Articles | Volume 13, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Jun 2022
Research article |
| 29 Jun 2022
| 29 Jun 2022
The analysis of slip tendency of major tectonic faults in Germany
Institute of Applied Geosciences, TU Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
Steffen Ahlers
Institute of Applied Geosciences, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
Birgit Müller
Institute of Applied Geosciences, TU Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
Karsten Reiter
Institute of Applied Geosciences, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
Oliver Heidbach
Helmholtz Zentrum Potsdam, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Institute of Applied Geosciences, TU Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
Andreas Henk
Institute of Applied Geosciences, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
Tobias Hergert
Institute of Applied Geosciences, KIT, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
Frank Schilling
Institute of Applied Geosciences, TU Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
Related authors
Moritz O. Ziegler, Robin Seithel, Thomas Niederhuber, Oliver Heidbach, Thomas Kohl, Birgit Müller, Mojtaba Rajabi, Karsten Reiter, and Luisa Röckel
Solid Earth, 15, 1047–1063, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rotation of the principal stress axes in a fault structure because of a rock stiffness contrast has been investigated for the impact of the ratio of principal stresses, the angle between principal stress axes and fault strike, and the ratio of the rock stiffness contrast. A generic 2D geomechanical model is employed for the systematic investigation of the parameter space.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Sophia Morawietz, Birgit Müller, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Andreas Henk, Moritz Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, and Frank Schilling
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 73–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-73-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-73-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Stress data predicted by a geomechanical–numerical model are mapped onto 3D fault geometries. Then the slip tendency of these faults is calculated as a measure of their reactivation potential. Characteristics of the faults and the state of stress are identified that lead to a high fault reactivation potential. An overall high reactivation potential is observed in the Upper Rhine Graben area, whereas the reactivation potential is quite low in the Molasse Basin.
Tobias Hergert, Steffen Ahlers, Luisa Röckel, Sophia Morawietz, Karsten Reiter, Moritz Ziegler, Birgit Müller, Oliver Heidbach, Frank Schilling, and Andreas Henk
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 65–65, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-65-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-65-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In numerical geomechanical models, an initial stress state is established before displacement boundary conditions are applied in order to match calibration data. We present generic models to show that the choice of initial stress and boundary conditions affects the final state of stress in areas of the model domain where no stress data for calibration are available. These deviations are largest in the vicinity of lithological interfaces, and they can be reduced if more stress data exist.
Steffen Ahlers, Karsten Reiter, Tobias Hergert, Andreas Henk, Luisa Röckel, Sophia Morawietz, Oliver Heidbach, Moritz Ziegler, and Birgit Müller
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 59–59, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-59-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-59-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The recent crustal stress state is a crucial parameter in the search for a high-level nuclear waste repository. We present results of a 3D geomechanical numerical model that improves the state of knowledge by providing a continuum-mechanics-based prediction of the recent crustal stress field in Germany. The model results can be used, for example, for the calculation of fracture potential, for slip tendency analyses or as boundary conditions for smaller local models.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Sophia Morawietz, Birgit Müller, Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, and Frank Schilling
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 77–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-77-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-77-2021, 2021
Karsten Reiter, Steffen Ahlers, Sophia Morawietz, Luisa Röckel, Tobias Hergert, Andreas Henk, Birgit Müller, and Oliver Heidbach
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 75–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-75-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-75-2021, 2021
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 163–164, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-163-2021, 2021
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth, 12, 1777–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge about the stress state in the upper crust is of great importance for many economic and scientific questions. However, our knowledge in Germany is limited since available datasets only provide pointwise, incomplete and heterogeneous information. We present the first 3D geomechanical model that provides a continuous description of the contemporary crustal stress state for Germany. The model is calibrated by the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress and stress magnitudes.
Steffen Ahlers and Andreas Henk
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-320, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-320, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The paper presents a 3D geological underground model of Germany and some neigbouring countries combining 27 individual models. It has been set up for the prediction of the recent crustal stress state of Germany by geomechanical-numerical modelling. It contains 146 units and is provided as a point data set with a resolution of 1x1 km2. It enables to create 3D finite element models within very short times A comprehensive supplement and 157 figures documents the results and assumptions made.
Denise Degen, Moritz Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Karsten Reiter, and Florian Wellmann
Solid Earth, 16, 477–502, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-477-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-477-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Obtaining reliable estimates of the subsurface state distributions is essential to determine the location of, e.g., potential nuclear waste disposal sites. However, providing these is challenging since it requires solving the problem numerous times, yielding high computational cost. To overcome this, we use a physics-based machine learning method to construct surrogate models. We demonstrate how it produces physics-preserving predictions, which differentiates it from purely data-driven approaches.
Sarah Diekmeier, Karsten Reiter, Andreas Henk, and Colin Friebe
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-489, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-489, 2025
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
The study explores the potential for storing carbon-rich products in Germany to support climate goals. Using geological data, we identified old mining sites suitable for storing products like graphite and oxalate from negative emissions technologies. Results show significant storage potential, both above and below ground, offering a sustainable solution. By reusing existing mining areas, Germany can advance towards carbon neutrality, reducing costs and environmental impact.
Antonio J. Olaiz, José A. Álvarez Gómez, Gerardo de Vicente, Alfonso Muñoz-Martín, Juan V. Cantavella, Susana Custódio, Dina Vales, and Oliver Heidbach
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4126, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4126, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the stress and strain conditions in the Earth crust is crucial for various activities, such as oil and gas exploration and assessing seismic hazards. In this article, we have updated the database of moment tensor focal mechanisms for the Greater Iberia. We conducted kinematic and dynamic analyses on the selected populations, determining the average focal mechanism, strain and stress orientations, and tectonic regime. The orientation for horizontal compression is primarily N154° E.
Moritz O. Ziegler, Robin Seithel, Thomas Niederhuber, Oliver Heidbach, Thomas Kohl, Birgit Müller, Mojtaba Rajabi, Karsten Reiter, and Luisa Röckel
Solid Earth, 15, 1047–1063, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rotation of the principal stress axes in a fault structure because of a rock stiffness contrast has been investigated for the impact of the ratio of principal stresses, the angle between principal stress axes and fault strike, and the ratio of the rock stiffness contrast. A generic 2D geomechanical model is employed for the systematic investigation of the parameter space.
Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, and Moritz O. Ziegler
Solid Earth, 15, 305–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
It is generally assumed that faults have an influence on the stress state of the Earth’s crust. It is questionable whether this influence is still present far away from a fault. Simple numerical models were used to investigate the extent of the influence of faults on the stress state. Several models with different fault representations were investigated. The stress fluctuations further away from the fault (> 1 km) are very small.
Oliver Heidbach, Karsten Reiter, Moritz O. Ziegler, and Birgit Müller
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 185–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-185-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-185-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When stresses yield a critical value, rock breaks and generate pathways for fluid migration. Thus, the contemporary undisturbed stress state is a key parameter for assessing the stability of deep geological repositories. In this workshop you can ask everything you always wanted to know about stress (but were afraid to ask), and this is divided into three parts. 1) How do we formally describe the stress field? 2) How do we to actually measure stress? 3) How do we go from points to 3D description?
Moritz O. Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, and Mojtaba Rajabi
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 79–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-79-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-79-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The subsurface is subject to constant stress. With increasing depth, more rock overlies an area, thereby increasing the stress. There is also constant stress from the sides. Knowledge of this stress is fundamental to build lasting and safe underground structures. Very few data on the stress state are available; thus, computer models are used to predict this parameter. We present a method to improve the quality of the computer models, even if no direct data on the stress state are available.
Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Moritz Ziegler, Silvio Giger, Rodney Garrard, and Jean Desroches
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 71–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-71-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-71-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical methods can be used to estimate the stress state in the Earth’s upper crust. Measured stress data are needed for model calibration. High-quality stress data are available for the calibration of models for possible radioactive waste repositories in Switzerland. A best-fit model predicts the stress state for each point within the model volume. In this study, variable rock properties are used to predict the potential stress variations due to inhomogeneous rock properties.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Sophia Morawietz, Birgit Müller, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Andreas Henk, Moritz Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, and Frank Schilling
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 73–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-73-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-73-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Stress data predicted by a geomechanical–numerical model are mapped onto 3D fault geometries. Then the slip tendency of these faults is calculated as a measure of their reactivation potential. Characteristics of the faults and the state of stress are identified that lead to a high fault reactivation potential. An overall high reactivation potential is observed in the Upper Rhine Graben area, whereas the reactivation potential is quite low in the Molasse Basin.
