Articles | Volume 11, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-259-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-259-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
02 Mar 2020
Research article |
| 02 Mar 2020
| 02 Mar 2020
The variation and visualisation of elastic anisotropy in rock-forming minerals
David Healy
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Geosciences, King's College, University of Aberdeen,
Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK
Nicholas Erik Timms
Space Science and Technology Centre, School of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, GPO Box U1987, WA 6845, Australia
Mark Alan Pearce
CSIRO Mineral Resources, Australian Resources Research Centre, 26
Dick Perry Avenue, Kensington, WA 6151, Australia
Related authors
Johanna Heeb, David Healy, Nicholas E. Timms, and Enrique Gomez-Rivas
Solid Earth, 14, 985–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydration of rocks is a key process in the Earth’s crust and mantle that is accompanied by changes in physical traits and mechanical behaviour of rocks. This study assesses the influence of stress on hydration reaction kinetics and mechanics in experiments on anhydrite. We show that hydration occurs readily under stress and results in localized hydration along fractures and mechanic weakening. New gypsum growth is selective and depends on the stress field and host anhydrite crystal orientation.
Michal Kruszewski, Alessandro Verdecchia, Oliver Heidbach, Rebecca M. Harrington, and David Healy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1889, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1889, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the evolution of fault reactivation potential in the greater Ruhr region (Germany) in respect to a future utilization of deep geothermal resources. We use analytical and numerical approaches to understand the initial stress conditions on faults as well as their evolution in space and time during geothermal fluid production. Using results from our analyses, we can localize areas more favorable for geothermal energy use based on fault reactivation potential.
David Healy and Stephen Paul Hicks
Solid Earth, 13, 15–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The energy transition requires operations in faulted rocks. To manage the technical challenges and public concern over possible induced earthquakes, we need to quantify the risks. We calculate the probability of fault slip based on uncertain inputs, stresses, fluid pressures, and the mechanical properties of rocks in fault zones. Our examples highlight the specific gaps in our knowledge. Citizen science projects could produce useful data and include the public in the discussions about hazards.
David Healy and Peter Jupp
Solid Earth, 9, 1051–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1051-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1051-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Fault patterns formed in response to a single tectonic event often display significant variation in their orientations. This variation could be
noiseon underlying conjugate (or bimodal) fault patterns or it could be intrinsic
signalfrom an underlying polymodal (e.g. quadrimodal) pattern. We present new statistical tests and open source R code to calculate the probability of a fault pattern having two (bimodal, or conjugate) or four (quadrimodal) clusters based on their orientations.
Tara L. Stephens, Richard J. Walker, David Healy, Alodie Bubeck, and Richard W. England
Solid Earth, 9, 847–858, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-847-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-847-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present mechanical models that use the attitude and opening angles of igneous sills to constrain stress axes, the stress ratio, and relative magma pressure during dilation. The models can be applied to any set of dilated structures, including dikes, sills, or veins. Comparison with paleostress analysis for coeval faults and deformation bands indicates that sills can be used to characterise the paleostress state in areas where other brittle deformation structures (e.g. faults) are not present.
Johanna Heeb, David Healy, Nicholas E. Timms, and Enrique Gomez-Rivas
Solid Earth, 14, 985–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-985-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Hydration of rocks is a key process in the Earth’s crust and mantle that is accompanied by changes in physical traits and mechanical behaviour of rocks. This study assesses the influence of stress on hydration reaction kinetics and mechanics in experiments on anhydrite. We show that hydration occurs readily under stress and results in localized hydration along fractures and mechanic weakening. New gypsum growth is selective and depends on the stress field and host anhydrite crystal orientation.
Michal Kruszewski, Alessandro Verdecchia, Oliver Heidbach, Rebecca M. Harrington, and David Healy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1889, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1889, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the evolution of fault reactivation potential in the greater Ruhr region (Germany) in respect to a future utilization of deep geothermal resources. We use analytical and numerical approaches to understand the initial stress conditions on faults as well as their evolution in space and time during geothermal fluid production. Using results from our analyses, we can localize areas more favorable for geothermal energy use based on fault reactivation potential.
David Healy and Stephen Paul Hicks
Solid Earth, 13, 15–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-15-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The energy transition requires operations in faulted rocks. To manage the technical challenges and public concern over possible induced earthquakes, we need to quantify the risks. We calculate the probability of fault slip based on uncertain inputs, stresses, fluid pressures, and the mechanical properties of rocks in fault zones. Our examples highlight the specific gaps in our knowledge. Citizen science projects could produce useful data and include the public in the discussions about hazards.
David Healy and Peter Jupp
Solid Earth, 9, 1051–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1051-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1051-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Fault patterns formed in response to a single tectonic event often display significant variation in their orientations. This variation could be
noiseon underlying conjugate (or bimodal) fault patterns or it could be intrinsic
signalfrom an underlying polymodal (e.g. quadrimodal) pattern. We present new statistical tests and open source R code to calculate the probability of a fault pattern having two (bimodal, or conjugate) or four (quadrimodal) clusters based on their orientations.
Tara L. Stephens, Richard J. Walker, David Healy, Alodie Bubeck, and Richard W. England
Solid Earth, 9, 847–858, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-847-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-847-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present mechanical models that use the attitude and opening angles of igneous sills to constrain stress axes, the stress ratio, and relative magma pressure during dilation. The models can be applied to any set of dilated structures, including dikes, sills, or veins. Comparison with paleostress analysis for coeval faults and deformation bands indicates that sills can be used to characterise the paleostress state in areas where other brittle deformation structures (e.g. faults) are not present.
