Articles | Volume 14, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1103-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1103-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Oct 2023
Research article |
| 25 Oct 2023
| 25 Oct 2023
The 2022 MW 6.0 Gölyaka–Düzce earthquake: an example of a medium-sized earthquake in a fault zone early in its seismic cycle
Patricia Martínez-Garzón
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Section 4.2 “Geomechanics and scientific drilling”, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Dirk Becker
Section 4.2 “Geomechanics and scientific drilling”, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Jorge Jara
Section 2.6 “Seismic hazard and risk dynamics”, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Xiang Chen
Section 4.2 “Geomechanics and scientific drilling”, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Grzegorz Kwiatek
Section 4.2 “Geomechanics and scientific drilling”, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Marco Bohnhoff
Section 4.2 “Geomechanics and scientific drilling”, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Institute of Geological Sciences, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Sylvain Michel, Clara Duverger, Laurent Bollinger, Jorge Jara, and Romain Jolivet
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 163–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-163-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-163-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Upper Rhine Graben, located in France and Germany, is bordered by north–south-trending faults, posing a potential threat to dense population and infrastructures on the Alsace plain. We build upon previous seismic hazard studies of the graben by exploring uncertainties in greater detail, revisiting a number of assumptions. There is a 99 % probability that a maximum-magnitude earthquake would be below 7.3 if assuming a purely dip-slip mechanism or below 7.6 if assuming a strike-slip one.
Audrey Bonnelye, Pierre Dick, Marco Bohnhoff, Fabrice Cotton, Rüdiger Giese, Jan Henninges, Damien Jougnot, Grzegorz Kwiatek, and Stefan Lüth
Adv. Geosci., 58, 177–188, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-58-177-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-58-177-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The overall objective of the CHENILLE project is to performed an in-situ experiment in the Underground Reaserch Laboratory of Tournemire (Southern France) consisting of hydraulic and thermal stimulation of a fault zone. This experiment is monitored with extensive geophysical means (passive seismic, active seismic, distributed fiber optics for temperature measurements) in order to unravel the physical processes taking place during the stimulation for a better charactization of fault zones.
Carolin M. Boese, Grzegorz Kwiatek, Thomas Fischer, Katrin Plenkers, Juliane Starke, Felix Blümle, Christoph Janssen, and Georg Dresen
Solid Earth, 13, 323–346, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-323-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-323-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic stimulation experiments in underground facilities allow for placing monitoring equipment close to and surrounding the stimulated rock under realistic and complex conditions at depth. We evaluate how accurately the direction-dependent velocity must be known for high-resolution seismic monitoring during stimulation. Induced transient deformation in rocks only 2.5–5 m apart may differ significantly in magnitude and style, and monitoring requires sensitive sensors adapted to the frequency.
Maria Leonhardt, Grzegorz Kwiatek, Patricia Martínez-Garzón, Marco Bohnhoff, Tero Saarno, Pekka Heikkinen, and Georg Dresen
Solid Earth, 12, 581–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-581-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-581-2021, 2021
Marco Bohnhoff, Georg Dresen, Ulubey Ceken, Filiz Tuba Kadirioglu, Recai Feyiz Kartal, Tugbay Kilic, Murat Nurlu, Kenan Yanik, Digdem Acarel, Fatih Bulut, Hisao Ito, Wade Johnson, Peter Eric Malin, and Dave Mencin
Sci. Dril., 22, 19–28, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-22-19-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-22-19-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
GONAF (Geophysical Observatory at the North Anatolian Fault) has been installed around the eastern Sea of Marmara section where a M>7 earthquake is pending to capture the seismic and strain activity preceding, during, and after such an anticipated event. GONAF is currently comprised of seven 300 m deep vertical seismic profiling stations and four collocated 100 m deep borehole strain meters. GONAF is the first ICDP-driven project with a primary focus on long-term fault-zone monitoring.
