Articles | Volume 8, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1017-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1017-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Short communication
| 
29 Sep 2017
Short communication |
| 29 Sep 2017
| 29 Sep 2017
Increasing CO2 flux at Pisciarelli, Campi Flegrei, Italy
Manuel Queißer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
Domenico Granieri
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, sezione di Pisa, 50126 Pisa, Italy
Mike Burton
School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
Fabio Arzilli
School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University
of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
Rosario Avino
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, sezione di Napoli, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Naples, Italy
Antonio Carandente
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, sezione di Napoli, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Naples, Italy
Related authors
Manuel Queißer, Michael Harris, and Steven Knoop
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5527–5544, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5527-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5527-2022, 2022
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Visibility is how well we can see something. Visibility sensors, such as employed in meteorological observatories and airports, measure at a point at the instrument location, which may not be representative of visibilities further away, e.g. near the sea surface during sea spray. Light detecting and ranging (lidar) can measure visibility further away. We find wind lidar to be a viable tool to measure visibility with low accuracy, which could suffice for safety-uncritical applications.
Manuel Queißer, Domenico Granieri, and Mike Burton
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5721–5734, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5721-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5721-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
To capture complicated CO2 distribution at the volcanic crater of Solfatara (Italy), a 2-D map of volcanic CO2 distribution has been inverted from path-integrated measurements. It is in agreement with independent measurements and confirms an area of anomalous CO2 degassing along the eastern edge and the center of the crater. The method may have important implications for measurements of degassing features that can only be accessed from limited angles, e.g. airborne sensing of volcanic plumes.
M. Queißer, D. Granieri, M. Burton, A. La Spina, G. Salerno, R. Avino, and L. Fiorani
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-4325-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-4325-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
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Caldara di Manziana, Italy, represents a natural laboratory for strongly non-uniform CO2 degassing. We assess whether under these conditions three independent approaches to quantify CO2, two instruments and a dispersion model, operating in different time and length domains yield comparable results. In fact, we find satisfactory agreement between the two instrumental results. Moreover, we find modeled and measured CO2 concentrations to match reasonably well under certain atmospheric conditions.
Manuel Queißer, Michael Harris, and Steven Knoop
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5527–5544, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5527-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5527-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Visibility is how well we can see something. Visibility sensors, such as employed in meteorological observatories and airports, measure at a point at the instrument location, which may not be representative of visibilities further away, e.g. near the sea surface during sea spray. Light detecting and ranging (lidar) can measure visibility further away. We find wind lidar to be a viable tool to measure visibility with low accuracy, which could suffice for safety-uncritical applications.
Nicolas Theys, Christophe Lerot, Hugues Brenot, Jeroen van Gent, Isabelle De Smedt, Lieven Clarisse, Mike Burton, Matthew Varnam, Catherine Hayer, Benjamin Esse, and Michel Van Roozendael
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 4801–4817, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4801-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4801-2022, 2022
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Sulfur dioxide plume height after a volcanic eruption is an important piece of information for many different scientific studies and applications. Satellite UV retrievals are useful in this respect, but available algorithms have shown so far limited sensitivity to SO2 height. Here we present a new technique to improve the retrieval of SO2 plume height for SO2 columns as low as 5 DU. We demonstrate the algorithm using TROPOMI measurements and compare with other height estimates.
Santiago Arellano, Bo Galle, Fredy Apaza, Geoffroy Avard, Charlotte Barrington, Nicole Bobrowski, Claudia Bucarey, Viviana Burbano, Mike Burton, Zoraida Chacón, Gustavo Chigna, Christian Joseph Clarito, Vladimir Conde, Fidel Costa, Maarten De Moor, Hugo Delgado-Granados, Andrea Di Muro, Deborah Fernandez, Gustavo Garzón, Hendra Gunawan, Nia Haerani, Thor H. Hansteen, Silvana Hidalgo, Salvatore Inguaggiato, Mattias Johansson, Christoph Kern, Manne Kihlman, Philippe Kowalski, Pablo Masias, Francisco Montalvo, Joakim Möller, Ulrich Platt, Claudia Rivera, Armando Saballos, Giuseppe Salerno, Benoit Taisne, Freddy Vásconez, Gabriela Velásquez, Fabio Vita, and Mathieu Yalire
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1167–1188, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1167-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1167-2021, 2021
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This study presents a dataset of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from 2005–2017. Measurements were obtained by Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC) scanning differential optical absorption spectrometer (ScanDOAS) instruments at 32 volcanoes and processed using a standardized procedure. We show statistics of volcanic gas emissions under a variety of conditions and compare them with averages derived from measurements from space and historical inventories.
