Articles | Volume 13, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Structural complexities and tectonic barriers controlling recent seismic activity in the Pollino area (Calabria–Lucania, southern Italy) – constraints from stress inversion and 3D fault model building
Università degli studi “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, DiSPuTer, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
CRUST Centro inteRUniversitario per l'analisi SismoTettonica
tridimensionale, Italy
Cristina Totaro
CRUST Centro inteRUniversitario per l'analisi SismoTettonica
tridimensionale, Italy
Università degli studi di Messina, Dipartimento di Scienze
Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Viale F.
Stagno D'Alcontres, 98166, Messina, Italy
Giusy Lavecchia
Università degli studi “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, DiSPuTer, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
CRUST Centro inteRUniversitario per l'analisi SismoTettonica
tridimensionale, Italy
Barbara Orecchio
CRUST Centro inteRUniversitario per l'analisi SismoTettonica
tridimensionale, Italy
Università degli studi di Messina, Dipartimento di Scienze
Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Viale F.
Stagno D'Alcontres, 98166, Messina, Italy
Rita de Nardis
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Università degli studi “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, DiSPuTer, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
CRUST Centro inteRUniversitario per l'analisi SismoTettonica
tridimensionale, Italy
Debora Presti
CRUST Centro inteRUniversitario per l'analisi SismoTettonica
tridimensionale, Italy
Università degli studi di Messina, Dipartimento di Scienze
Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Viale F.
Stagno D'Alcontres, 98166, Messina, Italy
Federica Ferrarini
Università degli studi “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, DiSPuTer, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
CRUST Centro inteRUniversitario per l'analisi SismoTettonica
tridimensionale, Italy
Simone Bello
Università degli studi “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, DiSPuTer, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
CRUST Centro inteRUniversitario per l'analisi SismoTettonica
tridimensionale, Italy
Francesco Brozzetti
Università degli studi “G. d'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, DiSPuTer, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
CRUST Centro inteRUniversitario per l'analisi SismoTettonica
tridimensionale, Italy
Related authors
Maurizio Ercoli, Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Pauselli, Harry M. Jol, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 12, 2573–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Past strong earthquakes can produce topographic deformations, often
memorizedin Quaternary sediments, which are typically studied by paleoseismologists through trenching. Using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we unveiled possible buried Quaternary faulting in the Mt. Pollino seismic gap region (southern Italy). We aim to contribute to seismic hazard assessment of an area potentially prone to destructive events as well as promote our workflow in similar contexts around the world.
Rita de Nardis, Donato Talone, Luca De Siena, Maria Adelaide Romano, Francesco Brozzetti, and Giusy Lavecchia
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3844, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3844, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Solid Earth (SE).
Short summary
Short summary
The Outer Thrust System (OTS) in coastal Abruzzi (Italy) remains debated in terms of its geometry, seismic activity, and deformation style. This study presents a new seismic tomography of the Abruzzi Arc basal thrust, revealing mid-crustal doubling at depths of 14–24 km. The conceptual 3D model highlights deep compressive tectonics influencing the crustal structure. If the thrust is seismogenic, it could have significant implications for regional geodynamics and seismic hazard assessment.
Guido Maria Adinolfi, Raffaella De Matteis, Rita de Nardis, and Aldo Zollo
Solid Earth, 13, 65–83, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-65-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-65-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a methodology useful to evaluate (1) the reliability of a focal mechanism solution inferred by the inversion of seismological data and (2) the performance of a seismic network, operated to monitor natural or induced seismicity, to assess focal mechanism solutions. As a test case, we studied the focal mechanism reliability by using synthetic data computed for ISNet, a local seismic network monitoring the Irpinia fault system (southern Italy).
Maurizio Ercoli, Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Pauselli, Harry M. Jol, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 12, 2573–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Past strong earthquakes can produce topographic deformations, often
memorizedin Quaternary sediments, which are typically studied by paleoseismologists through trenching. Using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we unveiled possible buried Quaternary faulting in the Mt. Pollino seismic gap region (southern Italy). We aim to contribute to seismic hazard assessment of an area potentially prone to destructive events as well as promote our workflow in similar contexts around the world.
Cited articles
Allmendinger, R. W.: FaultKin8 software, available at: https://www.rickallmendinger.net/faultkin, last access: 19 April 2021.
Allmendinger, R. W., Cardozo, N., and Fisher, D.: Structural geology
algorithms: Vectors and tensors of structural geology, Cambridge, England,
Cambridge University Press, 289 pp.,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756812000192, 2012.
Allmendinger, R. W., Siron, C. R., and Scott, C. P.: Structural data collection
with mobile devices: Accuracy, redundancy, and best practices, J. Struct. Geol., 102, 98–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.07.011, 2017.
Amicucci, L., Barchi, M. R., Montone, P., and Rubilani, N.: The Vallo di
Diano and Auletta extensional basins in the southern Apennines (Italy): a
simple model for a complex setting, Terra Nova, 20, 475–482, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2008.00841.x, 2008.
Amodio Morelli, L., Bonardi, G., Colonna, V., Dietrich, D., Giunta, G.,
Ippolito, F., Liguori, V., Lorenzoni, S., Paglionico, A., Perrone, V.,
Piccarreta, G., Russo, M., Scandone, P., Zanettin-Lorenzoni, E., and
Zuppetta, A.: L'Arco calabro peloritano nell'orogene appenninico-maghrebide,
Mem. Soc. Geol. It., 17, 1–60, 1976.
Angelier, J. and Mechler, P.: Sur une méthode graphique de recherche
des contraintes principales également utilisable en tectonique et en
séismologie: la méthode des dièdres droits, B. Soc. Gèol.
Fr., 7, 1309–1318, 1977.
Arrigo, G., Roumelioti, Z., Benetatos, C., Kiratzi, A., Bottari, A., Neri,
G., Termini, D., Gorini, A., and Marcucci, S.: A source study of the 9
September 1998 (Mw5.6) Castelluccio Earthquakes in Southern Italy using
Teleseismic and strong motion data, Nat. Hazards, 37, 245–262,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-005-4644-1, 2006.
Ascione, A., Mazzoli, S., Petrosino, P., and Valente, E.: A decoupled
kinematic model for active normal faults: insights from the 1980, MS=6.9
Irpinia earthquake, southern Italy, GSA Bull., 125, 1239–1259,
https://doi.org/10.1130/B30814.1, 2013.
