Articles | Volume 8, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-697-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-697-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Jun 2017
Research article |
| 23 Jun 2017
Dynamics and style transition of a moderate, Vulcanian-driven eruption at Tungurahua (Ecuador) in February 2014: pyroclastic deposits and hazard considerations
Jorge Eduardo Romero
Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
Guilhem Amin Douillet
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
Silvia Vallejo Vargas
Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
Jorge Bustillos
Escuela de Geología, Facultad de Geología, Minas, Petróleos y Ambiental (FIGEMPA), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Liliana Troncoso
Escuela de Geología, Facultad de Geología, Minas, Petróleos y Ambiental (FIGEMPA), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
Juan Díaz Alvarado
Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
Patricio Ramón
Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador
Related authors
No articles found.
Fritz Schlunegger, Edi Kissling, Dimitri Tibo Bandou, Guilhem Amin Douillet, David Mair, Urs Marti, Regina Reber, Patrick Schläfli, and Michael Alfred Schwenk
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1371–1389, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1371-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1371-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Overdeepenings are bedrock depressions filled with sediment. We combine the results of a gravity survey with drilling data to explore the morphology of such a depression beneath the city of Bern. We find that the target overdeepening comprises two basins >200 m deep. They are separated by a bedrock riegel that itself is cut by narrow canyons up to 150 m deep. We postulate that these structures formed underneath a glacier, where erosion by subglacial meltwater caused the formation of the canyons.
Pierre Dietrich, François Guillocheau, Guilhem Amin Douillet, Neil Patrick Griffis, Guillaume Baby, Daniel Paul Le Heron, Laurie Barrier, Maximilien Mathian, Isabel Patricia Montañez, Cécile Robin, Thomas Gyomlai, Christoph Kettler, and Axel Hofmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-467, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-467, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At the evocation of ‘icy landscapes’, Africa is not the first place that comes to mind. The modern relief of Southern Africa is generally considered as resulting from uplift and counteracting erosion. We show that many modern reliefs of this region are fossil glacial landscapes tied to an ice age that occurred 300 million years ago: striated pavements, valleys, fjords. We emphasise how these landscapes have escaped being erased for hundreds of millions of years, generally considered improbable.
Michael A. Schwenk, Patrick Schläfli, Dimitri Bandou, Natacha Gribenski, Guilhem A. Douillet, and Fritz Schlunegger
Sci. Dril., 30, 17–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-17-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-17-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A scientific drilling was conducted into a bedrock trough (overdeepening) in Bern-Bümpliz (Switzerland) in an effort to advance the knowledge of the Quaternary prior to 150 000 years ago. We encountered a 208.5 m-thick succession of loose sediments (gravel, sand and mud) in the retrieved core and identified two major sedimentary sequences (A: lower, B: upper). The sedimentary suite records two glacial advances and the subsequent filling of a lake sometime between 300 000 and 200 000 years ago.
G. A. Douillet, B. Taisne, È Tsang-Hin-Sun, S. K. Müller, U. Kueppers, and D. B. Dingwell
Solid Earth, 6, 553–572, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-553-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-553-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Sedimentary beds can exhibit signs of local deformation in pyroclastic strata. Patterns are reviewed and trigger mechanisms interpreted.
During an eruption, basal granular flows can have a fluidized behavior, inducing over- or underpressure at the bed interface. Basal shear can overturn strata. Large blocks ejected ballistically deform the ground when landing. Explosions at the vent produce shock waves that can destabilize a bed. These syn-eruptive triggers are specific to explosive volcanism.
Related subject area
Volcanology
Lahar events in the last 2000 years from Vesuvius eruptions – Part 2: Formulation and validation of a computational model based on a shallow layer approach
Lahar events in the last 2000 years from Vesuvius eruptions – Part 3: Hazard assessment over the Campanian Plain
Lahar events in the last 2000 years from Vesuvius eruptions – Part 1: Distribution and impact on densely inhabited territory estimated from field data analysis
Impact of permeability evolution in igneous sills on hydrothermal flow and hydrocarbon transport in volcanic sedimentary basins
Anatomy of a high-silica eruption as observed by a local seismic network: the June 2011 Puyehue–Cordón Caulle event (southern Andes, Chile)
Transient conduit permeability controlled by a shift between compactant shear and dilatant rupture at Unzen volcano (Japan)
Physical and mechanical rock properties of a heterogeneous volcano: the case of Mount Unzen, Japan
Reproducing pyroclastic density current deposits of the 79 CE eruption of the Somma–Vesuvius volcano using the box-model approach
Analysing stress field conditions of the Colima Volcanic Complex (Mexico) by integrating finite-element modelling (FEM) simulations and geological data
Comment on “Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico)” by Urbani et al. (2020)
Cyclic activity of the Fuego de Colima volcano (Mexico): insights from satellite thermal data and nonlinear models
Extrusion dynamics of deepwater volcanoes revealed by 3-D seismic data
A revised map of volcanic units in the Oman ophiolite: insights into the architecture of an oceanic proto-arc volcanic sequence
On the link between Earth tides and volcanic degassing
Failure criteria for porous dome rocks and lavas: a study of Mt. Unzen, Japan
A review of laboratory and numerical modelling in volcanology
Integrating field, textural, and geochemical monitoring to track eruption triggers and dynamics: a case study from Piton de la Fournaise
Periodicity in the BrO∕SO2 molar ratios in the volcanic gas plume of Cotopaxi and its correlation with the Earth tides during the eruption in 2015
Increasing CO2 flux at Pisciarelli, Campi Flegrei, Italy
Inelastic compaction and permeability evolution in volcanic rock
Eruptive shearing of tube pumice: pure and simple
Numerical models for ground deformation and gravity changes during volcanic unrest: simulating the hydrothermal system dynamics of a restless caldera
Repetitive fracturing during spine extrusion at Unzen volcano, Japan
Poroelastic responses of confined aquifers to subsurface strain and their use for volcano monitoring
Revisiting the statistical analysis of pyroclast density and porosity data
Volcanological aspects of the northwest region of Paraná continental flood basalts (Brazil)
Characterisation of the magmatic signature in gas emissions from Turrialba Volcano, Costa Rica
BrO/SO2 molar ratios from scanning DOAS measurements in the NOVAC network
Morphology and surface features of olivine in kimberlite: implications for ascent processes
Seismogenic frictional melting in the magmatic column
The ring-shaped thermal field of Stefanos crater, Nisyros Island: a conceptual model
New insights on the occurrence of peperites and sedimentary deposits within the silicic volcanic sequences of the Paraná Magmatic Province, Brazil
The permeability and elastic moduli of tuff from Campi Flegrei, Italy: implications for ground deformation modelling
Can vesicle size distributions assess eruption intensity during volcanic activity?
