogfjörd, K. S., Ófeigsson, B. G., Roberts, M. J., Bean, C. J., Jones, M. T., Bergsson, B. H., Heimann, S., and Dietrich, T.: Subaerial and subglacial seismic characteristics of the largest measured jökulhlaup from the eastern Skaftá cauldron, Iceland, Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 933–959,
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-933-2023, 2023.
a
Ferrazzini, V., Aki, K., and Chouet, B.: Characteristics of seismic waves composing Hawaiian volcanic tremor and gas-piston events observed by a near-source array, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 96, 6199–6209,
https://doi.org/10.1029/90JB02781, 1991.
a
Hadziioannou, C., Gaebler, P., Schreiber, K., Wassermann, J., and Igel, H.: Examining ambient noise using colocated measurements of rotational and translational motion, Journal of Seismology, 16,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-012-9288-5, 2012.
a,
b,
c,
d
Heimann, S., Kriegerowski, M., Isken, M., Cesca, S., Daout, S., Grigoli, F., Juretzek, C., Megies, T., Nooshiri, N., Steinberg, A., Sudhaus, H., Vasyura-Bathke, H., Willey, T., and Dahm, T.: Pyrocko – An open-source seismology toolbox and library, GFZ Data Services,
https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.1.2017.001, 2017.
a,
b
Izgi, G., Eibl, E. P. S., Donner, S., and Bernauer, F.: Performance Test of the Rotational Sensor blueSeis-3A in a Huddle Test in Fürstenfeldbruck, Sensors, 21, 3170,
https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093170, 2021.
a,
b
Izgi, G., Eibl, E. P. S., Krueger, F., and Bernauer, F.: Direction finding in an active source experiment in Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany using 6 DoF measurements, Geophysical Journal International, 240, 2042–2059,
https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaf021, 2025.
a,
b
Jousset, P.: Broadband seismic data and fibre optic technologies for dense monitoring and quantification of volcanic events (INFRADAS), GFZ Data Services. Dataset/Seismic Network [data set],
https://doi.org/10.14470/0/8V007505, 2026.
a
Jousset, P., Neuberg, J., and Sturton, S.: Modelling the time-dependent frequency content of low-frequency volcanic earthquakes, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 128, 201–223,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00255-5, 2003.
a
Jousset, P., Currenti, G., Schwarz, B., Chalari, A., Tilmann, F., Reinsch, T., Zuccarello, L., Privitera, E., and Krawczyk, C. M.: Fibre optic distributed acoustic sensing of volcanic events, Nature Communications, 13,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29184-w, 2022.
a
Jousset, P., Currenti, G., Murphy, S., Eibl, E. P. S., Caudron, C., Retailleau, L., Wollin, C., Klaasen, S., Nishimura, T., Fichtner, A., Spica, Z., Lemarchand, A., and Krawczyk, C.: Fiber Optic Sensing for Volcano Monitoring and Imaging Volcanic Processes, in: Modern Volcano Monitoring, edited by Spica, Z. and Caudron, C., Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, ISBN 978-3-031-86841-2, 509–567,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-86841-2_17, 2025.
a,
b
Keil, S., Wilczek, A., Wassermann, J., and Kremers, S.: Comparing single-station 6C measurements and array measurements for seismic microzonation in Munich, Germany, Geophysical Journal International, 231, 1634–1652,
https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac273, 2022.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e,
f
McNutt, S. R.: 25 – Volcano Seismology and Monitoring for Eruptions, in: International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, edited by: Lee, W. H., Kanamori, H., Jennings, P. C., and Kisslinger, C., vol. 81 of International Geophysics, 383–406, Academic Press,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80228-5, 2002.
a,
b,
c,
d
Métaxian, J.-P., Lesage, P., and Valette, B.: Locating sources of volcanic tremor and emergent events by seismic triangulation: Application to Arenal volcano, Costa Rica, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 107, ECV 10-1–ECV 10-18,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000559, 2002.
a,
b
Neuberg, J., Luckett, R., Baptie, B., and Olsen, K.: Models of tremor and low-frequency earthquake swarms on Montserrat, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 101, 83–104,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00169-4, 2000.
a
Rost, S. and Thomas, C.: Array Seismology: Methods and Aapplications, Reviews of Geophysics, 40, 2-1–2-27,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000RG000100, 2002.
a,
b,
c,
d
Saccorotti, G., Chouet, B., and Dawson, P.: Wavefield properties of a shallow long-period event and tremor at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 109, 163–189,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00310-3, 2001.