Barchi, M., Lavecchia, G., Galadini, F., Messina, P., Michetti, A. M.,
Peruzza, L., Pizzi, A., Tondi, E., and Vittori, E.: Sintesi delle conoscenze
geologiche sulle faglie responsabili dei terremoti maggiori in Italia
Centrale: Parametrizzazione ai fini della caratterizzazione della
pericolosità sismica, Gruppo Naz. per la Difesa dai Terremoti, CNR,
Rome, ISBN 88-900449-7-7, available at: https://emidius.mi.ingv.it/GNDT2/Pubblicazioni/Barchi.htm (last access: 19 April 2021), 1999.
Barchi, M., Amato, A., Cippitelli, G., Merlini, S., and Montone, P.:
Extensional tectonics and seismicity in the axial zone of the southern
Apennines, Boll. Soc. Geol. It., 7, 47–56, 2007.
Barchi, M. R., De Feyter, A., Magnani, M. B., Minelli, G., Pialli, G., and
Sotera, B. M.: Extensional tectonics in the northern Apennines (Italy):
Evidence from the CROP03 deep seismic reflection line, Mem. Soc. Geol.
Ital., 52, 527–538, 1998.
Barchi, M. R., Carboni, F., Michele, M., Ercoli, M., Giorgetti, C., Porreca,
M., Azzaro, S., and Chiaraluce, L.: The influence of subsurface geology on
the distribution of earthquakes during the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic
sequence,
Tectonophysics, 807, 228797, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2021.228797,
2021.
Bello, S., de Nardis, R., Scarpa, R., Brozzetti, F., Cirillo, D., Ferrarini, F.,
di Lieto, B., Arrowsmith, J R., and Lavecchia, G.: Fault Pattern and
Seismotectonic Style of the Campania-Lucania 1980 Earthquake (Mw6.9,
Southern Italy): New Multidisciplinary Constraints, Front. Earth
Sci., 8, 652, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.608063,
2021a.
Bello, S., Scott, C. P., Ferrarini, F., Brozzetti, F., Scott, T., Cirillo,
D., de Nardis, R., Arrowsmith, J R., and Lavecchia, G.: High-resolution
surface faulting from the 1983 Idaho Lost River Fault Mw6.9 earthquake and
previous events, Sci. Data, 8, 68, 1–20,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00838-6, 2021b.
Bello, S., Andrenacci, C., Cirillo, D., Scott, T., Brozzetti, F., Arrowsmith
J R., and Lavecchia G.: High-detail fault segmentation: Deep insight into
the anatomy of the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake rupture zone (Mw6.9, Idaho,
USA), Lithosphere, 2022, 8100224, https://doi.org/10.2113/2021/8100224, 2022.
Blumetti, A. M., Esposito, E., Ferreli, L., Michetti, A. M., Porfido, S.,
Serva, L., and Vittori, E.: New data and reinterpretation of November 23, 1980, M 6.9 Irpinia-Lucania earthquake (Southern Apennines) coseismic surface effects, edited by: Dramis, F., Farabollini, P., and Molin, P., in: Large-scale vertical movements and related gravitational processes, Studi Geologici Camerti, special issue, 19-27, 2002.
Bonini, L., Toscani, G., and Seno S.: Three-dimensional segmentation and
different rupture behavior during the 2012 Emilia seismic sequence (Northern
Italy), Tectonophysics, 630, 33–42,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.05.006, 2014.
Bousquet, J. C.: La tectonique tangentielle des series calcareo-dolomitiques
du nord-est de l'Apennin Calabro-Lucanien (Italie Méridionale), Geologica Romana, 10, 23–52, 1971.
Bousquet, J. C. and Gueremy, P.: Quelques Phénomènes de
Néotectonique dans l'Apennin Calabro-Lucanien et Leurs Conséquences
Morphologiques, Rev. Géogr. Phys. Géol. Dynam., 10, 225–238, 1969.
Brozzetti, F.: The Campania-Lucania extensional fault system (southern
Italy): a suggestion for a uniform model of active extension in the Italian
Apennines, Tectonics, 30, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002794, 2011.
Brozzetti, F. and Lavecchia, G.: Seismicity and related extensional stress
field: the case of the Norcia Seismic Zone (Central Italy), Ann. Tectonicae,
8, 36–57, 1994.
Brozzetti, F., Lavecchia, G., Mancini, G., Milana, G., and Cardinali, M.:
Analysis of the 9 September 1998 Mw5.6 Mercure earthquake sequence
(southern Apennines, Italy): a multidisciplinary approach, Tectonophysics,
476, 210–225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.12.007,
2009.
Brozzetti, F., Cirillo, D., Liberi, F., Faraca, E., and Piluso, E.: The Crati
Valley Extensional System: field and subsurface evidences, Rend. Online Soc.
Geol. It., 21, 159–161, 2012.
Brozzetti, F., Cirillo, D., de Nardis, R., Cardinali, M., Lavecchia, G.,
Orecchio, B., Presti D., and Totaro, C.: Newly identified active faults in
the Pollino seismic gap, southern Italy, and their seismotectonic
significance, J. Struct. Geol., 94, 13–31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.10.005, 2017a.
Brozzetti, F., Cirillo, D., Liberi, F., Piluso, E., Faraca, E., De Nardis,
R., and Lavecchia, G.: Structural style of Quaternary extension in the Crati
Valley (Calabrian Arc): Evidence in support of an east-dipping detachment
fault, It. Journ. of Geosci., 136, 434–453, https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2017.11, 2017b.
Brozzetti, F., Mondini, A. C., Pauselli, C., Mancinelli, P., Cirillo, D., Guzzetti, F., and Lavecchia, G.: Mainshock Anticipated by Intra-Sequence Ground Deformations: Insights from Multiscale Field and SAR Interferometric Measurements, Geosciences, 10, 186, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10050186, 2020.
Brozzetti, F., Cirillo, D., and Luchetti, L.: Timing of Contractional
Tectonics in the Miocene Foreland Basin System of the Umbria Pre-Apennines
(Italy): An Updated Overview, Geosciences, 11, 97,
https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020097, 2021.
Caiazzo, C., Giovine, B., Ortolani, F., Pagliuca, S., Schiattarella, M.,
Barchi, and Vitale, C.: Genesi ed evoluzione strutturale della depressione
tettonica dell'alta valle del Fiume Sele (Appennino Campano Lucano), Stud.
Geol. Camerti, 1992, 245–255, 1992.