Quantification of magma ascent rate through rockfall monitoring at the growing/collapsing lava dome of Volcán de Colima, Mexico
Bromine monoxide / sulphur dioxide ratios in relation to volcanological observations at Mt. Etna 2006–2009
New developments in the analysis of column-collapse pyroclastic density currents through numerical simulations of multiphase flows
Remobilization of silicic intrusion by mafic magmas during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption
First observational evidence for the CO2-driven origin of Stromboli's major explosions
Rheological control on the dynamics of explosive activity in the 2000 summit eruption of Mt. Etna
The stochastic quantization method and its application to the numerical simulation of volcanic conduit dynamics under random conditions
Mattia de' Michieli Vitturi, Antonio Costa, Mauro A. Di Vito, Laura Sandri, and Domenico M. Doronzo
Solid Earth, 15, 437–458, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-437-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-437-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a numerical model for lahars generated by the mobilization of tephra deposits from a reference size eruption at Somma–Vesuvius. The paper presents the model (pyhsics and numerics) and a sensitivity analysis of the processes modelled, numerical schemes, and grid resolution. This work provides the basis for application to hazard quantification for lahars in the Vesuvius area. To this end, we rely on results of the two companion papers (Part 1 on field data, Part 3 on hazard maps).
Laura Sandri, Mattia de' Michieli Vitturi, Antonio Costa, Mauro Antonio Di Vito, Ilaria Rucco, Domenico Maria Doronzo, Marina Bisson, Roberto Gianardi, Sandro de Vita, and Roberto Sulpizio
Solid Earth, 15, 459–476, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-459-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-459-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the lahar hazard due to the remobilization of tephra deposits from reference eruptions at Somma–Vesuvius. To this end, we rely on the results of two companion papers dealing with field data and model calibration and run hundreds of simulations from the catchments around the target area to capture the uncertainty in the initial parameters. We process the simulations to draw maps of the probability of overcoming thresholds in lahar flow thickness and dynamic pressure relevant for risk.
Mauro Antonio Di Vito, Ilaria Rucco, Sandro de Vita, Domenico Maria Doronzo, Marina Bisson, Mattia de' Michieli Vitturi, Mauro Rosi, Laura Sandri, Giovanni Zanchetta, Elena Zanella, and Antonio Costa
Solid Earth, 15, 405–436, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-405-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-405-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the distribution of two historical pyroclastic fall–flow and lahar deposits from the sub-Plinian Vesuvius eruptions of 472 CE Pollena and 1631. The motivation comes directly from the widely distributed impact that both the eruptions and lahar phenomena had on the Campanian territory, not only around the volcano but also down the nearby Apennine valleys. Data on about 500 stratigraphic sections and modeling allowed us to evaluate the physical and dynamical impact of these phenomena.
Ole Rabbel, Jörg Hasenclever, Christophe Y. Galerne, Olivier Galland, Karen Mair, and Octavio Palma
Solid Earth, 14, 625–646, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-625-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-625-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the interaction between magma in the subsurface and the rocks and fluids that surround it. The study investigates how fluids containing hydrocarbons like methane are moving in the rocks surrounding the magma. We show that the generation of fractures in the cooling magma has a significant impact on the flow paths of the fluid and that some of the hydrocabons may be converted to graphite and stored in the fractures within the intrusions.
Daniel Basualto, Andrés Tassara, Jonathan Lazo-Gil, Luis Franco-Marin, Carlos Cardona, Juan San Martín, Fernando Gil-Cruz, Marcela Calabi-Floddy, and Cristian Farías
Solid Earth, 14, 69–87, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-69-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-69-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Infrequent eruptions of acidic magma are one of the most dangerous natural phenomena, but almost none of them have been witnessed by modern science. We present the first systematic characterization of seismicity recorded near an erupting acidic volcano (Cordón Caulle 2011). We define different phases of unrest and eruption, which combined with previous findings allows us to discuss the main processes associated with this type of violent eruption, with implications for their volcanic hazard.