Pasquale Sellitto, Henda Guermazi, Elisa Carboni, Richard Siddans, and Mike Burton
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 5381–5389, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5381-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-5381-2019, 2019
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Volcanoes release complex plumes of gas and particles. Volcanic gases, like SO2, can additionally condense, once released, to form particles, sulphate aerosol (SA). Observing simultaneously SO2+SA is important: their proportion provides information on the internal state of volcanoes, and can be used to predict plumes' atmospheric evolution and their environmental and climatic impacts. We developed a new method to observe simultaneously, for the first time, SO2+SA using infrared remote sensing.
Ben Esse, Mike Burton, Matthew Varnam, Ryunosuke Kazahaya, and Giuseppe Salerno
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2018-404, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2018-404, 2018
Preprint withdrawn
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This report outlines a new method for measuring sulphur dioxide (SO2) column densities using spectroscopy of scattered sunlight, primarily for measuring the rate of emission of SO2 from volcanoes. iFit gives comparable results to the current main technique without the need for a measured reference spectrum, improving the ease and accuracy with which these measurements are undertaken. iFit would be well suited to deployment in volcano observatories to help improve volcanic SO2 flux measurements.
Antonio Chiarugi, Silvia Viciani, Francesco D'Amato, and Mike Burton
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 329–339, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-329-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-329-2018, 2018
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Assessing emissions of volcanos has a three-fold importance: providing input for climate evolution models (CO2 is one of the major constituents of emissions), quantifying pollutant emissions (HCl, HF and SO2 are released in hundreds of tons/day) and monitoring the status of the magmatic chambers. For these purposes we realized gas analysers based on spectroscopic techniques, which must be sensitive, light and resistant to the emitted gases. This paper reports on the measurement of CO2 and HF.
Federica Pardini, Mike Burton, Fabio Arzilli, Giuseppe La Spina, and Margherita Polacci
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-64, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-64, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted
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This paper shows how satellite imagery of volcanic SO2 plumes can be used to reveal subsurface magmatic processes. We achieved this by developing a new numerical technique based on trajectories simulations applied to SO2 satellite imagery. Our outcomes are SO2 plume height and flux time-series at high temporal resolution. With this technique we investigate SO2 emissions during the 2015 Calbuco eruptions and we suggest the presence of excess SO2 in the first eruption, but not in the second one.
Manuel Queißer, Domenico Granieri, and Mike Burton
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 5721–5734, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5721-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5721-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
To capture complicated CO2 distribution at the volcanic crater of Solfatara (Italy), a 2-D map of volcanic CO2 distribution has been inverted from path-integrated measurements. It is in agreement with independent measurements and confirms an area of anomalous CO2 degassing along the eastern edge and the center of the crater. The method may have important implications for measurements of degassing features that can only be accessed from limited angles, e.g. airborne sensing of volcanic plumes.
M. R. Burton and G. M. Sawyer
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2015-380, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2015-380, 2016
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
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In this work we present a new approach to the retrieval of the amounts of volcanic gas species from ultraviolet spectra. This work was motivated by the desire to extend previous work on the analysis of such spectra to avoid the use of a clear sky background spectrum, which can be cumbersome or unpractical in many scenarios. We succeeded in producing a new approach through identification of the key role of the pixel-by-pixel detector response in commonly used UV spectrometers.
M. Queißer, D. Granieri, M. Burton, A. La Spina, G. Salerno, R. Avino, and L. Fiorani
Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-4325-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-4325-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Caldara di Manziana, Italy, represents a natural laboratory for strongly non-uniform CO2 degassing. We assess whether under these conditions three independent approaches to quantify CO2, two instruments and a dispersion model, operating in different time and length domains yield comparable results. In fact, we find satisfactory agreement between the two instrumental results. Moreover, we find modeled and measured CO2 concentrations to match reasonably well under certain atmospheric conditions.