S. Wehling-Benatelli, D. Becker, M. Bischoff, W. Friederich, and T. Meier
Solid Earth, 4, 405–422, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-405-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-405-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Seismics, seismology, paleoseismology, geoelectrics, and electromagnetics | Discipline: Seismology
Coda-derived source properties estimated using local earthquakes in the Sea of Marmara, Türkiye
Global seismic energy scaling relationships based on the type of faulting
A new seismicity catalogue of the eastern Alps using the temporary Swath-D network
Two subduction-related heterogeneities beneath the Eastern Alps and the Bohemian Massif imaged by high-resolution P-wave tomography
Basin inversion: reactivated rift structures in the central Ligurian Sea revealed using ocean bottom seismometers
Moho and uppermost mantle structure in the Alpine area from S-to-P converted waves
COVID-19 lockdown effects on the seismic recordings in Central America
Present-day geodynamics of the Western Alps: new insights from earthquake mechanisms
Seismicity and seismotectonics of the Albstadt Shear Zone in the northern Alpine foreland
Seismicity during and after stimulation of a 6.1 km deep enhanced geothermal system in Helsinki, Finland
Seismic gaps and intraplate seismicity around Rodrigues Ridge (Indian Ocean) from time domain array analysis
Rupture-dependent breakdown energy in fault models with thermo-hydro-mechanical processes
Potential influence of overpressurized gas on the induced seismicity in the St. Gallen deep geothermal project (Switzerland)
Seismicity characterization of oceanic earthquakes in the Mexican territory
Seismic waveform tomography of the central and eastern Mediterranean upper mantle
Influence of reservoir geology on seismic response during decameter-scale hydraulic stimulations in crystalline rock
Lithospheric and sublithospheric deformation under the Borborema Province of northeastern Brazil from receiver function harmonic stripping
Induced seismicity in geologic carbon storage
Moment magnitude estimates for central Anatolian earthquakes using coda waves
Event couple spectral ratio Q method for earthquake clusters: application to northwest Bohemia
Berkan Özkan, Tuna Eken, Peter Gaebler, and Tuncay Taymaz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-721, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-721, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study estimates source properties by analyzing seismic data of 303 earthquakes (2018–2020) in Marmara Region, Turkey and finds a strong correlation between Mw-coda and ML. Moreover, the scaled energy increases with seismic moment estimates and shows non-self similar scaling in earthquake sources.
Quetzalcoatl Rodríguez-Pérez and F. Ramón Zúñiga
Solid Earth, 15, 229–249, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-229-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-229-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The behavior of seismic energy parameters and their possible dependence on the type of fault for globally detected earthquakes were studied. For this purpose, different energy estimation methods were used. Equations were obtained to convert energies obtained in different ways. The dependence of the seismic energy on the focal mechanism was confirmed up to depths close to 180 km. The results will help to explain the seismic rupture of earthquakes generated at greater depth.
Laurens Jan Hofman, Jörn Kummerow, Simone Cesca, and the AlpArray–Swath-D Working Group
Solid Earth, 14, 1053–1066, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1053-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1053-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an earthquake catalogue for the eastern and southern Alps based on data from a local temporary monitoring network. The methods we developed for the detection and localisation focus especially on very small earthquakes. This provides insight into the local geology and tectonics and provides an important base for future research in this part of the Alps.
Jaroslava Plomerová, Helena Žlebčíková, György Hetényi, Luděk Vecsey, Vladislav Babuška, and AlpArray-EASI and AlpArray working
groups
Solid Earth, 13, 251–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-251-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-251-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present high-resolution tomography images of upper mantle structure beneath the E Alps and the adjacent Bohemian Massif. The northward-dipping lithosphere, imaged down to ∼200 km beneath the E Alps without signs of delamination, is probably formed by a mixture of a fragment of detached European plate and the Adriatic plate subductions. A detached high-velocity anomaly, sub-parallel to and distinct from the E Alps heterogeneity, is imaged at ∼100–200 km beneath the southern part of the BM.
Martin Thorwart, Anke Dannowski, Ingo Grevemeyer, Dietrich Lange, Heidrun Kopp, Florian Petersen, Wayne C. Crawford, Anne Paul, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2553–2571, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2553-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2553-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse broadband ocean bottom seismometer data of the AlpArray OBS network in the Ligurian Basin. Two earthquake clusters with thrust faulting focal mechanisms indicate compression of the rift basin. The locations of seismicity suggest reactivation of pre-existing rift structures and strengthening of crust and uppermost mantle during rifting-related extension. Slightly different striking directions of faults may mimic the anti-clockwise rotation of the Corsica–Sardinia block.
