Articles | Volume 7, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1141-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1141-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Pore-scale tomography and imaging: applications, techniques and recommended practice
Matthias Halisch
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics (LIAG), Stilleweg 2, 30655
Hanover, Germany
Holger Steeb
University of Stuttgart, Institute of Mechanics, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569
Stuttgart, Germany
Steven Henkel
Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Geosciences, Burgweg 11,
07749 Jena, Germany
Charlotte M. Krawczyk
GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
TU Berlin, Institute for Applied Geosciences, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587
Berlin, Germany
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Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We studied petrophysical characteristics of three consecutive sandstone layers of the Lower Cretaceous Hatira Formation from Israel. Evaluated micro- and macro-scale petrophysical properties predetermined the permeability of the layers, measured in turn in the lab and upscaled from pore-scale velocities. Two scales of porosity variations were found: at 300 μm scale due to pores size variability, and at 2 mm scale due to high and low porosity occlusions, suggested to control the permeability.
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Sonja H. Wadas, David C. Tanner, Ulrich Polom, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
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In 2010 a sinkhole opened up in the urban area of Schmalkalden, Germany. Shear-wave reflection seismic profiles were carried out around the sinkhole to investigate the reasons for the collapse. A strike-slip fault and a fracture network were identified that serve as fluid pathways for water-leaching soluble rocks near the surface. The more complex the fault geometry and interaction between faults, the more prone an area is to sinkhole occurrence.
Sonja H. Wadas, Ulrich Polom, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
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Short summary
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Subrosion is the subsurface leaching of soluble rocks. It is a global phenomenon and a geohazard in urban areas because it causes depressions and sinkholes. This is the case in the study area, the town of Bad Frankenhausen, in northern Thuringia, Germany. Using shear-wave seismic reflection we are able to image these structures at high resolution to a depth of ca. 100 m. We observe that the underground is strongly fractured and there are indications of cavities.
Joaquina Alvarez-Marrón, Fernando Bastida, Ernest Rutter, Ramon Carbonell, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 7, 1199–1205, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1199-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1199-2016, 2016
Annette Kaufhold, Matthias Halisch, Gerhard Zacher, and Stephan Kaufhold
Solid Earth, 7, 1171–1183, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1171-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1171-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The OPA material has been intensively studied by a variety of multiple scale and non-destructive 3-D X-ray CT investigations, following a consequent top-down approach to identify specific regions of interest. According to the mechanical experiment, it has been observed that the shear failure is located in a clay-rich area. Within the intersecting area of the two main fractures, a so called mylonitic zone with a particle reduction was observed on the open shear failure using CT and SEM techniques.
Steven Henkel, Dieter Pudlo, Frieder Enzmann, Viktor Reitenbach, Daniel Albrecht, Leonhard Ganzer, and Reinhard Gaupp
Solid Earth, 7, 917–927, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-917-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-917-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the experimentally induced effects of CO2 storage on underground reservoir sandstones by applying high-resolution computer tomography and standard petrophysical methods. The results of digital rock physic calculations derived from the µ-CT scans are compared with measurements achieved by the standard methods. Both approaches lead to similar results for coarse- and medium-grained sandstones but differ for fine-grained sediments.
Aaron Peche, Matthias Halisch, Alexandru Bogdan Tatomir, and Martin Sauter
Solid Earth, 7, 727–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-727-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-727-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this case study, we compute georeservoir specific capillary pressure-saturation- interfacial area relationships by implementing a FEM-based two-phase flow model on μ-CT-based modelling domains. We propose a recommended practice for deriving a model and model setup for the successful modelling of such types of problems on micro-CT obtained geometries.
Britta Schoesser, Atefeh Ghorbanpour, Matthias Halisch, and Markus Thewes
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2016-42, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2016-42, 2016
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
In summary, the µ-CT technique delivers a valuable contribution for the research on the interaction of bentonite suspensions penetration the pore space of non-cohesive media. This study shows the missing visual evidence concerning the theoretical interaction models of the bentonite suspension in the pore space on microscale. The Imaging results have been cross-validated with laboratory experiments and are in good agreement with each other.
Mayka Schmitt, Matthias Halisch, Cornelia Müller, and Celso Peres Fernandes
Solid Earth, 7, 285–300, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-285-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-285-2016, 2016
Short summary
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In this paper we show how the shapes of irregular rock particles (pores) can be classified and quantified based on binary 3-D images. The methodology requires the measurement of basic 3-D particle descriptors and a shape classification that involves the similarity of artificial objects, which is based on main pore network detachments and 3-D sample sizes. The results were validated for three sandstones (S1, S2, and S3) from distinct reservoirs.
T. Burschil, T. Beilecke, and C. M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 6, 33–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-33-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-33-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we compared, measured and simulated reflection seismology data for different wave types. P wave and shear wave land data were acquired in the field while the synthetic data were generated by finite-difference modelling. Major features of the P waves were imaged, but simulations cannot clarify the signal-to-noise ratio of the shear wave field data. Future modelling approaches will consider additional features for a better understanding of near-surface seismic measurements.