Related subject area
Volcanology
Lahar events in the last 2000 years from Vesuvius eruptions – Part 2: Formulation and validation of a computational model based on a shallow layer approach
Lahar events in the last 2000 years from Vesuvius eruptions – Part 3: Hazard assessment over the Campanian Plain
Lahar events in the last 2000 years from Vesuvius eruptions – Part 1: Distribution and impact on densely inhabited territory estimated from field data analysis
Impact of permeability evolution in igneous sills on hydrothermal flow and hydrocarbon transport in volcanic sedimentary basins
Anatomy of a high-silica eruption as observed by a local seismic network: the June 2011 Puyehue–Cordón Caulle event (southern Andes, Chile)
Transient conduit permeability controlled by a shift between compactant shear and dilatant rupture at Unzen volcano (Japan)
Physical and mechanical rock properties of a heterogeneous volcano: the case of Mount Unzen, Japan
Reproducing pyroclastic density current deposits of the 79 CE eruption of the Somma–Vesuvius volcano using the box-model approach
Analysing stress field conditions of the Colima Volcanic Complex (Mexico) by integrating finite-element modelling (FEM) simulations and geological data
Comment on “Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico)” by Urbani et al. (2020)
Cyclic activity of the Fuego de Colima volcano (Mexico): insights from satellite thermal data and nonlinear models
Extrusion dynamics of deepwater volcanoes revealed by 3-D seismic data
A revised map of volcanic units in the Oman ophiolite: insights into the architecture of an oceanic proto-arc volcanic sequence
On the link between Earth tides and volcanic degassing
Failure criteria for porous dome rocks and lavas: a study of Mt. Unzen, Japan
A review of laboratory and numerical modelling in volcanology
Integrating field, textural, and geochemical monitoring to track eruption triggers and dynamics: a case study from Piton de la Fournaise
Periodicity in the BrO∕SO2 molar ratios in the volcanic gas plume of Cotopaxi and its correlation with the Earth tides during the eruption in 2015
Dynamics and style transition of a moderate, Vulcanian-driven eruption at Tungurahua (Ecuador) in February 2014: pyroclastic deposits and hazard considerations
Inelastic compaction and permeability evolution in volcanic rock
Eruptive shearing of tube pumice: pure and simple
Numerical models for ground deformation and gravity changes during volcanic unrest: simulating the hydrothermal system dynamics of a restless caldera
Repetitive fracturing during spine extrusion at Unzen volcano, Japan
Poroelastic responses of confined aquifers to subsurface strain and their use for volcano monitoring
Revisiting the statistical analysis of pyroclast density and porosity data
Volcanological aspects of the northwest region of Paraná continental flood basalts (Brazil)
Characterisation of the magmatic signature in gas emissions from Turrialba Volcano, Costa Rica
BrO/SO2 molar ratios from scanning DOAS measurements in the NOVAC network
Morphology and surface features of olivine in kimberlite: implications for ascent processes
Seismogenic frictional melting in the magmatic column
The ring-shaped thermal field of Stefanos crater, Nisyros Island: a conceptual model
New insights on the occurrence of peperites and sedimentary deposits within the silicic volcanic sequences of the Paraná Magmatic Province, Brazil
The permeability and elastic moduli of tuff from Campi Flegrei, Italy: implications for ground deformation modelling
Can vesicle size distributions assess eruption intensity during volcanic activity?
Quantification of magma ascent rate through rockfall monitoring at the growing/collapsing lava dome of Volcán de Colima, Mexico
Bromine monoxide / sulphur dioxide ratios in relation to volcanological observations at Mt. Etna 2006–2009
New developments in the analysis of column-collapse pyroclastic density currents through numerical simulations of multiphase flows
Remobilization of silicic intrusion by mafic magmas during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption
First observational evidence for the CO2-driven origin of Stromboli's major explosions
Rheological control on the dynamics of explosive activity in the 2000 summit eruption of Mt. Etna
The stochastic quantization method and its application to the numerical simulation of volcanic conduit dynamics under random conditions
Mattia de' Michieli Vitturi, Antonio Costa, Mauro A. Di Vito, Laura Sandri, and Domenico M. Doronzo
Solid Earth, 15, 437–458, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-437-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-437-2024, 2024
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We present a numerical model for lahars generated by the mobilization of tephra deposits from a reference size eruption at Somma–Vesuvius. The paper presents the model (pyhsics and numerics) and a sensitivity analysis of the processes modelled, numerical schemes, and grid resolution. This work provides the basis for application to hazard quantification for lahars in the Vesuvius area. To this end, we rely on results of the two companion papers (Part 1 on field data, Part 3 on hazard maps).
