Articles | Volume 12, issue 11
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2503-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2503-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
04 Nov 2021
Research article |
| 04 Nov 2021
| 04 Nov 2021
Moho and uppermost mantle structure in the Alpine area from S-to-P converted waves
Rainer Kind
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Fachrichtung Geophysik, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
Section Seismology, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Potsdam, Germany
Stefan M. Schmid
Institute for Geophysics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
Xiaohui Yuan
Section Seismology, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Potsdam, Germany
Benjamin Heit
Section Seismology, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Potsdam, Germany
Thomas Meier
Institut für Geowissenschaften, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
A full list of authors appears at the end of the paper.
Related authors
R. Kind, X. Yuan, J. Mechie, and F. Sodoudi
Solid Earth, 6, 957–970, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-957-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-957-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We observed with seismic data the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) in the western United States and the mid-lithospheric discontinuity (MLD) in the central United States. In the northern and southern United States, the western LAB (probably of the Farallon plate) is weakly east dipping. There are indications of a west-dipping MLD in between. We interpret this interfingering structure of the mantle lithosphere as a result of the collision of the Farallon and the Laurentia plates.
R. Kind, T. Eken, F. Tilmann, F. Sodoudi, T. Taymaz, F. Bulut, X. Yuan, B. Can, and F. Schneider
Solid Earth, 6, 971–984, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-971-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-971-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We observed with seismic data in the entire region of Turkey and surroundings the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB). It is located generally between 80 and 100km depth outside the subduction zone. No change of the LAB depth was observed across the North and East Anatolian faults. The LAB of the subducting African plate is observed down to about 150km depth from the Aegean to the east of Cyprus, with a tear at Cyprus.
F. Sodoudi, A. Brüstle, T. Meier, R. Kind, W. Friederich, and EGELADOS working group
Solid Earth, 6, 135–151, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-135-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-135-2015, 2015
Mark R. Handy, Stefan M. Schmid, Marcel Paffrath, Wolfgang Friederich, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2633–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
New images from the multi-national AlpArray experiment illuminate the Alps from below. They indicate thick European mantle descending beneath the Alps and forming blobs that are mostly detached from the Alps above. In contrast, the Adriatic mantle in the Alps is much thinner. This difference helps explain the rugged mountains and the abundance of subducted and exhumed units at the core of the Alps. The blobs are stretched remnants of old ocean and its margins that reach down to at least 410 km.
Marcel Paffrath, Wolfgang Friederich, Stefan M. Schmid, Mark R. Handy, and the AlpArray and AlpArray-Swath D Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2671–2702, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2671-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2671-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Alpine mountain belt was formed by the collision of the Eurasian and African plates in the geological past, during which parts of the colliding plates sank into the earth's mantle. Using seismological data from distant earthquakes recorded by the AlpArray Seismic Network, we have derived an image of the current location of these subducted parts in the earth's mantle. Their quantity and spatial distribution is key information needed to understand how the Alpine orogen was formed.
Maximilian Lowe, Jörg Ebbing, Amr El-Sharkawy, and Thomas Meier
Solid Earth, 12, 691–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-691-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-691-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimates the gravitational contribution from subcrustal density heterogeneities interpreted as subducting lithosphere beneath the Alps to the gravity field. We showed that those heterogeneities contribute up to 40 mGal of gravitational signal. Such density variations are often not accounted for in Alpine lithospheric models. We demonstrate that future studies should account for subcrustal density variations to provide a meaningful representation of the complex geodynamic Alpine area.
Marcel Tesch, Johannes Stampa, Thomas Meier, Edi Kissling, György Hetényi, Wolfgang Friederich, Michael Weber, Ben Heit, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-122, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-122, 2020
Publication in SE not foreseen
Emanuel D. Kästle, Claudio Rosenberg, Lapo Boschi, Nicolas Bellahsen, Thomas Meier, and Amr El-Sharkawy
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-17, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-17, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We provide an extensive comparison of high-resolution subsurface models of the Alpine subduction zone. The imaged slab geometries are discussed in relation to the geodynamic evolution of the Alpine region. In the eastern Alps, we compare the models to three scenarios from the literature and propose a fourth one which best fits the tomographic images and the geological constraints. We find that the European slab is broken off below the entire Alpine arc, at variable depth levels.