Calamita, F., Pizzi, A., and Roscioni, M.: I fasci di faglie recenti ed
attive di M. Vettore – M. Bove e di M. Castello - M. Cardosa (Appennino
Umbro-Marchigiano), in: Studi Geologici Camerti, Università di Camerino,
Camerino, Italy, available at: http://193.204.8.201:8080/jspui/handle/1336/552 (last access: 19 April
2021), 81–95, 1992.
Cambiotti, G., Palano, M., Orecchio, B., Marotta, A. M., Barzaghi, R., Neri, G., and Sabadini, R.: New Insights into Long-Term Aseismic Deformation and Regional Strain Rates from GNSS Data Inversion: The Case of the Pollino and Castrovillari Faults, Remote Sensing, 12, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12182921, 2020.
Castaldo, R., de Nardis, R., DeNovellis, V., Ferrarini, F., Lanari, R., Lavecchia, G., Pepe, S., Solaro, G., and Tizzani, P.: Coseismic Stress and Strain Field Changes Investigation Through 3-D Finite Element Modeling of DInSAR and GPS Measurements and Geological/Seismological Data: The L'Aquila (Italy) 2009 Earthquake Case Study, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 123, 4193–4222, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jb014453, 2018.
Castello, B., Selvaggi, G., Chiarabba, C., and Amato, A.: CSI Catalogo della
sismicità italiana 1981–2002, versione 1.1., INGV-CNT, available at https://csi.rm.ingv.it/ (last access: 19 April 2021), Roma, 2006.
Cello, G., Tondi, E., Micarelli, L., and Mattioni L.: Active tectonics and
earthquake sources in the epicentral area of the 1857 Basilicata earthquake
(southern Italy), J. Geodyn., 36, 37–50,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(03)00037-1, 2003.
Cheloni, D., D'Agostino, N., Selvaggi, G., Avallone, A., Fornaro, G., Giuliani, R., Reale, D., Sansosti, E., and Tizzani, P.: Aseismic transient during the 2010–2014 seismic swarm: evidence for longer recurrence of M ≥6.5 earthquakes in the Pollino gap (Southern Italy)?, Sci. Rep., 7, 576, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00649-z, 2017.
Chiaraluce, L., Amato, A., Cocco, M., Chiarabba, C., Selvaggi, G., Di Bona,
M., Piccinini, D., Deschamps, A., Margheriti, L., Courboulex, F., and
Ripepe, M.: Complex normal faulting in the Apennines thrust-and-fold belt:
The 1997 seismic sequence in Central Italy, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 94,
99–116, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020052, 2004.
Chiaraluce, L., Barchi, M. R., Collettini, C., Mirabella, F., and Pucci, S.:
Connecting seismically active normal faults with Quaternary geological
structures: the Colfiorito 1997 case history (Northern Apennines, Italy),
Tectonics, 24, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004TC001627, 2005.
Chiaraluce, L., Valoroso, L., Piccinini, D., Di Stefano, R., and De Gori,
P.: The anatomy of the 2009 L'Aquila normal fault system (central Italy)
imaged by high resolution foreshock and aftershock locations, J. Geophys.
Res., 116, B12311, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008352, 2011.
Chiaraluce, L., Di Stefano, R., Tinti, E., Scognamiglio, L., Michele, M.,
Casarotti, E., Cattaneo, M., De Gori, P., Chiarabba, C., Monachesi, G.,
Lombardi, A., Valoroso, L., Latorre, D., and Marzorati, S.: The 2016 Central
Italy Seismic Sequence: A First Look at the Mainshocks, Aftershocks, and
Source Models, Seismol. Res. Lett., 88, 757–771, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220160221, 2017.
Cifelli, F., Rossetti, F., and Mattei, M.: The architecture of brittle
postorogenic extension: Results from an integrated structural and
paleomagnetic study in north Calabria (southern Italy), GSA Bull., 119, 221–239, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25900.1, 2007.
Cinque, A., Patacca, E., Scandone, P., and Tozzi, M.: Quaternary kinematic
evolution of the southern apennines. relationship between surface geological
features and lithospheric structures, Ann. Geofisc., 36, 249–260,
https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-4283, 1993.
Cinque, A., Ascione, A., and Caiazzo, C.: Distribuzione spaziotemporale e
caratterizzazione della fagliazione quaternaria in Appennino meridionale, in
Le Ricerche del GNDT nel Campo Della Pericolosità Sismica (1996–1999),
edited by: Galadini, F., Meletti, C., and Rebez, A., 397 pp., CNR, Gruppo Naz.
per la Difesa dai Terremoti, Rome, ISBN 88-900449-2-6, 2000.
Cinti, F. R., Cucci, L., Pantosti, D., D'Addezio, G., and Meghraoui, M.: A
major seismogenic fault in a “silent area”: the Castrovillari fault
(Southern Apennines, Italy), Geophys. J. Int., 130,
595–605, 1997.
Cinti, F. R., Moro, M., Pantosti, D., Cucci, L., and D'Addezio, G.: New
constraints on the seismic history of the Castrovillari fault in the Pollino
gap (Calabria, southern Italy), J. Seismol., 6, 199–217,
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015693127008, 2002.
Cirillo, D.: Digital Field Mapping and Drone-Aided Survey for Structural
Geological Data Collection and Seismic Hazard Assessment: Case of the 2016
Central Italy Earthquakes, Appl. Sci., 10, 5233, https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155233, 2020.
CorelDRAW: Graphics Suite, v. 2020, available at: https://www.coreldraw.com/, last access: 19 April 2021.
D'Agostino, N., Giuliani, R., Mattone, M., and Bonci, L.: Active crustal
extension in the central Apennines (Italy) inferred from GPS measurements in
the interval 1994–1999, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2121–2124,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012462, 2001.
D'Agostino, N.: Complete seismic release of tectonic strain and earthquake
recurrence in the Apennines (Italy), Geophys. Res. Lett 41, 1155–1162,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059230, 2014.
D'Alessandro, A., Gervasi, A., and Guerra, I.: Evolution and strengthening
of the Calabrian regional seismic network. Adv. Geosci., 36, 11–16, 2013.
D'Argenio, B.: L'Appennino Campano Lucano. Vecchi e nuovi modelli geologici
tra gli anni sessanta e gli inizi degli anni ottanta, Mem. Soc. Geol. It.,
41, 3–15, 1992.
Delaunay, B.: Sur la sphere vide, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR(VII), Classe Sci.
Mat. Nat., 6, 793–800, 1934.