Laura Sandri, Mattia de' Michieli Vitturi, Antonio Costa, Mauro Antonio Di Vito, Ilaria Rucco, Domenico Maria Doronzo, Marina Bisson, Roberto Gianardi, Sandro de Vita, and Roberto Sulpizio
Solid Earth, 15, 459–476, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-459-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-459-2024, 2024
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We study the lahar hazard due to the remobilization of tephra deposits from reference eruptions at Somma–Vesuvius. To this end, we rely on the results of two companion papers dealing with field data and model calibration and run hundreds of simulations from the catchments around the target area to capture the uncertainty in the initial parameters. We process the simulations to draw maps of the probability of overcoming thresholds in lahar flow thickness and dynamic pressure relevant for risk.
Mauro Antonio Di Vito, Ilaria Rucco, Sandro de Vita, Domenico Maria Doronzo, Marina Bisson, Mattia de' Michieli Vitturi, Mauro Rosi, Laura Sandri, Giovanni Zanchetta, Elena Zanella, and Antonio Costa
Solid Earth, 15, 405–436, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-405-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-405-2024, 2024
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We study the distribution of two historical pyroclastic fall–flow and lahar deposits from the sub-Plinian Vesuvius eruptions of 472 CE Pollena and 1631. The motivation comes directly from the widely distributed impact that both the eruptions and lahar phenomena had on the Campanian territory, not only around the volcano but also down the nearby Apennine valleys. Data on about 500 stratigraphic sections and modeling allowed us to evaluate the physical and dynamical impact of these phenomena.
Ole Rabbel, Jörg Hasenclever, Christophe Y. Galerne, Olivier Galland, Karen Mair, and Octavio Palma
Solid Earth, 14, 625–646, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-625-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-625-2023, 2023
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This work investigates the interaction between magma in the subsurface and the rocks and fluids that surround it. The study investigates how fluids containing hydrocarbons like methane are moving in the rocks surrounding the magma. We show that the generation of fractures in the cooling magma has a significant impact on the flow paths of the fluid and that some of the hydrocabons may be converted to graphite and stored in the fractures within the intrusions.
Daniel Basualto, Andrés Tassara, Jonathan Lazo-Gil, Luis Franco-Marin, Carlos Cardona, Juan San Martín, Fernando Gil-Cruz, Marcela Calabi-Floddy, and Cristian Farías
Solid Earth, 14, 69–87, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-69-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-69-2023, 2023
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Infrequent eruptions of acidic magma are one of the most dangerous natural phenomena, but almost none of them have been witnessed by modern science. We present the first systematic characterization of seismicity recorded near an erupting acidic volcano (Cordón Caulle 2011). We define different phases of unrest and eruption, which combined with previous findings allows us to discuss the main processes associated with this type of violent eruption, with implications for their volcanic hazard.
Yan Lavallée, Takahiro Miwa, James D. Ashworth, Paul A. Wallace, Jackie E. Kendrick, Rebecca Coats, Anthony Lamur, Adrian Hornby, Kai-Uwe Hess, Takeshi Matsushima, Setsuya Nakada, Hiroshi Shimizu, Bernhard Ruthensteiner, and Hugh Tuffen
Solid Earth, 13, 875–900, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-875-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-875-2022, 2022
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Volcanic eruptions are controlled by the presence of gas bubbles in magma, which, in excess, can cause explosions. Eruption models lack an understanding of how gas percolates in magma flowing in a conduit. Here we study gas percolation in magma associated with the 1994–1995 eruption at Mt. Unzen, Japan. The results show that the pathways for gas escape depend on the depth and ascent rate of magma. Pathways closed at depth but opened along fractures when magma ascended rapidly near the surface.