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, paleoseismology, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Mineral and rock physics
Investigating rough single-fracture permeabilities with persistent homology
Using Internal Standards in Time-resolved X-ray Micro-computed Tomography to Quantify Grain-scale Developments in Solid State Mineral Reactions
Development of multi-field rock resistivity test system for THMC
Raman spectroscopy in thrust-stacked carbonates: an investigation of spectral parameters with implications for temperature calculations in strained samples
Failure mode transition in Opalinus Clay: a hydro-mechanical and microstructural perspective
Thermal equation of state of the main minerals of eclogite: Constraining the density evolution of eclogite during the delamination process in Tibet
Creep of CarbFix basalt: influence of rock–fluid interaction
Micromechanisms leading to shear failure of Opalinus Clay in a triaxial test: a high-resolution BIB–SEM study
Elastic anisotropies of rocks in a subduction and exhumation setting
Mechanical and hydraulic properties of the excavation damaged zone (EDZ) in the Opalinus Clay of the Mont Terri rock laboratory, Switzerland
The competition between fracture nucleation, propagation, and coalescence in dry and water-saturated crystalline rock
Effect of normal stress on the frictional behavior of brucite: application to slow earthquakes at the subduction plate interface in the mantle wedge
Measuring hydraulic fracture apertures: a comparison of methods
Extracting microphysical fault friction parameters from laboratory and field injection experiments
The physics of fault friction: insights from experiments on simulated gouges at low shearing velocities
Frictional slip weakening and shear-enhanced crystallinity in simulated coal fault gouges at slow slip rates
The hydraulic efficiency of single fractures: correcting the cubic law parameterization for self-affine surface roughness and fracture closure
Magnetic properties of pseudotachylytes from western Jämtland, central Swedish Caledonides
Deformation mechanisms in mafic amphibolites and granulites: record from the Semail metamorphic sole during subduction infancy
Uniaxial compression of calcite single crystals at room temperature: insights into twinning activation and development
Marco Fuchs, Anna Suzuki, Togo Hasumi, and Philipp Blum
Solid Earth, 15, 353–365, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-353-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-353-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the permeability of a natural fracture in sandstone is estimated based only on its geometry. For this purpose, the topological method of persistent homology is applied to three geometric data sets with different resolutions for the first time. The results of all data sets compare well with conventional experimental and numerical methods. Since the analysis takes less time to the same amount of time, it seems to be a good alternative to conventional methods.
Roberto Emanuele Rizzo, Damien Freitas, James Gilgannon, Sohan Seth, Ian B. Butler, Gina Elisabeth McGill, and Florian Fusseis
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1819, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1819, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study leverages deep learning for accurate segmentation of volumetric images in rock material analysis, specifically during the gypsum dehydration reaction. Utilizing a 2D U-net architecture and mass balance of a metamorphic reaction as an internal standard, the method demonstrated improved precision, accuracy, and efficiency over traditional techniques, opening new avenues for advanced modeling in geosciences.
Jianwei Ren, Lei Song, Qirui Wang, Haipeng Li, Junqi Fan, Jianhua Yue, and Honglei Shen
Solid Earth, 14, 261–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-261-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-261-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A THMC multi-field rock resistivity test system is developed, which has the functions of rock triaxial and resistivity testing under the conditions of high and low temperature, high pressure, and high salinity water seepage. A sealing method to prevent the formation of a water film on the side of the specimen is proposed based on the characteristics of the device. The device is suitable for studying the relationship between rock mechanical properties and resistivity in complex environments.
Lauren Kedar, Clare E. Bond, and David K. Muirhead
Solid Earth, 13, 1495–1511, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1495-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1495-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Raman spectroscopy of carbon-bearing rocks is often used to calculate peak temperatures and therefore burial history. However, strain is known to affect Raman spectral parameters. We investigate a series of deformed rocks that have been subjected to varying degrees of strain and find that there is a consistent change in some parameters in the most strained rocks, while other parameters are not affected by strain. We apply temperature calculations and find that strain affects them differently.
Lisa Winhausen, Kavan Khaledi, Mohammadreza Jalali, Janos L. Urai, and Florian Amann
Solid Earth, 13, 901–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-901-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-901-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Triaxial compression tests at different effective stresses allow for analysing the deformation behaviour of Opalinus Clay, the potential host rock for nuclear waste in Switzerland. We conducted microstructural investigations of the deformed samples to relate the bulk hydro-mechanical behaviour to the processes on the microscale. Results show a transition from brittle- to more ductile-dominated deformation. We propose a non-linear failure envelop associated with the failure mode transition.
Zhilin Ye, Dawei Fan, Bo Li, Qizhe Tang, Jingui Xu, Dongzhou Zhang, and Wenge Zhou
Solid Earth, 13, 745–759, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-745-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-745-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Eclogite is a major factor in the initiation of delamination during orogenic collision. According to the equations of state of main minerals of eclogite under high temperature and high pressure, the densities of eclogite along two types of delamination in Tibet are provided. The effects of eclogite on the delamination process are discussed in detail. A high abundance of garnet, a high Fe content, and a high degree of eclogitization are more conducive to instigating the delamination.
Tiange Xing, Hamed O. Ghaffari, Ulrich Mok, and Matej Pec
Solid Earth, 13, 137–160, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-137-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-137-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Geological carbon sequestration using basalts provides a solution to mitigate the high CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Due to the long timespan of the GCS, it is important to understand the long-term deformation of the reservoir rock. Here, we studied the creep of basalt with fluid presence. Our results show presence of fluid weakens the rock and promotes creep, while the composition only has a secondary effect and demonstrate that the governing creep mechanism is subcritical microcracking.