Delvaux, D.: Win-Tensor, available at: http://damiendelvaux.be/Tensor/WinTensor/win-tensor.html, last access: 19 April 2021.
Delvaux, D. and Sperner, B.: New aspects of tectonic stress inversion with
reference to the TENSOR program, in: New Insights into Structural
Interpretation and Modelling, edited by: Nieuwland, D. A., J. Geol. Soc. London
Spec. Publ., 212, 75–100, 2003.
Delvaux, D. and Barth, A.: African stress pattern from formal inversion of
focal mechanism data, Tectonophysics, 482, 105–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.05.009, 2010.
Devoti, R., Esposito, A., Pietrantonio, G., Pisani, A. R., and Riguzzi, F.:
Evidence of large-scale deformation patterns from GPS data in the italian
subduction boundary, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 311, 230–241,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.09.034, 2011.
De Matteis, R., Convertito, V., Napolitano, F., Amoroso, O., Terakawa, T.,
and Capuano, P.: Pore fluid pressure imaging of the Mt. Pollino region
(southern Italy) from earthquake focal mechanisms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL094552, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094552, 2021.
Di Bucci, D., Buttinelli, M., D'Ambrogi, C., and Scrocca, D., and the
RETRACE-3D Working Group: The RETRACE-3D multi-data and multi-expertise
approach towards the construction of a 3D crustal model for the 2016–2018
Central Italy seismic sequence, Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 62, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.4430/bgta0343, 2021.
Elter, P., Giglia, G., Tongiorgi, M., and Trevisan, L.: Tensional and
compressional areas in the recent (Tortonian to present) evolution of the
northern Apennines, Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl., 17, 3–18, 1975.
Ercoli, M., Pauselli, C., Forte, E., Frigeri, A., and Federico, C.: The Mt.
Pollino Fault (southern Apennines, Italy): GPR signature of Holocenic
earthquakes in a “silent” area, in: Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar
(IWAGPR), 2013 7th International Workshop, IEEE, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1109/IWAGPR.2013.6601510, Nantes, France, 2–5 July 2013.
Ercoli, M., Cirillo, D., Pauselli, C., Jol, H. M., and Brozzetti, F.: Ground-penetrating radar signature of Quaternary faulting: a study from the Mt. Pollino region, southern Apennines, Italy, Solid Earth, 12, 2573–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, 2021.
ESRI: ArcMap/ArcGIS, v. 10.8, available at: https://www.esri.com/en-us/home, last access: 19 April 2021.
Faure Walker, J. P., Roberts, G. P., Cowie, P. A., Papanikolaou, I., Michetti, A. M., Sammonds, P., Wilkinson, M., McCaffrey, K. J. W., and Phillips, R. J.: Relationship between topography, rates of extension and mantle dynamics in the actively-extending Italian Apennines, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 325–326, 76–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.01.028, 2012.
Ferranti, L., Palano, M., Cannavò, F., Mazzella, M. E., Oldow, J. S., Gueguen, E., Mattia, M., and Monaco, C.: Rates of geodetic deformation across active faults in southern Italy, Tectonophysics, 621, 101–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.02.007, 2014.
Ferranti, L., Milano, G., and Pierro, M.: Insights on the seismotectonics of
the western part of northern Calabria (southern Italy) by integrated
geological and geophysical data: coexistence of shallow extensional and deep
strike-slip kinematics, Tectonophysics, 721, 372–386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.09.020, 2017.
Ferrarini, F., Lavecchia, G., de Nardis, R., and Brozzetti, F.: Fault
geometry and active stress from earthquakes and field geology data analysis:
the Colfiorito 1997 and L'Aquila 2009 cases (central Italy), Pure Appl.
Geoph., 172, 1079–1103, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0931-7, 2015.
Ferrarini, F., Boncio, P., de Nardis, R., Pappone, G., Cesarano, M.,
Aucelli, P. P. C., and Lavecchia, G.: Segmentation pattern and structural
complexities in seismogenic extensional settings: The North Matese Fault
System (Central Italy), J. Struct. Geol., 95, 93–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.11.006, 2017.
Ferrarini, F., de Nardis, R., Brozzetti, F., Cirillo, D., Arrowsmith, J R., and Lavecchia, G.: Multiple Lines of Evidence for a Potentially Seismogenic
Fault Along the Central-Apennine (Italy) Active Extensional Belt – An
Unexpected Outcome of the MW6.5 Norcia 2016 Earthquake, Front. Earth Sci.,
9, 642243, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.642243, 2021.
Filice, F. and Seeber, L.: The Culmination of an Oblique Time-Transgressive
Arc Continent Collision: The Pollino Massif Between Calabria and the
Southern Apennines, Italy, Tectonics, 38, 3261–3280, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017TC004932, 2019.
Filice, F., Liberi, F., Cirillo, D., Pandolfi, L., Marroni, M., and Piluso,
E.: Tectonometamorphic and structural evolution of the ophiolitic sequences
from the central sector of the Catena Costiera (Northern Calabria), Rend.
Online Soc. Geol. It., 21, 300–302, 2012.
Filice, F., Liberi, F., Cirillo, D., Pandolfi, L., Marroni, M., and Piluso,
E.: Geological map of the central sector of the Catena Costiera (Northern
Calabria), Rend. Online Soc. Geol. It., 29, 55–58, 2013.
Filice, F., Liberi, F., Cirillo, D., Pandolfi, L., Marroni, M., and Piluso
E.: Geology map of the central area of Catena Costiera: insights into the
tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Alpine belt in Northern Calabria,
J. Maps, 11, 114–125, https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2014.944877, 2015.
Frepoli, A., Cinti, R., Amicucci, L., Cimini, G. B., De Gori, P., and
Pierdominici, S.: Pattern of seismicity in the Lucanian Apennines and
foredeep (Southern Apennines) from recording by SAPTEX temporary array,
Annal. Geophys., 48, 1035–1054, 2005.
Frohlich, C.: Display and quantitative assessment of distributions of
earthquakes focal mechanisms, Geophys. J. Int. 144, 300–308,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2001.00341.x, 2001.
Gafarov, K., Ercoli, M., Cirillo, D., Pauselli, C., and Brozzetti, F.:
Extending surface geology data through GPR prospections: Quaternary faulting
signature from the Campotenese area (Calabria-Italy), 17th International
Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR, 8441611,
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGPR.2018.8441611, Rapperswil, Switzerland, 18–21 June 2018.