Jackie E. Kendrick, Lauren N. Schaefer, Jenny Schauroth, Andrew F. Bell, Oliver D. Lamb, Anthony Lamur, Takahiro Miwa, Rebecca Coats, Yan Lavallée, and Ben M. Kennedy
Solid Earth, 12, 633–664, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-633-2021, 2021
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The last lava dome eruption of Mount Unzen (Japan) ended in 1995, but ongoing instability means much of the area remains an exclusion zone. The rocks in the lava dome impact its stability; heterogeneity (contrasting properties) and anisotropy (orientation-specific properties) can channel fluids and localise deformation, enhancing the risk of lava dome collapse. We recommend using measured material properties to interpret geophysical signals and to model volcanic systems.
Alessandro Tadini, Andrea Bevilacqua, Augusto Neri, Raffaello Cioni, Giovanni Biagioli, Mattia de'Michieli Vitturi, and Tomaso Esposti Ongaro
Solid Earth, 12, 119–139, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-119-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-119-2021, 2021
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In this paper we test a simplified numerical model for pyroclastic density currents or PDCs (mixtures of hot gas, lapilli and ash moving across the landscape under the effect of gravity). The aim is quantifying the differences between real and modelled deposits of some PDCs of the 79 CE eruption of Vesuvius, Italy. This step is important because in the paper it is demonstrated that this simplified model is useful for constraining input parameters for more computationally expensive models.
Silvia Massaro, Roberto Sulpizio, Gianluca Norini, Gianluca Groppelli, Antonio Costa, Lucia Capra, Giacomo Lo Zupone, Michele Porfido, and Andrea Gabrieli
Solid Earth, 11, 2515–2533, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2515-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2515-2020, 2020
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In this work we provide a 2D finite-element modelling of the stress field conditions around the Fuego de Colima volcano (Mexico) in order to test the response of the commercial Linear Static Analysis software to increasingly different geological constraints. Results suggest that an appropriate set of geological and geophysical data improves the mesh generation procedures and the degree of accuracy of numerical outputs, aimed at more reliable physics-based representations of the natural system.
Gianluca Norini and Gianluca Groppelli
Solid Earth, 11, 2549–2556, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2549-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2549-2020, 2020
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We identified several problems in Urbani et al. (2020), showing that their model does not conform to the age and location of faulting, identification and delimitation of uplifted areas and apical depressions, temperature and lithological well log, and stratigraphic and radiometric data. Published data indicate that the pressurization of the Los Humeros volcanic complex (LHVC) magmatic–hydrothermal system driving resurgence faulting occurs at a greater depth.
Silvia Massaro, Antonio Costa, Roberto Sulpizio, Diego Coppola, and Lucia Capra
Solid Earth, 10, 1429–1450, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1429-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1429-2019, 2019
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The Fuego de Colima volcano (Mexico) shows a complex eruptive history, with periods of rapid and slow lava dome growth punctuated by explosive activity. Here we reconstructed the 1998–2018 average discharge rate by means of satellite thermal data and the literature. Using spectral and wavelet analysis, we found a multi-term cyclic behavior that is in good agreement with numerical modeling, accounting for a variable magmatic feeding system composed of a single or double magma chamber system.
Qiliang Sun, Christopher A.-L. Jackson, Craig Magee, Samuel J. Mitchell, and Xinong Xie
Solid Earth, 10, 1269–1282, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1269-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1269-2019, 2019
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3-D seismic reflection data reveal that deepwater volcanoes have rugged basal contacts, which truncate underlying strata, and erupted lava flows that feed lobate lava fans. The lava flows (> 9 km long) account for 50–97 % of the total erupted volume. This indicates that deepwater volcanic edifices may thus form a minor component (~ 3–50 %) of the extrusive system and that accurate estimates of erupted volume require knowledge of the basal surface of genetically related lava flows.
Thomas M. Belgrano, Larryn W. Diamond, Yves Vogt, Andrea R. Biedermann, Samuel A. Gilgen, and Khalid Al-Tobi
Solid Earth, 10, 1181–1217, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1181-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1181-2019, 2019
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We present an updated geological map of the volcanic rocks present in the north-east Oman mountains. These volcanic rocks erupted at the seafloor, probably above a young subduction zone, and have since been tectonically transported into their accessible position. The updated map allows us to examine the spatial relationships between the different volcanic and geological features, including copper, gold, and chrome deposits. The new map will aid further study in Oman and other similar settings.