Tobias Hergert, Steffen Ahlers, Luisa Röckel, Sophia Morawietz, Karsten Reiter, Moritz Ziegler, Birgit Müller, Oliver Heidbach, Frank Schilling, and Andreas Henk
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 65–65, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-65-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-65-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In numerical geomechanical models, an initial stress state is established before displacement boundary conditions are applied in order to match calibration data. We present generic models to show that the choice of initial stress and boundary conditions affects the final state of stress in areas of the model domain where no stress data for calibration are available. These deviations are largest in the vicinity of lithological interfaces, and they can be reduced if more stress data exist.
Steffen Ahlers, Karsten Reiter, Tobias Hergert, Andreas Henk, Luisa Röckel, Sophia Morawietz, Oliver Heidbach, Moritz Ziegler, and Birgit Müller
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 59–59, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-59-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-59-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The recent crustal stress state is a crucial parameter in the search for a high-level nuclear waste repository. We present results of a 3D geomechanical numerical model that improves the state of knowledge by providing a continuum-mechanics-based prediction of the recent crustal stress field in Germany. The model results can be used, for example, for the calculation of fracture potential, for slip tendency analyses or as boundary conditions for smaller local models.
Michal Kruszewski, Alessandro Verdecchia, Oliver Heidbach, Rebecca M. Harrington, and David Healy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1889, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1889, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the evolution of fault reactivation potential in the greater Ruhr region (Germany) in respect to a future utilization of deep geothermal resources. We use analytical and numerical approaches to understand the initial stress conditions on faults as well as their evolution in space and time during geothermal fluid production. Using results from our analyses, we can localize areas more favorable for geothermal energy use based on fault reactivation potential.
Michal Kruszewski, Gerd Klee, Thomas Niederhuber, and Oliver Heidbach
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5367–5385, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5367-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5367-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The authors assemble an in situ stress magnitude and orientation database based on 429 hydrofracturing tests that were carried out in six coal mines and two coal bed methane boreholes between 1986 and 1995 within the greater Ruhr region (Germany). Our study summarises the results of the extensive in situ stress test campaign and assigns quality to each data record using the established quality ranking schemes of the World Stress Map project.
Moritz Ziegler and Oliver Heidbach
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 187–188, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-187-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's crust is subject to constant stress which is manifested by earthquakes at plate boundaries. This stress is not only at plate boundaries but everywhere in the crust. A profound knowledge of the magnitude and orientation of the stress is important to select and build a safe deep geological repository for nuclear waste. We demonstrate how to build computer models of the stress state and show how to deal with the associated uncertainties.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Sophia Morawietz, Birgit Müller, Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, and Frank Schilling
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 77–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-77-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-77-2021, 2021
Karsten Reiter, Steffen Ahlers, Sophia Morawietz, Luisa Röckel, Tobias Hergert, Andreas Henk, Birgit Müller, and Oliver Heidbach
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 75–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-75-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-75-2021, 2021
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 163–164, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-163-2021, 2021
Sophia Morawietz, Moritz Ziegler, Karsten Reiter, and the SpannEnD Project Team
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 71–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-71-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-71-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of the crustal stress state is important for the assessment of subsurface stability. In particular, stress magnitudes are essential for the calibration of geomechanical models that estimate a continuous description of the 3-D stress field from pointwise and incomplete stress data. We present the first comprehensive and open-access stress magnitude database for Germany, consisting of 568 data records. We introduce a quality ranking scheme for stress magnitude data for the first time.
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth, 12, 1777–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge about the stress state in the upper crust is of great importance for many economic and scientific questions. However, our knowledge in Germany is limited since available datasets only provide pointwise, incomplete and heterogeneous information. We present the first 3D geomechanical model that provides a continuous description of the contemporary crustal stress state for Germany. The model is calibrated by the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress and stress magnitudes.
Karsten Reiter
Solid Earth, 12, 1287–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The influence and interaction of elastic material properties (Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio), density and low-friction faults on the resulting far-field stress pattern in the Earth's crust is tested with generic models. A Young's modulus contrast can lead to a significant stress rotation. Discontinuities with low friction in homogeneous models change the stress pattern only slightly, away from the fault. In addition, active discontinuities are able to compensate stress rotation.
Simon Breuer and Frank R. Schilling
Eur. J. Mineral., 33, 23–38, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-23-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-23-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The knowledge of physical properties of quartz as an abundant rock-forming mineral in the Earth’s crust allows for a better understanding of its dynamic processes. The thermal transport properties of single-crystal quartz are studied between –120 °C and 800 °C using a laser flash method. First, low-temperature data as well as the role of the low-to-high quartz phase transition (e.g. a transition-related non-ballistic radiative transfer) and size effects on thermal diffusivity are discussed.
Ershad Gholamrezaie, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Judith Bott, Oliver Heidbach, and Manfred R. Strecker
Solid Earth, 10, 785–807, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-785-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-785-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Based on geophysical data integration and 3-D gravity modeling, we show that significant density heterogeneities are expressed as two large high-density bodies in the crust below the Sea of Marmara. The location of these bodies correlates spatially with the bends of the main Marmara fault, indicating that rheological contrasts in the crust may influence the fault kinematics. Our findings may have implications for seismic hazard and risk assessments in the Marmara region.
Moritz O. Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, John Reinecker, Anna M. Przybycin, and Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth
Solid Earth, 7, 1365–1382, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1365-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1365-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Subsurface engineering relies on sparsely distributed data points of the stress state of the earth's crust. 3D geomechanical--numerical modelling is applied to estimate the stress state in the entire volume of a large area. We present a multi-stage approach of differently sized models which provide the stress state in an area of interest derived from few and widely scattered data records. Furthermore we demonstrate the changes in reliability of the model depending on different input parameters.
T. Hergert, O. Heidbach, K. Reiter, S. B. Giger, and P. Marschall
Solid Earth, 6, 533–552, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-533-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-533-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A numerical model integrating the structure and mechanical properties of a sedimentary sequence in the Alpine foreland is presented to show that topography, tectonic faults and, most of all, spatialy variable rock properties affect the state of stress at depth. The tectonic forces acting on the sequence are primarily taken up by the stiff rock units leaving the weaker units in a stress shadow.
K. Reiter and O. Heidbach
Solid Earth, 5, 1123–1149, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1123-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1123-2014, 2014
K. Fischer and A. Henk
Solid Earth, 4, 347–355, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-347-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-347-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, paleoseismology, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Tectonics
Low-temperature thermochronology and its geological significance in the central-northern section of the western margin of the Ordos Basin
Evidence for multi-rifting in the Variscan–Alpine cycle transition: insights from the European western Southern Alps
Importance of forearc topography for the triggering of aftershocks of megathrust earthquakes: insights from mechanical models and the Tohoku-Oki and Maule earthquakes
About the trustworthiness of physics-based machine learning – considerations for geomechanical applications
Relict landscape evolution and fault reactivation in the eastern Tian Shan: insights from the Harlik Mountains
Cross-scale strain analysis in the Afar rift (East Africa) from automatic fault mapping and geodesy
Switching extensional and contractional tectonics in the West Kunlun Mountains during the Jurassic period: responses to the Neo-Tethyan geodynamics along the Eurasian margin
Seismo-tectonics of Greater Iberia: An updated review
Influence of lateral heterogeneities on strike-slip fault behaviour: insights from analogue models
Importance of basement faulting and salt decoupling for the structural evolution of the Fars Arc (Zagros fold-and-thrust belt): a numerical modeling approach
On the role of trans-lithospheric faults in the long-term seismotectonic segmentation of active margins: a case study in the Andes
Numerical Investigation of Parameters Influencing Back-Thrust Development in Outer Wedge Fronts of Fold-and-Thrust-Belt Systems
Along-strike variation in volcanic addition controlling post-breakup sedimentary infill: Pelotas margin, austral South Atlantic