Galadini, F. and Galli, P.: Active tectonics in the Central Apennines
(Italy): Input data for seismic hazard assessment, Nat. Hazards, 22,
225–268, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008149531980, 2000.
Galli, P.: Recurrence times of central-southern Apennine faults (Italy):
Hints from paleoseismology, Terra Nova, 32, 399–407, https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12470, 2020.
Galli, P. and Peronace, E.: New paleoseismic data from the Irpinia fault. A
different seismogenic perspective for the southern Apennines, Earth Sci.
Rev., 136, 175–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.05.013, 2014.
Gephart, J. W. and Forsyth, D. W.: An improved method for determining the
regional stress tensor using earthquake focal mechanism data: application to
the San Fernando earthquake sequence, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 9305–9320,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB11p09305, 1984.
Ghisetti, F. and Vezzani, L.: Strutture tensionali e compressive indotte da
meccanismi profondi lungo la linea del Pollino (Appennino meridionale),
Boll. Soc. Geol. It., 101, 385–440, 1982.
Ghisetti, F. and Vezzani, L.: Structural Map of Mt. Pollino (Southern
Italy), 1:50 000 Scale, SELCA, Firenze, 1983.
Giano, S. I. and Martino, C.: Assetto morfotettonico e morfostratigrafico
di alcuni depositi continentali pleistocenici del bacino del
Pergola–Melandro (Appennino Lucano), Quaternario, 16, 289–297, 2003.
Gracia, E., Grevemeyer, I., Bartolome, R., Perea, H., Martinez-Loriente, S., Gomez de la Pena, L., Villasenor, A., Klinger, Y., Lo Iacono, C., Diez, S., Calahorrano, A., Camafort, M., Costa, S., d'Acremont, E., Rabaute, A., and Ranero, C. R.: Earthquake crisis unveils the growth of an incipient continental fault system, Nat. Commun., 10, 3482, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11064-5, 2019.
Grandjacquet, C.: Données nouvelles sur la tectonique tertiaire des
massif Calabro-Lucaniens, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., 7,
695–706, 1962.
Guerra, I., Harabaglia, P., Gervasi, A., and Rosa, A.B.: The 1998–1999
Pollino (Southern Apennines, Italy) seismic crisis: tomography of a
sequence, Ann. Geophys., 48, 995–1007, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-3249, 2005.
Heidbach, O., Tingay, M., Barth, A., Reinecker, J., Kurfeß, D., and
Müller, B.: Global crustal stress pattern based on the world stress map
database release 2008, Tectonophysics 482, 3–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.07.023, 2010.
Hippolyte, J. C., Angelier, J., and Barrier, E.: Compressional and
extensional tectonics in an arc system; example of the Southern Apennines,
J. Struct. Geol. 17, 1725–1740, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(95)00066-M, 1995.
Husen, S. and Smith, R.: Probabilistic earthquake location in
three-dimensional velocity models for the Yellowstone National Park region,
Wyoming, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 94, 880–896, 2004.
Iannace, A., D'Errico, M., and Vitale, S.: Carta Geologica dell'area
compresa tra Maratea, Castrovillari e Sangineto, in: Analisi Dello Strain Finito in 3D Dell'Unità Pollino-Ciagola
(Confine Calabro-lucano, Italia Meridionale), edited by: Vitale, S. and Iannace, A., Studi Geologici Camerti, Nuova
Serie, 2, 153–167, ISSN 0392-0631, 2004.
Iannace, A., Garcia Tortosa, F. J., and Vitale, S.: The Triassic
metasedimentary successions across the boundary between Southern Apennines
and Calabria–Peloritani Arc (Northern Calabria, Italy), Geol. J., 40,
155–171, https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1001, 2005.
Iannace, A., Vitale, S., D'Errico, M., Mazzoli, S., Di Staso, A., Macaione,
E., Messina, A., Reddy, S. M., Somma, R., Zamparelli, V., Zattin, M., and
Bonardi, G.: The carbonate tectonic units of northern Calabria (Italy): a
record of Apulian palaeomargin evolution and Miocene convergence,
continental crust subduction, and exhumation of HP–LT rocks, J. Geol. Soc.
Lond., 164, 1165–1186, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492007-017, 2007.
Ietto, A. and Barilaro, A. M.: L'Unità di San Donato quale margine
deformato Cretacico-Paleogene del bacino di Lagonegro (Appennino
Meridionale-Arco Calabro), Boll. Soc. Geol. It., 112, 477–496, 1993.
ISIDe Working Group: Italian Seismological Instrumental and Parametric
Database (ISIDe), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV),
https://doi.org/10.13127/ISIDE,
2007.
Johnson, K., Nissen, E., Saripalli, S., Arrowsmith, J R., McGarey, P.,
Scharer, K., Williams, P., and Blisniuk, K.: Rapid mapping of ultrafine fault
zone topography with structure from motion, Geosphere, 10, 969–986,
https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01017.1, 2014.
Klin, P., Laurenzano, G., Romano, M. A., Priolo, E., and Martelli, L.: ER3D: a
structural and geophysical 3-D model of central 742 Emilia-Romagna (northern
Italy) for numerical simulation of earthquake ground motion, Solid Earth,
743, 931–949, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-931-2019, 2019.
Knott, S. D. and Turco, E.: Late cenozoic kinematics of the Calabrian arc,
southern Italy, Tectonics, 10, 1164–1172, 1991.
Lavecchia, G., Brozzetti, F., Barchi, M., Menichetti, M., and Keller, J. V.
A.: Seismotectonic zoning in east-central Italy deduced from an analysis of
the Neogene to present deformations and related stress fields, Geol. Soc.
Am. Bull., 106, 1170–1120, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1107:SZIECI>2.3.CO;2,
1994.
Lavecchia, G., Boncio, P., Brozzetti, F., De Nardis, R., Di Naccio, D.,
Ferrarini, F., Pizzi, A., and Pomposo, G.: The April 2009 L'Aquila (central
Italy) seismic sequence (Mw6.3): a preliminary seismotectonic picture, in: Recent Progress on Earthquake Geology, edited by: Guarnieri, P., Nova Science Pub., Inc., ISBN 978-1-60876-147-0, 2011, 1–17, 2011.
Lavecchia, G., Ferrarini, F., Brozzetti, F., de Nardis, R., Boncio, P., and
Chiaraluce, L.: From surface geology to aftershock analysis: constraints on
the geometry of the L'Aquila 2009 seismogenic fault system, Italian J.
Geosciences, 131, 330–347,
https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2012.24, 2012a.