Lisa Winhausen, Jop Klaver, Joyce Schmatz, Guillaume Desbois, Janos L. Urai, Florian Amann, and Christophe Nussbaum
Solid Earth, 12, 2109–2126, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2109-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2109-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An experimentally deformed sample of Opalinus Clay (OPA), which is being considered as host rock for nuclear waste in Switzerland, was studied by electron microscopy to image deformation microstructures. Deformation localised by forming micrometre-thick fractures. Deformation zones show dilatant micro-cracking, granular flow and bending grains, and pore collapse. Our model, with three different stages of damage accumulation, illustrates microstructural deformation in a compressed OPA sample.
Michael J. Schmidtke, Ruth Keppler, Jacek Kossak-Glowczewski, Nikolaus Froitzheim, and Michael Stipp
Solid Earth, 12, 1801–1828, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1801-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1801-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Properties of deformed rocks are frequently anisotropic. One of these properties is the travel time of a seismic wave. In this study we measured the seismic anisotropy of different rocks, collected in the Alps. Our results show distinct differences between rocks of oceanic origin and those of continental origin.
Sina Hale, Xavier Ries, David Jaeggi, and Philipp Blum
Solid Earth, 12, 1581–1600, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1581-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1581-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The construction of tunnels leads to substantial alterations of the surrounding rock, which can be critical concerning safety aspects. We use different mobile methods to assess the hydromechanical properties of an excavation damaged zone (EDZ) in a claystone. We show that long-term exposure and dehydration preserve a notable fracture permeability and significantly increase strength and stiffness. The methods are suitable for on-site monitoring without any further disturbance of the rock.
Jessica A. McBeck, Wenlu Zhu, and François Renard
Solid Earth, 12, 375–387, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-375-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-375-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The competing modes of fault network development, including nucleation, propagation, and coalescence, influence the localization and connectivity of fracture networks and are thus critical influences on permeability. We distinguish between these modes of fracture development using in situ X-ray tomography triaxial compression experiments on crystalline rocks. The results underscore the importance of confining stress (burial depth) and fluids on fault network development.
Hanaya Okuda, Ikuo Katayama, Hiroshi Sakuma, and Kenji Kawai
Solid Earth, 12, 171–186, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-171-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-171-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Serpentinite, generated by the hydration of ultramafic rocks, is thought to be related to slow earthquakes at the subduction plate interface in the mantle wedge. We conducted friction experiments on brucite, one of the components of serpentinite, and found that wet brucite exhibits low and unstable friction under low effective normal stress conditions. This result suggests that wet brucite may be key for slow earthquakes at the subduction plate interface in a hydrated mantle wedge.
Chaojie Cheng, Sina Hale, Harald Milsch, and Philipp Blum
Solid Earth, 11, 2411–2423, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2411-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2411-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fluids (like water or gases) within the Earth's crust often flow and interact with rock through fractures. The efficiency with which these fluids may flow through this void space is controlled by the width of the fracture(s). In this study, three different physical methods to measure fracture width were applied and compared and their predictive accuracy was evaluated. As a result, the mobile methods tested may well be applied in the field if a number of limitations and requirements are observed.
Martijn P. A. van den Ende, Marco M. Scuderi, Frédéric Cappa, and Jean-Paul Ampuero
Solid Earth, 11, 2245–2256, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2245-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2245-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The injection of fluids (like wastewater or CO2) into the subsurface could cause earthquakes when existing geological faults inside the reservoir are (re-)activated. To assess the hazard associated with this, previous studies have conducted experiments in which fluids have been injected into centimetre- and decimetre-scale faults. In this work, we analyse and model these experiments. To this end, we propose a new approach through which we extract the model parameters that govern slip on faults.
Berend A. Verberne, Martijn P. A. van den Ende, Jianye Chen, André R. Niemeijer, and Christopher J. Spiers
Solid Earth, 11, 2075–2095, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2075-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2075-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The strength of fault rock plays a central role in determining the distribution of crustal seismicity. We review laboratory work on the physics of fault friction at low shearing velocities carried out at Utrecht University in the past 2 decades. Key mechanical data and post-mortem microstructures can be explained using a generalized, physically based model for the shear of gouge-filled faults. When implemented into numerical fault-slip codes, this offers new ways to simulate the seismic cycle.
Caiyuan Fan, Jinfeng Liu, Luuk B. Hunfeld, and Christopher J. Spiers
Solid Earth, 11, 1399–1422, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1399-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1399-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coal is an important source rock for natural gas recovery, and its frictional properties play a role in induced seismicity. We performed experiments to investigate the frictional properties of bituminous coal, and our results show that the frictional strength of coal became significantly weakened with slip displacement, from a peak value of 0.5 to a steady-state value of 0.3. This may be caused by the development of shear bands with internal shear-enhanced molecular structure.
Maximilian O. Kottwitz, Anton A. Popov, Tobias S. Baumann, and Boris J. P. Kaus
Solid Earth, 11, 947–957, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-947-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-947-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we conducted 3-D numerical simulations of fluid flow in synthetically generated fractures that statistically reflect geometries of naturally occurring fractures. We introduced a non-dimensional characterization scheme to relate fracture permeabilities estimated from the numerical simulations to their geometries in a unique manner. By that, we refined the scaling law for fracture permeability, which can be easily integrated into discrete-fracture-network (DFN) modeling approaches.
