Articles | Volume 3, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-87-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-87-2012
© Author(s) 2012. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
12 Mar 2012
Research article |
| 12 Mar 2012
The regulation of the air: a hypothesis
E. G. Nisbet
Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
C. M. R. Fowler
Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK
R. E. R. Nisbet
Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
Related subject area
Geochemistry
Magnesium isotope fractionation processes during seafloor serpentinization and implications for serpentinite subduction
Evolution of fluid redox in a fault zone of the Pic de Port Vieux thrust in the Pyrenees Axial Zone (Spain)
Mapping geochemical anomalies by accounting for the uncertainty of mineralization-related elemental associations
Rare Earth element distribution on the Fuerteventura Basal Complex (Canary Islands, Spain): a geochemical and mineralogical approach
Basic chemical compositions combination rules and quantitative criterion of red beds
Mineralogical and elemental geochemical characteristics of Taodonggou Group mudstone in the Taibei Sag, Turpan–Hami Basin: implication for its formation mechanism
Epidote dissolution–precipitation during viscous granular flow: a micro-chemical and isotope study
Whole-rock and zircon evidence for evolution of the Late Jurassic high-Sr ∕ Y Zhoujiapuzi granite, Liaodong Peninsula, North China Craton
Application of lithogeochemical and pyrite trace element data for the determination of vectors to ore in the Raja Au–Co prospect, northern Finland
Vectors to ore in replacive volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits of the northern Iberian Pyrite Belt: mineral zoning, whole rock geochemistry, and application of portable X-ray fluorescence
Rock alteration at the post-Variscan nonconformity: implications for Carboniferous–Permian surface weathering versus burial diagenesis and paleoclimate evaluation
Quartz dissolution associated with magnesium silicate hydrate cement precipitation
Comparative geochemical study on Furongian–earliest Ordovician (Toledanian) and Ordovician (Sardic) felsic magmatic events in south-western Europe: underplating of hot mafic magmas linked to the opening of the Rheic Ocean
Understanding controls on hydrothermal dolomitisation: insights from 3D reactive transport modelling of geothermal convection
Influence of basement rocks on fluid evolution during multiphase deformation: the example of the Estamariu thrust in the Pyrenean Axial Zone
Spatiotemporal history of fault–fluid interaction in the Hurricane fault, western USA
Quantifying the buffering of oceanic oxygen isotopes at ancient midocean ridges
Bromine speciation and partitioning in slab-derived aqueous fluids and silicate melts and implications for halogen transfer in subduction zones
Uncertainty in regional estimates of capacity for carbon capture and storage
Fluid–rock interactions in the shallow Mariana forearc: carbon cycling and redox conditions
Boninite and boninite-series volcanics in northern Zambales ophiolite: doubly vergent subduction initiation along Philippine Sea plate margins
Squirt flow due to interfacial water films in hydrate bearing sediments
Remote-sensing data processing with the multivariate regression analysis method for iron mineral resource potential mapping: a case study in the Sarvian area, central Iran
First magmatism in the New England Batholith, Australia: forearc and arc–back-arc components in the Bakers Creek Suite gabbros
Measurement of geologic nitrogen using mass spectrometry, colorimetry, and a newly adapted fluorometry technique
Feathery and network-like filamentous textures as indicators for the re-crystallization of quartz from a metastable silica precursor at the Rusey Fault Zone, Cornwall, UK
Differences and influencing factors related to underground water carbon uptake by karsts in the Houzhai Basin, southwestern China
Quantitative experimental monitoring of molecular diffusion in clay with positron emission tomography
Geoscientific process monitoring with positron emission tomography (GeoPET)
Effects of wood chip amendments on the revegetation performance of plant species on eroded marly terrains in a Mediterranean mountainous climate (Southern Alps, France)
A Web-based spatial decision supporting system for land management and soil conservation
Tunable diode laser measurements of hydrothermal/volcanic CO2 and implications for the global CO2 budget
Physicochemical changes in pyrogenic organic matter (biochar) after 15 months of field aging
Factors controlling the geochemical composition of Limnopolar Lake sediments (Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Island, Antarctica) during the last ca. 1600 years
New zircon data supporting models of short-lived igneous activity at 1.89 Ga in the western Skellefte District, central Fennoscandian Shield
Dynamical geochemistry of the mantle
Sune G. Nielsen, Frieder Klein, Horst R. Marschall, Philip A. E. Pogge von Strandmann, and Maureen Auro
Solid Earth, 15, 1143–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1143-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1143-2024, 2024
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Magnesium isotope ratios of arc lavas have been proposed as a proxy for serpentinite subduction, but uncertainties remain regarding their utility. Here we show that bulk serpentinite Mg isotope ratios are identical to the mantle, whereas the serpentinite mineral brucite is enriched in heavy Mg isotopes. Thus, Mg isotope ratios may only be used as serpentinite subduction proxies if brucite is preferentially mobilized from the slab at pressures and temperatures within the arc magma source region.