Florian Dinger, Stefan Bredemeyer, Santiago Arellano, Nicole Bobrowski, Ulrich Platt, and Thomas Wagner
Solid Earth, 10, 725–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-725-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-725-2019, 2019
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Evidence for tidal impacts on volcanism have been gathered by numerous empirical studies. This paper elucidates whether a causal link from the tidal forces to a variation in the volcanic degassing can be traced analytically. We model the response of a simplified magmatic system to the local tidal gravity variations, find that the tide-induced dynamics may significantly alter the bubble coalescence rate, and discuss the consequences for volcanic degassing behaviour.
Rebecca Coats, Jackie E. Kendrick, Paul A. Wallace, Takahiro Miwa, Adrian J. Hornby, James D. Ashworth, Takeshi Matsushima, and Yan Lavallée
Solid Earth, 9, 1299–1328, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1299-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1299-2018, 2018
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Lava domes are mounds of viscous lava and their collapse can cause deadly pyroclastic flows. This paper looks at the example of Mt. Unzen in Japan. Using novel experimental techniques, we discovered that crystals and bubbles in the lava make it behave differently to what was previously thought and that it becomes weaker and more susceptible to collapse as it cools. This calls for a review of current models, allowing for better failure prediction of lava domes in the future.
Janine L. Kavanagh, Samantha L. Engwell, and Simon A. Martin
Solid Earth, 9, 531–571, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-531-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-531-2018, 2018
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Modelling has been used in the study of volcanic systems for more than 100 years, building upon the approach first described by Sir James Hall in 1815. Models are informed by observations of volcanic processes in nature, including eye-witness accounts of eruptions, monitoring of active volcanoes, and analysis of ancient deposits. To push the frontiers in volcanology we must adopt a multidisciplinary approach, with more interaction between analogue and numerical modelling communities.
Lucia Gurioli, Andrea Di Muro, Ivan Vlastélic, Séverine Moune, Simon Thivet, Marina Valer, Nicolas Villeneuve, Guillaume Boudoire, Aline Peltier, Patrick Bachèlery, Valérie Ferrazzini, Nicole Métrich, Mhammed Benbakkar, Nicolas Cluzel, Christophe Constantin, Jean-Luc Devidal, Claire Fonquernie, and Jean-Marc Hénot
Solid Earth, 9, 431–455, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-431-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-431-2018, 2018
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We prove here that macroscopic and microscopic studies of emitted pyroclastic and effusive products provide valuable information to track and understand small explosive eruptions for hazard and risk assessment. This is especially true for Piton de La Fournaise, La Réunion, whose activity has recently been characterized by effusive and mild explosive activity in highly visited areas. We confirm that petrological monitoring is essential to forecast changes in the magmatic system.
Florian Dinger, Nicole Bobrowski, Simon Warnach, Stefan Bredemeyer, Silvana Hidalgo, Santiago Arellano, Bo Galle, Ulrich Platt, and Thomas Wagner
Solid Earth, 9, 247–266, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-247-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-247-2018, 2018
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We monitored the bromine monoxide-to-sulfur dioxide molar ratio in the effusive gas plume of Cotopaxi volcano in order to gain insight into the geological processes which control the pressure regime of the volcanic system. We observed a conspicuous periodic pattern with a periodicity of about 2 weeks, which significantly correlates with the Earth tidal forcing. Our results support a possible Earth tidal impact on volcanic activity, in particular for the Cotopaxi eruption 2015.
Jorge Eduardo Romero, Guilhem Amin Douillet, Silvia Vallejo Vargas, Jorge Bustillos, Liliana Troncoso, Juan Díaz Alvarado, and Patricio Ramón
Solid Earth, 8, 697–719, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-697-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-697-2017, 2017
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The 1 February 2014 eruption of the Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) was the second largest one since the re-awakening in 1999. The eruption showed precursory signs only 48 h before the eruption. The main explosions produced a 13 km eruptive column and pyroclastic density currents that reached the base of the volcano.
Here we document the deposits related to the eruption and infer eruption mechanisms and transport processes.
Jamie I. Farquharson, Patrick Baud, and Michael J. Heap
Solid Earth, 8, 561–581, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-561-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-561-2017, 2017
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In volcanic rock, permeability is the property that tells us how efficiently fluids such as gas or water can travel through cracks and frozen bubbles in the rock (its porosity) and is important in the context of volcanic activity. This study addresses how permeability evolves under a range of mechanical experimental conditions. We show that with a small amount of porosity loss (compaction), permeability can increase. However, with more compaction, permeability can decrease significantly.