Bjarne S. G. Almqvist, Hagen Bender, Amanda Bergman, and Uwe Ring
Solid Earth, 11, 807–828, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-807-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-807-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Rocks in fault zones can melt during earthquakes. The geometry and magnetic properties of such earthquake-melted rocks from Jämtland, central Sweden, show that they formed during Caledonian mountain building in the Palaeozoic. The small sample size (~0.2 cm3) used in this study is unconventional in studies of magnetic anisotropy and introduces challenges for interpretations. Nevertheless, the magnetic properties help shed light on the earthquake event and subsequent alteration of the rock.
Mathieu Soret, Philippe Agard, Benoît Ildefonse, Benoît Dubacq, Cécile Prigent, and Claudio Rosenberg
Solid Earth, 10, 1733–1755, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1733-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1733-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study sheds light on the mineral-scale mechanisms controlling the progressive deformation of sheared amphibolites from the Oman metamorphic sole during subduction initiation and unravels how strain is localized and accommodated in hydrated mafic rocks at high temperature conditions. Our results indicate how metamorphic reactions and pore-fluid pressures driven by changes in pressure–temperature conditions and/or water activity control the rheology of mafic rocks.
Camille Parlangeau, Alexandre Dimanov, Olivier Lacombe, Simon Hallais, and Jean-Marc Daniel
Solid Earth, 10, 307–316, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-307-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-307-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Calcite twinning is a common deformation mechanism that mainly occurs at low temperatures. Twinning activation appears at a critical strength value, which is poorly documented and still debated. Temperature is known to influence twin thickness and shape; however, few studies have been conducted on calcite deformation at low temperatures. The goal of this work is to determine if thickness is mainly due to high temperatures and to establish the validity of a threshold twinning activation value.
Cited articles
Aleksandrov, K. S., Ryzhova, T. V., and Belikov, B. P.: The elastic properties
of pyroxenes, Sov. Phys. Crystallogr., 8, 589–591, 1964.
Almqvist, B. S. and Mainprice, D.: Seismic properties and anisotropy of the
continental crust: predictions based on mineral texture and rock
microstructure, Rev. Geophys., 55, 367–433, 2017.
Anderson, O. L. and Isaak, D. G.: Elastic constants of mantle minerals at
high temperature. Mineral physics and crystallography: a handbook of
physical constants, AGU, Washington, D.C., 2, 64–97, 1995.
Angel, R. J., Sochalski-Kolbus, L. M., and Tribaudino, M.: Tilts and tetrahedra:
The origin of the anisotropy of feldspars, Am. Mineral., 97, 765–778, 2012.
Angel, R. J., Mazzucchelli, M. L., Alvaro, M., Nimis, P., and Nestola, F.:
Geobarometry from host-inclusion systems: the role of elastic relaxation,
Am. Mineral., 99, 2146–2149, 2014.
Angel, R. J., Nimis, P., Mazzucchelli, M. L., Alvaro, M., and Nestola, F.: How
large are departures from lithostatic pressure? Constraints from
host–inclusion elasticity, J. Metamorph. Geol., 33,
801–813, 2015.
Aouni, N. and Wheeler, L.: Auxeticity of Calcite and Aragonite polymorphs
of CaCO3 and crystals of similar structure, Phys. Status Solidi B,
245, 2454–2462, 2008.
Babuska, V. and Cara, M.: Seismic anisotropy in the Earth, Vol. 10,
Springer Science and Business Media, AGU, Washington, D.C., 1991.
Bass, J. D.: Elastic properties of minerals, melts, and glasses, Handbook of
Physical Constants, AGU, Washington, D.C., 45–63, 1995.
Baughman, R. H., Shacklette, J. M., Zakhidov, A. A., and Stafström, S.:
Negative Poisson's ratios as a common feature of cubic metals, Nature,
392, p. 362, 1998a.
Baughman, R. H., Stafström, S., Cui, C., and Dantas, S. O.: Materials with
negative compressibilities in one or more dimensions, Science, 279,
1522–1524, 1998b.
Bell, R. L. and Cahn, R. W.: The nucleation problem in deformation
twinning, Acta Metall., 1, 752–753, 1953.
Bell, R. L. and Cahn, R. W.: The dynamics of twinning and the
interrelation of slip and twinning in zinc crystals, P.
Roy. Soc. Lond. A Mat.,
239, 494–521, 1957.
Bezacier, L., Reynard, B., Bass, J. D., Sanchez-Valle, C., and Van de
Moortèle, B.: Elasticity of antigorite, seismic detection of
serpentinites, and anisotropy in subduction zones, Earth Planet.
Sc. Lett., 289, 198–208, 2010.
Birch, A. F. and Bancroft, D.: The elasticity of certain rocks and massive
minerals, Am. J. Sci., 237, 2–6, 1938.
Brace, W. F.: Orientation of anisotropic minerals in a stress field:
discussion, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 79, 9–20, 1960.
Britton, T. B., Jiang, J., Guo, Y., Vilalta-Clemente, A., Wallis, D., Hansen,
L. N., Winkelmann, A., and Wilkinson, A. J.: Tutorial: Crystal orientations
and EBSD – Or which way is up?, Mater. Charact., 117, 113–126,
2016.
Brown, J. M., Angel, R. J., and Ross, N. L.: Elasticity of plagioclase
feldspars, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 663–675,
2016.
Cavosie, A. J., Erickson, T. M., and Timms, N. E.: Nanoscale records of
ancient shock deformation: Reidite (ZrSiO4) in sandstone at the Ordovician
Rock Elm impact crater, Geology, 43, 315–318, 2015.
Chen, C. C., Lin, C. C., Liu, L. G., Sinogeikin, S. V., and Bass, J. D.:
Elasticity of single-crystal calcite and rhodochrosite by Brillouin
spectroscopy, Am. Mineral., 86, 1525–1529, 2001.