Delphine Charpentier, Gaétan Milesi, Pierre Labaume, Ahmed Abd Elmola, Martine Buatier, Pierre Lanari, and Manuel Muñoz
Solid Earth, 15, 1065–1086, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1065-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1065-2024, 2024
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Understanding the fluid circulation in fault zones is essential to characterize the thermochemical evolution of hydrothermal systems in mountain ranges. The study focused on a paleo-system of the Pyrenees. Phyllosilicates permit us to constrain the evolution of temperature and redox of fluids at the scale of the fault system. A scenario is proposed and involves the circulation of a single highly reducing hydrothermal fluid (~300 °C) that evolves due to redox reactions.
Jian Wang, Renguang Zuo, and Qinghai Liu
Solid Earth, 15, 731–746, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-731-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-731-2024, 2024
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This study improves geochemical mapping by addressing the uncertainty in defining element associations. It clusters the study area by element similarity, recognizes elemental associations for each cluster, and then detects anomalies indicating underlying geological processes. This method is applied to a region in China, confirming its effectiveness and consistency with the geology. This study can enhance geochemical mapping for mineral exploration and improve geological-process understanding.
Marc Campeny, Inmaculada Menéndez, Luis Quevedo, Jorge Yepes, Ramón Casillas, Agustina Ahijado, Jorge Méndez-Ramos, and José Mangas
Solid Earth, 15, 639–656, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-639-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-639-2024, 2024
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The Basal Complex unit on Fuerteventura island comprises magmatic rocks showing significant rare Earth element (REE) concentrations with values up to 10 300 ppm REY (REEs plus yttrium). We carried out mineralogical and geochemical analyses, but additional research is needed to fully understand their distribution due to structural complexities and environmental factors.
Guangjun Cui, Jin Liao, Linghua Kong, Cuiying Zhou, Zhen Liu, Lei Yu, and Lihai Zhang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2590, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2590, 2024
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A rapid quantitative identification criterion based on the basic chemical compositions combination rules of red beds has been established, taking into account the correlation between red beds geomorphic characteristics, mineral compositions, and chemical compositions. The research results can also be applied to the quantitative identification of red beds in other fields such as resources, ecology, environment, energy, materials, etc.
Huan Miao, Jianying Guo, Yanbin Wang, Zhenxue Jiang, Chengju Zhang, and Chuanming Li
Solid Earth, 14, 1031–1052, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1031-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1031-2023, 2023
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The Taodonggou Group mudstone was deposited in a warm, humid, and hot paleoclimate with strong weathering. The parent rocks of the Taodonggou Group mudstone are felsic volcanic rocks and andesites, with weak sedimentary sorting and recycling and with well-preserved source information. The Taodonggou Group mudstone was deposited in dyoxic fresh water–brackish water in intermediate-depth or deep lakes with stable inputs of terrigenous debris but at slower deposition rates.
Veronica Peverelli, Alfons Berger, Martin Wille, Thomas Pettke, Pierre Lanari, Igor Maria Villa, and Marco Herwegh
Solid Earth, 13, 1803–1821, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1803-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1803-2022, 2022
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This work studies the interplay of epidote dissolution–precipitation and quartz dynamic recrystallization during viscous granular flow in a deforming epidote–quartz vein. Pb and Sr isotope data indicate that epidote dissolution–precipitation is mediated by internal/recycled fluids with an additional external fluid component. Microstructures and geochemical data show that the epidote material is redistributed and chemically homogenized within the deforming vein via a dynamic granular fluid pump.
Renyu Zeng, Mark B. Allen, Xiancheng Mao, Jianqing Lai, Jie Yan, and Jianjun Wan
Solid Earth, 13, 1259–1280, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1259-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1259-2022, 2022
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In the Liaodong Peninsula, the widely exposed Jurassic high-Sr / Y rocks are generally considered to be derived from the thickened mafic crust. However, research on the Zhoujiapuzi granite in this study shows that there is at least one pluton with a high Sr / Y signature inherited from the source. Zircon growth in Zhoujiapuzi granite can be divided into two stages. The light-CL core was formed in a deeper, hotter magma chamber. The dark-CL rim formed from later, more evolved magma.
