Articles | Volume 13, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-251-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-251-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Two subduction-related heterogeneities beneath the Eastern Alps and the Bohemian Massif imaged by high-resolution P-wave tomography
Institute of Geophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 141 31 Prague,
Czech Republic
Helena Žlebčíková
Institute of Geophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 141 31 Prague,
Czech Republic
György Hetényi
Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne,
Switzerland
Luděk Vecsey
Institute of Geophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 141 31 Prague,
Czech Republic
Vladislav Babuška
Institute of Geophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 141 31 Prague,
Czech Republic
deceased
For further information regarding the team, please visit the link which appears at the end of the paper.
Related authors
Konstantinos Michailos, György Hetényi, Matteo Scarponi, Josip Stipčević, Irene Bianchi, Luciana Bonatto, Wojciech Czuba, Massimo Di Bona, Aladino Govoni, Katrin Hannemann, Tomasz Janik, Dániel Kalmár, Rainer Kind, Frederik Link, Francesco Pio Lucente, Stephen Monna, Caterina Montuori, Stefan Mroczek, Anne Paul, Claudia Piromallo, Jaroslava Plomerová, Julia Rewers, Simone Salimbeni, Frederik Tilmann, Piotr Środa, Jérôme Vergne, and the AlpArray-PACASE Working Group
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2117–2138, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2117-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2117-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the spatial variability of the crustal thickness beneath the broader European Alpine region by using teleseismic earthquake information (receiver functions) on a large amount of seismic waveform data. We compile a new Moho depth map of the broader European Alps and make our results freely available. We anticipate that our results can potentially provide helpful hints for interdisciplinary imaging and numerical modeling studies.
Jiří Kvapil, Jaroslava Plomerová, Hana Kampfová Exnerová, Vladislav Babuška, György Hetényi, and AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 1051–1074, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1051-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1051-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a high-resolution 3-D shear wave velocity (vS) model of the Bohemian Massif crust imaged from high-density data and enhanced depth sensitivity of tomographic inversion. The dominant features of the model are relatively higher vS in the upper crust than in its surrounding, a distinct intra-crustal interface, and a velocity decrease in the lower part of the crust. The low vS in the lower part of the crust is explained by the anisotropic fabric of the lower crust.
Shiba Subedi, Nadja Valenzuela, Priyanka Dhami, Maren Böse, György Hetényi, Lauriane Chardot, Lok Bijaya Adhikari, Mukunda Bhattarai, Rabindra Prasad Dhakal, Sarah Houghton, and Bishal Nath Upreti
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4131, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4131, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscience Communication (GC).
Short summary
Short summary
An interactive exhibition in Pokhara, Nepal, held on the tenth anniversary of the 2015 earthquake, helped school students understand why earthquakes occur and how to protect themselves. After taking part, most felt more confident and prepared, and many planned to share safety tips with their families and friends. This ripple effect shows how hands-on learning can spread awareness, inspire action, and help entire communities build resilience for future earthquakes.
Andrew Greenwood, György Hetényi, Ludovic Baron, Alberto Zanetti, Othmar Müntener, and the MOS field team
Sci. Dril., 33, 219–236, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-33-219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A set of seismic reflection surveys were conducted in May 2019 in the Ossola Valley, Western Italian Alps, to image the geologic structure below two proposed boreholes. The boreholes plan to penetrate the upper 2 km of the lower continental crust, a zone of much scientific interest. The seismic surveys have defined the valley structure to depths of 550 m, determined the dip of geological banding, and ruled out the possibility of major geologic drilling hazards that could be encountered.