Chopin, C.: Coesite and pure pyrope in high-grade blueschists of the Western
Alps: a first record and some consequences, Contrib. Mineral.
Petr., 86, 107–118, 1984.
Christian, J. W. and Mahajan, S.: Deformation twinning, Prog.
Mater. Sci., 39, 1–57, 1995.
Christoffel, E. B.: Uber die Fortpflanzung von Stössen durch elastische
feste Körper, Ann. Mat. Pur. Appl., 8,
193–243, 1877.
Clément, M., Padrón-Navarta, J. A., Tommasi, A., and Mainprice, D.:
Non-hydrostatic stress field orientation inferred from orthopyroxene (Pbca)
to low-clinoenstatite (P21/c) inversion in partially dehydrated
serpentinites, Am. Mineral., 103, 993–1001, 2018.
Coe, R. S.: The thermodynamic effect of shear stress on the ortho-clino
inversion in enstatite and other coherent phase transitions characterized by
a finite simple shear, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 26,
247–264, 1970.
Coe, R. S. and Muller, W. F.: Crystallographic orientation of clinoenstatite
produced by deformation of orthoenstatite, Science, 180, 64–66,
1973.
Coe, R. S. and Paterson, M. S.: The α–β inversion in quartz:
a coherent phase transition under nonhydrostatic stress, J.
Geophys. Res., 74, 4921–4948, 1969.
Cox, M. A., Cavosie, A. J., Ferrière, L., Timms, N. E., Bland, P. A.,
Miljković, K., Erickson, T. M., and Hess, B.: Shocked quartz in polymict
impact breccia from the Upper Cretaceous Yallalie impact structure in
Western Australia, Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 54, 621–637,
2019.
Davis, T., Healy, D., Bubeck, A., and Walker, R.: Stress concentrations
around voids in three dimensions: The roots of failure, J.
Struct. Geol., 102, 193–207, 2017.
Deer, W., Howie, R., and Zussman, J.: An introduction to the rock-forming minerals, Longman Scientific
and Technology, Essex, UK, 1992.
DeVore, G. W.: Elastic compliances of minerals related to crystallographic
orientation and elastic strain energy relations in twinned crystals, Lithos,
3, 193–208, 1970.
Erickson, T. M., Cavosie, A. J., Moser, D. E., Barker, I. R., and Radovan,
H. A.: Correlating planar microstructures in shocked zircon from the
Vredefort Dome at multiple scales: Crystallographic modeling, external and
internal imaging, and EBSD structural analysis, Am. Mineral., 98,
53–65, 2013.
Erickson, T. M., Pearce, M. A., Reddy, S. M., Timms, N. E., Cavosie, A. J.,
Bourdet, J., and Nemchin, A. A.: Microstructural constraints on the
mechanisms of the transformation to reidite in naturally shocked zircon,
Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 172, 6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-016-1322-0, 2017.
Eshelby, J. D.: The determination of the elastic field of an ellipsoidal
inclusion, and related problems, P. R. Soc. Lond. A-Conta., 241, 376–396, 1957.
Eshelby, J. D.: The elastic field outside an ellipsoidal inclusion,
P. R. Soc. Lond. A-Conta., 252, 561–569, 1959.
Gaillac, R., Pullumbi, P., and Coudert, F. X.: ELATE: an open-source online
application for analysis and visualization of elastic tensors, Journal of
Physics: Condensed Matter, 28, p. 275201, 2016.
Gercek, H.: Poisson's ratio values for rocks, Int. J. Rock
Mech. Min., 44, 1–13, 2007.
Gillet, P., Ingrin, J., and Chopin, C.: Coesite in subducted continental
crust: PT history deduced from an elastic model, Earth Planet. Sc.
Lett., 70, 426–436, 1984.
Greaves, G. N., Greer, A. L., Lakes, R. S., and Rouxel, T.: Poisson's ratio and
modern materials, Nat. Mater., 10, p. 823, 2011.
Green, A. E. and Taylor, G. I.: Stress systems in aeolotropic plates. I,
P. R. Soc. Lond. A-Conta., 173, 162–172, 1939.
Gunton, D. J. and Saunders, G. A.: The Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of
arsenic, antimony and bismuth, J. Mater. Sci., 7,
1061–1068, 1972.
Guo, C. Y. and Wheeler, L.: Extreme Poisson's ratios and related elastic
crystal properties, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 54,
690–707, 2006.
Hashash, Y. M., Yao, J. I. C., and Wotring, D. C.: Glyph and hyperstreamline
representation of stress and strain tensors and material constitutive
response, Int. J. Numer. Anal. Met., 27, 603–626, 2003.
Healy, D.: AnisoVis, GitHub, available at: https://github.com/DaveHealy-Aberdeen/AnisoVis, last access: 28 February 2020a.
Healy, D.: AnisoVis, MathWorks File Exchange, available at: https://uk.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/73177-anisovis, last access: 28 February 2020b.
Healy, D., Reddy, S. M., Timms, N. E., Gray, E. M., and Brovarone, A. V.:
Trench-parallel fast axes of seismic anisotropy due to fluid-filled cracks
in subducting slabs, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 283,
75–86, 2009.
Hearmon, R. F. S.: The elastic constants of anisotropic materials, Rev.
Modern Phys., 18, p. 409, 1946.
Hearmon, R. F. S.: The third-and higher-order elastic constants, Numerical
Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology,
Landolt-Bornstein, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 11, 1979.
Hearmon, R. F. S.: The elastic constants of crystals and other anisotropic
materials, Landolt-Bornstein Tables, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, III/18, p. 1154, 1984.