Yan Lavallée, Takahiro Miwa, James D. Ashworth, Paul A. Wallace, Jackie E. Kendrick, Rebecca Coats, Anthony Lamur, Adrian Hornby, Kai-Uwe Hess, Takeshi Matsushima, Setsuya Nakada, Hiroshi Shimizu, Bernhard Ruthensteiner, and Hugh Tuffen
Solid Earth, 13, 875–900, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-875-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-875-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic eruptions are controlled by the presence of gas bubbles in magma, which, in excess, can cause explosions. Eruption models lack an understanding of how gas percolates in magma flowing in a conduit. Here we study gas percolation in magma associated with the 1994–1995 eruption at Mt. Unzen, Japan. The results show that the pathways for gas escape depend on the depth and ascent rate of magma. Pathways closed at depth but opened along fractures when magma ascended rapidly near the surface.
Jackie E. Kendrick, Lauren N. Schaefer, Jenny Schauroth, Andrew F. Bell, Oliver D. Lamb, Anthony Lamur, Takahiro Miwa, Rebecca Coats, Yan Lavallée, and Ben M. Kennedy
Solid Earth, 12, 633–664, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The last lava dome eruption of Mount Unzen (Japan) ended in 1995, but ongoing instability means much of the area remains an exclusion zone. The rocks in the lava dome impact its stability; heterogeneity (contrasting properties) and anisotropy (orientation-specific properties) can channel fluids and localise deformation, enhancing the risk of lava dome collapse. We recommend using measured material properties to interpret geophysical signals and to model volcanic systems.
Alessandro Tadini, Andrea Bevilacqua, Augusto Neri, Raffaello Cioni, Giovanni Biagioli, Mattia de'Michieli Vitturi, and Tomaso Esposti Ongaro
Solid Earth, 12, 119–139, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-119-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-119-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we test a simplified numerical model for pyroclastic density currents or PDCs (mixtures of hot gas, lapilli and ash moving across the landscape under the effect of gravity). The aim is quantifying the differences between real and modelled deposits of some PDCs of the 79 CE eruption of Vesuvius, Italy. This step is important because in the paper it is demonstrated that this simplified model is useful for constraining input parameters for more computationally expensive models.
Silvia Massaro, Roberto Sulpizio, Gianluca Norini, Gianluca Groppelli, Antonio Costa, Lucia Capra, Giacomo Lo Zupone, Michele Porfido, and Andrea Gabrieli
Solid Earth, 11, 2515–2533, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2515-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2515-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we provide a 2D finite-element modelling of the stress field conditions around the Fuego de Colima volcano (Mexico) in order to test the response of the commercial Linear Static Analysis software to increasingly different geological constraints. Results suggest that an appropriate set of geological and geophysical data improves the mesh generation procedures and the degree of accuracy of numerical outputs, aimed at more reliable physics-based representations of the natural system.
Gianluca Norini and Gianluca Groppelli
Solid Earth, 11, 2549–2556, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2549-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2549-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We identified several problems in Urbani et al. (2020), showing that their model does not conform to the age and location of faulting, identification and delimitation of uplifted areas and apical depressions, temperature and lithological well log, and stratigraphic and radiometric data. Published data indicate that the pressurization of the Los Humeros volcanic complex (LHVC) magmatic–hydrothermal system driving resurgence faulting occurs at a greater depth.
Silvia Massaro, Antonio Costa, Roberto Sulpizio, Diego Coppola, and Lucia Capra
Solid Earth, 10, 1429–1450, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1429-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1429-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Fuego de Colima volcano (Mexico) shows a complex eruptive history, with periods of rapid and slow lava dome growth punctuated by explosive activity. Here we reconstructed the 1998–2018 average discharge rate by means of satellite thermal data and the literature. Using spectral and wavelet analysis, we found a multi-term cyclic behavior that is in good agreement with numerical modeling, accounting for a variable magmatic feeding system composed of a single or double magma chamber system.
Qiliang Sun, Christopher A.-L. Jackson, Craig Magee, Samuel J. Mitchell, and Xinong Xie
Solid Earth, 10, 1269–1282, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1269-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1269-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
3-D seismic reflection data reveal that deepwater volcanoes have rugged basal contacts, which truncate underlying strata, and erupted lava flows that feed lobate lava fans. The lava flows (> 9 km long) account for 50–97 % of the total erupted volume. This indicates that deepwater volcanic edifices may thus form a minor component (~ 3–50 %) of the extrusive system and that accurate estimates of erupted volume require knowledge of the basal surface of genetically related lava flows.
Thomas M. Belgrano, Larryn W. Diamond, Yves Vogt, Andrea R. Biedermann, Samuel A. Gilgen, and Khalid Al-Tobi
Solid Earth, 10, 1181–1217, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1181-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1181-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present an updated geological map of the volcanic rocks present in the north-east Oman mountains. These volcanic rocks erupted at the seafloor, probably above a young subduction zone, and have since been tectonically transported into their accessible position. The updated map allows us to examine the spatial relationships between the different volcanic and geological features, including copper, gold, and chrome deposits. The new map will aid further study in Oman and other similar settings.