Konstantinos Michailos, György Hetényi, Matteo Scarponi, Josip Stipčević, Irene Bianchi, Luciana Bonatto, Wojciech Czuba, Massimo Di Bona, Aladino Govoni, Katrin Hannemann, Tomasz Janik, Dániel Kalmár, Rainer Kind, Frederik Link, Francesco Pio Lucente, Stephen Monna, Caterina Montuori, Stefan Mroczek, Anne Paul, Claudia Piromallo, Jaroslava Plomerová, Julia Rewers, Simone Salimbeni, Frederik Tilmann, Piotr Środa, Jérôme Vergne, and the AlpArray-PACASE Working Group
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2117–2138, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2117-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2117-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We examine the spatial variability of the crustal thickness beneath the broader European Alpine region by using teleseismic earthquake information (receiver functions) on a large amount of seismic waveform data. We compile a new Moho depth map of the broader European Alps and make our results freely available. We anticipate that our results can potentially provide helpful hints for interdisciplinary imaging and numerical modeling studies.
Pavol Zahorec, Juraj Papčo, Roman Pašteka, Miroslav Bielik, Sylvain Bonvalot, Carla Braitenberg, Jörg Ebbing, Gerald Gabriel, Andrej Gosar, Adam Grand, Hans-Jürgen Götze, György Hetényi, Nils Holzrichter, Edi Kissling, Urs Marti, Bruno Meurers, Jan Mrlina, Ema Nogová, Alberto Pastorutti, Corinne Salaun, Matteo Scarponi, Josef Sebera, Lucia Seoane, Peter Skiba, Eszter Szűcs, and Matej Varga
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2165–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2165-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2165-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The gravity field of the Earth expresses the overall effect of the distribution of different rocks at depth with their distinguishing densities. Our work is the first to present the high-resolution gravity map of the entire Alpine orogen, for which high-quality land and sea data were reprocessed with the exact same calculation procedures. The results reflect the local and regional structure of the Alpine lithosphere in great detail. The database is hereby openly shared to serve further research.
Jiří Kvapil, Jaroslava Plomerová, Hana Kampfová Exnerová, Vladislav Babuška, György Hetényi, and AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 1051–1074, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1051-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1051-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a high-resolution 3-D shear wave velocity (vS) model of the Bohemian Massif crust imaged from high-density data and enhanced depth sensitivity of tomographic inversion. The dominant features of the model are relatively higher vS in the upper crust than in its surrounding, a distinct intra-crustal interface, and a velocity decrease in the lower part of the crust. The low vS in the lower part of the crust is explained by the anisotropic fabric of the lower crust.
Shiba Subedi, György Hetényi, and Ross Shackleton
Geosci. Commun., 3, 279–290, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-279-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-3-279-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We study the impact of an educational seismology program on earthquake awareness and preparedness in Nepal. We see that educational activities implemented in schools are effective at raising awareness levels and in improving adaptive capacities and preparedness for future earthquakes. Knowledge also reached the broader community though social learning, leading to broadscale awareness. The result observed in this study is encouraging for the continuation and expansion of the program.
Cited articles
Aki, K., Christofferson, A., and Husebye, E. S.: Determination of the three
dimensional seismic structure of the lithosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 82,
277–296, 1977.
AlpArray Seismic Network: Eastern Alpine Seismic Investigation (EASI),
AlpArray Complementary Experiment, AlpArray Working Group, Other/Seismic
Network, https://doi.org/10.12686/alparray/xt_2014, 2014.
AlpArray Seismic Network: AlpArray Seismic Network (AASN) temporary
component, AlpArray Working Group, Other/Seismic Network,
https://doi.org/10.12686/alparray/z3_2015, 2015.
Amaru, M. L.: Global travel time tomographywith 3-D reference models, Geol.
Traiectina, 274, PhD thesis, Utrecht Univ., 174, Geologica Ultraiectina, 274, 174 pp., Utrecht University, ISBN 978-90-5744-139-4, 2007.
Aric, K., Gutdeutsch, R., Leichter, B., Lenhardt, W., Plomerová, J.,
Babuška, V., Pajdušák, P., and Nixdorf, U.: Structure of the
lithosphere in the Eastern Alps derived from P-residual analysis, Arbeiten
aus Zentralanstalt fur Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Nr. 370, H. 73, Wien, Zentralanstalt fur Meteorologie und Geodynamik,
26 pp., 1989.