Lavecchia, G., de Nardis, R., Cirillo, D., Brozzetti, F., and Boncio, P.:
The May–June 2012 Ferrara Arc earthquakes (northern Italy): structural
control of the spatial evolution of the seismic sequence and of the surface
pattern of coseismic fractures, Annals of Geophysics, 55, 4,
https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-6173, 2012b.
Lavecchia, G., de Nardis, R., Costa, G., Tiberi, L., Ferrarini, F., Cirillo,
D., Brozzetti, F., and Suhadolc, P.: Was the Mirandola thrust really involved
in the Emilia 2012 seismic sequence (northern Italy)? Implications on the
likelihood of triggered seismicity effects, Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 56, 461–488, 2015.
Lavecchia, G., Castaldo, R., de Nardis, R., De Novellis, V., Ferrarini, F.,
Pepe, S., Brozzetti, F., Solaro, G., Cirillo, D., Bonano, M., Boncio, P.,
Casi, F., De Luca, C., Lanar, R., Manunta, M., Manzo, M., Pepe, A., Zinno,
I., and Tizzani, P.: Ground deformation and source geometry of the 24 August
2016 Amatrice earthquake (Central Italy) investigated through analytical and
numerical modeling of DInSAR measurements and structural-geological data,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 12389–12398, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071723,
2016.
Lavecchia, G., Adinolfi, G. M., de Nardis, R., Ferrarini, F., Cirillo, D.,
Brozzetti, F., De Matteis, R., Festa, G., and Zollo, A.: Multidisciplinary
inferences on a newly recognized active east-dipping extensional system in
central Italy, Terra Nova, 29, 77–89, https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12251, 2017.
Lavecchia, G., de Nardis, R., Ferrarini, F., Cirillo, D., Bello, S., and
Brozzetti, F.: Regional seismotectonic zonation of hydrocarbon fields in
active thrust belts: a case study from Italy, in: Building knowledge for
geohazard assessment and management in the caucasus and other orogenic
regions, editors by: Bonali, F. L., Pasquaré Mariotto, F., and Tsereteli N., Springer, the Netherlands,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-2046-3_7, 2021.
Leonard, M.: Earthquake fault scaling: Relating rupture length, width,
average displacement, and moment release, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 100,
1971–1988, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090189, 2010.
Liberi, F. and Piluso, E.: Tectonometamorphic evolution of the ophiolitic
sequences from Northern Calabrian Arc, Italian Journal Geoscience, 128, 483–493, https://doi.org/10.3301/IJG.2009.128.2.483, 2009.
Liberi, F., Morten, L., and Piluso, E.: Geodynamic significance of the
ophiolites within the Calabrian Arc, Island Arc, 15, 26–43, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2006.00520.x, 2006.
Lippmann-Provansal, M.: L'Appennin meridionale (Italie): Etude
geomorphologique, these Doctorat, Univ. D'Aix-Marseille II, Marseille,
France, 1987.
Lomax, A., Virieux, J., Volant, P., and Berge-Thierry, C.: Probabilistic
Earthquake Location in 3D and Layered Model, in: Advances in Seismic Event
Location, 101–134, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9536-0_5, 2000.
Margheriti, L., Amato, A., Braun, T., Cecere, G., D'Ambrosio, C., De Gori, P., and Selvaggi, G.: Emergenza nell'area del Pollino: le attività della
Rete Sismica Mobile, Rapporti Tecnici INGV, 252, ISSN 2039-7941, available at: https://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/8540/1/2013_RT_252_MargheritiEtAl.pdf .pdf (last access: 19 April 2021), 2013.
Marret, R. and Allmendinger, W.: Kinematic analysis of fault-slip data, J. Struct. Geol., 12, 973–986, 1990.
Mariucci, M. T. and Montone, P.: Database of Italian present-day stress
indicators, IPSI 1.4, Sci. Data, 7, 298, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00640-w, 2020.
Maschio, L., Ferranti, L., and Burrato, P.: Active extension in Val d'Agri
area, southern Apennines, Italy: Implications for the geometry of the
seismogenic belt, Geophys. J. Int., 162, 591–609, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02597.x, 2005.
Mattei, M., Cifelli, F., and D'Agostino, N.: The evolution of the
Calabrian Arc: Evidence from paleomagnetic and GPS observations, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 263, 259–274,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.034, 2007.
Michetti, A. M., Ferreli, L., Serva, L., and Vittori, E.: Geological
evidence for strong historical earthquakes in an “aseismic” region: The
Pollino case (Southern Italy), J. Geodyn., 24, 67–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(97)00018-5, 1997.
Michetti, A. M., Ferreli, L., Esposito, E., Porfido, S., Blumetti, A. M.,
Vittori, E., Serva, L., and Roberts, G. P.: Ground Effects during the 9
September 1998, Mw=5.6 Lauria, Earthquake and the Seismic Potential of
the seismic Pollino Region in Southern Italy, Seismol. Res. Lett., 71, 31–46, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.71.1.31,
2000.
Montone, P. and Mariucci, M. T.: The New Release of the Italian Contemporary
Stress Map, Geophys. J. Int., 205, 1525–1531, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw100, 2016.
Mostardini, F. and Merlini, S.: Appennino centro meridionale – Sezioni
geologiche e proposta di modello strutturale, Mem. Soc. Geol. Ital., 35,
177–202, 1986.
Napolitano, F., De Siena, L., Gervasi, A., Guerra, I., Scarpa, R., and La
Rocca, M.: Scattering and absorption imaging of a highly fractured
fluid-filled seismogenetic volume in a region of slow deformation, Geosci.
Front., 11, 989–998,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2019.09.014, 2020.
Napolitano, F., Galluzzo, D., Gervasi, A., Scarpa, R., and La Rocca, M.: Fault
imaging at Mt Pollino (Italy) from relative location of microearthquakes,
Geophys. J. Int., 224, 637–648, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa407, 2021.
Nicholson, G., Plesch, A., Sorlion, C. C., Shaw, J. H., and Hauksson, E.:
TheSCEC 3D community fault model (CFM-v5): an updated and expanded fault set
of oblique crustal deformation and complex fault interaction for southern
California, Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 95, 52, Abstract T31B-4584, 2014.
Nicholson, C., Plesch, A., Sorlien, C. C., Shaw, J. H., and Hauksson, E.:
The SCEC community fault model version 5.0: an updated and expanded 3D fault
set for southern California, 2015 pacific section AAPG joint meeting
program, Oxnard, CA, vol. 77, 12–16 September 2015.