Donald B. Dingwell, Yan Lavallée, Kai-Uwe Hess, Asher Flaws, Joan Marti, Alexander R. L. Nichols, H. Albert Gilg, and Burkhard Schillinger
Solid Earth, 7, 1383–1393, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1383-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1383-2016, 2016
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Here, we use tomography to reconstructed the pores of erupted pumice and understand the evolution of gas bubbles in magma. Analysis of the pore geometry is used to describe whether the pores where aligned by stretching as ascending magma is pulled apart (pure shear) or sheared like a deck of card (simple shear). We conclude that the latter, simple shear, dominates during magma ascent up to the points where magma fragments to cause an explosion.
A. Coco, J. Gottsmann, F. Whitaker, A. Rust, G. Currenti, A. Jasim, and S. Bunney
Solid Earth, 7, 557–577, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-557-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-557-2016, 2016
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We present a numerical model to evaluate ground deformation and gravity changes as a response of the hydrothermal system perturbation (unrest) in a volcanic area. Temporal evolution of the ground deformation indicates that the contribution of thermal effects to the total uplift is almost negligible with respect to the pore pressure contribution during the first years, of the unrest, but increases in time and becomes dominant after a long period of the simulation.
O. D. Lamb, S. De Angelis, K. Umakoshi, A. J. Hornby, J. E. Kendrick, and Y. Lavallée
Solid Earth, 6, 1277–1293, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1277-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1277-2015, 2015
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In this paper we analyse the seismic record during the extrusion of a lava spine at Unzen volcano, Japan, in 1994. We find two strong groups of similar volcanic earthquakes which, combined with previously published field and experimental observations, we interpret as repetitive fracturing along the margin of the lava spine. This work demonstrates the potential of combining these different approaches for achieving a greater understanding of shallow volcanic processes.
K. Strehlow, J. H. Gottsmann, and A. C. Rust
Solid Earth, 6, 1207–1229, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1207-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1207-2015, 2015
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When magma chambers inflate, they deform the surrounding Earth’s crust. This deformation affects the pore space available for the water in local aquifers, which in turn leads to pressure variations and water table changes. We can observe these changes in wells, and this study investigates if and how we can utilize them for volcano monitoring. Results show that the hydrological response to deformation helps unravelling subsurface magmatic processes, valuable information for eruption forecasting.
B. Bernard, U. Kueppers, and H. Ortiz
Solid Earth, 6, 869–879, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-869-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-869-2015, 2015
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This paper presents a new methodology to treat statistically pyroclast density and porosity data sets introducing a weighting parameter. It also proposes a stability analysis to check if the sample set is large enough for statistical reliability. Finally we introduce graphical statistics to improve distinction between pyroclastic deposits and understanding of eruptive dynamics. An open source R code is supplied that includes all these features in order to facilitate data processing.
F. Braz Machado, E. Reis Viana Rocha-Júnior, L. Soares Marques, and A. J. Ranalli Nardy
Solid Earth, 6, 227–241, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-227-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-227-2015, 2015
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This study describes for the first time morphological aspects of lava flows and structural characteristics caused by lava-sediment interaction in the northwestern Paraná continental flood basalts in the southeast of the South American Plate (Brazil). Early Cretaceous (134 to 132Ma) tholeiitic rocks were emplaced on a large intracratonic Paleozoic sedimentary basin (Paraná Basin), mainly covering dry eolian sandstones (Botucatu Formation).
Y. Moussallam, N. Peters, C. Ramírez, C. Oppenheimer, A. Aiuppa, and G. Giudice
Solid Earth, 5, 1341–1350, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1341-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1341-2014, 2014
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In this paper we characterise the flux and composition of the gas emissions from Turrialba Volcano. We show that the measured gas signature provides evidence that Turrialba Volcano has entered an open-vent configuration with magmatic gases being emitted. This suggests that the hydrothermal system at the summit is quickly drying up and that the system is moving from a hydrothermal to a magmatic end member with implications for short-term monitoring and possible evolution of the state of unrest.