a
Saccorotti, G., Zuccarello, L., Del Pezzo, E., Ibanez, J., and Gresta, S.: Quantitative analysis of the tremor wavefield at Etna Volcano, Italy, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 136, 223–245,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.04.003, 2004.
a,
b,
c
Scarfì, L., Aloisi, M., Barberi, G., and Langer, H.: Observing Etna volcano dynamics through seismic and deformation patterns, Scientific Reports, 13, 12951,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-39639-9, 2023.
a
Schick, R., Cosentino, M., Lombardo, G., and Patanè, G.: Volcanic tremor at Mount Etna. A brief description, Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 23, 191–196, 1982.
a,
b
Schweitzer, J., Fyen, J., Mykkeltveit, S., Gibbons, S. J., Pirli, M., Kühn, D., and Kværna, T.: Seismic Arrays, in: New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), edited by Bormann, P., pp. 1–80, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Potsdam,
https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_ch9, 2012.
a,
b,
c,
d,
e
Sciotto, M., Cannata, A., Di Grazia, G., and Montalto, P.: Volcanic tremor and long period events at Mt. Etna: Same mechanism at different rates or not?, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 324, 106850,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2022.106850, 2022.
a,
b,
c,
d
Singh, S., Capdeville, Y., and Igel, H.: Correcting wavefield gradients for the effects of local small-scale heterogeneities, Geophysical Journal International, 220, 996–1011,
https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz479, 2019.
a,
b
Soubestre, J., Seydoux, L., Shapiro, N. M., de Rosny, J., Droznin, D. V., Droznina, S. Y., Senyukov, S. L., and Gordeev, E. I.: Depth Migration of Seismovolcanic Tremor Sources Below the Klyuchevskoy Volcanic Group (Kamchatka) Determined From a Network-Based Analysis, Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 8018–8030,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL083465, 2019.
a
Trnkoczy, A.: Understanding and parameter setting of STA/LTA trigger algorithm, in: New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice 2 (NMSOP-2), edited by: Bormann, P., 1–20, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Potsdam, Germany,
https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_8.1, 2012.
a
Vesely, N. I. K., Eibl, E., and Ohrnberger, M.: Seismic array and rotational sensor processing results of tremor, long-period and volcanic-tectonic events on Mount Etna in August, September 2019, Zenodo [data set],
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18754264, 2026.
a
Wassermann, J.: Locating the sources of volcanic explosions and volcanic tremor at Stromboli volcano (Italy) using beam-forming on diffraction hyperboloids, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 104, 271–281,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(97)00041-1, 1997.
a,
b,
c
Wassermann, J., Wietek, A., Hadziioannou, C., and Igel, H.: Toward a Single-Station Approach for Microzonation: Using Vertical Rotation Rate to Estimate Love-Wave Dispersion Curves and Direction Finding, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,
https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150250, 2016.
a
Wassermann, J., Bernauer, F., Shiro, B., Johanson, I., Guattari, F., and Igel, H.: Six-Axis Ground Motion Measurements of Caldera Collapse at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i–More Data, More Puzzles?, Geophysical Research Letters, 47, e2019GL085999,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085999, 2020.
a,
b,
c
Wassermann, J., Braun, T., Ripepe, M., Bernauer, F., Guattari, F., and Igel, H.: The use of 6DOF measurement in volcano seismology – A first application to Stromboli volcano, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 424, 107499,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107499, 2022.
a,
b
Yilmaz, Ö. and Doherty, S.: Seismic Data Analysis: Processing, Inversion, and Interpretation of Seismic Data, Nr. 10, Bd. 2, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2 edn., ISBN 1-56080-099-2, 2001. a
Zobin, V. M.: Chapter 12 – Volcanic Tremor, in: Introduction to Volcanic Seismology (Third Edition), edited by: Zobin, V. M., Elsevier, Oxford, third edition edn., 263–288, ISBN 978-0-444-63631-7,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63631-7.00012-1, 2017.
a
Zuccarello, L., Paratore, M., La Rocca, M., Ferrari, F., Messina, A., Branca, S., Contrafatto, D., Galluzzo, D., Rapisarda, S., and García, L.: Shallow velocity model in the area of Pozzo Pitarrone, Mt. Etna, from single station, array methods and borehole data, Annals of Geophysics, 59,
https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-7086, 2016.
a,
b
Zuccarello, L., De Angelis, S., Minio, V., Saccorotti, G., Bean, C. J., Paratore, M., and Ibanez, J. M.: Volcanic Tremor Tracks Changes in Multi-Vent Activity at Mt. Etna, Italy: Evidence From Analyses of Seismic Array Data, Geophysical Research Letters, 49, e2022GL100056,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL100056, 2022.
a,
b