Florian Dinger, Stefan Bredemeyer, Santiago Arellano, Nicole Bobrowski, Ulrich Platt, and Thomas Wagner
Solid Earth, 10, 725–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-725-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-725-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Evidence for tidal impacts on volcanism have been gathered by numerous empirical studies. This paper elucidates whether a causal link from the tidal forces to a variation in the volcanic degassing can be traced analytically. We model the response of a simplified magmatic system to the local tidal gravity variations, find that the tide-induced dynamics may significantly alter the bubble coalescence rate, and discuss the consequences for volcanic degassing behaviour.
Rebecca Coats, Jackie E. Kendrick, Paul A. Wallace, Takahiro Miwa, Adrian J. Hornby, James D. Ashworth, Takeshi Matsushima, and Yan Lavallée
Solid Earth, 9, 1299–1328, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1299-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1299-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Lava domes are mounds of viscous lava and their collapse can cause deadly pyroclastic flows. This paper looks at the example of Mt. Unzen in Japan. Using novel experimental techniques, we discovered that crystals and bubbles in the lava make it behave differently to what was previously thought and that it becomes weaker and more susceptible to collapse as it cools. This calls for a review of current models, allowing for better failure prediction of lava domes in the future.
Janine L. Kavanagh, Samantha L. Engwell, and Simon A. Martin
Solid Earth, 9, 531–571, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-531-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-531-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Modelling has been used in the study of volcanic systems for more than 100 years, building upon the approach first described by Sir James Hall in 1815. Models are informed by observations of volcanic processes in nature, including eye-witness accounts of eruptions, monitoring of active volcanoes, and analysis of ancient deposits. To push the frontiers in volcanology we must adopt a multidisciplinary approach, with more interaction between analogue and numerical modelling communities.
Lucia Gurioli, Andrea Di Muro, Ivan Vlastélic, Séverine Moune, Simon Thivet, Marina Valer, Nicolas Villeneuve, Guillaume Boudoire, Aline Peltier, Patrick Bachèlery, Valérie Ferrazzini, Nicole Métrich, Mhammed Benbakkar, Nicolas Cluzel, Christophe Constantin, Jean-Luc Devidal, Claire Fonquernie, and Jean-Marc Hénot
Solid Earth, 9, 431–455, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-431-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-431-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We prove here that macroscopic and microscopic studies of emitted pyroclastic and effusive products provide valuable information to track and understand small explosive eruptions for hazard and risk assessment. This is especially true for Piton de La Fournaise, La Réunion, whose activity has recently been characterized by effusive and mild explosive activity in highly visited areas. We confirm that petrological monitoring is essential to forecast changes in the magmatic system.
Florian Dinger, Nicole Bobrowski, Simon Warnach, Stefan Bredemeyer, Silvana Hidalgo, Santiago Arellano, Bo Galle, Ulrich Platt, and Thomas Wagner
Solid Earth, 9, 247–266, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-247-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-247-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We monitored the bromine monoxide-to-sulfur dioxide molar ratio in the effusive gas plume of Cotopaxi volcano in order to gain insight into the geological processes which control the pressure regime of the volcanic system. We observed a conspicuous periodic pattern with a periodicity of about 2 weeks, which significantly correlates with the Earth tidal forcing. Our results support a possible Earth tidal impact on volcanic activity, in particular for the Cotopaxi eruption 2015.
Manuel Queißer, Domenico Granieri, Mike Burton, Fabio Arzilli, Rosario Avino, and Antonio Carandente
Solid Earth, 8, 1017–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1017-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1017-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Campi Flegrei is a volcanic caldera that is currently in a state of increased unrest. We used a novel remote-sensing approach to measure CO2 fluxes at the Campi Flegrei. Thanks to its comprehensive spatial coverage, the instrument used gives more representative measurements from large regions containing different CO2 sources. We find an increase in CO2 degassing strength. This suggests a greater contribution of the magmatic source to the degassing.
Jamie I. Farquharson, Patrick Baud, and Michael J. Heap
Solid Earth, 8, 561–581, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-561-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-561-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In volcanic rock, permeability is the property that tells us how efficiently fluids such as gas or water can travel through cracks and frozen bubbles in the rock (its porosity) and is important in the context of volcanic activity. This study addresses how permeability evolves under a range of mechanical experimental conditions. We show that with a small amount of porosity loss (compaction), permeability can increase. However, with more compaction, permeability can decrease significantly.
Donald B. Dingwell, Yan Lavallée, Kai-Uwe Hess, Asher Flaws, Joan Marti, Alexander R. L. Nichols, H. Albert Gilg, and Burkhard Schillinger
Solid Earth, 7, 1383–1393, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1383-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1383-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we use tomography to reconstructed the pores of erupted pumice and understand the evolution of gas bubbles in magma. Analysis of the pore geometry is used to describe whether the pores where aligned by stretching as ascending magma is pulled apart (pure shear) or sheared like a deck of card (simple shear). We conclude that the latter, simple shear, dominates during magma ascent up to the points where magma fragments to cause an explosion.