Stress state at faults: the influence of rock stiffness contrast, stress orientation, and ratio
Interseismic and long-term deformation of southeastern Sicily driven by the Ionian slab roll-back
Rift and plume: a discussion on active and passive rifting mechanisms in the Afro-Arabian rift based on synthesis of geophysical data
Propagating rifts: the roles of crustal damage and ascending mantle fluids
Cretaceous–Paleocene extension at the southwestern continental margin of India and opening of the Laccadive basin: constraints from geophysical data
Extensional exhumation of cratons: insights from the Early Cretaceous Rio Negro–Juruena belt (Amazonian Craton, Colombia)
Hydrogen solubility of stishovite provides insights into water transportation to the deep Earth
Networks of geometrically coherent faults accommodate Alpine tectonic inversion offshore southwestern Iberia
Melt-enhanced strain localization and phase mixing in a large-scale mantle shear zone (Ronda peridotite, Spain)
Selective inversion of rift basins in lithospheric-scale analogue experiments
The link between Somalian Plate rotation and the East African Rift System: an analogue modelling study
Inversion of extensional basins parallel and oblique to their boundaries: inferences from analogue models and field observations from the Dolomites Indenter, European eastern Southern Alps
Magnetic fabric analyses of basin inversion: a sandbox modelling approach
The influence of crustal strength on rift geometry and development – insights from 3D numerical modelling
Construction of the Ukrainian Carpathian wedge from low-temperature thermochronology and tectono-stratigraphic analysis
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: a review and future perspectives
Insights into the interaction of a shale with CO2
Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Slyne Basin
Control of crustal strength, tectonic inheritance, and stretching/ shortening rates on crustal deformation and basin reactivation: insights from laboratory models
Late Cretaceous–early Palaeogene inversion-related tectonic structures at the northeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif (southwestern Poland and northern Czechia)
Earthquake ruptures and topography of the Chilean margin controlled by plate interface deformation
Late Quaternary faulting in the southern Matese (Italy): implications for earthquake potential and slip rate variability in the southern Apennines
Rare earth elements associated with carbonatite–alkaline complexes in western Rajasthan, India: exploration targeting at regional scale
Structural complexities and tectonic barriers controlling recent seismic activity in the Pollino area (Calabria–Lucania, southern Italy) – constraints from stress inversion and 3D fault model building
The Mid Atlantic Appalachian Orogen Traverse: a comparison of virtual and on-location field-based capstone experiences
Chronology of thrust propagation from an updated tectono-sedimentary framework of the Miocene molasse (western Alps)
Orogenic lithosphere and slabs in the greater Alpine area – interpretations based on teleseismic P-wave tomography
Ground-penetrating radar signature of Quaternary faulting: a study from the Mt. Pollino region, southern Apennines, Italy
U–Pb dating of middle Eocene–Pliocene multiple tectonic pulses in the Alpine foreland
Detrital zircon provenance record of the Zagros mountain building from the Neotethys obduction to the Arabia–Eurasia collision, NW Zagros fold–thrust belt, Kurdistan region of Iraq
The Subhercynian Basin: an example of an intraplate foreland basin due to a broken plate
Late to post-Variscan basement segmentation and differential exhumation along the SW Bohemian Massif, central Europe
Holocene surface-rupturing earthquakes on the Dinaric Fault System, western Slovenia
Contribution of gravity gliding in salt-bearing rift basins – a new experimental setup for simulating salt tectonics under the influence of sub-salt extension and tilting
Thick- and thin-skinned basin inversion in the Danish Central Graben, North Sea – the role of deep evaporites and basement kinematics
Complex rift patterns, a result of interacting crustal and mantle weaknesses, or multiphase rifting? Insights from analogue models
Interactions of plutons and detachments: a comparison of Aegean and Tyrrhenian granitoids
Guangyuan Xing, Zhanli Ren, Kai Qi, Sasa Guo, Yanzhao Liu, Ying Zhang, and Huaping Lan
Solid Earth, 16, 709–725, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-709-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-709-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study applies low-temperature thermochronology, combined with thermal history modelling, to precisely characterize the differential exhumation and cooling history along the central-northern western margin of the Ordos Basin. Results reveal that multiple Mesozoic exhumation phases were closely linked to the Yanshanian orogeny, while rapid Cenozoic exhumation was driven by the Himalayan tectonics.
Emanuele Scaramuzzo, Franz A. Livio, Maria Giuditta Fellin, and Colin Maden
Solid Earth, 16, 619–640, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-619-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-619-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We address the transition between the Paleozoic Variscan and Alpine Mesozoic–Cenozoic cycles using tectono-stratigraphy and thermochronology. This transition unfolds through a multi-phase rifting history. An initial rifting stage occurred in the early Permian, followed in the early–middle Permian by a phase of transcurrent tectonics. This was succeeded by a period of erosion/non-deposition in the middle Permian. Crustal stretching in the Middle Triassic marked the onset of the Alpine cycle.
Armin Dielforder, Gian Maria Bocchini, and Andrea Hampel
Solid Earth, 16, 593–618, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-593-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-593-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Subduction zones feature a large elevation difference between the deep oceanic trench and the high mountains on land, which causes stress in the upper plate. We investigate how the topographic stress affects the aftershock seismicity of large subduction earthquakes using analytical and numerical stress models. We show that topographic stress has a large influence on aftershock seismicity and promoted most of the seismicity after the Tohoku-Oki (Japan) and Maule (Chile) earthquakes.
Denise Degen, Moritz Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Karsten Reiter, and Florian Wellmann
Solid Earth, 16, 477–502, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-477-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-477-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Obtaining reliable estimates of the subsurface state distributions is essential to determine the location of, e.g., potential nuclear waste disposal sites. However, providing these is challenging since it requires solving the problem numerous times, yielding high computational cost. To overcome this, we use a physics-based machine learning method to construct surrogate models. We demonstrate how it produces physics-preserving predictions, which differentiates it from purely data-driven approaches.
Zihao Zhao, Tianyi Shen, Guocan Wang, Peter van der Beek, Yabo Zhou, and Cheng Ma
Solid Earth, 16, 503–530, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-503-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-503-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the evolution of the Harlik Mountains in the eastern Tian Shan. Low-relief surfaces were formed by the Early Cretaceous erosion and subsequent tectonic stability. Later fault activity segmented these surfaces, with uplift and tilting in the Cenozoic driven by tectonic reactivation. These findings provide insights into how landscapes evolve in response to geological and environmental changes over millions of years.
Alessandro La Rosa, Pauline Gayrin, Sascha Brune, Carolina Pagli, Ameha A. Muluneh, Gianmaria Tortelli, and Derek Keir
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1215, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1215, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new method to map faults automatically in DEMs and measure long-term crustal deformation in rift contexts. By combining our data with rock ages, we reconstruct rift evolution in Afar during the last 4.5 Myrs. We show that the rift axis is most active, with rifting propagating northwest over time. Here magma promotes crustal deformation and faulting caused by dike opening. In the southern sector Afar, two fault systems respond to different motions of diverging tectonic plates.
Hong-Xiang Wu, Han-Lin Chen, Andrew V. Zuza, Yildirim Dilek, Du-Wei Qiu, Qi-Ye Lu, Feng-Qi Zhang, Xiao-Gan Cheng, and Xiu-Bin Lin
Solid Earth, 16, 155–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-155-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-155-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Tethyan orogenic belt records an extensive history of subduction along the southern margin of Eurasia. We examine the magmatism, stratigraphy, and sedimentary provenance of the Jurassic basin in the West Kunlun Mountains, highlighting the switching extensional and contractional tectonic episodes in central Asia. The complex evolution was related to the subduction of the Neo-Tethys Ocean, transitioning from southward retreat to northward flat-slab advancement.
Antonio J. Olaiz, José A. Álvarez Gómez, Gerardo de Vicente, Alfonso Muñoz-Martín, Juan V. Cantavella, Susana Custódio, Dina Vales, and Oliver Heidbach
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4126, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4126, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the stress and strain conditions in the Earth crust is crucial for various activities, such as oil and gas exploration and assessing seismic hazards. In this article, we have updated the database of moment tensor focal mechanisms for the Greater Iberia. We conducted kinematic and dynamic analyses on the selected populations, determining the average focal mechanism, strain and stress orientations, and tectonic regime. The orientation for horizontal compression is primarily N154° E.
Sandra González-Muñoz, Guido Schreurs, Timothy C. Schmid, and Fidel Martín-González
Solid Earth, 15, 1509–1523, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates how strike-slip faults propagate across domains with lateral contrasting brittle strength using analogue models. The introduction of brittle vertical domains was achieved using quartz microbead sand. The reference vertical domains influence synthetic fault propagation, segmentation, and linkage, as well as the antithetic faults which rotate about a vertical axis due to the applied simple shear. The results aligned with the faults in the NW of the Iberian Peninsula.
Fatemeh Gomar, Jonas B. Ruh, Mahdi Najafi, and Farhad Sobouti
Solid Earth, 15, 1479–1507, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1479-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1479-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study investigates the structural evolution of the Fars Arc in the Zagros Mountains through numerical modeling. We focus on the effects of the interaction between basement faults and salt décollement levels during tectonic inversion, including a rifting and a convergence phase. In conclusion, our results emphasize the importance of considering fault geometry, salt rheology, and basement involvement in understanding the resistance to deformation and the seismic behavior of fold–thrust belts.
Gonzalo Yanez C., Jose Piquer R., and Orlando Rivera H.