R. Kind, X. Yuan, J. Mechie, and F. Sodoudi
Solid Earth, 6, 957–970, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-957-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-957-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We observed with seismic data the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) in the western United States and the mid-lithospheric discontinuity (MLD) in the central United States. In the northern and southern United States, the western LAB (probably of the Farallon plate) is weakly east dipping. There are indications of a west-dipping MLD in between. We interpret this interfingering structure of the mantle lithosphere as a result of the collision of the Farallon and the Laurentia plates.
R. Kind, T. Eken, F. Tilmann, F. Sodoudi, T. Taymaz, F. Bulut, X. Yuan, B. Can, and F. Schneider
Solid Earth, 6, 971–984, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-971-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-971-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We observed with seismic data in the entire region of Turkey and surroundings the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB). It is located generally between 80 and 100km depth outside the subduction zone. No change of the LAB depth was observed across the North and East Anatolian faults. The LAB of the subducting African plate is observed down to about 150km depth from the Aegean to the east of Cyprus, with a tear at Cyprus.
F. Sodoudi, A. Brüstle, T. Meier, R. Kind, W. Friederich, and EGELADOS working group
Solid Earth, 6, 135–151, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-135-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-135-2015, 2015
A. Brüstle, W. Friederich, T. Meier, and C. Gross
Solid Earth, 5, 1027–1044, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1027-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1027-2014, 2014
W. Friederich, A. Brüstle, L. Küperkoch, T. Meier, S. Lamara, and Egelados Working Group
Solid Earth, 5, 275–297, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-275-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-275-2014, 2014
S. Wehling-Benatelli, D. Becker, M. Bischoff, W. Friederich, and T. Meier
Solid Earth, 4, 405–422, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-405-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-405-2013, 2013
C. Weidle, R. A. Soomro, L. Cristiano, and T. Meier
Adv. Geosci., 36, 21–25, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-36-21-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-36-21-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Seismics, seismology, paleoseismology, geoelectrics, and electromagnetics | Discipline: Seismology
The 2022 MW 6.0 Gölyaka-Düzce earthquake: an example of a medium size earthquake in a fault zone early in its seismic cycle
A New Seismicity Catalogue of the Eastern Alps Using the Temporary Swath-D Network
Two subduction-related heterogeneities beneath the Eastern Alps and the Bohemian Massif imaged by high-resolution P-wave tomography
Basin inversion: reactivated rift structures in the central Ligurian Sea revealed using ocean bottom seismometers
COVID-19 lockdown effects on the seismic recordings in Central America
Present-day geodynamics of the Western Alps: new insights from earthquake mechanisms
Seismicity and seismotectonics of the Albstadt Shear Zone in the northern Alpine foreland
Seismicity during and after stimulation of a 6.1 km deep enhanced geothermal system in Helsinki, Finland
Seismic gaps and intraplate seismicity around Rodrigues Ridge (Indian Ocean) from time domain array analysis
Rupture-dependent breakdown energy in fault models with thermo-hydro-mechanical processes
Potential influence of overpressurized gas on the induced seismicity in the St. Gallen deep geothermal project (Switzerland)
Seismicity characterization of oceanic earthquakes in the Mexican territory
Seismic waveform tomography of the central and eastern Mediterranean upper mantle
Influence of reservoir geology on seismic response during decameter-scale hydraulic stimulations in crystalline rock
Lithospheric and sublithospheric deformation under the Borborema Province of northeastern Brazil from receiver function harmonic stripping
Induced seismicity in geologic carbon storage
Moment magnitude estimates for central Anatolian earthquakes using coda waves
Event couple spectral ratio Q method for earthquake clusters: application to northwest Bohemia
Patricia Martínez-Garzón, Dirk Becker, Jorge Jara, Xiang Chen, Grzegorz Kwiatek, and Marco Bohnhoff
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.167690090.06834204/v1, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.167690090.06834204/v1, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyze the 2022 MW 6.0 Gölyaka sequence. A high-resolution seismicity catalog revealed no spatio-temporal localization and lack of immediate foreshocks. Aftershock distribution suggests activation of the Karadere and Düzce faults. The preferential energy propagation suggests that mainshock propagated eastwards, in agreement with predictions from models where the velocity in the two sides of the fault is different.