P. Lübcke, N. Bobrowski, S. Arellano, B. Galle, G. Garzón, L. Vogel, and U. Platt
Solid Earth, 5, 409–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-409-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-409-2014, 2014
T. J. Jones, J. K. Russell, L. A. Porritt, and R. J. Brown
Solid Earth, 5, 313–326, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-313-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-313-2014, 2014
J. E. Kendrick, Y. Lavallée, K.-U. Hess, S. De Angelis, A. Ferk, H. E. Gaunt, P. G. Meredith, D. B. Dingwell, and R. Leonhardt
Solid Earth, 5, 199–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-199-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-199-2014, 2014
M. Pantaleo and T. R. Walter
Solid Earth, 5, 183–198, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-183-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-183-2014, 2014
A. C. F. Luchetti, A. J. R. Nardy, F. B. Machado, J. E. O. Madeira, and J. M. Arnosio
Solid Earth, 5, 121–130, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-121-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-121-2014, 2014
M. J. Heap, P. Baud, P. G. Meredith, S. Vinciguerra, and T. Reuschlé
Solid Earth, 5, 25–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-25-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-25-2014, 2014
A. LaRue, D. R. Baker, M. Polacci, P. Allard, and N. Sodini
Solid Earth, 4, 373–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-373-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-373-2013, 2013
S. B. Mueller, N. R. Varley, U. Kueppers, P. Lesage, G. Á. Reyes Davila, and D. B. Dingwell
Solid Earth, 4, 201–213, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-201-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-201-2013, 2013
N. Bobrowski and G. Giuffrida
Solid Earth, 3, 433–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-433-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-433-2012, 2012
S. Lepore and C. Scarpati
Solid Earth, 3, 161–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-161-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-161-2012, 2012
O. Sigmarsson, I. Vlastelic, R. Andreasen, I. Bindeman, J.-L. Devidal, S. Moune, J. K. Keiding, G. Larsen, A. Höskuldsson, and Th. Thordarson
Solid Earth, 2, 271–281, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-271-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-271-2011, 2011
A. Aiuppa, M. Burton, P. Allard, T. Caltabiano, G. Giudice, S. Gurrieri, M. Liuzzo, and G. Salerno
Solid Earth, 2, 135–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-135-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-135-2011, 2011
D. Giordano, M. Polacci, P. Papale, and L. Caricchi
Solid Earth, 1, 61–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-1-61-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-1-61-2010, 2010
E. Peruzzo, M. Barsanti, F. Flandoli, and P. Papale
Solid Earth, 1, 49–59, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-1-49-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-1-49-2010, 2010
Cited articles
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Chiodini, G., Frondini, F., Cardellini, C., Granieri, D., Marini, L., and Ventura, G.: CO2 degassing and energy release at Solfatara Volcano, Campi Flegrei, Italy, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 106, 16213–16221, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000246, 2001.
Chiodini, G., Caliro, S., Cardellini, C., Granieri, D., Avino, R., Baldini, A., Donnini, M., and Minopoli, C.: Long-term variations of the Campi Flegrei, Italy, volcanic system as revealed by the monitoring of hydrothermal activity, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 115, B03205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006258, 2010.
Chiodini, G., Caliro, S., De Martino, P., Avino, R., and Gherardi, F.: Early signals of new volcanic unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera? Insights from geochemical data and physical simulations, Geology, 40, 943–946, 2012.
Chiodini, G., Vandemeulebrouck, J., Caliro, S., D'Auria, L., De Martino, P., Mangiacapra, A., and Petrillo, Z.: Evidence of thermal-driven processes triggering the 2005-2014 unrest at Campi Flegrei caldera, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 414, 58–67, 2015.
Chiodini, G., Paonita, A., Aiuppa, A., Costa, A., Caliro, S., De Martino, P., Acocella, V., and Vandemeulebrouck, J.: Magmas near the critical degassing pressure drive volcanic unrest towards a critical state, Nat. Commun., 7, 13712, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13712, 2016.
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Short summary
Campi Flegrei is a volcanic caldera that is currently in a state of increased unrest. We used a novel remote-sensing approach to measure CO2 fluxes at the Campi Flegrei. Thanks to its comprehensive spatial coverage, the instrument used gives more representative measurements from large regions containing different CO2 sources. We find an increase in CO2 degassing strength. This suggests a greater contribution of the magmatic source to the degassing.
Campi Flegrei is a volcanic caldera that is currently in a state of increased unrest. We used a...