A. Coco, J. Gottsmann, F. Whitaker, A. Rust, G. Currenti, A. Jasim, and S. Bunney
Solid Earth, 7, 557–577, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-557-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-557-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present a numerical model to evaluate ground deformation and gravity changes as a response of the hydrothermal system perturbation (unrest) in a volcanic area. Temporal evolution of the ground deformation indicates that the contribution of thermal effects to the total uplift is almost negligible with respect to the pore pressure contribution during the first years, of the unrest, but increases in time and becomes dominant after a long period of the simulation.
O. D. Lamb, S. De Angelis, K. Umakoshi, A. J. Hornby, J. E. Kendrick, and Y. Lavallée
Solid Earth, 6, 1277–1293, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1277-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1277-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we analyse the seismic record during the extrusion of a lava spine at Unzen volcano, Japan, in 1994. We find two strong groups of similar volcanic earthquakes which, combined with previously published field and experimental observations, we interpret as repetitive fracturing along the margin of the lava spine. This work demonstrates the potential of combining these different approaches for achieving a greater understanding of shallow volcanic processes.
K. Strehlow, J. H. Gottsmann, and A. C. Rust
Solid Earth, 6, 1207–1229, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1207-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1207-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
When magma chambers inflate, they deform the surrounding Earth’s crust. This deformation affects the pore space available for the water in local aquifers, which in turn leads to pressure variations and water table changes. We can observe these changes in wells, and this study investigates if and how we can utilize them for volcano monitoring. Results show that the hydrological response to deformation helps unravelling subsurface magmatic processes, valuable information for eruption forecasting.
B. Bernard, U. Kueppers, and H. Ortiz
Solid Earth, 6, 869–879, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-869-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-869-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new methodology to treat statistically pyroclast density and porosity data sets introducing a weighting parameter. It also proposes a stability analysis to check if the sample set is large enough for statistical reliability. Finally we introduce graphical statistics to improve distinction between pyroclastic deposits and understanding of eruptive dynamics. An open source R code is supplied that includes all these features in order to facilitate data processing.
F. Braz Machado, E. Reis Viana Rocha-Júnior, L. Soares Marques, and A. J. Ranalli Nardy
Solid Earth, 6, 227–241, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-227-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-227-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study describes for the first time morphological aspects of lava flows and structural characteristics caused by lava-sediment interaction in the northwestern Paraná continental flood basalts in the southeast of the South American Plate (Brazil). Early Cretaceous (134 to 132Ma) tholeiitic rocks were emplaced on a large intracratonic Paleozoic sedimentary basin (Paraná Basin), mainly covering dry eolian sandstones (Botucatu Formation).
Y. Moussallam, N. Peters, C. Ramírez, C. Oppenheimer, A. Aiuppa, and G. Giudice
Solid Earth, 5, 1341–1350, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1341-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1341-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we characterise the flux and composition of the gas emissions from Turrialba Volcano. We show that the measured gas signature provides evidence that Turrialba Volcano has entered an open-vent configuration with magmatic gases being emitted. This suggests that the hydrothermal system at the summit is quickly drying up and that the system is moving from a hydrothermal to a magmatic end member with implications for short-term monitoring and possible evolution of the state of unrest.
P. Lübcke, N. Bobrowski, S. Arellano, B. Galle, G. Garzón, L. Vogel, and U. Platt
Solid Earth, 5, 409–424, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-409-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-409-2014, 2014
T. J. Jones, J. K. Russell, L. A. Porritt, and R. J. Brown
Solid Earth, 5, 313–326, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-313-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-313-2014, 2014
J. E. Kendrick, Y. Lavallée, K.-U. Hess, S. De Angelis, A. Ferk, H. E. Gaunt, P. G. Meredith, D. B. Dingwell, and R. Leonhardt
Solid Earth, 5, 199–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-199-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-199-2014, 2014
M. Pantaleo and T. R. Walter
Solid Earth, 5, 183–198, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-183-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-183-2014, 2014
A. C. F. Luchetti, A. J. R. Nardy, F. B. Machado, J. E. O. Madeira, and J. M. Arnosio
Solid Earth, 5, 121–130, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-121-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-121-2014, 2014
M. J. Heap, P. Baud, P. G. Meredith, S. Vinciguerra, and T. Reuschlé
Solid Earth, 5, 25–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-25-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-25-2014, 2014
A. LaRue, D. R. Baker, M. Polacci, P. Allard, and N. Sodini
Solid Earth, 4, 373–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-373-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-373-2013, 2013
S. B. Mueller, N. R. Varley, U. Kueppers, P. Lesage, G. Á. Reyes Davila, and D. B. Dingwell
Solid Earth, 4, 201–213, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-201-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-201-2013, 2013
N. Bobrowski and G. Giuffrida
Solid Earth, 3, 433–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-433-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-433-2012, 2012
S. Lepore and C. Scarpati
Solid Earth, 3, 161–173, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-161-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-161-2012, 2012
O. Sigmarsson, I. Vlastelic, R. Andreasen, I. Bindeman, J.-L. Devidal, S. Moune, J. K. Keiding, G. Larsen, A. Höskuldsson, and Th. Thordarson
Solid Earth, 2, 271–281, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-271-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-271-2011, 2011
A. Aiuppa, M. Burton, P. Allard, T. Caltabiano, G. Giudice, S. Gurrieri, M. Liuzzo, and G. Salerno
Solid Earth, 2, 135–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-135-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-135-2011, 2011
D. Giordano, M. Polacci, P. Papale, and L. Caricchi
Solid Earth, 1, 61–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-1-61-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-1-61-2010, 2010
E. Peruzzo, M. Barsanti, F. Flandoli, and P. Papale
Solid Earth, 1, 49–59, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-1-49-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-1-49-2010, 2010
Cited articles
Arellano, S., Hall, M., Samaniego, P., Le Pennec, J.-L., Ruiz, A., Molina, I., and Yepes, H.: Degassing patterns of Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) during the 1999–2006 eruptive period, inferred from remote spectroscopic measurements of SO2 emissions, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 176, 151–162, 2008.