Rainer Kind, Stefan M. Schmid, Xiaohui Yuan, Benjamin Heit, Thomas Meier, and the AlpArray and AlpArray-SWATH-D Working Groups
Solid Earth, 12, 2503–2521, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2503-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2503-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A large amount of new seismic data from the greater Alpine area have been obtained within the AlpArray and SWATH-D projects. S-to-P converted seismic phases from the Moho and from the mantle lithosphere have been processed with a newly developed method. Examples of new observations are a rapid change in Moho depth at 13° E below the Tauern Window from 60 km in the west to 40 km in the east and a second Moho trough along the boundary of the Bohemian Massif towards the Western Carpathians.
Mario Arroyo-Solórzano, Diego Castro-Rojas, Frédérick Massin, Lepolt Linkimer, Ivonne Arroyo, and Robin Yani
Solid Earth, 12, 2127–2144, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2127-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2127-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first seismic noise variation levels during COVID-19 in Central America using 10 seismometers. We study the impact of the seismic noise reduction on the detectability of earthquakes and on the felt reports. Our results show maximum values (~50 % decrease) at seismic stations near airports and densely inhabited cities. The decrease in seismic noise improved earthquake locations and reports. Seismic noise could also be useful to verify compliance with lockdown measures.
Marguerite Mathey, Christian Sue, Colin Pagani, Stéphane Baize, Andrea Walpersdorf, Thomas Bodin, Laurent Husson, Estelle Hannouz, and Bertrand Potin
Solid Earth, 12, 1661–1681, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1661-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1661-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work features the highest-resolution seismic stress and strain fields available at the present time for the analysis of the active crustal deformation of the Western Alps. In this paper, we address a large dataset of newly computed focal mechanisms from a statistical standpoint, which allows us to suggest a joint control from far-field forces and from buoyancy forces on the present-day deformation of the Western Alps.
Sarah Mader, Joachim R. R. Ritter, Klaus Reicherter, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 1389–1409, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1389-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1389-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Albstadt Shear Zone, SW Germany, is an active rupture zone with sometimes damaging earthquakes but no visible surface structure. To identify its segmentations, geometry, faulting pattern and extension, we analyze the continuous earthquake activity in 2011–2018. We find a segmented N–S-oriented fault zone with mainly horizontal and minor vertical movement along mostly NNE- and some NNW-oriented rupture planes. The main horizontal stress is oriented NW and due to Alpine-related loading.
Maria Leonhardt, Grzegorz Kwiatek, Patricia Martínez-Garzón, Marco Bohnhoff, Tero Saarno, Pekka Heikkinen, and Georg Dresen
Solid Earth, 12, 581–594, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-581-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-581-2021, 2021
Manvendra Singh and Georg Rümpker
Solid Earth, 11, 2557–2568, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2557-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2557-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using seismic array methods, 63 events were located in the Rodrigues–CIR region, not reported by any global network, most of them being off the ridge axis. The lack of seismicity along this section of the CIR, as observed from global data and this study, can possibly be attributed to the presence of partially molten mantle beneath Rodrigues Ridge. The results will be of interest for a broad range of geoscientists interested in the tectonic evolution of Indian Ocean and plume–crust interaction.
Valère Lambert and Nadia Lapusta
Solid Earth, 11, 2283–2302, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2283-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2283-2020, 2020
Dominik Zbinden, Antonio Pio Rinaldi, Tobias Diehl, and Stefan Wiemer
Solid Earth, 11, 909–933, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-909-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-909-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The deep geothermal project in St. Gallen, Switzerland, aimed at generating electricity and heat. The fluid pumped into the underground caused hundreds of small earthquakes and one larger one felt by the local population. Here we use computer simulations to study the physical processes that led to the earthquakes. We find that gas present in the subsurface could have intensified the seismicity, which may have implications for future geothermal projects conducted in similar geological conditions.
Quetzalcoatl Rodríguez-Pérez, Víctor Hugo Márquez-Ramírez, and Francisco Ramón Zúñiga
Solid Earth, 11, 791–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-791-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-791-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed reported oceanic earthquakes in Mexico. We used data from different agencies. By analyzing the occurrence of earthquakes, we can extract relevant information such as the level of seismic activity, the size of the earthquakes, hypocenter depths, etc. We also studied the focal mechanisms to classify the different types of earthquakes and calculated the stress in the region. The results will be useful to understand the physics of oceanic earthquakes.