Novakova, L. and Pavlis, T. L.: Assessment of the precision of smart phones
and tablets for measurement of planar orientations: A case study, J. Struct. Geol., 97, 93–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.02.015, 2017.
Ogniben, L.: Schema introduttivo alla geologia del confine calabro-lucano,
Mem. Soc. Geol. It, 8, 453–763, 1969.
Ogniben, L.: Schema geologico della Calabria in base ai dati odierni,
Geologia Romana, 12, 243–585, 1973.
Orecchio, B., Presti, D., Totaro, C., Guerra, I., and Neri, G.: Imaging the
velocity structure of the Calabrian Arc region (south Italy) through the
integration of different seismological data, Boll. Geofis. Teor. Appl., 52,
625–638, 2011.
Pantosti, D. and Valensise, G.: Faulting mechanism and complexity of the
November 23, 1980, Campania-Lucania earthquake, inferred from surface
observation, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 15319–15341,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB10p15319, 1990.
Pantosti, D. and Valensise, G.: Source geometry and long-term behavior of
the 1980, Irpinia earthquake fault based on field geologic observations,
Ann. Geofisc, 36, 41–49, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-4299, 1993.
Papanikolaou, I. D. and Roberts, G. P.: Geometry, kinematics and
deformation rates along the active normal fault system in the southern
Apennines: implications for fault growth, J. Struct. Geol., 29, 166–188,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2006.07.009, 2007.
Passarelli, L., Hainzl, S., Cesca, S., Meccaferri, F., Mucciarelli, M.,
Roessler, D., Corbi, F., Dahm, T., and Rivalta, E.: Aseismic transient
driving the swarm-like seismic sequence in the Pollino range, Southern
Italy, Geophys. J. Int., 201, 1553–1567, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv111, 2015.
Pastori, M., Margheriti, L., De Gori, P., Govoni, A., Lucente, F. P.,
Moretti, M., Marchetti, A., Di Giovambattista, R., Anselmi, M., De Luca, P.,
Nardi, A, Agostinetti, N. P., Latorre, D., Piccinini, D., Passarelli, L., and
Chiarabba, C.: The 2011–2014 Pollino Seismic Swarm: Complex Fault Systems,
Imaged by 1D Refined Location and Shear Wave Splitting Analysis at the
Apennines–Calabrian Arc Boundary, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 618293,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.618293, 2021.
Patacca, E. and Scandone, P.: Geological interpretation of the CROP-04
seismic line (Southern Apennines, Italy), Boll. Soc. Geol. It., 7, 297–315, 2007.
Petroleum Experts (PetEx Ltd.): MOVE structural geology software, available at: https://www.petex.com/products/move-suite/, last
access: 19 April 2021.
Plesch, A., Shaw, J. H., and Jordan, T. H.: Stochastic descriptions of basin
velocity structure from analyses of sonic logs and the SCEC community
velocity model (CVM-H), Presentation at 2014 SSA annual meeting, Palm
Springs, CA, 6–10 September 2014.
Pondrelli, S., Salimbeni, S., Ekström, G., and Morelli, A.: The Italian
CMT dataset from 1977 to the present, Phys. Earth Planet, 159, 286–303,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2006.07.008, 2006.
Porreca, M., Minelli, G., Ercoli, M., Brobia, A., Mancinelli, P., Cruciani,
F., Giorgetti, C., Carboni, F., Mirabella, F., Cavinato, G., Cannata, A.,
Pauselli, C., and Barchi, M. R.: Seismic reflection profiles and subsurface
geology of the area interested by the 2016–2017 earthquake sequence
(Central Italy), Tectonics, 37, 1116–1137, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004915, 2018.
Porreca, M., Fabbrizzi, A., Azzaro, S., Pucci, S., Del Rio, L., Pierantoni,
P. P., Giorgetti, C., Roberts, G., and Barchi, M. R.: 3D geological
reconstruction of the M. Vettore seismogenic fault system (Central
Apennines, Italy): Cross-cutting relationship
with the M. Sibillini thrust, J. Struct. Geol., 131, 103938, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103938, 2020.
Presti, D., Troise, C., and De Natale, G.: Probabilistic location of seismic
sequences in heterogeneous media, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 94, 2239–2253,
https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030160, 2004.
Presti, D., Orecchio, B., Falcone, G., and Neri, G.: Linear versus nonlinear
earthquake location and seismogenic fault detection in the southern
Tyrrhenian Sea. Italy, Geophys. J. Int. 172, 607–618, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03642.x, 2008.
Robustelli, G., Russo Ermolli, E., Petrosino, P., Jicha, B., Sardella, R.,
and Donato, P.: Tectonic and climatic control on geomorphological and
sedimentary evolution of the Mercure basin, southern Apennines, Italy,
Geomorphology 214, 423–435, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.02.026, 2014.
Ross, Z. E., Cochran, E. S., Trugman, D. T., and Smith, J. D.: 3D Fault
Architecture Controls the Dynamism of Earthquake Swarms, Science, 368,
1357–1361, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103934, 2020.
Rovida, A., Locati, M., Camassi, R., Lolli, B., and Gasperini, P.: The
Italian earthquake catalogue CPTI15, B. Earthq. Eng., 18,
2953–2984, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00818-y, 2020.
Rovida, A., Locati, M., Camassi, R., Lolli, B., Gasperini, P., and Antonucci A.:
Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani (CPTI15), versione 3.0, Istituto
Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), https://doi.org/10.13127/CPTI/CPTI15.3, 2021.
Sato, H., Hirata, H., Ito, T., Tsumura, N., and Ikawa, T.: Seismic
reflection profiling across the seismogenic fault of the 1995 Kobe
earthquake, southwestern Japan, Tectonophysics, 286, 19–30,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00252-7, 1998.
SCEC: https://www.scec.org/research/cfm, last access: 19
April 2021.
Schiattarella, M., Torrente, M., and Russo, F.: Analisi strutturale ed
osservazioni morfotettoniche nel bacino del Mercure (Confine
calabro-lucano), Il Quaternario, 7, 613–626, 1994.
Scognamiglio, L., Tinti, E., and Quintiliani, M.: Time Domain Moment Tensor
(TDMT), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) [data set],
https://doi.org/10.13127/TDMT, 2006.
Servizio Geologico d'Italia: 220 Verbicaro sheet of the Carta Geologica
D'Italia, 1, 100 000 Scale, Rome, 1970.