Hielscher, R. and Schaeben, H.: A novel pole figure inversion method:
specification of the MTEX algorithm, J. Appl. Crystallogr.,
41, 1024–1037, 2008.
Hill, R.: The elastic behaviour of a crystalline aggregate, P.
Phys. Soc. Lond. A, 65, p. 349, 1952.
Jaeger, J. C. and Cook, N. G.: Fundamentals of rock mechanics, Methuen and Co. Ltd., London, 513 pp., 1969.
Ji, S., Li, L., Motra, H. B., Wuttke, F., Sun, S., Michibayashi, K., and
Salisbury, M. H.: Poisson's ratio and auxetic properties of natural rocks,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 123, 1161–1185, 2018.
Jia, S. Q., Eaton, D. W., and Wong, R. C.: Stress inversion of shear-tensile
focal mechanisms with application to hydraulic fracture monitoring, Geophys. J. Int., 215, 546–563, 2018.
Jung, H., Green Ii, H. W., and Dobrzhinetskaya, L. F.: Intermediate-depth
earthquake faulting by dehydration embrittlement with negative volume
change, Nature, 428, p. 545, 2004.
Kamb, W. B.: The thermodynamic theory of nonhydrostatically stressed solids,
J. Geophys. Res., 66, 259–271, 1961.
Karki, B. B. and Chennamsetty, R.: A visualization system for mineral
elasticity, Visual Geosciences, 9, 49–57, 2004.
Kern, H.: Elastic-wave velocity in crustal and mantle rocks at high pressure
and temperature: the role of the high-low quartz transition and of
dehydration reactions, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 29,
12–23, 1982.
Kibey, S., Liu, J. B., Johnson, D. D., and Sehitoglu, H.: Predicting
twinning stress in fcc metals: Linking twin-energy pathways to twin
nucleation, Acta Mater., 55, 6843–6851, 2007.
Kratz, A., Auer, C., and Hotz, I.: Tensor Invariants and Glyph Design, in: Visualization and Processing of Tensors and Higher Order Descriptors for Multi-Valued Data, 17–34, Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg, 2014.
Lacazette, A.: Application of linear elastic fracture mechanics to the
quantitative evaluation of fluid-inclusion decrepitation, Geology, 18,
782–785, 1990.
Lakes, R.: Foam structures with a negative Poisson's ratio, Science, 235,
1038–1041, 1987.
Lakshtanov, D. L., Sinogeikin, S. V., and Bass, J. D.: High-temperature phase
transitions and elasticity of silica polymorphs, Phys. Chem.
Miner., 34, 11–22, 2007.
Lethbridge, Z. A., Walton, R. I., Marmier, A. S., Smith, C. W., and Evans, K. E.:
Elastic anisotropy and extreme Poisson's ratios in single crystals, Acta
Mater., 58, 6444–6451, 2010.
Li, Y.: The anisotropic behavior of Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, and
shear modulus in hexagonal materials, Phys. Status Solidi A, 38,
171–175, 1976.
Li, J., Zheng, Y., Thomsen, L., Lapen, T. J., and Fang, X.: Deep earthquakes
in subducting slabs hosted in highly anisotropic rock fabric, Nat.
Geoscie., 11, p. 696, 2018.
Lloyd, G. E. and Kendall, J. M.: Petrofabric-derived seismic properties of a
mylonitic quartz simple shear zone: implications for seismic reflection
profiling, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 240,
75–94, 2005.
MacDonald, G. J.: Orientation of anisotropic minerals in a stress field,
Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 79, 1–8, 1960.
Mainprice, D.: A FORTRAN program to calculate seismic anisotropy from the
lattice preferred orientation of minerals, Comput. Geosci.,
16, 385–393, 1990.
Mainprice, D. and Casey, M.: The calculated seismic properties of quartz
mylonites with typical fabrics: relationship to kinematics and temperature,
Geophys. J. Int., 103, 599–608, 1990.
Mainprice, D., Le Page, Y., Rodgers, J., and Jouanna, P.: Ab initio elastic
properties of talc from 0 to 12 GPa: interpretation of seismic velocities at
mantle pressures and prediction of auxetic behaviour at low pressure, Earth
Planet. Sc. Lett., 274, 327–338, 2008.
Mainprice, D., Hielscher, R., and Schaeben, H.: Calculating anisotropic
physical properties from texture data using the MTEX open-source package,
Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 360, 175–192, 2011.
Mainprice, D., Bachmann, F., Hielscher, R., Schaeben, H., and Lloyd, G. E.:
Calculating anisotropic piezoelectric properties from texture data using the
MTEX open source package, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ.,
409, 223–249, 2015.
Mandell, W.: The determination of the elastic moduli of the piezo-electric
crystal Rochelle salt by a statical method,, P.
Roy. Soc. Lond. A Mat., 116, 623–636, 1927.
Manghnani, M. H.: Elastic constants of single crystal rutile under pressures
to 7.5 kilobars, J.Geophys. Res., 74, 4317–4328,
1969.
Mao, Z., Jiang, F., and Duffy, T. S.: Single-crystal elasticity of zoisite
Ca2Al3Si3O12 (OH) by Brillouin scattering, Am. Mineral., 92,
570–576, 2007.
Marmier, A., Lethbridge, Z. A., Walton, R. I., Smith, C. W., Parker, S. C., and
Evans, K. E.: ElAM: A computer program for the analysis and representation of
anisotropic elastic properties, Comput. Phys. Commun., 181,
2102–2115, 2010.