Laurens Jan Hofman, Jörn Kummerow, Simone Cesca, and the AlpArray-Swath-D Working Group
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-806, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-806, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an earthquake catalogue for the Eastern and Southern alps, based on data from a local temporary monitoring network. The methods we developed for the detection and localisation focus especially on very small earthquakes. This provides insight in the local geology and tectonics and provides an important base for future research in this part of the Alps.
Jaroslava Plomerová, Helena Žlebčíková, György Hetényi, Luděk Vecsey, Vladislav Babuška, and AlpArray-EASI and AlpArray working
groups
Solid Earth, 13, 251–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-251-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-251-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present high-resolution tomography images of upper mantle structure beneath the E Alps and the adjacent Bohemian Massif. The northward-dipping lithosphere, imaged down to ∼200 km beneath the E Alps without signs of delamination, is probably formed by a mixture of a fragment of detached European plate and the Adriatic plate subductions. A detached high-velocity anomaly, sub-parallel to and distinct from the E Alps heterogeneity, is imaged at ∼100–200 km beneath the southern part of the BM.
Martin Thorwart, Anke Dannowski, Ingo Grevemeyer, Dietrich Lange, Heidrun Kopp, Florian Petersen, Wayne C. Crawford, Anne Paul, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2553–2571, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2553-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2553-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse broadband ocean bottom seismometer data of the AlpArray OBS network in the Ligurian Basin. Two earthquake clusters with thrust faulting focal mechanisms indicate compression of the rift basin. The locations of seismicity suggest reactivation of pre-existing rift structures and strengthening of crust and uppermost mantle during rifting-related extension. Slightly different striking directions of faults may mimic the anti-clockwise rotation of the Corsica–Sardinia block.
Mario Arroyo-Solórzano, Diego Castro-Rojas, Frédérick Massin, Lepolt Linkimer, Ivonne Arroyo, and Robin Yani
Solid Earth, 12, 2127–2144, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2127-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2127-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first seismic noise variation levels during COVID-19 in Central America using 10 seismometers. We study the impact of the seismic noise reduction on the detectability of earthquakes and on the felt reports. Our results show maximum values (~50 % decrease) at seismic stations near airports and densely inhabited cities. The decrease in seismic noise improved earthquake locations and reports. Seismic noise could also be useful to verify compliance with lockdown measures.
Marguerite Mathey, Christian Sue, Colin Pagani, Stéphane Baize, Andrea Walpersdorf, Thomas Bodin, Laurent Husson, Estelle Hannouz, and Bertrand Potin
Solid Earth, 12, 1661–1681, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1661-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1661-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work features the highest-resolution seismic stress and strain fields available at the present time for the analysis of the active crustal deformation of the Western Alps. In this paper, we address a large dataset of newly computed focal mechanisms from a statistical standpoint, which allows us to suggest a joint control from far-field forces and from buoyancy forces on the present-day deformation of the Western Alps.
Sarah Mader, Joachim R. R. Ritter, Klaus Reicherter, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 1389–1409, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1389-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1389-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Albstadt Shear Zone, SW Germany, is an active rupture zone with sometimes damaging earthquakes but no visible surface structure. To identify its segmentations, geometry, faulting pattern and extension, we analyze the continuous earthquake activity in 2011–2018. We find a segmented N–S-oriented fault zone with mainly horizontal and minor vertical movement along mostly NNE- and some NNW-oriented rupture planes. The main horizontal stress is oriented NW and due to Alpine-related loading.
Maria Leonhardt, Grzegorz Kwiatek, Patricia Martínez-Garzón, Marco Bohnhoff, Tero Saarno, Pekka Heikkinen, and Georg Dresen
Solid Earth, 12, 581–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-581-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-581-2021, 2021
Manvendra Singh and Georg Rümpker
Solid Earth, 11, 2557–2568, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2557-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2557-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using seismic array methods, 63 events were located in the Rodrigues–CIR region, not reported by any global network, most of them being off the ridge axis. The lack of seismicity along this section of the CIR, as observed from global data and this study, can possibly be attributed to the presence of partially molten mantle beneath Rodrigues Ridge. The results will be of interest for a broad range of geoscientists interested in the tectonic evolution of Indian Ocean and plume–crust interaction.