Nienke Blom, Alexey Gokhberg, and Andreas Fichtner
Solid Earth, 11, 669–690, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-669-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-669-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a model of the Earth's structure in the upper 500 km beneath the central and eastern Mediterranean. Within this model, we can see parts of the African tectonic plate that have sunk underneath the European plate over the past tens of millions of years. This model was constructed using seismic waveform tomography by matching the seismograms from many earthquakes recorded at the surface to synthetic seismograms that were generated by simulating earthquake wave propagation.
Linus Villiger, Valentin Samuel Gischig, Joseph Doetsch, Hannes Krietsch, Nathan Oliver Dutler, Mohammadreza Jalali, Benoît Valley, Paul Antony Selvadurai, Arnaud Mignan, Katrin Plenkers, Domenico Giardini, Florian Amann, and Stefan Wiemer
Solid Earth, 11, 627–655, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-627-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-627-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic stimulation summarizes fracture initiation and reactivation due to high-pressure fluid injection. Several borehole intervals covering intact rock and pre-existing fractures were targets for high-pressure fluid injections within a decameter-scale, crystalline rock volume. The observed induced seismicity strongly depends on the target geology. In addition, the severity of the induced seismicity per experiment counter correlates with the observed transmissivity enhancement.
Gaelle Lamarque and Jordi Julià
Solid Earth, 10, 893–905, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-893-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-893-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Our goal is to better understand the evolution of the Earth's outer shell in northeast Brazil. We analyze the propagation properties (anisotropy) of distant seismic waves in order to look for subsurface, large-scale deformation structures. Results show that structures visible at the surface can be traced down to ~100 km depth, that the imprint of the opening of the Atlantic Ocean can be detected along the coast and that the continental interior is anomalous due to a complex deformation history.
Víctor Vilarrasa, Jesus Carrera, Sebastià Olivella, Jonny Rutqvist, and Lyesse Laloui
Solid Earth, 10, 871–892, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-871-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-871-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
To meet the goal of the Paris Agreement to limit temperature increase below 2 ºC, geologic carbon storage (GCS) will be necessary at the gigatonne scale. But to successfully deploy GCS, seismicity induced by CO2 injection should be controlled and maintained below a threshold that does not generate nuisances to the population. We conclude that felt induced seismicity can be minimized provided that a proper site characterization, monitoring and pressure management are performed.
Tuna Eken
Solid Earth, 10, 713–723, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-713-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-713-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Proper magnitude estimates for earthquakes can give insight into the seismic energy released at an earthquake source. This is, in fact, essential for better seismic hazard assessments in tectonically active regions. In the present work, I examine local earthquakes in central Anatolia to estimate their moment magnitudes. The main outcome of this study is an empirical relation that can provide a direct physical quantity of seismic energy in the study region.
Marius Kriegerowski, Simone Cesca, Matthias Ohrnberger, Torsten Dahm, and Frank Krüger
Solid Earth, 10, 317–328, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-317-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-317-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a method that allows to estimate the acoustic attenuation of seismic waves within regions with high earthquake source densities. Attenuation is of high interest as it allows to draw conclusions on the origin of seismic activity. We apply our method to north-west Bohemia, which is regularly affected by earthquake swarms during which thousands of earthquakes are registered within a few days. We find reduced attenuation within the active volume, which may indicate high fluid content.
Cited articles
AFAD – Turkish Disaster Emergency Authority: Seismicity catalog, https://tdvms.afad.gov.tr/ (last access: 20 October 2023), 2023.
Ambraseys, N. N.: Some characteristic features of the Anatolian fault zone, Tectonophysics, 9, 143–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(70)90014-4, 1970.
Aslan, G., Lasserre, C., Cakir, Z., Ergintav, S., Özarpaci, S., Dogan, U., Bilham, R., and Renard, F.: Shallow Creep Along the 1999 Izmit Earthquake Rupture (Turkey) From GPS and High Temporal Resolution Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Data (2011–2017), J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 124, 2218–2236, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB017022, 2019.