Bernard, B., Bustillos, J., Wade, B., and Hidalgo, S.: Influence of the wind direction variability on the quantification of tephra fallouts: December 2012 and March 2013 Tungurahua eruptions, Avances, 5, A14–A21, 2013.
Bernard, J., Kelfoun, K., Le Pennec, J.-L., and Vargas, S. V.: Pyroclastic flow erosion and bulking processes: comparing field-based vs. modeling results at Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador, B. Volcanol., 76, 1–16, 2014.
Bernard, J., Eychenne, J., Le Pennec, J.-L., and Narváez, D.: Mass budget partitioning during explosive eruptions: insights from the 2006 paroxysm of Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 17, 3224–3240, 2016.
Biass, S., Bagheri, G., Aeberhard, W., and Bonadonna, C.: TError: towards a better quantification of the uncertainty propagated during the characterization of tephra deposits, Statistics in Volcanology, 1, 1–27, 2014.
Blott, S. J. and Pye, K.: GRADISTAT: a grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 26, 1237–1248, 2001.
Bonadonna, C. and Costa, A.: Estimating the volume of tephra deposits: a new simple strategy, Geology, G32769, https://doi.org/10.1130/G32769.1, 2012.
Bonadonna, C. and Houghton, B.: Total grain-size distribution and volume of tephra-fall deposits, B. Volcanol., 67, 441–456, 2005.
Brown, R. J. and Andrews, G.: Deposits Of Pyroclastic Density Currents, in: The encyclopedia of volcanoes, edited by: Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B., McNutt, S., Rymer, H., and Stix, J., chap. 35, 631–648, Elsevier, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2015.
Bustillos, J.: Transition de style éruptif au cours des éruptions andésitiques en système ouvert: apport de l'étude des cendres avec application au volcan Tungurahua (Equateur), MSc. Thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France, 2010.
Bustillos, J., Romero, J., and Guerrero, G.: New field data on the Guagua Pichincha (Ecuador) ∼ 900 AD Subplinian eruption and its eruptive parameters, Pyroclastic Flow, 4, 1–4, 2014.
Bustillos, J., Romero, J. E., and Troncoso, L.: Tephra fall at Tungurahua Volcano (Ecuador) – 1999–2014: An Example of Tephra Accumulation from a Long-lasting Eruptive Cycle, Geofís. Int., 55, 55–67, 2016.
Cas, R. and Wright, J.: Volcanic Successions, Modern and Ancient: A Geological Approach to Processes, Products and Successions, 528 pp., Allen & Unwin, London, UK, Chapman & Hall, Boston, USA, 1987.
Champenois, J., Pinel, V., Baize, S., Audin, L., Jomard, H., Hooper, A., Alvarado, A., and Yepes, H.: Large-scale inflation of Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) revealed by Persistent Scatterers SAR interferometry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 5821–5828, 2014.
Cioni, R., Pistolesi, M., and Rosi, M.: Plinian and Subplinian eruptions, in: The encyclopedia of volcanoes, edited by: Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B., McNutt, S., Rymer, H., and Stix, J., chap. 29, 519–536, Elsevier, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2015.
Clarke, A., Ongaro, T., and Belousov, A.: Vulcanian eruptions, in: The encyclopedia of volcanoes, edited by: Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B., McNutt, S., Rymer, H., and Stix, J., S., chap. 28, 505–518, Elsevier, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2015.
Cole, P., Stinton, A., Odbert, H., Bonadonna, C., and Stewart, R.: An inclined Vulcanian explosion and associated products, J. Geol. Soc., 172, 287–293, 2015.
Crowe, B. M. and Fisher, R. V.: Sedimentary structures in base-surge deposits with special reference to cross-bedding, Ubehebe Craters, Death Valley, California, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84, 663–682, 1973.
Douillet, G. A., Pacheco, D. A., Kueppers, U., Letort, J., Tsang-Hin-Sun, È., Bustillos, J., Hall, M., Ramón, P., and Dingwell, D. B.: Dune bedforms produced by dilute pyroclastic density currents from the August 2006 eruption of Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador, B. Volcanol., 75, 1–20, 2013a.