Valère Lambert and Nadia Lapusta
Solid Earth, 11, 2283–2302, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2283-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2283-2020, 2020
Dominik Zbinden, Antonio Pio Rinaldi, Tobias Diehl, and Stefan Wiemer
Solid Earth, 11, 909–933, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-909-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-909-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The deep geothermal project in St. Gallen, Switzerland, aimed at generating electricity and heat. The fluid pumped into the underground caused hundreds of small earthquakes and one larger one felt by the local population. Here we use computer simulations to study the physical processes that led to the earthquakes. We find that gas present in the subsurface could have intensified the seismicity, which may have implications for future geothermal projects conducted in similar geological conditions.
Quetzalcoatl Rodríguez-Pérez, Víctor Hugo Márquez-Ramírez, and Francisco Ramón Zúñiga
Solid Earth, 11, 791–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-791-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-791-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed reported oceanic earthquakes in Mexico. We used data from different agencies. By analyzing the occurrence of earthquakes, we can extract relevant information such as the level of seismic activity, the size of the earthquakes, hypocenter depths, etc. We also studied the focal mechanisms to classify the different types of earthquakes and calculated the stress in the region. The results will be useful to understand the physics of oceanic earthquakes.
Nienke Blom, Alexey Gokhberg, and Andreas Fichtner
Solid Earth, 11, 669–690, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-669-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-669-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a model of the Earth's structure in the upper 500 km beneath the central and eastern Mediterranean. Within this model, we can see parts of the African tectonic plate that have sunk underneath the European plate over the past tens of millions of years. This model was constructed using seismic waveform tomography by matching the seismograms from many earthquakes recorded at the surface to synthetic seismograms that were generated by simulating earthquake wave propagation.
Linus Villiger, Valentin Samuel Gischig, Joseph Doetsch, Hannes Krietsch, Nathan Oliver Dutler, Mohammadreza Jalali, Benoît Valley, Paul Antony Selvadurai, Arnaud Mignan, Katrin Plenkers, Domenico Giardini, Florian Amann, and Stefan Wiemer
Solid Earth, 11, 627–655, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-627-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-627-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic stimulation summarizes fracture initiation and reactivation due to high-pressure fluid injection. Several borehole intervals covering intact rock and pre-existing fractures were targets for high-pressure fluid injections within a decameter-scale, crystalline rock volume. The observed induced seismicity strongly depends on the target geology. In addition, the severity of the induced seismicity per experiment counter correlates with the observed transmissivity enhancement.
Gaelle Lamarque and Jordi Julià
Solid Earth, 10, 893–905, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-893-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-893-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Our goal is to better understand the evolution of the Earth's outer shell in northeast Brazil. We analyze the propagation properties (anisotropy) of distant seismic waves in order to look for subsurface, large-scale deformation structures. Results show that structures visible at the surface can be traced down to ~100 km depth, that the imprint of the opening of the Atlantic Ocean can be detected along the coast and that the continental interior is anomalous due to a complex deformation history.
Víctor Vilarrasa, Jesus Carrera, Sebastià Olivella, Jonny Rutqvist, and Lyesse Laloui
Solid Earth, 10, 871–892, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-871-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-871-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
To meet the goal of the Paris Agreement to limit temperature increase below 2 ºC, geologic carbon storage (GCS) will be necessary at the gigatonne scale. But to successfully deploy GCS, seismicity induced by CO2 injection should be controlled and maintained below a threshold that does not generate nuisances to the population. We conclude that felt induced seismicity can be minimized provided that a proper site characterization, monitoring and pressure management are performed.
Tuna Eken
Solid Earth, 10, 713–723, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-713-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-713-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Proper magnitude estimates for earthquakes can give insight into the seismic energy released at an earthquake source. This is, in fact, essential for better seismic hazard assessments in tectonically active regions. In the present work, I examine local earthquakes in central Anatolia to estimate their moment magnitudes. The main outcome of this study is an empirical relation that can provide a direct physical quantity of seismic energy in the study region.
Marius Kriegerowski, Simone Cesca, Matthias Ohrnberger, Torsten Dahm, and Frank Krüger
Solid Earth, 10, 317–328, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-317-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-317-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a method that allows to estimate the acoustic attenuation of seismic waves within regions with high earthquake source densities. Attenuation is of high interest as it allows to draw conclusions on the origin of seismic activity. We apply our method to north-west Bohemia, which is regularly affected by earthquake swarms during which thousands of earthquakes are registered within a few days. We find reduced attenuation within the active volume, which may indicate high fluid content.