Beaucé, E., van der Hilst, R. D., and Campillo, M.: Microseismic Constraints on the Mechanical State of the North Anatolian Fault Zone 13 Years After the 1999 M7.4 Izmit Earthquake, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 127, e2022JB024416, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024416, 2022.
Bilham, R., Ozener, H., Mencin, D., Dogru, A., Ergintav, S., Cakir, Z., Aytun, A., Aktug, B., Yilmaz, O., Johnson, W., and Mattioli, G.: Surface creep on the North Anatolian Fault at Ismetpasa, Turkey, 1944–2016, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 7409–7431, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013394, 2016.
Bohnhoff, M., Bulut, F., Dresen, G., Malin, P. E., Eken, T., and Aktar, M.: An earthquake gap south of Istanbul, Nat. Commun., 4, 1999, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2999, 2013.
Bohnhoff, M., Ickrath, M., and Dresen, G.: Seismicity distribution in conjunction with spatiotemporal variations of coseismic slip and postseismic creep along the combined 1999 Izmit-Düzce rupture, Tectonophysics, 686, 132–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.07.029, 2016.
Boore, D. M. and Boatwright, J.: Average body-wave correction coefficients, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 74, 1615–1621, 1984.
Bouchon, M., Karabulut, H., Aktar, M., Özalaybey, S., Schmittbuhl, J., and Bouin, M.-P.: Extended Nucleation of the 1999 Mw 7.6 Izmit Earthquake, Science, 331, 877–880, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197341, 2011.
Bouin, M. P., Bouchon, M., Karabulut, H., and Aktar, M.: Rupture process of the 1999 November 12 Düzce (Turkey) earthquake deduced from strong motion and Global Positioning System measurements, Geophys. J. Int., 159, 207–211, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02367.x, 2004.
Bulut, F., Bohnhoff, M., Aktar, M., and Dresen, G.: Characterization of aftershock-fault plane orientations of the 1999 İzmit (Turkey) earthquake using high-resolution aftershock locations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L20306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031154, 2007.
Bulut, F., Ben-Zion, Y., and Bohnhoff, M.: Evidence for a bimaterial interface along the Mudurnu segment of the North Anatolian Fault Zone from polarization analysis of P waves, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 327–328, 17–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.02.001, 2012.
Bulut, F., Özener, H., Doğru, A., Aktuğ, B., and Yaltırak, C.: Structural setting along the Western North Anatolian Fault and its influence on the 2014 North Aegean Earthquake (Mw 6.9). Tectonophysics, 745, 382–394, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.07.006, 2018.
Bürgmann, R., Ayhan, M. E., Fielding, E. J., Wright, T. J., McClusky, S., Aktug, B., Demir, C., Lenk, O., Türkezer, A.: Deformation during the 12 November 1999 Düzce, Turkey, Earthquake, from GPS and InSAR Data. B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 161–171, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000834, 2002.
Cakir, Z., Akoglu, A., Belabbes, S., Ergintav, S., and Meghraoui, M.: Creeping along the Ismetpasa section of the North Anatolian fault (Western Turkey): Rate and extent from InSAR. Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 238, 225–234, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.044, 2005.
Cetin, E., Cakir, Z., Meghraoui, M., Ergintav, S., and Akoglu, A. M.: Extent and distribution of aseismic slip on the Ismetpaşa segment of the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey) from Persistent Scatterer InSAR, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 15, 2883–2894, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005307, 2014.
Daniel, G., Marsan, D., and Bouchon, M.: Earthquake triggering in southern Iceland following the June 2000 Ms6.6 doublet, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 113,, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005107, 2008.
Di Bona, M. and Rovelli, A.: Effects of the bandwidth limitation of stress drops estimated from integrals of the ground motion, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 78, 1818–1825, 1988.
Douglas, A., Hudson, J. A., and Pearce, R. G.: Directivity and the Doppler effect, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 78, 1367–1372, 1988.
Dresen, G., Kwiatek, G., Goebel, T., and Ben-Zion, Y.: Seismic and Aseismic Preparatory Processes Before Large Stick–Slip Failure, Pure Appl. Geophys., 177, 5741–5760, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-020-02605-x, 2020.