K. Becker, D. Franke, R. Trumbull, M. Schnabel, I. Heyde, B. Schreckenberger, H. Koopmann, K. Bauer, W. Jokat, and C. M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 5, 1011–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1011-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1011-2014, 2014
C. M. Krawczyk, M.-L. Buddensiek, O. Oncken, and N. Kukowski
Solid Earth, 4, 93–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-93-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-93-2013, 2013
Cited articles
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Dobson, K. J., Coban, S. B., McDonald, S. A., Walsh, J. N., Atwood, R. C., and Withers, P. J.: 4-D imaging of sub-second dynamics in pore-scale processes using real-time synchrotron X-ray tomography, Solid Earth, 7, 1059–1073, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1059-2016, 2016.
Grathoff, G. H., Peltz, M., Enzmann, F., and Kaufhold, S.: Porosity and permeability determinations of organic rich Posidonia shales based on 3-D analyses by FIB-SEM microscopy, Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2016-38, in review, 2016.
Henkel, S., Pudlo, D., Enzmann, F., Reitenbach, V., Albrecht, D., Ganzer, L., and Gaupp, R.: X-ray CT analyses, models and numerical simulations: a comparison with petrophysical analyses in an experimental CO2 study, Solid Earth, 7, 917–927, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-917-2016, 2016.
Luquot, L., Hebert, V., and Rodriguez, O.: Calculating structural and geometrical parameters by laboratory measurements and X-ray microtomography: a comparative study applied to a limestone sample before and after a dissolution experiment, Solid Earth, 7, 441–456, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-441-2016, 2016.
Mukunoki, T., Miyata, Y., Mikami, K., and Shiota, E.: X-ray CT analysis of pore structure in sand, Solid Earth, 7, 929–942, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-929-2016, 2016.
Kaestner, A. P., Trtik, P., Zarebandkouki, M., Kazantsev, D., Snehota, M., Dobson, K. J., and Lehmann, E. H.: Recent developments in neutron imaging with applications for porous media research, Solid Earth Discuss., 7, 3481–3510, https://doi.org/10.5194/sed-7-3481-2015, 2015.
Kahl, W.-A., Hansen, C., and Bach, W.: A new X-ray-transparent flow-through reaction cell for a µ-CT–based concomitant surveillance of the reaction progress of hydrothermal mineral-fluid interactions, Solid Earth, 7, 651–658, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-651-2016, 2016.
Kaufhold, A., Zacher, G., Halisch, M., and Kaufhold, S.: X-ray Computed Tomography Investigation of Structures in Opalinus Clay from Large Scale to Small Scale after Mechanical Testing, Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2016-43, in review, 2016.
Khan, F., Enzmann, F., and Kersten, M.: Multi-phase classification by a least-squares support vector machine approach in tomography images of geological samples, Solid Earth, 7, 481–492, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-481-2016, 2016.
Kling, T., Huo, D., Schwarz, J.-O., Enzmann, F., Benson, S., and Blum, P.: Simulating stress-dependent fluid flow in a fractured core sample using real-time X-ray CT data, Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2016-41, in review, 2016.
Kulenkampff, J., Zakhnini, A., Gründig, M., and Lippmann-Pipke, J.: Quantitative experimental monitoring of molecular diffusion in clay with positron emission tomography, Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2016-34, in review, 2016a.
Kulenkampff, J., Gründig, M., Zakhnini, A., and Lippmann-Pipke, J.: Geoscientific process monitoring with positron emission tomography (GeoPET), Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2016-35, in review, 2016b.
Peche, A., Halisch, M., Bogdan Tatomir, A., and Sauter, M.: Development of a numerical workflow based on µ-CT imaging for the determination of capillary pressure-saturation-specific interfacial area relationship in 2-phase flow pore-scale porous-media systems: a case study on Heletz sandstone, Solid Earth, 7, 727–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-727-2016, 2016.
Saenger, E. H., Vialle, S., Lebedev, M., Uribe, D., Osorno, M., Duda, M., and Steeb, H.: Digital Carbonate Rock Physics, Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2016-45, in review, 2016.
Schlüter, S., Leuther, F., Vogler, S., and Vogel, H.-J.: X-ray microtomography analysis of soil structure deformation caused by centrifugation, Solid Earth, 7, 129–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-129-2016, 2016.
Schmitt, M., Halisch, M., Müller, C., and Fernandes, C. P.: Classification and quantification of pore shapes in sandstone reservoir rocks with 3-D X-ray micro-computed tomography, Solid Earth, 7, 285–300, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-285-2016, 2016.
Schoesser, B., Ghorbanpour, A., Halisch, M., and Thewes, M.: Visualization and Quantification of the Penetration Behavior of Bentonite Suspensions into the Pore Network of non-cohesive Media by using µ-CT Imaging, Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2016-42, in review, 2016.
Sell, K., Saenger, E.-H., Falenty, A., Chaouachi, M., Haberthür, D., Enzmann, F., Kuhs, W. F., and Kersten, M.: On the path to the digital rock physics of gas hydrate bearing sediments – processing of in-situ synchrotron-tomography data, Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2016-54, in review, 2016.