Douillet, G. A., Tsang-Hin-Sun, È., Kueppers, U., Letort, J., Pacheco, D. A., Goldstein, F., Von Aulock, F., Lavallée, Y., Hanson, J. B., Bustillos, J., Robin, C., Ramón, P., Hall, M., and Dingwell, D. B.: Sedimentology and geomorphology of the deposits from the August 2006 pyroclastic density currents at Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador, B. Volcanol., 75, 1–21, 2013b.
Engwell, S., Sparks, R., and Aspinall, W.: Quantifying uncertainties in the measurement of tephra fall thickness, J. Appl. Volcanol., 2, 5, https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-5040-2-5, 2013.
Eychenne, J., Le Pennec, J.-L., Troncoso, L., Gouhier, M., and Nedelec, J.-M.: Causes and consequences of bimodal grain-size distribution of tephra fall deposited during the August 2006 Tungurahua eruption (Ecuador), B. Volcanol., 74, 187–205, 2012.
Eychenne, J., Le Pennec, J.-L., Ramón, P., and Yepes, H.: Dynamics of explosive paroxysms at open-vent andesitic systems: high-resolution mass distribution analyses of the 2006 Tungurahua fall deposit (Ecuador), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 361, 343–355, 2013.
Fierstein, J. and Nathenson, M.: Another look at the calculation of fallout tephra volumes, B. Volcanol., 54, 156–167, 1992.
Folk, R. L. and Ward, W. C.: Brazos River bar: a study in the significance of grain size parameters, J. Sediment. Res., 27, 3–26, 1957.
Hall, M. L., Robin, C., Beate, B., Mothes, P., and Monzier, M.: Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador: structure, eruptive history and hazards, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 91, 1–21, 1999.
Hall, M. L., Steele, A. L., Mothes, P. A., and Ruiz, M. C.: Pyroclastic density currents (PDC) of the 16–17 August 2006 eruptions of Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador: Geophysical registry and characteristics, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 265, 78–93, 2013.
Hall, M. L., Steele, A. L., Bernard, B., Mothes, P. A., Vallejo, S. X., Douillet, G. A., Ramón, P. A., Aguaiza, S. X., and Ruiz, M. C.: Sequential plug formation, disintegration by Vulcanian explosions, and the generation of granular Pyroclastic Density Currents at Tungurahua volcano (2013–2014), Ecuador, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 306, 90–103, 2015.
Hidalgo, S., Battaglia, J., Arellano, S., Steele, A., Bernard, B., Bourquin, J., Galle, B., Arrais, S., and Vásconez, F.: SO2 degassing at Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) between 2007 and 2013: transition from continuous to episodic activity, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 298, 1–14, 2015.
Inman, D. L.: Measures for describing the size distribution of sediments, J. Sediment. Res., 22, 125–145, 1952.
Instituto Geofísico, E. P. N.: Informe especial del volcán Tungurahua no. 01, available at: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/, last access: 9 February 2014a.
Instituto Geofísico, E. P. N.: Informe especial del volcán Tungurahua no. 02, available at: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/, last access: 9 February 2014b.
Instituto Geofísico, E. P. N.: Informe especial del volcán Tungurahua no. 04, available at: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/, last access: 9 February 2014c.
Instituto Geofísico, E. P. N.: Informe especial del volcán Tungurahua no. 05, http://www.igepn.edu.ec/, last access: 9 February 2014d.
Jaya, D.: El colapso del volcán Tungurahua en el Holoceno Superior: Análisis de estabilidad y dinamismos explosivos asociados, PhD thesis, Tesis de grado, Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador, 2004.
Kelfoun, K., Samaniego, P., Palacios, P., and Barba, D.: Testing the suitability of frictional behaviour for pyroclastic flow simulation by comparison with a well-constrained eruption at Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador), B. Volcanol., 71, 1057–1075, 2009.
Klawonn, M., Houghton, B. F., Swanson, D. A., Fagents, S. A., Wessel, P., and Wolfe, C. J.: From field data to volumes: constraining uncertainties in pyroclastic eruption parameters, B. Volcanol., 76, 1–16, 2014.
Le Maitre, R., Bateman, P., Dudek, A., Keller, J., Lameyre, L., Sabine, P., Schmid, R., Sorensen, H., Streckeisen, A., Wooley, A., and Zanettin, B.: A classification of igneous rocks and glossary of terms, Recommendations of the IUGS Commission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, 1989.
Le Pennec, J.-L., Jaya, D., Samaniego, P., Ramón, P., Yánez, S. M., Egred, J., and Van Der Plicht, J.: The AD 1300–1700 eruptive periods at Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador, revealed by historical narratives, stratigraphy and radiocarbon dating, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 176, 70–81, 2008.
Le Pennec, J.-L., Ruiz, G. A., Ramón, P., Palacios, E., Mothes, P., and Yepes, H.: Impact of tephra falls on Andean communities: The influences of eruption size and weather conditions during the 1999–2001 activity of Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 217, 91–103, 2012.
Maeno, F., Nakada, S., Nagai, M., and Kozono, T.: Ballistic ejecta and eruption condition of the vulcanian explosion of Shinmoedake volcano, Kyushu, Japan on 1 February, 2011, Earth Planets Space, 65, 609–621, 2013.
Morrissey, M. and Mastin, L.: Vulcanian eruptions, in: The encyclopedia of volcanoes, edited by: Sigurdsson, H., Houghton, B., McNutt, S., Rymer, H., and Stix, J., 463–475, Elsevier, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 2000.