Durand, V., Bentz, S., Kwiatek, G., Dresen, G., Wollin, C., Heidbach, O., Martínez-Garzón, P., Cotton, F., Nurlu, M., Bohnhoff., M.: A Two-Scale Preparation Phase Preceded an Mw 5.8 Earthquake in the Sea of Marmara Offshore Istanbul, Turkey, Seismol. Res. Lett., 91, 3139–3147, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200110, 2020.
Dziewonski, A. M., Chou, T.- A., and Woodhouse, J. H.: Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2825–2852, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB04p02825, 1981.
Ekström, G., Nettles, M., and Dziewonski, A. M.: The global CMT project 2004-2010: Centroid-moment tensors for 13,017 earthquakes, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 200–201, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2012.04.002, 2012.
Ellsworth, W. L. and Bulut, F.: Nucleation of the 1999 Izmit earthquake by a triggered cascade of foreshocks, Nat. Geosci., 11, 531, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0145-1, 2018.
Emre, Ö., Duman, T. Y., Özalp, S., Şaroğlu, F., Olgun, Ş., Elmacı, H., and Çan, T.: Active fault database of Turkey, Bull. Earthq. Eng., 16, 3229–3275, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-0041-2, 2018.
Ergintav, S., McClusky, S., Hearn, E., Reilinger, R., Cakmak, R., Herring, T., Özener, H., Lenk, O., and Tari, E.: Seven years of postseismic deformation following the 1999, M = 7.4 and M = 7.2, Izmit-Düzce, Turkey earthquake sequence, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 114,, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006021, 2009.
Eyidoğan, H.: What happened in Düzce? A preliminary assessment of the November 23 quake in Western Turkey, Temblor, https://doi.org/10.32858/temblor.291, 2022.
García-García, J., Romacho, M., and Jiménez, A.: Determination of near-surface attenuation, with κ parameter, to obtain the seismic moment, stress drop, source dimension and seismic energy for microearthquakes in the Granada Basin (Southern Spain), Phys. Earth Planet. In., 141, 9–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2003.08.00, 2004.
Gulia, L. and Wiemer, S.: Real-time discrimination of earthquake foreshocks and aftershocks, Nature, 574, 193–199, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1606-4, 2019.
Hainzl, S., Ben-Zion, Y., Cattania, C., and Wassermann, J.: Testing atmospheric and tidal earthquake triggering at Mt. Hochstaufen, Germany. J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 118, 5442–5452, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50387, 2013.
Hanks, T. C. and Kanamori, H.: A moment magnitude scale, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 84, 2348–2350, 1979.
Haskell, N. A.: Total energy and energy density of elastic wave radiation from propagating faults, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 54, 1811–1841, 1964.
Hauksson, E. and Shearer, P. M.: Attenuation models (QP and QS) in three dimensions of the southern California crust: Inferred fluid saturation at seismogenic depths, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B05302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003947, 2006.
Ickrath, M., Bohnhoff, M., Dresen, G., Martínez-Garzón, P., Bulut, F., Kwiatek, G., and Germer, O.: Detailed analysis of spatiotemporal variations of the stress field orientation along the Izmit-Düzce rupture in NW Turkey from inversion of first-motion polarity data, Geophys. J. Int., 202, 2120–2132, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv27, 2015.
Jara, J., Socquet, A., Marsan, D., and Bouchon, M.: Long-Term Interactions Between Intermediate Depth and Shallow Seismicity in North Chile Subduction Zone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 9283–9292, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075029, 2017.
Jolivet, R., Jara, J., Dalaison, M., Rouet-Leduc, B., Özdemir, A., Dogan, U., Çakir, Z., Ergintav, S., and Dubernet, P.: Daily to Centennial Behavior of Aseismic Slip Along the Central Section of the North Anatolian Fault, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 128, 1–35, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB026018, 2023.
Kadirioğlu, F. T. and Kartal, R. F.: The new empirical magnitude conversion relations using an improved earthquake catalogue for Turkey and its near vicinity (1900–2012), Turk. J. Earth Sci., 25, 300–310, https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1511-7, 2016.
Karabulut, H., Bouchon, M., and Schmittbuhl, J.: Synchronization of small-scale seismic clusters reveals large-scale plate deformation, Earth Planets Space, 74, 158, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-022-01725-z, 2022.
KOERI Observatory: Seismicity catalog, http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/earthquake-catalog/ (last access: 20 October 2023), 2023.