Mazzucchelli, M. L., Burnley, P., Angel, R. J., Morganti, S., Domeneghetti,
M. C., Nestola, F., and Alvaro, M.: Elastic geothermobarometry: Corrections
for the geometry of the host-inclusion system, Geology, 46, 231–234,
2018.
Menegon, L., Piazolo, S., and Pennacchioni, G.: The effect of Dauphiné
twinning on plastic strain in quartz, Contrib. Mineral.
Petr., 161, 635–652, 2011.
Militzer, B., Wenk, H. R., Stackhouse, S., and Stixrude, L.: First-principles
calculation of the elastic moduli of sheet silicates and their application
to shale anisotropy, Am. Mineral., 96, 125–137, 2011.
Moore, J. G., Schorn, S. A., and Moore, J.: Methods of Classical Mechanics
Applied to Turbulence Stresses in a Tip Leakage Vortex, J.
Turbomach., 118, 622–629, 1996.
Mørk, M. B. E. and Moen, K.: Compaction microstructures in quartz
grains and quartz cement in deeply buried reservoir sandstones using
combined petrography and EBSD analysis, J. Struct. Geol.,
29, 1843–1854, 2007.
Nye, J. F.: Physical properties of crystals: their representation by tensors and matrices, Oxford University Press, 1985.
Ogi, H., Ohmori, T., Nakamura, N., and Hirao, M.: Elastic, anelastic, and
piezoelectric coefficients of α-quartz determined by resonance
ultrasound spectroscopy, J. Appl. Phys., 100, 053511, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2335684, 2006.
Olierook, H. K., Timms, N. E., and Hamilton, P. J.: Mechanisms for
permeability modification in the damage zone of a normal fault, northern
Perth Basin, Western Australia, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 50, 130–147,
2014.
Özkan, H.: Effect of nuclear radiation on the elastic moduli of zircon,
J. Appl. Phys., 47, 4772–4779, 1976.
Özkan, H. and Jamieson, J. C.: Pressure dependence of the elastic
constants of non-metamict zircon, Phys. Chem. Miner., 2,
215–224, 1978.
Pabst, W. and Gregorová, E. V. A.: Elastic properties of silica
polymorphs – a review, Ceramics-Silikaty, 57, 167–184, 2013.
Pasternak, E. and Dyskin, A. V.: Materials and structures with macroscopic
negative Poisson's ratio, Int. J. Eng. Sci., 52,
103–114, 2012.
Paterson, M. S.: Nonhydrostatic thermodynamics and its geologic applications,
Rev. Geophys., 11, 355–389, 1973.
Pollard, D. D. and Fletcher, R. C.: Fundamentals of Structural Geology, Cambridge University Press, 512 pp.,
2005.
Pond, R. C., Hirth, J. P., Serra, A., and Bacon, D. J.: Atomic
displacements accompanying deformation twinning: shears and shuffles,
Mater. Res. Lett., 4, 185–190, 2016.
Prawoto, Y.: Seeing auxetic materials from the mechanics point of view: a
structural review on the negative Poisson's ratio, Comp. Mater.
Sci., 58, 140–153, 2012.
Raleigh, C. B. and Paterson, M. S.: Experimental deformation of serpentinite
and its tectonic implications, J. Geophys. Res., 70,
3965–3985, 1965.
Ranganathan, S. I. and Ostoja-Starzewski, M.: Universal elastic anisotropy
index, Phys. Rev. Lett., 101, 055504, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.055504, 2008.
Raymond, E.: The cathedral and the bazaar, Knowledge, Technology and
Policy, 12, 23–49, 1999.
Reynard, B., Hilairet, N., Balan, E., and Lazzeri, M.: Elasticity of
serpentines and extensive serpentinization in subduction zones, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 34, L13307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030176, 2007.
Rosenfeld, J. L.: Stress effects around quartz inclusions in almandine and
the piezothermometry of coexisting aluminum silicates, Am. J.
Sci., 267, 317–351, 1969.
Rosenfeld, J. L. and Chase, A. B.: Pressure and temperature of
crystallization from elastic effects around solid inclusions in minerals?,
Am. J. Sci., 259, 519–541, 1961.
Rovati, M.: Directions of auxeticity for monoclinic crystals, Scripta
Mater., 51, 1087–1091, 2004.
Ryzhova, T. V.: Elastic properties of plagioclases, Akad. SSSR Izv. Ser.
Geofiz., 7, 1049–1051, 1964.
Serra, A. and Bacon, D. J.: A new model for {10 1
2} twin growth in hcp metals, Philos. Mag. A, 73,
333–343, 1996.
Sinogeikin, S. V., Schilling, F. R., and Bass, J. D.: Single crystal elasticity
of lawsonite, Am. Mineral., 85, 1834–1837, 2000.
Tan, J. C., Civalleri, B., Erba, A., and Albanese, E.: Quantum mechanical
predictions to elucidate the anisotropic elastic properties of zeolitic
imidazolate frameworks: ZIF-4 vs. ZIF-zni, CrystEngComm, 17, 375–382,
2015.
Tatham, D. J., Lloyd, G. E., Butler, R. W. H., and Casey, M.: Amphibole and
lower crustal seismic properties, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
267, 118–128, 2008.
Thomas, L. A. and Wooster, W. A.: Piezoerescence – the growth of Dauphiné
twinning in quartz under stress, P.
Roy. Soc. Lond. A Mat., 208, 43–62, 1951.
Thyng, K. M., Greene, C. A., Hetland, R. D., Zimmerle, H. M., and DiMarco, S. F.:
True colors of oceanography: Guidelines for effective and accurate colormap
selection, Oceanography, 29, 9–13, 2016.