Sgambato, C., Walker, J. P. F., and Roberts, G. P.: Uncertainty in
strain-rate from field measurements of the geometry, rates and kinematics of
active normal faults: implications for seismic hazard assessment, J. Struct.
Geol., 131, 103934, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103934, 2020.
Sketsiou, P., De Siena, L., Gabrielli, S., and Napolitano, F.: 3-D
attenuation image of fluid storage and tectonic interactions across the
Pollino fault network, Geophys. J. Int., 226,
536–547, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab109, 2021.
Sperner, B., Müller, B., Heidbach, O., Delvaux, D., Reinecker, J., and
Fuchs, K.: Tectonic stress in the Earth's crust: advances in the World
Stress Map project, in: New Insights into Structural Interpretation and
Modelling, edited by: Nieuwland, D. A., J. Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 212,
101–116, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.212.01.07, 2003.
Spina, V., Galli, P., Tondi, E., and Mazzoli, S.: Fault propagation in a
seismic gap area (northern Calabria, Italy): implications for seismic
hazard, Tectonophysics, 476, 357–369, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.001, 2009.
Stirling, M., Goded, T., Berryman, K., and Litchfield, N.: Selection of
Earthquake Scaling Relationships for Seismic-Hazard Analysis, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 103, 2993–3011, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120130052, 2013.
Tangari, A. C., Scarciglia, F., Piluso, E., Marinangeli, L., and Pompilio,
L.: Role of weathering of pillow basalt, pyroclastic input and geomorphic
processes on the genesis of the Monte Cerviero upland soils (Calabria,
Italy), Catena, 171, 299–315, ISSN 0341-8162, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.07.015, 2018.
Tarquini, S., Vinci, S., Favalli, M., Doumaz, F., Fornaciai, A., and
Nannipieri, L.: Release of a 10-m-resolution DEM for the Italian territory:
Comparison with global-coverage DEMs and anaglyph-mode exploration via the
web, Comput. Geosci., 38, 168–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.04.018, 2012.
Tertulliani, A. and Cucci, L.: New insights on the strongest historical
earthquake in the Pollino region (southern Italy), Seismol. Res. Lett.,
85, 743–751, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220130217, 2014.
Testa, A., Boncio, P., Di Donato, M., Mataloni, G., Brozzetti, F., and
Cirillo, D.: Mapping the geology of the 2016 Central Italy earthquake fault
(Mt. Vettore – Mt. Bove fault, Sibillini Mts.): geological details on the
Cupi – Ussita and Mt. Bove – Mt. Porche segments and overall pattern of
coseismic surface faulting, Geological Field Trips and Maps, Italian
Geological Society and of the Geological Survey of Italy, 11, 1–13,
https://doi.org/10.3301/GFT.2019.03, 2019.
Totaro, C., Presti, D., Billi, A., Gervasi, A., Orecchio, B., Guerra, I.,
and Neri, G.: The ongoing seismic sequence at the Pollino Mountains, Italy.
Seismol. Res. Let., 84, 955–962, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220120194, 2013.
Totaro, C., Koulakov, I., Orecchio, B., and Presti, D.: Detailed crustal
structure in the area of the southern Apennines–Calabrian Arc border from
local earthquake tomography, J. Geodyn., 82, 87–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2014.07.004, 2014.
Totaro, C., Seeber, L., Waldhauser, F., Steckler, M., Gervasi, A., Guerra,
I., Orecchio, B., and Presti, D.: An intense earthquake swarm in the
southernmost Apennines: fault architecture from high-resolution hypocenters
and focal mechanisms, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 105, 1–6,
https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150074, 2015.
Totaro, C., Orecchio, B., Presti, D., Scolaro, S., and Neri, G.: Seismogenic
stress field estimation in the Calabrian Arc region (south Italy) from a
Bayesian approach, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 8960–8969, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL070107, 2016.
Valoroso, L., Chiaraluce, L., Di Stefano, R., and Monachesi, G.: Mixed-Mode
Slip Behavior of the Altotiberina Low-Angle Normal Fault System (Northern
Apennines, Italy) through High-Resolution Earthquake Locations and Repeating
Events, J. Geoph. Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 10220–10240, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014607, 2017.
Van Dijk, J. P., Bello, M., Brancaleoni, G. P., Cantarella, G., Costa, V.,
Frixa, A., Golfetto, F., Merlini, S., Riva, M., Toricelli, S., Toscano, C.,
and Zerilli, A.: A regional structural model for the northern sector of the
Calabrian Arc (southern Italy), Tectonophysics, 324, 267–320, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00139-6, 2000.
Vezzani, L., Festa, A., and Ghisetti, F. C.: Geology and tectonic evolution
of the Central-Southern Apennines, Italy, Special Paper of the Geological
Society of America, 469, 1–58, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE469,
2010.
Villani, F. and Pierdominici, S.: Late Quaternary tectonics of the Vallo di
Diano basin (southern Apennines, Italy), Quat. Sci. Rev., 29, 3167–3183,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.07.003, 2010.
Waldhauser, F.: HypoDD: a Computer Program to Compute Double Difference
Earthquake Locations, U.S. Geol. Surv, Menlo Park, California, 1–113,
Open-File Report, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01113, 2001.
Waldhauser, F. and Ellsworth, W.: A Double-Difference Earthquake Location
Algorithm: Method and Application to the Northern Hayward Fault, California,
Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 90, 1353–1368, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000006, 2000.
Wells, D. L. and Coppersmith, K. J.: New empirical relationships among
magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface
displacement, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 84, 974–1002, 1994.
Wesnousky, S. G.: Displacement and geometrical characteristics of earthquake
surface ruptures: Issues and implications for seismic hazard analysis and
the process of earthquake rupture, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 98,
1609–1632, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120070111, 2008.
Westoby, M. J., Brasington, J., Glasser, N. F., Hambrey, M. J., and Reynolds,
J. M.: “Structure-from-motion” photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for
geoscience applications, Geomorphology, 179, 300–314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.021, 2012.
Short summary
The Pollino region is a highly seismic area of Italy. Increasing the geological knowledge on areas like this contributes to reducing risk and saving lives. We reconstruct the 3D model of the faults which generated the 2010–2014 seismicity integrating geological and seismological data. Appropriate relationships based on the dimensions of the activated faults suggest that they did not fully discharge their seismic potential and could release further significant earthquakes in the near future.
The Pollino region is a highly seismic area of Italy. Increasing the geological knowledge on...