Konca, A. O., Leprince, S., Avouac, J.-P., and Helmberger, D. V.: Rupture Process of the 1999 Mw 7.1 Duzce Earthquake from Joint Analysis of SPOT, GPS, InSAR, Strong-Motion, and Teleseismic Data: A Supershear Rupture with Variable Rupture Velocity, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 100, 267–288, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090072, 2010.
Kurt, A. I., Özbakir, A. D., Cingöz, A., Ergintav, S., Doğan, U., and Özarpaci, S.: Contemporary Velocity Field for Turkey Inferred from Combination of a Dense Network of Long Term GNSS Observations, Turk. J. Earth Sci., 32, 4, https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0985.1844, 2022.
Kwiatek, G. and Ben-Zion, Y.: Assessment of P and S wave energy radiated from very small shear-tensile seismic events in a deep South African mine, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 118, 3630–3641, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50274, 2013.
Kwiatek, G., Plenkers, K., Dresen, G., and JAGUARS Research Group: Source parameters of picoseismicity recorded at Mponeng deep gold mine, South Africa: Implications for scaling relations, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 101, 2592–2608, 2011.
Kwiatek, G., Martínez-Garzón, P., Dresen, G., Bohnhoff, M., Sone, H., and Hartline, C.: Effects of long-term fluid injection on induced seismicity parameters and maximum magnitude in northwestern part of The Geysers geothermal field, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120, 7085–7101, 2015.
Lomax, A., Michelini, A., and Curtis, A.: Earthquake Location, Direct, Global-Search Methods, in: Complexity In Encyclopedia of Complexity and System Science, Part 5, Springer, New York, 2449–2473, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3, 2009.
Malin, P. E., Bohnhoff, M., Blümle, F., Dresen, G., Martínez-Garzón, P., Nurlu, M., Ceken, U, Kadirioglu, F. T., Kartal, R., Kilic, T., and Yanick, K.: Microearthquakes preceding a M4.2 Earthquake Offshore Istanbul, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8, 16176, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34563-9, 2018.
Marsan, D., Bouchon, M., Gardonio, B., Perfettini, H., Socquet, A., and Enescu, B.: Change in seismicity along the Japan trench, 1990–2011, and its relationship with seismic coupling, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid, 122, 4645–4659, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013715, 2017.
Martínez-Garzón, P., Bohnhoff, M., Ben-Zion, Y., and Dresen, G.: Scaling of maximum observed magnitudes with geometrical and stress properties of strike-slip faults, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 2015GL066478, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066478, 2015.
Martínez-Garzón, P., Beroza, G. C., Bocchini, G. M., and Bohnhoff, M.: Sea level changes affect seismicity rates in a hydrothermal system near Istanbul, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2022GL101258, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101258, 2023.
Murru, M., Akinci, A., Falcone, G., Pucci, S., Console, R., and Parsons, T.: M ≥ 7 earthquake rupture forecast and time-dependent probability for the sea of Marmara region, Turkey, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 2015JB012595, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012595, 2016.
Najdahmadi, B., Bohnhoff, M., and Ben-Zion, Y.: Bimaterial interfaces at the Karadere segment of the North Anatolian Fault, northwestern Turkey, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 2015JB012601, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012601, 2016.
Ogata, Y.: Statistical Models for Earthquake Occurrences and Residual Analysis for Point Processes, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 83, 9–27, https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478560, 1988.
Ogata, Y. and Katsura, K.: Analysis of temporal and spatial heterogeneity of magnitude frequency distribution inferred from earthquake catalogues. Geophys. J. Int., 113, 727–738, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1993.tb04663.x, 1993.
Olsen, K. B., Day, S. M., and Bradley, C. R.: Estimation of Q for long-period (> 2 sec) waves in the Los Angeles basin, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 93, 627–638, 2003.
Özalp, S. and Kürçer, A.: 23 Kasım 2022 Gölyaka (Düzce) Depremi (Mw 6,0) Saha Gözlemleri ve Değerlendirme Raporu, MTA Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara, Türkiye, 30 s, 2022 (in Turkish).
Pucci, S., Pantosti, D., Barchi, M., Palyvos, N.: Evolution and complexity of the seismogenic Düzce fault zone (Turkey) depicted by coseismic ruptures, Plio-Quaternary structural pattern and geomorphology, Geophys. Res. Abstr. 808339, 2006.