Solid Earth, 15, 1319–1342, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1319-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1319-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We postulate that the observed spatial distribution of large earthquakes in active convergence zones, organised in segments where large events are repeated every 100–300 years, depends on large-scale continental faults and fluid release from the subducting slab. In order to support this model, we use proxies at different spatial and temporal scales (historic seismicity, megathrust slip solutions, inter-seismic cumulative seismicity, GPS/viscous plate coupling, and coastline morphology).
Saeed Mahmoodpour, Florian Duschl, and Michael C. Drews
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3134, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3134, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In some situations where the crust plates collide to each other, they deform by creating folds and thrusts. Based on thrusts development direction, they are categorized into fore- or back-thrusts. We use numerical simulation to investigate their development over geological time-scales. We examine the importance of rock strength, friction, displacement type and geometry on back-thrusting with regard to the final geometry of the deformation, as well as the distribution of porosity and stresses.
Marlise C. Cassel, Nick Kusznir, Gianreto Manatschal, and Daniel Sauter
Solid Earth, 15, 1265–1279, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1265-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1265-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the along-strike variation in volcanics on the Pelotas segment of the Brazilian margin created during continental breakup and formation of the southern South Atlantic. We show that the volume of volcanics strongly controls the amount of space available for post-breakup sedimentation. We also show that breakup varies along-strike from very magma-rich to magma-normal within a relatively short distance of less than 300 km. This is not as expected from a simple mantle plume model.
Moritz O. Ziegler, Robin Seithel, Thomas Niederhuber, Oliver Heidbach, Thomas Kohl, Birgit Müller, Mojtaba Rajabi, Karsten Reiter, and Luisa Röckel
Solid Earth, 15, 1047–1063, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rotation of the principal stress axes in a fault structure because of a rock stiffness contrast has been investigated for the impact of the ratio of principal stresses, the angle between principal stress axes and fault strike, and the ratio of the rock stiffness contrast. A generic 2D geomechanical model is employed for the systematic investigation of the parameter space.
Amélie Viger, Stéphane Dominguez, Stéphane Mazzotti, Michel Peyret, Maxime Henriquet, Giovanni Barreca, Carmelo Monaco, and Adrien Damon
Solid Earth, 15, 965–988, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-965-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-965-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
New satellite geodetic data (PS-InSAR) evidence a generalized subsidence and an eastward tilting of southeastern Sicily combined with a local relative uplift along its eastern coast. We perform flexural and elastic modeling and show that the slab pull force induced by the Ionian slab roll-back and extrado deformation reproduce the measured surface deformation. Finally, we propose an original seismic cycle model that is mainly driven by the southward migration of the Ionian slab roll-back.
Ran Issachar, Peter Haas, Nico Augustin, and Jörg Ebbing
Solid Earth, 15, 807–826, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-807-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-807-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this contribution, we explore the causal relationship between the arrival of the Afar plume and the initiation of the Afro-Arabian rift. We mapped the rift architecture in the triple-junction region using geophysical data and reviewed the available geological data. We interpret a progressive development of the plume–rift system and suggest an interaction between active and passive mechanisms in which the plume provided a push force that changed the kinematics of the associated plates.
Folarin Kolawole and Rasheed Ajala
Solid Earth, 15, 747–762, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-747-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-747-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the upper-crustal structure of the Rukwa–Tanganyika rift zone in East Africa, where the Tanganyika rift interacts with the Rukwa and Mweru-Wantipa rifts, coinciding with abundant seismicity at the rift tips. Seismic velocity structure and patterns of seismicity clustering reveal zones around 10 km deep with anomalously high Vp / Vs ratios at the rift tips, indicative of a localized mechanically weakened crust caused by mantle volatiles and damage associated with bending strain.
Mathews George Gilbert, Parakkal Unnikrishnan, and Munukutla Radhakrishna
Solid Earth, 15, 671–682, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-671-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-671-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study identifies evidence for extension south of Tellicherry Arch along the southwestern continental margin of India through the integrated analysis of multichannel seismic and gravity data. The sediment deposition pattern indicates that this extension occurred after the Eocene. We further propose that the anticlockwise rotation of India and the passage of the Réunion plume have facilitated the opening of the Laccadive basin.
Ana Fonseca, Simon Nachtergaele, Amed Bonilla, Stijn Dewaele, and Johan De Grave
Solid Earth, 15, 329–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the erosion and exhumation processes and history of early continental crust hidden within the Amazonian Rainforest. This crust forms part of the Amazonian Craton, an ancient continental fragment. Our surprising findings reveal the area underwent rapid early Cretaceous exhumation triggered by tectonic forces. This discovery challenges the traditional perception that cratons are stable and long-lived entities and shows they can deform readily under specific geological contexts.
Mengdan Chen, Changxin Yin, Danling Chen, Long Tian, Liang Liu, and Lei Kang
Solid Earth, 15, 215–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stishovite remains stable under mantle conditions and can incorporate various amounts of water in its crystal structure. We provide a systematic review of previous studies on water in stishovite and propose a new model for water solubility of Al-bearing stishovite. Calculation results based on this model suggest that stishovite may effectively accommodate water from the breakdown of hydrous minerals and could make an important contribution to water enrichment in the mantle transition zone.
Tiago M. Alves
Solid Earth, 15, 39–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine tectonic inversion is reviewed for southwestern Iberia, known for its historical earthquakes and tsunamis. High-quality 2D seismic data image 26 faults mapped to a depth exceeding 10 km. Normal faults accommodated important vertical uplift and shortening. They are 100–250 km long and may generate earthquakes with Mw > 8.0. Regions of Late Mesozoic magmatism comprise thickened, harder crust, forming lateral buttresses to compression and promoting the development of fold-and-thrust belts.
Sören Tholen, Jolien Linckens, and Gernold Zulauf
Solid Earth, 14, 1123–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Intense phase mixing with homogeneously distributed secondary phases and irregular grain boundaries and shapes indicates that metasomatism formed the microstructures predominant in the shear zone of the NW Ronda peridotite. Amphibole presence, olivine crystal orientations, and the consistency to the Beni Bousera peridotite (Morocco) point to OH-bearing metasomatism by small fractions of evolved melts. Results confirm a strong link between reactions and localized deformation in the upper mantle.
Anindita Samsu, Weronika Gorczyk, Timothy Chris Schmid, Peter Graham Betts, Alexander Ramsay Cruden, Eleanor Morton, and Fatemeh Amirpoorsaeed
Solid Earth, 14, 909–936, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When a continent is pulled apart, it breaks and forms a series of depressions called rift basins. These basins lie above weakened crust that is then subject to intense deformation during subsequent tectonic compression. Our analogue experiments show that when a system of basins is squeezed in a direction perpendicular to the main trend of the basins, some basins rise up to form mountains while others do not.
Frank Zwaan and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 14, 823–845, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The East African Rift System (EARS) is a major plate tectonic feature splitting the African continent apart. Understanding the tectonic processes involved is of great importance for societal and economic reasons (natural hazards, resources). Laboratory experiments allow us to simulate these large-scale processes, highlighting the links between rotational plate motion and the overall development of the EARS. These insights are relevant when studying other rift systems around the globe as well.
Anna-Katharina Sieberer, Ernst Willingshofer, Thomas Klotz, Hugo Ortner, and Hannah Pomella
Solid Earth, 14, 647–681, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Through analogue models and field observations, we investigate how inherited platform–basin geometries control strain localisation, style, and orientation of reactivated and new structures during inversion. Our study shows that the style of evolving thrusts and their changes along-strike are controlled by pre-existing rheological discontinuities. The results of this study are relevant for understanding inversion structures in general and for the European eastern Southern Alps in particular.
Thorben Schöfisch, Hemin Koyi, and Bjarne Almqvist
Solid Earth, 14, 447–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A magnetic fabric analysis provides information about the reorientation of magnetic grains and is applied to three sandbox models that simulate different stages of basin inversion. The analysed magnetic fabrics reflect the different developed structures and provide insights into the different deformed stages of basin inversion. It is a first attempt of applying magnetic fabric analyses to basin inversion sandbox models but shows the possibility of applying it to such models.
Thomas B. Phillips, John B. Naliboff, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Sophie Pan, Jeroen van Hunen, and Malte Froemchen
Solid Earth, 14, 369–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental crust comprises bodies of varying strength, formed through numerous tectonic events. When subject to extension, these areas produce distinct rift and fault systems. We use 3D models to examine how rifts form above
strongand
weakareas of crust. We find that faults become more developed in weak areas. Faults are initially stopped at the boundaries with stronger areas before eventually breaking through. We relate our model observations to rift systems globally.