Sara Raič, Ferenc Molnár, Nick Cook, Hugh O'Brien, and Yann Lahaye
Solid Earth, 13, 271–299, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-271-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-271-2022, 2022
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Orogenic gold deposits in Paleoproterozoic belts in northern Finland have been explored not only for gold but because of the occurrences of economically important concentrations of base metals, especially cobalt. In this study we are testing the vectoring capacities of pyrite trace element geochemistry, combined with lithogeochemical and sulfur isotopic data in the Raja gold–cobalt prospect (northern Finland), by using multivariate statistical data analysis.
Guillem Gisbert, Fernando Tornos, Emma Losantos, Juan Manuel Pons, and Juan Carlos Videira
Solid Earth, 12, 1931–1966, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1931-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1931-2021, 2021
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We performed a detailed study of the rocks surrounding a major Zn–Pb–Cu ore deposit in southwestern Spain in order to characterize the behaviour of chemical elements in the influence area of the hydrothermal system that produced the deposit. Based on this information we propose new ways of detecting the nearby presence of ore deposits of this kind during exploration, thus improving our ability to detect new resources and contributing to securing the future supply of metals for our society.
Fei Liang, Jun Niu, Adrian Linsel, Matthias Hinderer, Dirk Scheuvens, and Rainer Petschick
Solid Earth, 12, 1165–1184, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1165-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1165-2021, 2021
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In this study, we conclude that surface weathering is a primary control on rock characteristics and also guides fluids through the system during deep burial process. We also find that the formation of the rock decomposition zone depends on rock composition, climatic conditions and the duration of the process. Finally and most importantly, we provide a workflow for data reliability analysis for paleoclimate research.
Lisa de Ruiter, Anette Eleonora Gunnæs, Dag Kristian Dysthe, and Håkon Austrheim
Solid Earth, 12, 389–404, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-389-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-389-2021, 2021
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In this work, the formation of natural magnesium silicate hydrate cement has been studied. The cement forms through the extraordinarily fast dissolution of quartz under high-pH, Mg-rich conditions that occur in south-east Norway where an ultramafic body is exposed. We studied the cemented rocks and the processes that led to the formation of the cement from the field scale to the nanoscale. Magnesium silicate hydrate cement might be a low-CO2 alternative to Portland cement.
J. Javier Álvaro, Teresa Sánchez-García, Claudia Puddu, Josep Maria Casas, Alejandro Díez-Montes, Montserrat Liesa, and Giacomo Oggiano
Solid Earth, 11, 2377–2409, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2377-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2377-2020, 2020
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A geochemical comparison of early Palaeozoic felsic magmatic episodes throughout the south-western European margin of Gondwana is analysed and includes data from the Iberian Massif, the Eastern Pyrenees, southern France and Sardinia. This dataset favours partial melting of sediments and/or granitoids in the lower continental crust during extensional movements related to the opening of the Rheic Ocean.
Rungroj Benjakul, Cathy Hollis, Hamish A. Robertson, Eric L. Sonnenthal, and Fiona F. Whitaker
Solid Earth, 11, 2439–2461, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2439-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2439-2020, 2020
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Our reactive transport models show that high-temperature fault-controlled dolomite can form from mixed convection and act as a sink for Mg in the circulating seawaters. This provides new perspectives to enhance understanding of mechanisms and controls on dolomitisation, geometry, and spatial distribution of dolomite bodies within faulted and fractured systems, which has important implications for modelling of systems ranging from geothermal resources to ore formation and carbonate diagenesis.
Daniel Muñoz-López, Gemma Alías, David Cruset, Irene Cantarero, Cédric M. John, and Anna Travé
Solid Earth, 11, 2257–2281, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2257-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2257-2020, 2020
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This study assesses the influence of basement rocks on the fluid chemistry during deformation in the Pyrenees and provides insights into the fluid regime in the NE part of the Iberian Peninsula.
Jace M. Koger and Dennis L. Newell
Solid Earth, 11, 1969–1985, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1969-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1969-2020, 2020
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The Hurricane fault is a major and active normal fault located in the southwestern USA. This study utilizes the geochemistry and dating of calcite veins associated with the fault to characterize ancient groundwater flow. Results show that waters moving along the fault over the last 540 000 years were a mixture of infiltrating fresh water and deep, warm salty groundwater. The formation of calcite veins may be related to ancient earthquakes, and the fault influences regional groundwater flow.