Arlitt, R., Kissling, E., and Ansorge, J.: Three-dimensional crustal
structure beneath the TOR array and effects on teleseismic wavefronts,
Tectonophysics, 314, 309–319, 1999.
Babuška, V. and Cara, M.: Seismic anisotropy in the Earth, Kluwer Acad.
Publishers, Dordrecht, 217 pp., ISBN 0-7923-1321-6, 1991.
Babuška, V. and Plomerová, J.: The lithosphere in central Europe –
seismological and petrological aspects, Tectonophysics, 207, 141–163, 1992.
Babuška, V. and Plomerová, J.: Boundaries of mantle-lithosphere
domains in the Bohemian Massif as extinct exhumation channels for
high-pressure rocks, Gondwana Res., 23, 973–987,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.07.005, 2013.
Babuška, V. and Plomerová, J.: Growth of primordial continents by
cycles of oceanic lithosphere subductions: Evidence from tilted seismic
anisotropy supported by geochemical and petrological findings, Solid Earth, 5, 50–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sesci.2019.12.003,
2020.
Babuška, V., Plomerová, J., and Granet, M.: The deep lithosphere in
the Alps: a model inferred from P residuals, Tectonophysics, 176, 137–165,
1990.
Bokelmann, G., Hein, G., Kolinsky, P., Bianchi, I., and Working Group, A.: Shear-Wave Splitting in the Alpine Region, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-5377, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-5377, 2021.
Boonma, K., Kumar, A., Garcia-Castellanos, D., Jiménez-Munt, I., and
Fernández, M.: Lithspsheric mantle buoyancy: the role of tectonic
convergence and mantle composition, Sci. Rep., 9, 17953,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54374-w, 2019.
Brückl, E. and Hammerl, C.: Eduard Suess' conception of the Alpine
orogeny related to geophysical data and models, Austr. J. Earth Sci., 107,
94–114, 2014.
Brückl, E., Behm, M., Decker, K., Grad, M., Guterch, A., Keller, G. R.,
and Thybo, H.: Crustal structure and active tectonics in the Eastern Alps,
Tectonics, 29, TC2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009TC002491, 2010.
Chyba, J., Plomerová, J., Vecsey, L., and Munzarová, H.: Tomography
study of the upper mantle around the TESZ based on PASSEQ experiment data,
Phys. Earth Planet In., 266, 29–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2017.01.002,
2017.
Dando, B. D. E., Stuart, G. W., Houseman, G. A., Hegedus, E., Bruckl, E.,
and Radovanovic, S.: Teleseismic tomography of the mantle in the
Carpathian-Pannonian region of central Europe, Geophys. J. Int., 186,
11–31, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.04998.x, 2011.
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Geophysical Observatory, University of München: BayernNetz, https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/BW, 2001.
Di Stefano, R., Bianchi, I., Ciaccio, M. G., Carrara, G., and Kissling, E.:
Three-dimensional Moho topography in Italy: New constraints from receiver
functions and controlled source seismology, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 12,
Q09006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003649, 2011.
Eken, T., Shomali, H., Roberts, R., and Bödvarsson, R.: Upper mantle
structure of the Baltic Shield below the Swedish National Seismological
Network (SNSN) resolved by teleseismic tomography, Geophys. J. Int., 169,
617–630, 2007.
Eken, T., Plomerová, J., Vecsey, L., Babuška, V., Roberts, R.,
Shomali, H., and Bodvarson, R.: Effects of seismic anisotropy on P-velocity
tomography of the Baltic Shield, Geophys. J. Int., 188, 600–612, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05280.x, 2012.
El-Sharkawy, A., Meier, T., Lebedev, S., Behrmann, J. H., Hamada, M.,
Cristiano, L., Weidle, C., and Köhn, D.: The slab puzzle of the
Alpine-Mediterranean region: Insights from a new, high-resolution, shear
wave velocity model of the upper mantle, Geochem. Geophy.
Geosy., 21, e2020GC008993, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC008993, 2020.
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources: German Regional Seismic Network (GRSN), Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, https://doi.org/10.25928/mbx6-hr74, 1976.