Marion Roger, Arjan de Leeuw, Peter van der Beek, Laurent Husson, Edward R. Sobel, Johannes Glodny, and Matthias Bernet
Solid Earth, 14, 153–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the construction of the Ukrainian Carpathians with LT thermochronology (AFT, AHe, and ZHe) and stratigraphic analysis. QTQt thermal models are combined with burial diagrams to retrieve the timing and magnitude of sedimentary burial, tectonic burial, and subsequent exhumation of the wedge's nappes from 34 to ∼12 Ma. Out-of-sequence thrusting and sediment recycling during wedge building are also identified. This elucidates the evolution of a typical wedge in a roll-back subduction zone.
Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Susanne J. H. Buiter, Oriol Ferrer, Riccardo Reitano, Michael Rudolf, and Ernst Willingshofer
Solid Earth, 13, 1859–1905, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When a sedimentary basin is subjected to compressional tectonic forces after its formation, it may be inverted. A thorough understanding of such
basin inversionis of great importance for scientific, societal, and economic reasons, and analogue tectonic models form a key part of our efforts to study these processes. We review the advances in the field of basin inversion modelling, showing how the modelling results can be applied, and we identify promising venues for future research.
Eleni Stavropoulou and Lyesse Laloui
Solid Earth, 13, 1823–1841, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Shales are identified as suitable caprock formations for geolocigal CO2 storage thanks to their low permeability. Here, small-sized shale samples are studied under field-representative conditions with X-ray tomography. The geochemical impact of CO2 on calcite-rich zones is for the first time visualised, the role of pre-existing micro-fissures in the CO2 invasion trapping in the matererial is highlighted, and the initiation of micro-cracks when in contact with anhydrous CO2 is demonstrated.
Conor M. O'Sullivan, Conrad J. Childs, Muhammad M. Saqab, John J. Walsh, and Patrick M. Shannon
Solid Earth, 13, 1649–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Slyne Basin is a sedimentary basin located offshore north-western Ireland. It formed through a long and complex evolution involving distinct periods of extension. The basin is subdivided into smaller basins, separated by deep structures related to the ancient Caledonian mountain-building event. These deep structures influence the shape of the basin as it evolves in a relatively unique way, where early faults follow these deep structures, but later faults do not.
Benjamin Guillaume, Guido M. Gianni, Jean-Jacques Kermarrec, and Khaled Bock
Solid Earth, 13, 1393–1414, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Under tectonic forces, the upper part of the crust can break along different types of faults, depending on the orientation of the applied stresses. Using scaled analogue models, we show that the relative magnitude of compressional and extensional forces as well as the presence of inherited structures resulting from previous stages of deformation control the location and type of faults. Our results gives insights into the tectonic evolution of areas showing complex patterns of deformation.
Andrzej Głuszyński and Paweł Aleksandrowski
Solid Earth, 13, 1219–1242, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Old seismic data recently reprocessed with modern software allowed us to study at depth the Late Cretaceous tectonic structures in the Permo-Mesozoic rock sequences in the Sudetes. The structures formed in response to Iberia collision with continental Europe. The NE–SW compression undulated the crystalline basement top and produced folds, faults and joints in the sedimentary cover. Our results are of importance for regional geology and in prospecting for deep thermal waters.
Nadaya Cubas, Philippe Agard, and Roxane Tissandier
Solid Earth, 13, 779–792, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquake extent prediction is limited by our poor understanding of slip deficit patterns. From a mechanical analysis applied along the Chilean margin, we show that earthquakes are bounded by extensive plate interface deformation. This deformation promotes stress build-up, leading to earthquake nucleation; earthquakes then propagate along smoothed fault planes and are stopped by heterogeneously distributed deformation. Slip deficit patterns reflect the spatial distribution of this deformation.
Paolo Boncio, Eugenio Auciello, Vincenzo Amato, Pietro Aucelli, Paola Petrosino, Anna C. Tangari, and Brian R. Jicha
Solid Earth, 13, 553–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the Gioia Sannitica normal fault (GF) within the southern Matese fault system (SMF) in southern Apennines (Italy). It is a fault with a long slip history that has experienced recent reactivation or acceleration. Present activity has resulted in late Quaternary fault scarps and Holocene surface faulting. The maximum slip rate is ~ 0.5 mm/yr. Activation of the 11.5 km GF or the entire 30 km SMF can produce up to M 6.2 or M 6.8 earthquakes, respectively.
Malcolm Aranha, Alok Porwal, Manikandan Sundaralingam, Ignacio González-Álvarez, Amber Markan, and Karunakar Rao
Solid Earth, 13, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rare earth elements (REEs) are considered critical mineral resources for future industrial growth due to their short supply and rising demand. This study applied an artificial-intelligence-based technique to target potential REE-deposit hosting areas in western Rajasthan, India. Uncertainties associated with the prospective targets were also estimated to aid decision-making. The presented workflow can be applied to similar regions elsewhere to locate potential zones of REE mineralisation.
Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Totaro, Giusy Lavecchia, Barbara Orecchio, Rita de Nardis, Debora Presti, Federica Ferrarini, Simone Bello, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 13, 205–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Pollino region is a highly seismic area of Italy. Increasing the geological knowledge on areas like this contributes to reducing risk and saving lives. We reconstruct the 3D model of the faults which generated the 2010–2014 seismicity integrating geological and seismological data. Appropriate relationships based on the dimensions of the activated faults suggest that they did not fully discharge their seismic potential and could release further significant earthquakes in the near future.
Steven Whitmeyer, Lynn Fichter, Anita Marshall, and Hannah Liddle
Solid Earth, 12, 2803–2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Field trips in the Stratigraphy, Structure, Tectonics (SST) course transitioned to a virtual format in Fall 2020, due to the COVID pandemic. Virtual field experiences (VFEs) were developed in web Google Earth and were evaluated in comparison with on-location field trips via an online survey. Students recognized the value of VFEs for revisiting outcrops and noted improved accessibility for students with disabilities. Potential benefits of hybrid field experiences were also indicated.
Amir Kalifi, Philippe Hervé Leloup, Philippe Sorrel, Albert Galy, François Demory, Vincenzo Spina, Bastien Huet, Frédéric Quillévéré, Frédéric Ricciardi, Daniel Michoux, Kilian Lecacheur, Romain Grime, Bernard Pittet, and Jean-Loup Rubino
Solid Earth, 12, 2735–2771, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Molasse deposits, deposited and deformed at the western Alpine front during the Miocene (23 to 5.6 Ma), record the chronology of that deformation. We combine the first precise chronostratigraphy (precision of ∼0.5 Ma) of the Miocene molasse, the reappraisal of the regional structure, and the analysis of growth deformation structures in order to document three tectonic phases and the precise chronology of thrust westward propagation during the second one involving the Belledonne basal thrust.
Mark R. Handy, Stefan M. Schmid, Marcel Paffrath, Wolfgang Friederich, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2633–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
New images from the multi-national AlpArray experiment illuminate the Alps from below. They indicate thick European mantle descending beneath the Alps and forming blobs that are mostly detached from the Alps above. In contrast, the Adriatic mantle in the Alps is much thinner. This difference helps explain the rugged mountains and the abundance of subducted and exhumed units at the core of the Alps. The blobs are stretched remnants of old ocean and its margins that reach down to at least 410 km.
Maurizio Ercoli, Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Pauselli, Harry M. Jol, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 12, 2573–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Past strong earthquakes can produce topographic deformations, often
memorizedin Quaternary sediments, which are typically studied by paleoseismologists through trenching. Using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we unveiled possible buried Quaternary faulting in the Mt. Pollino seismic gap region (southern Italy). We aim to contribute to seismic hazard assessment of an area potentially prone to destructive events as well as promote our workflow in similar contexts around the world.
Luca Smeraglia, Nathan Looser, Olivier Fabbri, Flavien Choulet, Marcel Guillong, and Stefano M. Bernasconi
Solid Earth, 12, 2539–2551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we dated fault movements at geological timescales which uplifted the sedimentary successions of the Jura Mountains from below the sea level up to Earth's surface. To do so, we applied the novel technique of U–Pb geochronology on calcite mineralizations that precipitated on fault surfaces during times of tectonic activity. Our results document a time frame of the tectonic evolution of the Jura Mountains and provide new insight into the broad geological history of the Western Alps.
Renas I. Koshnaw, Fritz Schlunegger, and Daniel F. Stockli
Solid Earth, 12, 2479–2501, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As continental plates collide, mountain belts grow. This study investigated the provenance of rocks from the northwestern segment of the Zagros mountain belt to unravel the convergence history of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Provenance data synthesis and field relationships suggest that the Zagros Mountains developed as a result of the oceanic crust emplacement on the Arabian continental plate, followed by the Arabia–Eurasia collision and later uplift of the broader region.