Cited articles
Babuška, V., Plomerová, J., and Granet, M.: The deep lithosphere in the Alps: a model inferred from P residuals, Tectonophysics, 176, 137–165, 1990.
Baer, M. and Kradolfer, U.: An automatic phase picker for local and teleseismic events, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 77, 1437–1445, 1987.
Behm, M., Brückl, E., Chwatal, W., and Thybo, H.: Application of stacking and inversion techniques to three-dimensional wide-angle reflection and refraction seismic data of the Eastern Alps, Geophys. J. Int., 170, 275–298, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03393.x, 2007.
Bianchi, I., Behm, M., Rumpfhuber, E. M., and Bokelmann, G.: A new seismic data set on the depth of the Moho in the Alps, Pure Appl. Geophys., 172, 295–308, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0953-1, 2015.
Bianchi, I., Ruigrok, E., Obermann, A., and Kissling, E.: Moho topography beneath the European Eastern Alps by global-phase seismic interferometry, Solid Earth, 12, 1185–1196, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1185-2021, 2021.
Bodin, T., Yuan, H., and Romanowicz, B.: Inversion of receiver functions without deconvolution-application to the Indian craton, Geophys. J. Int., 196, 1025–1033, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt431, 2014.
Brückl, E., Behm, M., Decker, K., Grad, M., Guterch, A., Keller, G. R., and Thybo, H.: Crustal structure and active tectonics in the Eastern Alps, Tectonics, 29, TC2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009TC002491, 2010.
Eaton, D. W., Darbyshire, F., Evans, R. L., Grütter, H., Jones, A. G., and Yuan, X.: The elusive lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB) beneath cratons, Lithos, 109, 1–22, 2009.
El-Sharkawy, A., Meier, T., Lebedev, S., Behrmann, J. H., Hamada, M., Cristiano, L., Weidle, C., and Köhn, D.: The slab puzzle in the Alpine-Mediterranean Region: Insights from a new, high-resolution, shear wave velocity model of the upper mantle, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 21, e2020GC008993, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC008993, 2020.
Geissler, W. H., Sodoudi, F., and Kind, R.: Thickness of central and eastern European lithosphere as seen by S receiver functions, Geophys. J. Int., 181, 604–634, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04548.x, 2010.
Grad, M., Tira T., and ESC Working Group: The Moho depth map of the European Plate, Geophys. J. Int., 176, 279–292, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03919.x, 2009a.
Grad, M., Brückl, E., Majdanski, M., Behm, M., Guterch, A., and CELEBRATION 2000 and ALP 2002 Working Groups: Crustal structure of the Eastern Alps and their foreland: seismic model beneath the CEL10/Alp04 profile and tectonic implications, Geophys. J. Int., 177, 279–295, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04074.x, 2009b.
Guidarelli, M., Aoudia, A., and Costa, G.: 3-D structure of the crust and uppermost mantle at the junction between the Southeastern Alps and External Dinarides from ambient noise tomography, Geophys. J. Int., 211, 1509–1523, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx379, 2017.
Handy, M., Schmid, S., Paffrath, M., Friederich, W., and the AlpArray Working Group: European tectosphere and slabs beneath the greater Alpine area – Interpretation of mantle structure in the Alps-Apennines-Pannonian region from teleseismic Vp studies, Solid Earth Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-49, in review, 2021.
Handy, M. R., Ustaszewski, K., and Kissling, E.: Reconstructing the Alps-Carpathians-Dinarides as a key to understand switches in subduction polarity, slab gaps and surface motion, Int. J. Earth Sci., 104, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1060-3, 2015.
Heit, B., Weber, M., Tilmann, F., Haberland, C., Jia, Y., Carraro, C., and Pesaresi, D.: The SWATH-D Seismic Network in Italy and Austria, GFZ Data Services, https://doi.org/10.14470/mf7562601148, 2017.
Heit, B., Cristiano, L., Haberland, C., Tilmann, F.,
Pesaresi, D., Jia, Y., Hausmann, H., Hemmleb, S., Haxter, M., Zieke,
T., Jäckl, K.-H., Schlömer, A., and Weber, M.: The SWATH-D
Seismological Network in the Eastern Alps, Seismol. Res. Lett., 92,
1592–1609, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200377, 2021.