Yoshiki Kanzaki
Solid Earth, 11, 1475–1488, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1475-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1475-2020, 2020
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This study evaluates the buffering of seawater oxygen isotopes at midocean ridges, using a process-based model of hydrothermal circulation and reactive transport of oxygen isotopes. The buffering intensity shown by the model is significantly weaker than previously assumed. Oxygen isotopes of oceanic crust are consistently relatively insensitive to seawater isotopic composition, which explains the ancient oceanic crust without invoking a constant seawater oxygen–isotopic composition through time.
Marion Louvel, Carmen Sanchez-Valle, Wim J. Malfait, Gleb S. Pokrovski, Camelia N. Borca, and Daniel Grolimund
Solid Earth, 11, 1145–1161, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1145-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1145-2020, 2020
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Here, we conducted spectroscopic measurements on high-pressure, high-temperature fluids and melts to study how halogens, in particular bromine, can be incorporated in subduction zone fluids and melts. We find that a gradual evolution of bromine speciation with liquid composition enables the incorporation of high amounts of Br in both phases. Thus, bromine and, by extension, chlorine are expected to be efficiently recycled from the slab towards the volcanic arc.
Mark Wilkinson and Debbie Polson
Solid Earth, 10, 1707–1715, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1707-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1707-2019, 2019
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Carbon capture and storage is a technology for the mitigation of industrial CO2 emissions. Most subsurface storage capacity is in rocks for which there is relatively little information. A group of experts estimated the storage capacity of seven units, producing a wide range of estimates for each unit due to a combination of using different published values for some variables and differences in their judgements of average values. Hence, there is significant uncertainty in such estimates.
Elmar Albers, Wolfgang Bach, Frieder Klein, Catriona D. Menzies, Friedrich Lucassen, and Damon A. H. Teagle
Solid Earth, 10, 907–930, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-907-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-907-2019, 2019
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To understand the fate of carbon in subducted oceanic sediments and crust, we studied carbonate phases in rocks from the Mariana subduction zone. These show that carbon is liberated from the downgoing plate at depths less than 20 km. Some of the carbon is subsequently trapped in minerals and likely subducts to greater depths, whereas fluids carry the other part back into the ocean. Our findings imply that shallow subduction zone processes may play an important role in the deep carbon cycle.
Americus Perez, Susumu Umino, Graciano P. Yumul Jr., and Osamu Ishizuka
Solid Earth, 9, 713–733, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-713-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-713-2018, 2018
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The occurrence of boninite in the northern Zambales ophiolite is reported. Boninite is a relatively rare high-magnesium andesite that is intimately associated with early arc volcanism and the initiation of subduction zones. Taken as a whole, the geological and geochemical characteristics of Zambales and Izu-Ogasawara–Mariana forearc volcanic sequences enables a refined geodynamic reconstruction of subduction initiation.
Kathleen Sell, Beatriz Quintal, Michael Kersten, and Erik H. Saenger
Solid Earth, 9, 699–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-699-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-699-2018, 2018
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Sediments containing hydrates dispersed in the pore space show a characteristic seismic anomaly: a high attenuation along with increasing seismic velocities. Recent major findings from synchrotron experiments revealed the systematic presence of thin water films between quartz and gas hydrate. Our numerical studies support earlier speculation that squirt flow causes high attenuation at seismic frequencies but are based on a conceptual model different to those previously considered.
Edris Mansouri, Faranak Feizi, Alireza Jafari Rad, and Mehran Arian
Solid Earth, 9, 373–384, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-373-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-373-2018, 2018
Seann J. McKibbin, Bill Landenberger, and C. Mark Fanning
Solid Earth, 8, 421–434, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-421-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-421-2017, 2017
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The youngest, easternmost part of continental Australia formed in an ancient subduction zone by rifting of the crust. This drove melting of the underlying mantle, producing basaltic magmas that intruded the crust. We determined the composition and ages of these intrusives, finding that they predate other types of magmatic intrusion in the area. This indicates progression in magma types from basaltic (mantle origin), through mixed, to granitic (crust recycling) during the growth of this region.