David Hindle and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 2425–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Central western Europe underwent a strange episode of lithospheric deformation, resulting in a chain of small mountains that run almost west–east across the continent and that formed in the middle of a tectonic plate, not at its edges as is usually expected. Associated with these mountains, in particular the Harz in central Germany, are marine basins contemporaneous with the mountain growth. We explain how those basins came to be as a result of the mountains bending the adjacent plate.
Andreas Eberts, Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, Harald Stollhofen, Helga de Wall, and Gerald Gabriel
Solid Earth, 12, 2277–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We combine gravity anomaly and topographic data with observations from thermochronology, metamorphic grades, and the granite inventory to detect patterns of basement block segmentation and differential exhumation along the southwestern Bohemian Massif. Based on our analyses, we introduce a previously unknown tectonic structure termed Cham Fault, which, together with the Pfahl and Danube shear zones, is responsible for the exposure of different crustal levels during late to post-Variscan times.
Christoph Grützner, Simone Aschenbrenner, Petra Jamšek
Rupnik, Klaus Reicherter, Nour Saifelislam, Blaž Vičič, Marko Vrabec, Julian Welte, and Kamil Ustaszewski
Solid Earth, 12, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Several large strike-slip faults in western Slovenia are known to be active, but most of them have not produced strong earthquakes in historical times. In this study we use geomorphology, near-surface geophysics, and fault excavations to show that two of these faults had surface-rupturing earthquakes during the Holocene. Instrumental and historical seismicity data do not capture the strongest events in this area.
Michael Warsitzka, Prokop Závada, Fabian Jähne-Klingberg, and Piotr Krzywiec
Solid Earth, 12, 1987–2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new analogue modelling approach was used to simulate the influence of tectonic extension and tilting of the basin floor on salt tectonics in rift basins. Our results show that downward salt flow and gravity gliding takes place if the flanks of the rift basin are tilted. Thus, extension occurs at the basin margins, which is compensated for by reduced extension and later by shortening in the graben centre. These outcomes improve the reconstruction of salt-related structures in rift basins.
Torsten Hundebøl Hansen, Ole Rønø Clausen, and Katrine Juul Andresen
Solid Earth, 12, 1719–1747, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have analysed the role of deep salt layers during tectonic shortening of a group of sedimentary basins buried below the North Sea. Due to the ability of salt to flow over geological timescales, the salt layers are much weaker than the surrounding rocks during tectonic deformation. Therefore, complex structures formed mainly where salt was present in our study area. Our results align with findings from other basins and experiments, underlining the importance of salt tectonics.
Frank Zwaan, Pauline Chenin, Duncan Erratt, Gianreto Manatschal, and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 12, 1473–1495, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used laboratory experiments to simulate the early evolution of rift systems, and the influence of structural weaknesses left over from previous tectonic events that can localize new deformation. We find that the orientation and type of such weaknesses can induce complex structures with different orientations during a single phase of rifting, instead of requiring multiple rifting phases. These findings provide a strong incentive to reassess the tectonic history of various natural examples.
Laurent Jolivet, Laurent Arbaret, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, Florent Cheval-Garabédian, Vincent Roche, Aurélien Rabillard, and Loïc Labrousse
Solid Earth, 12, 1357–1388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Although viscosity of the crust largely exceeds that of magmas, we show, based on the Aegean and Tyrrhenian Miocene syn-kinematic plutons, how the intrusion of granites in extensional contexts is controlled by crustal deformation, from magmatic stage to cold mylonites. We show that a simple numerical setup with partial melting in the lower crust in an extensional context leads to the formation of metamorphic core complexes and low-angle detachments reproducing the observed evolution of plutons.
Cited articles
Agemar, T., Alten, J.-A., Gorling, L., Gramenz, J., Kuder, J., Suchi, E.,
Moeck, I., Weber, J., V. Hartmann, H., Stober, I., Hese, F., and Thomsen,
C.: Verbundsvorhaben “StörTief”: Die Rolle von tiefreichenden
Störungszonen bei der geothermischen Energienutzung, Endbericht, 2016.
Ahlers, S., Henk, A., Hergert, T., Reiter, K., Müller, B., Röckel, L., Heidbach, O., Morawietz, S., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., and Anikiev, D.: 3D crustal stress state of Germany according to a data-calibrated geomechanical model, Solid Earth, 12, 1777–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, 2021a.
Ahlers, S., Henk, A., Hergert, T., Reiter, K., Müller, B., Röckel,
L., Heidbach, O., Morawietz, S., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., and Anikiev, D.: The
Crustal stress state of Germany – Results of a 3D geomechnical model,
TUdatalib [data set], https://doi.org/10.48328/tudatalib-437, 2021b.
Aleksandrowski, P., Kryza, R., Mazur, S., and Zaba, J.: Kinematic data on
major Variscan strike-slip faults and shear zones in the Polish Sudetes,
northeast Bohemian Massif, Geol. Mag., 134, 727–739,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756897007590, 1997.
Badura, J., Zuchiewicz, W., Stepancikova, P., Przybylski, B., Kontny, B., and
Cacon, S.: The Sudetic Marginal Fault: a young morphophotectonic feature at
the ne margin of the Bohemian Massif, Central Europe, Acta Geodyn.
Geomater., 148, 7–29, 2007.
Behr, H. J., Duerbaum, H. J., Bankwitz, P., Bankwitz, E., Benek, R., Berger,
H. J., Brause, H., Conrad, W., Foerste, K., Frischbutter, A., Gebrande, H.,
Giese, P., Goethe, W., Guertler, J., Haenig, D., Haupt, M., Heinrichs, T.,
Horst, W., Hurtig, E., and Kaempf, H.: Crustal structure of the
Saxothuringian Zone; results of the deep seismic profile MVE-90(East), Z.
Geol. Wissenschaft., 22, 647–770, 1994.
Bönnemann, C., Schmidt, B., Ritter, J., Gestermann, N., Plenefisch, T.,
and Wegler, U.: Das seismische Ereignis bei Landau vom 15. August 2009 –
Abschlussbericht der Expertengruppe Seismisches Risiko bei hydrothermaler
Geothermie, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover, 2010.
Brückl, E., Bleibinhaus, F., Gosar, A., Grad, M., Guterch, A.,
Hrubcová, P., Keller, G. R., Majdański, M., Šumanovac, F.,
Tiira, T., Yliniemi, J., Hegedűs, E., and Thybo, H.: Crustal structure
due to collisional and escape tectonics in the Eastern Alps region based on
profiles Alp01 and Alp02 from the ALP 2002 seismic experiment, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 112, 1109,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004687, 2007.
Brudy, M., Zoback, M. D., Fuchs, K., Rummel, F., and Baumgärtner, J.:
Estimation of the complete stress tensor to 8 km depth in the KTB scientific
drill holes: Implications for crustal strength, J. Geophys. Res., 102,
18453–18475, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB02942, 1997.
Brun, J. P., Gutscher, M.-A., and dekorp-ecors teams: Deep crustal structure
of the Rhine Graben from dekorp-ecors seismic reflection data: A summary,
Tectonophysics, 208, 139–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90340-C, 1992.
Buchmann, T. J. and Connolly, P. T.: Contemporary kinematics of the Upper
Rhine Graben: A 3D finite element approach, Global Planet. Change, 58,
287–309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.02.012, 2007.
BGR, LAGB, LBEG, LBGR, LLUR, and LUNG: 3D-Modell des geologischen Untergrundes des Norddeutschen Beckens (Projekt TUNB): Erstveröffentlichung 2021, Version 2022, https://gst.bgr.de (last access: 15 June 2022), 2021, Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen, siehe https://www.bgr.bund.de/AGB (last access: 27 June 2022), General terms and conditions, see https://www.bgr.bund.de/AGB_en (last access: 27 June 2022), 2021.
Cazes, M., Torreilles, G., Bois, C., Damotte, B., Galdeano, A., Hirn, A.,
Mascle, A., Matte, P., van Ngoc, P., and Raoult, J. F.: Structure de la
croute hercynienne du Nord de la France; premiers resultats du profil ECORS,
B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 8, 925–941,
https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.I.6.925, 1985.
Conder, J.: focalmech James Conder, focalmech (fm, centerX, centerY,
diam, varargin), MATLAB Central File Exchange [code], https://de.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/61227-focalmech-fm-centerx-centery-diam-varargin, last access: 27 June 2022.
Cornet, F. H. and Röckel, T.: Vertical stress profiles and the
significance of “stress decoupling”, Tectonophysics, 581, 193–205,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.01.020, 2012.