Raub, C., Martínez-Garzón, P., Kwiatek, G., Bohnhoff, M., and Dresen, G.: Variations of seismic b-value at different stages of the seismic cycle along the North Anatolian Fault Zone in northwestern Turkey, Tectonophysics, 712–713, 232–248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.05.028, 2017.
Ross, Z. E., Cochran, E. S., Trugman, D. T., and Smith, J. D.: 3D fault architecture controls the dynamism of earthquake swarms, Science, 368, 1357–1361, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb0779, 2020.
Salvatier, J., Wiecki, T. V., and Fonnesbeck, C.: Probabilistic programming in Python using PyMC3, PeerJ Computer Science, 2, e55, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.55, 2016.
Sato, T. and Hirasawa, T.: Body wave spectra from propagating shear cracks, J. Phys. Earth, 21, 415–432, 1973.
Savage, J. C.: Relation of corner frequency to fault dimensions, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 3788–3795, 1972.
Sengör, A. M. C.: The North Anatolian Fault: a new look, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 33, 37–112, 2005.
Shearer, P.: Introduction to Seismology, in: 3rd Edn., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316877111, 2019.
Snoke, J. A.: Stable determination of (Brune) stress drops, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 77, 530–538, 1987.
Stirling, M. W., Wesnousky, S. G., and Shimazaki, K.: Fault trace complexity, cumulative slip, and the shape of the magnitude-frequency distribution for strike-slip faults: a global survey, Geophys. J. Int., 124, 833–868, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb05641.x, 1996.
Türker, E., Yen, M., Pilz, M., and Cotton, F.: Significance of Pulse‐Like Ground Motions and Directivity Effects in Moderate Earthquakes: The Example of the Mw 6.1 Gölyaka–Düzce Earthquake on 23 November 2022, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., https://doi.org/10.1785/0120230043, in press, 2023.
Utsu, T. and Seki, A.: Relation between the area of aftershock region and the energy of the mainshock, Zisin, 7, 233–240, 1955.
van der Elst, N. J. and Shaw, B. E.: Larger aftershocks happen farther away: Nonseparability of magnitude and spatial distributions of aftershocks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 5771–5778, 2015.
Waldhauser, F. and Ellsworth, W. L.: A double-difference earthquake location algorithm: Method and application to the northern Hayward fault, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 90, 1353–1368, 2000.
Waldhauser, F., Ellsworth, W. L., Schaff, D. P., and Cole, A.: Streaks, multiplets, and holes: high-resolution spatiotemporal behavior of Parkfield seismicity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18608, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020649, 2004.
Wesnousky, S. G.: Seismological and structural evolution of strike-slip faults, Nature, 335, 340–343, https://doi.org/10.1038/335340a0, 1988.
Wiemer, S. and Wyss, M.: Minimum magnitude of completeness in earthquake catalogs: Examples from Alaska, the Western United States & Japan, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 90, 859–869, 2000.
Wu, C., Meng, X., Peng, Z., and Ben-Zion, Y.: Lack of Spatiotemporal Localization of Foreshocks before the 1999 Mw 7.1 Düzce, Turkey, Earthquake, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 104, 560–566, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120130140, 2013.
Zhu, W. and Beroza, G. C.: PhaseNet: a deep-neural-network-based seismic arrival-time picking method, Geophys. J. Int., 216, 261–273, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy423, 2019.
Zhu, W., McBrearty, I. W., Mousavi, S. M., Ellsworth, W. L., and Beroza, G. C.: Earthquake Phase Association Using a Bayesian Gaussian Mixture Model, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid, 127, e2021JB023249, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB023249, 2022.
Short summary
We analyze the 2022 MW 6.0 Gölyaka sequence. A high-resolution seismicity catalog revealed no spatiotemporal localization and lack of immediate foreshocks. Aftershock distribution suggests the activation of the Karadere and Düzce faults. The preferential energy propagation suggests that the mainshock propagated eastwards, which is in agreement with predictions from models, where the velocity in the two sides of the fault is different.
We analyze the 2022 MW 6.0 Gölyaka sequence. A high-resolution seismicity catalog revealed no...