Timms, N. E., Healy, D., Reyes-Montes, J. M., Collins, D. S., Prior, D. J., and
Young, R. P.: Effects of crystallographic anisotropy on fracture development
and acoustic emission in quartz, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol.
Ea., 115, B07202, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006765, 2010.
Timms, N. E., Reddy, S. M., Healy, D., Nemchin, A. A., Grange, M. L.,
Pidgeon, R. T., and Hart, R.: Resolution of impact-related microstructures
in lunar zircon: A shock deformation mechanism map, Meteoritics and
Planetary Science, 47, 120–141, 2012.
Timms, N. E., Erickson, T. M., Pearce, M. A., Cavosie, A. J., Schmieder, M.,
Tohver, E., Reddy, S. M., Zanetti, M. R., Nemchin, A. A., and Wittmann, A.: A
pressure-temperature phase diagram for zircon at extreme conditions,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 165, 185–202, 2017.
Timms, N. E., Healy, D., Erickson, T. M., Nemchin, A. A., Pearce, M. A., and
Cavosie, A. J.: The role of elastic anisotropy in the development of
deformation microstructures in zircon, in: AGU Monograph: Microstructural Geochronology, edited by: Moser, D., Corfu, F., Reddy, S.,
Darling, J., and Tait, K.,
Lattice to Atom-Scale Records of Planetary Evolution, AGU-Wiley, Washington, D.C., 183–202,
2018.
Timms, N. E., Pearce, M. A., Erickson, T. M., Cavosie, A. J., Rae, A. S.,
Wheeler, J., Wittmann, A., Ferrière, L., Poelchau, M. H., Tomioka, N.,
and Collins, G. S.: New shock microstructures in titanite (CaTiSiO5) from
the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact structure, Mexico, Contrib.
Mineral. Petr., 174, p. 38, 2019.
Thompson, N. and Millard, D. J.: Twin formation, in cadmium, The London,
Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science,
43, 422–440, 1952.
Ting, T. C. T. and Chen, T.: Poisson's ratio for anisotropic elastic
materials can have no bounds, The quarterly journal of mechanics and applied
mathematics, 58, 73–82, 2005.
Tommasi, A., Gibert, B., Seipold, U., and Mainprice, D.: Anisotropy of
thermal diffusivity in the upper mantle, Nature, 411, p. 783, 2001.
Tomé, C. N. and Lebensohn, R. A.: Manual for Code Visco-Plastic
Self-Consistent (VPSC) (Version 7c), Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA,
2009.
Tullis, J.: Quartz: preferred orientation in rocks produced by Dauphiné
twinning, Science, 168, 1342–1344, 1970.
Turley, J. and Sines, G.: The anisotropy of Young's modulus, shear modulus
and Poisson's ratio in cubic materials, J. Phys. D, 4, p. 264, 1971.
Van der Molen, I. and Van Roermund, H. L. M.: The pressure path of solid
inclusions in minerals: the retention of coesite inclusions during uplift,
Lithos, 19, 317–324, 1986.
Vavryčuk, V.: Focal mechanisms in anisotropic media, Geophys. J.
Int., 161, 334–346, 2005.
Verma, R. K.: Elasticity of some high-density crystals, J.
Geophys. Res., 65, 757–766, 1960.
Waeselmann, N., Brown, J. M., Angel, R. J., Ross, N., Zhao, J., and Kaminsky,
W.: The elastic tensor of monoclinic alkali feldspars, Am.
Mineral., 101, 1228–1231, 2016.
Walker, A. M. and Wookey, J.: MSAT – A new toolkit for the analysis of
elastic and seismic anisotropy, Comput. Geosci., 49, 81–90,
2012.
Weidner, D. J. and Carleton, H. R.: Elasticity of coesite, J.
Geophys. Res., 82, 1334–1346, 1977.
Wenk, H. R., Janssen, C., Kenkmann, T., and Dresen, G.: Mechanical twinning
in quartz: shock experiments, impact, pseudotachylites and fault breccias,
Tectonophysics, 510, 69–79, 2011.
Wheeler, J.: Importance of pressure solution and Coble creep in the
deformation of polymineralic rocks, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol.
Ea., 97, 4579–4586, 1992.
Wheeler, J.: The effects of stress on reactions in the Earth: Sometimes
rather mean, usually normal, always important, J. Metamorph.
Geol., 36, 439–461, 2018.
Wu, Y., Yi, N., Huang, L., Zhang, T., Fang, S., Chang, H., Li, N., Oh, J.,
Lee, J. A., Kozlov, M., and Chipara, A. C.: Three-dimensionally bonded spongy
graphene material with super compressive elasticity and near-zero Poisson's
ratio, Nat. Commun., 6, p. 6141, 2015.
Yeganeh-Haeri, A., Weidner, D. J., and Parise, J. B.: Elasticity of α-cristobalite: a silicon dioxide with a negative Poisson's ratio, Science,
257, 650–652, 1992.
Zhang, Y.: Mechanical and phase equilibria in inclusion–host systems, Earth
Planet. Sc. Lett., 157, 209–222, 1998.
Zhou, B. and Greenhalgh, S.: On the computation of elastic wave group
velocities for a general anisotropic medium, J. Geophys.
Eng., 1, 205–215, 2004.
Short summary
Rock-forming minerals behave elastically, a property that controls their ability to support stress and strain, controls the transmission of seismic waves, and influences subsequent permanent deformation. Minerals are intrinsically anisotropic in their elastic properties; that is, they have directional variations that are related to the crystal lattice. We explore this directionality and present new ways of visualising it. We hope this will enable further advances in understanding deformation.
Rock-forming minerals behave elastically, a property that controls their ability to support...