Hetényi, G., Ren, Y., Dando, B., Stuart, G. W., Hegedűs, E., Kovács, A. C., and Houseman, G. A.: Crustal structure of the Pannonian Basin: the AlCaPa and Tisza terrains and the Mid-Hungarian Zone, Tectonophysics, 646, 106–116, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.02.004, 2015.
Hetényi, G., Molinari, I., Clinton, J., et al.: The AlpArray Seismic Network: a large-scale European experiment to image the Alpine orogeny, Surv. Geophys., 39, 1009–1033, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-018-9472-4, 2018a.
Hetényi, G., Plomerová, J., Bianchi, I., Exnerová, H. K., Bokelmann, G., Handy, M. R., Babuška, V., and AlpArray-EASI Working Group: From mountain summits to roots: crustal structure of the Eastern Alps and Bohemian Massif along longitude 13.3 E, Tectonophysics, 744, 239–255, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.07.001, 2018b.
Horváth, F., Bada, G., Szafian, P., Tari, G., Adam, A., and Cloetingh, S.: Formation and deformation of the Pannonian Basin: constraints from observational data, Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 32, 191–206, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2006.032.01.11, 2006.
Horváth, F., Musitz, B., Balázs, A., Végh, A., Uhrin, A., Nádor, A., Koroknai, B., Pap, N., Tóth, T., and Wórum, G.: Evolution of the Pannonian basin and its geothermal resources, Geothermics, 53, 328–352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.07.009, 2015.
Hrubcová, P., Środa, P.,Špicák, A., Guterch, A., Grad, M., Keller, G. R., Brueckl, E., and Thybo, H.: Crustal and uppermost mantle structure of the Bohemian Massif based on CELEBRATION 2000 data, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 110, B11305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003080, 2005.
Kalmár, D., Hetényi, G., and Bondár, I.: Moho
depth analysis of the eastern Pannonian Basin and the Southern
Carpathians from receiver functions, J. Seismol., 23, 967–982, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-019-09847-w, 2019.
Kästle, E. D., El-Sharkawy, A., Boschi, L., Meier, T., Rosenberg, C., Bellahsen, N., Cristiano, L., and Weidle, C.: Surface wave tomography of the Alps using ambient-noise and earthquake phase velocity measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 123, 1770–1792, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014698, 2018.
Kästle, E. D., Rosenberg, C., Boschi, L., Bellahsen, N., Meier, T., and El-Sharkawy, A.: Slab break-offs in the Alpine subduction zone, Int, J. Earth Sci., 109, 587–603, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01821-z, 2020.
Kennett, B. L. N. and Engdahl, E. R.: Travel times for global earthquake location and phase identification, Geophys. J. Int., 105, 429–465, 1991.
Kind, R., Handy, M. R., Yuan, X., Meier, T., Kämpf, H., and Somroo, R.: Detection of a new sub-lithospheric discontinuity in central Europe with S-receiver functions, Tectonophysics, 700–701, 19–31, 2017.
Kind, R., Mooney, W., and Yuan, X.: New insights into structural elements of the upper mantle beneath the contiguous United States from S-to-P converted seismic phases, Geophys. J. Int., 222, 646–659, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa203, 2020.
Kissling, E., Schmid, S. M., Lippitsch, R., Ansorge, J., and Fügenschuh, B.: Lithosphere structure and tectonic evolution of the Alpine arc: new evidence from high-resolution teleseismic tomography, in European Lithosphere Dynamics, Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 32, 29–145, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2006.032.01.08, 2006.
Kumar, P., Kind, R., and Yuan, X.: Receiver function summation without deconvolution, Geophys. J. Int., 180, 1223–1230. 2010.
Kummerow, J., Kind, R., Oncken, O., Giese, P., Ryberg, T., Wylegalla, K., and Scherbaum, F.: A natural and controlled source seismic profile through the Eastern Alps: TRANSALP, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 225, 115–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.040, 2004.
Lippitsch, R., Kissling, E., and Ansorge, J.: Upper mantle structure beneath the Alpine orogen from high-resolution teleseismic tomography, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 108, 2376, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002016, 2003.
Liu, T. and Shearer, P. M.: Complicated lithospheric structure beneath the contiguous US revealed by teleseismic S-reflections, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 126, e2020JB021624, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB021624, 2021.
Lombardi, D., Braunmiller, J., Kissling, E., and Giardini, D.: Moho depth and Poisson's ratio in the Western-Central Alps from receiver functions, Geophys. J. Int., 173, 249–264, 2008.