Murcia, H. F., Borrero, C. A., Pardo, N., Alvarado, G. E., Arnosio, M., and Scolamacchia, T.: Depósitos volcaniclásticos: Términos y conceptos para una clasificación en español, Revista Geológica de América Central, 48, 15–39, 2013.
Myers, M. L., Geist, D. J., Rowe, M. C., Harpp, K. S., Wallace, P. J., and Dufek, J.: Replenishment of volatile-rich mafic magma into a degassed chamber drives mixing and eruption of Tungurahua volcano, B. Volcanol., 76, 1–17, 2014.
Newhall, C. G. and Self, S.: The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 87, 1231–1238, 1982.
Otto, G. H.: A modified logarithmic probability graph for the interpretation of mechanical analyses of sediments, J. Sediment. Res., 9, 62–76, https://doi.org/10.1306/D4269044-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D, 1939.
Palma, J.: Wind Reanalysis, available at: https://vhub.org/resources/windre (last access: 30 June 2015), 2013.
Parra, R., Bernard, B., Narváez, D., Le Pennec, J.-L., Hasselle, N., and Folch, A.: Eruption Source Parameters for forecasting ash dispersion and deposition from vulcanian eruptions at Tungurahua volcano: Insights from field data from the July 2013 eruption, . Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 309, 1–13, 2016.
Polacci, M.: Constraining the dynamics of volcanic eruptions by characterization of pumice textures, Ann. Geophys.-Italy, 48, 731–738, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-3229, 2005.
Pyle, D. M.: The thickness, volume and grainsize of tephra fall deposits, B. Volcanol., 51, 1–15, 1989.
Pyle, D. M.: Sizes of volcanic eruptions, Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, 1, 263–269, 2000.
Pyle, D. M.: Assessment of the minimum volume of tephra fall deposits, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 69, 379–382, 1995.
Rose, W., Self, S., Murrow, P., Bonadonna, C., Durant, A., and Ernst, G.: Nature and significance of small volume fall deposits at composite volcanoes: Insights from the October 14, 1974 Fuego eruption, Guatemala, B. Volcanol., 70, 1043–1067, 2008.
Samaniego, P., Le Pennec, J., Barba, D., Hall, M., Robin, C., Mothes, P., Yepes, H., Troncoso, L., and Jaya, D.: Mapa de los peligros potenciales del volcán Tungurahua, Escale 1 : 50.000, 3rd version, Departamento de Geofísica de la Escuela Politécnica de Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador, 2008.
Samaniego, P., Le Pennec, J.-L., Robin, C., and Hidalgo, S.: Petrological analysis of the pre-eruptive magmatic process prior to the 2006 explosive eruptions at Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador), J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 199, 69–84, 2011.
Shand, S. J.: Eruptive Rocks: Their Genesis, Composition, Classification, and Their Relation to Ore Deposits, with a Chapter on Meteorites, J. Geol., 56, 593–593, 1948.
Sparks, R. S. J., Bursik, M., Carey, S., Gilbert, J., Glaze, L., Sigurdsson, H., and Woods, A.: Volcanic plumes, Wiley, Chichester, UK, 1997.
Steffke, A. M., Fee, D., Garces, M., and Harris, A.: Eruption chronologies, plume heights and eruption styles at Tungurahua Volcano: Integrating remote sensing techniques and infrasound, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 193, 143–160, 2010.
Troncoso, L., Le Pennec, J.-L., Jaya, D., Vallée, A., Mothes, P., and Arrais, S.: Depósitos de caída de ceniza producidos durante las erupciones del volcán Tungurahua, 14 de julio y 16 de agosto de 2006, in: Abstract book, 6tas Jornadas en Ciencias de la Tierra of the Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador, 2006.
Vallejo, S., Naranjo, F., Ramón, P., Yépez, H., Hidalgo, S., Anzieta, J., Bernard, B., Narváez, D., Mothes, P., and Douillet, G.: The vulcanian eruption of February 1st, 2014 at Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador, in: Abstract book, Cities on Volcanoes 8, International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, Jogjakarta, Indonesia, 2014.
Walker, G. P.: Grain-size characteristics of pyroclastic deposits, J. Geol., 69, 696–714, 1971.
Wright, H. M., Cashman, K. V., Rosi, M., and Cioni, R.: Breadcrust bombs as indicators of Vulcanian eruption dynamics at Guagua Pichincha volcano, Ecuador, B. Volcanol., 69, 281–300, 2007.
Zobin, V. M., Carrasco-Núñez, G., and Vargas-Gutiérrez, V. R.: Field and seismic evaluation of the block-and-ash flows emplaced from eruption columns of the 2005 Vulcanian explosions at Volcán de Colima, Mexico, B. Volcanol., 78, 1–9, 2016.
Short summary
The 1 February 2014 eruption of the Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) was the second largest one since the re-awakening in 1999. The eruption showed precursory signs only 48 h before the eruption. The main explosions produced a 13 km eruptive column and pyroclastic density currents that reached the base of the volcano.
Here we document the deposits related to the eruption and infer eruption mechanisms and transport processes.
The 1 February 2014 eruption of the Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) was the second largest one...