Drews, M. C., Seithel, R., Savvatis, A., Kohl, T., and Stollhofen, H.: A
normal-faulting stress regime in the Bavarian Foreland Molasse Basin? New
evidence from detailed analysis of leak-off and formation integrity tests in
the greater Munich area, SE-Germany, Tectonophysics, 755, 1–9,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.02.011, 2019.
Drews, M., Bauer, W., and Stollhofen, H.: Porenüberdruck im Bayrischen
Molassebecken, Overpressure in the Bavarian Molasse Basin, Erdöl-Erdgas-Kohle, 12, 308–310, https://doi.org/10.19225/180703, 2018.
Drozdzewski, G. and Dölling, M.: Elemente der Osning-Störungszone
(NW-Deutschland): Leitstrukturen einer Blattverschiebungszone, scriptum
online, 2018.
Duin, E. J. T., Doornenbal, J. C., Rijkers, R. H. B., Verbeek, J. W., and Wong,
T. E.: Subsurface structure of the Netherlands – results of recent onshore
and offshore mapping, Neth. J. Geosci., 85, 245–276,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016774600023064, 2006.
Evans, K. F., Zappone, A., Kraft, T., Deichmann, N., and Moia, F.: A survey
of the induced seismic responses to fluid injection in geothermal and CO2
reservoirs in Europe, Geothermics, 41, 30–54,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2011.08.002, 2012.
Ferrill, D. A., Morris, A. P., McGinnis, R. N., Smart, K. J., Wigginton, S.
S., and Hill, N. J.: Mechanical stratigraphy and normal faulting, J.
Struct. Geol., 94, 275–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.11.010,
2017.
Ferrill, D. A., Smart, K. J., and Morris, A. P.: Resolved stress analysis, failure mode, and fault-controlled fluid conduits, Solid Earth, 11, 899–908, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-899-2020, 2020.
Franzke, H.-J. and Wetzel, H.-U.: Geologische Interpretation eines ERS-1
Radarmosaiks von Deutschland, Publikationen der Deutschen Gesellschaft
für Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung, 10, 503–510, https://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=item_228436 (last access: 15 June 2022), 2001.
Franke, W., Bortfeld, R. K., Brix, M., Drozdzewski, G., Dürbaum, H. J.,
Giese, P., Janoth, W., Jödicke, H., Reichert, C., Scherp, A., Schmoll,
J., Thomas, R., Thünker, M., Weber, K., Wiesner, M. G., and Wong, H. K.:
Crustal structure of the Rhenish Massif: results of deep seismic reflection
lines Dekorp 2-North and 2-North-Q, Geol. Rundsch., 79, 523–566,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01879201, 1990.
Geißler, V., Gauer, A., and Görne, S.: Innovative digitale Geomodelle 2020 – Teil 1 Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie,, Dresden, 2014, https://publikationen.sachsen.de/bdb/artikel/22475, (last access 15 June 2022), 2014.
Geluk, M. C., Duin, E. J. T., Dusar, M., Rijkers, R. H. B., van den Berg, M. W.,
and van Rooijen, P.: Stratigraphy and tectonics of the Roer Valley Graben,
Geologie en Mijnbouw, 73, 129–141, 1994.
GeoMol Team: GeoMol – Assessing subsurface potentials of the Alpine
Foreland Basins for sustainable planning and use of natural resources –
Project Report, LfU, 192 pp., 2015.
GeORG-Projektteam: Geopotentiale des tieferen Untergrundes im
Oberrheingraben: Fachlich-Technischer Abschlussbericht des INTERREG-Projekts
GeORG, Teil 4, Freiburg i. Br., 104 pp., 2013.
German Research Centre For Geosciences: Seismicity in Germany in global
context,
https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/section/seismic-hazard-and-risk-dynamics/topics/where-in-germany-does-the-earth-quake/seismicity-in-germany-in-global-context,
last access: 11 May 2022.
Grünthal, G. and Minkley, W.: Bergbauinduzierte seismische Aktivität
als Quelle seismischer Belastungen – Zur Notwendigkeit der Ergänzung der
Karte der Erdbebenzonen der DIN 4149: 2005-04, Bautechnik, 82, 508–513,
https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.200590167, 2005.
Grünthal, G. and Wahlström, R.: The European-Mediterranean
Earthquake Catalogue (EMEC) for the last millennium, J. Seismol., 16,
535–570, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-012-9302-y, 2012.
Grzempowski, P., Badura, J., Cacoń, S., Kaplon, J., Rohm, W., and
Przybylski, B.: Geodynamics of south-eastern part of the Central European
Subsidence Zone, Acta Geodyn. Geomater., 9, 359–369, 2012.
Haines, S., Marone, C., and Saffer, D.: Frictional properties of low-angle
normal fault gouges and implications for low-angle normal fault slip, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 408, 57–65,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.034, 2014.
Healy, D. and Hicks, S. P.: De-risking the energy transition by quantifying the uncertainties in fault stability, Solid Earth, 13, 15–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, 2022.
Heidbach, O., Rajabi, M., Reiter, K., Ziegler, M., and WSM Team: World Stress Map Database Release 2016 v1.1, GFZ Data Services [data set], https://doi.org/10.5880/WSM.2016.001, 2016.
Heidbach, O., Ziegler, M., and Stromeyer, D.: Manual of the Tecplot 360
Add-on GeoStress v2.0, World Stress Map Technical Report, 20-02, 62 pp., https://doi.org/10.2312/wsm.2020.001, 2020.
Henk, A.: Subsidenz und Tektonik des Saar-Nahe-Beckens (SW-Deutschland),
Geol. Rundsch., 82, 3–19, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00563266, 1993.
Homuth, B., Rümpker, G., Deckert, H., and Kracht, M.: Seismicity of the
northern Upper Rhine Graben – Constraints on the present-day stress field
from focal mechanisms, Tectonophysics, 632, 8–20,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.05.037, 2014.
Jaeger, J. C., Cook, N. G. W., and Zimmerman, R. W.: Fundamentals of rock
mechanics, 4 edn., Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA, 475 pp., ISBN: 978-0-632-05759-7, 2011.
Kachlík, V.: The evidence for late Variscan nappe thrusting of the
Marianske Lazne Complex over the Saxothuringian terrane (west Bohemia),
Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 38, 43–58, 1993.
Kley, J. and Voigt, T.: Late Cretaceous intraplate thrusting in central
Europe: Effect of Africa-Iberia-Europe convergence, not Alpine collision,
Geology, 36, 839–842, https://doi.org/10.1130/G24930A.1, 2008.
Konon, A.: Strike-slip faulting in the Kielce Unit, Holy Cross Mountains,
central Poland, Acta Geol. Pol., 57, 415–441, 2007.
Lee, J. B. and Chang, C.: Slip tendency of Quaternary faults in southeast
Korea under current state of stress, Geosci. J., 13, 353–361,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-009-0033-1, 2009.
Littke, R., Bayer, U., Gajewski, D., and Nelskamp, S. (Eds.): Dynamics of
complex intracontinental basins: The Central European Basin System,
Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85085-4, 2008.
McFarland, J. M., Morris, A. P., and Ferrill, D. A.: Stress inversion using
slip tendency, Comput. Geosci., 41, 40–46,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.08.004, 2012.
Meschede, M. and Warr, L. N.: The Geology of Germany, Springer, 304 pp., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76102-2, 2019.
Moeck, I., Kwiatek, G., and Zimmermann, G.: Slip tendency analysis, fault
reactivation potential and induced seismicity in a deep geothermal
reservoir, J. Struct. Geol., 31, 1174–1182,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2009.06.012, 2009.
Morawietz, S. and Reiter, K.: Stress Magnitude Database Germany v1.0, GFZ
Data Services [data set], https://doi.org/10.5880/wsm.2020.004, 2020.
Morawietz, S., Heidbach, O., Reiter, K., Ziegler, M., Rajabi, M.,
Zimmermann, G., Müller, B., and Tingay, M.: An open-access stress
magnitude database for Germany and adjacent regions, Geothermal Energy, 8, 25, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40517-020-00178-5, 2020.
Morris, A., Ferrill, D. A., and Henderson, D. B.: Slip-tendency analysis and
fault reactivation, Geology, 24, 275,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0275:STAAFR>2.3.CO;2, 1996.
Morris, A. P., Hennings, P. H., Horne, E. A., and Smye, K. M.: Stability of
basement-rooted faults in the Delaware Basin of Texas and New Mexico, USA,
J. Struct. Geol., 149, 104360,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104360, 2021.
Müller, B., Scheffzük, C., Schilling, F., Westerhaus, M., Zippelt,
K., Wampach, M., Röckel, T., Lempp, C., and Schöner, A.:
Reservoir-management and seismicity: Strategies to reduce induced seismicity
= Reservoir-Managemant und Seismizität Strategien zur Verringerung der
induzierten Seismizität, Als Manuskript gedruckt, DGMK-research report,
776, DGMK e.V, Hamburg, 88 p., ISBN: 978-3-947716-09-8, 2020.