Benjamin W. Johnson, Natashia Drage, Jody Spence, Nova Hanson, Rana El-Sabaawi, and Colin Goldblatt
Solid Earth, 8, 307–318, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-307-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-307-2017, 2017
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Contrary to canonical notions, recent research suggests that N can cycle throughout the solid Earth over geologic time. Such cycling may directly affect climate and biologic productivity. Due to low concentrations in rocks and minerals, analysis and interpretation are difficult. Therefore, we adapted a fluorometry technique used in aquatic chemistry for use on geologic samples. We compare fluorometry to mass spectrometry and present discussion of the abundance of N in continental crust.
Tim I. Yilmaz, Florian Duschl, and Danilo Di Genova
Solid Earth, 7, 1509–1519, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1509-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1509-2016, 2016
Junyi Zhang, Zihao Bian, Minghong Dai, Lachun Wang, Chunfen Zeng, and Weici Su
Solid Earth, 7, 1259–1268, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1259-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1259-2016, 2016
Johannes Kulenkampff, Abdelhamid Zakhnini, Marion Gründig, and Johanna Lippmann-Pipke
Solid Earth, 7, 1207–1215, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1207-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1207-2016, 2016
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Clay is the prominent barrier material in the geosphere, but diffusion of dissolved species is possible. Diffusion parameters are commonly determined on small samples, disregarding heterogeneity. With positron emission tomography (PET), we monitored heterogeneous transport patterns on larger samples. From the time dependence of the spatial tracer distribution, we derived reliable anisotropic diffusion coefficients, and found indications of preferential transport zones.
Johannes Kulenkampff, Marion Gründig, Abdelhamid Zakhnini, and Johanna Lippmann-Pipke
Solid Earth, 7, 1217–1231, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1217-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1217-2016, 2016
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Transport processes can be observed with input–output experiments, disregarding the impact of heterogeneities, or they can be modelled, based on structural images. In contrast, positron emission tomography (PET) directly yields the spatio-temporal distribution of tracer concentration. PET benefits from its molecular sensitivity together with a reasonable resolution. We illustrate its use with examples of process monitoring of advection and diffusion processes, and we discuss benefits and limits.
Vincent Breton, Yves Crosaz, and Freddy Rey
Solid Earth, 7, 599–610, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-599-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-599-2016, 2016
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This paper presents the results of two experiments of revegetation techniques in context of water erosion and mountainous Mediterranean climate. We studied the interest of a wood chip amendment, applied on soil surface (mulch), and its interaction with plant development. The use of different plant species and the monitoring on three growing seasons (with climatic variations) allow us to specify the interest of wood chip mulch to improve revegetation especially in erosion and drought conditions.
F. Terribile, A. Agrillo, A. Bonfante, G. Buscemi, M. Colandrea, A. D'Antonio, R. De Mascellis, C. De Michele, G. Langella, P. Manna, L. Marotta, F. A. Mileti, L. Minieri, N. Orefice, S. Valentini, S. Vingiani, and A. Basile
Solid Earth, 6, 903–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-903-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-903-2015, 2015
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Here we aim to demonstrate that a dpatial decision support system based on geospatial cyberinfrastructure (GCI) can profitably address many contrasting demands on our landscape concerning agriculture and environment as well as many land degradation problems.
In this paper, we discuss methods and results of a special kind of GCI architecture, highly focused on soil and land conservation, developed in the framework of the SOILCONSWEB LIFE+ project.
M. Pedone, A. Aiuppa, G. Giudice, F. Grassa, V. Francofonte, B. Bergsson, and E. Ilyinskaya
Solid Earth, 5, 1209–1221, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1209-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1209-2014, 2014
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Here, we present the results of tunable diode laser observations at four quiescent volcanoes: Nea Kameni, Hekla, Krýsuvík, and Vulcano Island, which display a range of fumarolic activity from weak to moderate. This study contributes to better characterising the typical levels of CO2 emission from such feeble volcanic point sources, suggesting that the cumulative contribution from weakly degassing volcanoes may be significant at global scale.
A. Mukherjee, A. R. Zimmerman, R. Hamdan, and W. T. Cooper
Solid Earth, 5, 693–704, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-693-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-693-2014, 2014
A. Martínez Cortizas, I. Rozas Muñiz, T. Taboada, M. Toro, I. Granados, S. Giralt, and S. Pla-Rabés
Solid Earth, 5, 651–663, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-651-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-651-2014, 2014
P. Skyttä, T. Hermansson, J. Andersson, M. Whitehouse, and P. Weihed
Solid Earth, 2, 205–217, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-205-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-205-2011, 2011
G. F. Davies
Solid Earth, 2, 159–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-159-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-159-2011, 2011
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