Molinari, I., Verbeke, J., Boschi, L., Kissling, E., and Morelli, A.: Italian and Alpine three-dimensional crustal structure imaged by ambient-noise surface-wave dispersion, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 16, 4405–4421, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC006176, 2015.
Mroczek, S., Tilmann, F. J., Pleuger, J., Yuan, X., Heit, B., and the AlpArray Working Group: Filling the Moho gap: High resolution crustal structure of the Eastern Alps, presented at Fall Meeting, AGU, 1–17 December, San Francisco, T047-04, 2020.
Nabelek, J., Hetényi, G., Vergne, J., Sapkota, S., Kafle, B., Jiang, M., Su, H., Chen, J., Huang, B.-S., and
Hi-CLIMB Team: Underplating in the Himalaya-Tibet collision zone revealed by the Hi-CLIMB experiment, Science, 325, 1371–1374, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167719, 2009.
ORFEUS: European Integrated Data Archive, ORFEUS [data set], available at: http://www.orfeus-eu.org/data/eida, last access: 21 October 2021.
Paffrath, M., Friederich, W., and the AlpArray and AlpArray-Swath D working group: Imaging structure and geometry of slabs in the greater Alpine area – A P-wave traveltime tomography using AlpArray Seismic Network data, Solid Earth Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-58, in review, 2021.
Ratschbacher, L., Frisch, W., and Linzer, H. G.: Lateral extrusion in the Eastern Alps, Part 2: Structural analysis, Tectonics, 10, 257–271, 1991.
Spada, M., Bianchi, I., Kissling, E., Agostinetti, N. P., and Wiemer, S.: Combining controlled-source seismology and receiver function information to derive 3-D Moho topography for Italy, Geophys. J. Int., 194, 1050–1068, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt148, 2013.
Schmid, S. M., Fügenschuh, B., Kissling, E., and Schuster, R.: Tectonic map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 97, 93–117, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-004-1113-x, 2004.
Schmid, S. M., Bernoulli, D., Fügenschuh, B., Matenco, L., Schefer, S., Schuster, R., Tischler, M., and Ustaszewski, K.: The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units, Swiss J. Geosci., 101, 139–183, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1247-3, 2008.
Schneider, F. M., Yuan, X., Schurr, B., Mechie, J., Sippl, C., Haberland, C., Minaev, V.,
Oimahmadov, I.,
Gadoev, M.,
Radjabov, N.,
Abdybachaev, U.,
Orunbaev, S., and
Negmatullaev, S.: Seismic imaging of subducting continental lower crust beneath the Pamir, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 375, 101–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.05.015, 2013.
SH development team: Seismic Handler [code], available at: https://seismic-handler.org, last access: 23 October 2021.
Stammler, K.: Seismic handler programmable multichannel data handler for interactive and automatic processing of seismological analysis, Comput. Geosci., 19, 135–140, 1993.
Szanyi, G., Graczer, Z., Balazsc, B., Kovacs, I. J., and AlpArray Working Group: The transition zone between the Eastern Alps and the Pannonian basin imaged by ambient noise tomography, Tectonophysics, 805, 228770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2021.228770, 2021.
Wilde-Piórko, M., Saul, J., and Grad, M.: Differences in the crustal and uppermost mantle structure of the bohemian massif from teleseismic receiver functions, Stud. Geophys. Geod., 49, 85–107, 2005.
Yan, Q. Z. and Mechie, J.: A fine structural section through the crust and lower lithosphere along the axial region of the Alps, Geophys. J. Int., 98, 465–488, 1989.
Yuan, X., Ni, J., Kind, R., Mechie, J., and Sandvol, E.: Lithospheric and upper mantle structure of southern Tibet from a seismological passive source experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27491–27500, 1997.
Short summary
A large amount of new seismic data from the greater Alpine area have been obtained within the AlpArray and SWATH-D projects. S-to-P converted seismic phases from the Moho and from the mantle lithosphere have been processed with a newly developed method. Examples of new observations are a rapid change in Moho depth at 13° E below the Tauern Window from 60 km in the west to 40 km in the east and a second Moho trough along the boundary of the Bohemian Massif towards the Western Carpathians.
A large amount of new seismic data from the greater Alpine area have been obtained within the...