Müller, M., Nieberding, F., and Wanninger, A.: Tectonic style and
pressure distribution at the northern margin of the Alps between Lake
Constance and the River Inn, Geol. Rundsch., 77, 787–796,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01830185, 1988.
Narkiewicz, M., Maksym, A., Malinowski, M., Grad, M., Guterch, A., Petecki,
Z., Probulski, J., Janik, T., Majdański, M., Środa, P., Czuba, W.,
Gaczyński, E., and Jankowski, L.: Transcurrent nature of the
Teisseyre–Tornquist Zone in Central Europe: results of the POLCRUST-01 deep
reflection seismic profile, Int. J. Earth. Sci., 104, 775–796,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1116-4, 2015.
Neves, M. C., Paiva, L. T., and Luis, J.: Software for slip-tendency
analysis in 3D: A plug-in for Coulomb, Comput. Geosci., 35,
2345–2352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2009.03.008, 2009.
Numelin, T., Marone, C., and Kirby, E.: Frictional properties of natural
fault gouge from a low-angle normal fault, Panamint Valley, California,
Tectonics, 26, TC2004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005TC001916, 2007.
Peters, G.: Active tectonics in the Upper Rhine Graben: Integration of
paleoseismology, geomorphology and geomechanical modeling, Zugl.: Amsterdam,
Vrije Univ., Diss, 2007, Logos-Verl., Berlin, 270 pp., 2007.
Pfiffner, O. A.: Thick-skinned and thin-skinned tectonics: A global
perspective, Geosciences, 7, 71, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences7030071, 2017.
Porpaczy, C.: Tectonic Evolution of the Budějovice Basin (Czech
Republic), with special focus on the Hluboká-Fault, Master thesis at Universität Wien, https://doi.org/10.25365/THESIS.16892, 2011.
Quinteros, J., Strollo, A., Evans, P. L., Hanka, W., Heinloo, A., Hemmleb,
S., Hillmann, L., Jaeckel, K.-H., Kind, R., Saul, J., Zieke, T., and
Tilmann, F.: The GEOFON Program in 2020, Seismol. Res. Lett., 92,
1610–1622, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200415, 2021.
Reinecker, J. and Schneider, G.: Zur Neotektonik der Zollernalb: Der
Hohenzollerngraben und die Albstadt-Erdbeben, Jahresberichte und
Mitteilungen des Oberrheinischen Geologischen Vereins, 84, 391–417,
https://doi.org/10.1127/jmogv/84/2002/391, 2002.
Reinecker, J., Tingay, M., Müller, B., and Heidbach, O.: Present-day
stress orientation in the Molasse Basin, Tectonophysics, 482, 129–138,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.07.021, 2010.
Reinhold, K.: Tiefenlage der “Kristallin-Oberfläche” in Deutschland –
Abschlussbericht, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe,
Hannover, 89 pp., 2005.
Ribbert, K.-H. and Wrede, V.: Stratigrafische und tektonische Ergebnisse der
Grundgebirgsbohrungen im Umfeld des Braunkohle-Tagebaus Hambach, in: Der
tiefere Untergrund der Niederrheinischen Bucht: Ergebnisse eines
Tiefbohrprogramms im Rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier, edited by: Geologischer
Dienst Krefeld, Obermann GmbH & Co KG, Krefeld, 33–66, 2005.
Röckel, T. and Lempp, C.: Der Spannungszustand im Norddeutschen Becken,
Erdöl-Erdgas-Kohle, 119, 73–80, 2003.
Röckel, L., Müller, B. I. R., Ahlers, S., Reiter, K., Hergert, T., Henk, A., Heidbach, O., and Schilling, F.: 3D fault sets of Germany and adjacent areas, KITopen [data set], https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000143465, 2022.
Suchi, E., Dittmann, J., Knopf, S., Müller, C., and Schulz, R.: Geothermie-Atlas zur
Darstellung möglicher Nutzungskonkurrenzen zwischen CCS und Tiefer
Geothermie, report, 439–453, 2013.
Schwarz, M. and Henk, A.: Evolution and structure of the Upper Rhine Graben:
insights from three-dimensional thermomechanical modelling, Geol. Rundsch.,
94, 732–750, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-004-0451-2, 2005.
Seithel, R., Steiner, U., Müller, B., Hecht, C., and Kohl, T.: Local
stress anomaly in the Bavarian Molasse Basin, Geotherm Energy, 3, 5,
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40517-014-0023-z, 2015.
Sibson, R. H.: Frictional constraints on thrust, wrench and normal faults,
Nature, 249, 542–544, https://doi.org/10.1038/249542a0, 1974.
Sibson, R. H.: A note on fault reactivation, J. Struct. Geol.,
7, 751–754, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(85)90150-6, 1985.
Stober, I. and Bucher, K.: Potentielle Umweltauswirkungen bei der Tiefen
Geothermie, in: Geothermie, 3 edn., 2020, edited by: Stober, I. and Bucher,
K., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 243–274,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60940-8_11, 2020.
Suchi, E., Dittmann, J., Knopf, S., Müller, C., and Schulz, R.:
Geothermal Atlas to visualise potential conflicts of interest between CO2
storage (CCS) and deep geothermal energy in Germany, Z. Dtsch. Ges. Geowiss., 165, 439–453,
https://doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2014/0070, 2014.
Vadacca, L., Rossi, D., Scotti, A., and Buttinelli, M.: Slip Tendency
Analysis, Fault Reactivation Potential and Induced Seismicity in the Val
d'Agri Oilfield (Italy), J. Geophys. Res., 126, e2019JB019185, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB019185, 2021.
Valenta, J., Stejskal, V., and Stepancikova, P.: Tectonic pattern of the
Hronov-Porici trough as seen from pole-dipole geoelectrical measurements,
Acta Geodyn. Geomater., 5, 185–195, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259746058_Tectonic_pattern_of_the_Hronov-Porici_trough_as_seen_from_pole-dipole_geoelectrical_measurements (last access: 17 June 2022), 2008.
van Hoorn, B.: Structural evolution, timing and tectonic style of the Sole
Pit inversion, Tectonophysics, 137, 239–284,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90322-2, 1987.
van Wees, J.-D., Stephenson, R. A., Ziegler, P. A., Bayer, U., McCann, T.,
Dadlez, R., Gaupp, R., Narkiewicz, M., Bitzer, F., and Scheck, M.: On the
origin of the Southern Permian Basin, Central Europe, Marine and Petroleum
Geology, 17, 43–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(99)00052-5, 2000.
Walter, R.: Geologie von Mitteleuropa, 7 edn., Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 511 pp., ISBN: 9783510654451, 2007.
Wells, D. L. and Coppersmith, K. J.: New Empirical Relationships among
Magnitude, Rupture Length, Rupture width, Rupture Area, and Surface
Displacement, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 84, 974–1002,
1994.
Worum, G., van Wees, J.-D., Bada, G., van Balen, R. T., Cloetingh, S., and
Pagnier, H.: Slip tendency analysis as a tool to constrain fault
reactivation: A numerical approach applied to three-dimensional fault models
in the Roer Valley rift system (southeast Netherlands), J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 109, 233,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002586, 2004.
Yukutake, Y., Takeda, T., and Yoshida, A.: The applicability of frictional
reactivation theory to active faults in Japan based on slip tendency
analysis, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 411, 188–198,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.005, 2015.
Zoback, M. D. and Healy, J. H.: Friction, faulting, and “in situ” stress,
Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 22, 119,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(85)93053-0, 1985.
Zoback, M. D. and Healy, J. H.: In situ stress measurements to 3.5 km depth
in the Cajon Pass Scientific Research Borehole: Implications for the
mechanics of crustal faulting, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5039,
https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB02175, 1992.
Download
The requested paper has a corresponding corrigendum published. Please read the corrigendum first before downloading the article.
- Article
(7256 KB) - Full-text XML
- Corrigendum
-
Supplement
(2089 KB) - BibTeX
- EndNote
Short summary
Reactivation of tectonic faults can lead to earthquakes and jeopardize underground operations. The reactivation potential is linked to fault properties and the tectonic stress field. We create 3D geometries for major faults in Germany and use stress data from a 3D geomechanical–numerical model to calculate their reactivation potential and compare it to seismic events. The reactivation potential in general is highest for NNE–SSW- and NW–SE-striking faults and strongly depends on the fault dip.
Reactivation of tectonic faults can lead to earthquakes and jeopardize underground operations....