Fichtner, A. and Villasenor, A.: Crust and upper mantle of the western
Mediterranean–Constraints from full-waveform inversion, Earth Planet. Sc.
Lett., 428, 52–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.038, 2015.
Fouch, M. J. and Rondenay, S.: Seismic anisotropy beneath stable continental
interiors, Phys. Earth Planet In., 158, 292e320,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2006.03.024, 2006.
Handy, M. R., Schmid, S. M., Bousquet, R., Kissling, E., and Bernoulli, D.:
Reconciling plate-tectonic reconstructions of Alpine Tethys with the
geological–geophysical record of spreading and subduction in the Alps,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 102, 121–158,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.06.002, 2010.
Handy, M. R., Ustaszewski, K., and Kissling, E.: Reconstructing the
Alps–Carpathians–Dinarides as a key to understanding switches in
subduction polarity, slab gaps and surface motion, Int. J. Earth Sci., 104,
26201, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1060-3, 2015.
Handy, M. R., Schmid, S. M., Paffrath, M., Friederich, W., and the AlpArray Working Group: Orogenic lithosphere and slabs in the greater Alpine area – interpretations based on teleseismic P-wave tomography, Solid Earth, 12, 2633–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, 2021.
Hetényi, G., Stuart, G. W., Houseman, G. A., Horváth, F.,
Hegedűs, E., and Brückl, E.: Anomalously deep mantle transition zone
below Central Europe: Evidence of lithospheric instability, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 36, L21307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040171, 2009.
Hetényi, G., Godard, V., Cattin, R., and Connolly, J. A. D.: Incorporating
metamorphism in geodynamic models: the mass conservation problem, Geophys. J. Int.,
186, 6–10, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05052.x, 2011.
Hetényi, G., Molinari, I., Clinton, J., Bokelmann, G., Bondár, I., Crawford, W. C., Dessa, J-X., Doubre, C., Friederich, W., Fuchs, F., Giardini, D., Gráczer, Z., Handy, M. R., Herak, M., Jia, Y., Kissling, E., Kopp, H., Korn, M., Margheriti, L., Meier, T., Mucciarelli, M., Paul, A., Pesaresi, D., Piromallo, C., Plenefisch, T., Plomerová, J., Ritter, J., Rümpker, G., Šipka, V., Spallarossa, D., Thomas, C., Tilmann, F., Wassermann, J., Weber, M., Wéber, Z., Wesztergom, V., Živčić, M., AlpArray Seismic Network Team, AlpArray OBS Cruise Crew, and AlpArray Working Group: The AlpArray Seismic Network: a large-scale European experiment to image the Alpine orogeny, Surv. Geophys., 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-018-9472-4, 2018a.
Hetényi, G., Plomerová, J., Bianchi, I., Kampfová Exnerová,
H., Bokelmann, G., Handy, M. R., Babuška, V., and AlpArray-EASI Working
Group: From mountain summits to roots: Crustal structure of the Eastern Alps
and Bohemian Massif along longitude 13.3∘ E, Tectonophysics, 744,
239–255, doi:10.1016, 2018b.
Horváth, F., Musitza, B., Balázs A., Végh, A., Uhrin, A.,
Nádor, A., Koroknai, A., Pap, N., Tóth, T., and Wórum, G.:
Evolution of the Pannonian basin and its geothermal resources, Geothermics,
53, 328–352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.07.009, 2015.
Hua, Y., Zhao, D., and Xu, Y.: P wave anisotropic tomography of the Alps, J.
Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 4509–4528, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013831, 2017.
INGV Seismological Data Centre: Rete Sismica Nazionale (RSN), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Italy, https://doi.org/10.13127/SD/X0FXnH7QfY, 2006.
Institut für Geowissenschaften, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena: Thüringer Seismologisches Netz, https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/TH, 2009.
Institute of Geophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS): Czech Regional Seismic Network, https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/CZ, 1973.
Kalmár, D., Hetényi, G., Balázs, A., Bondár, I., and
AlpArray Working Group: Crustal thinning from orogen to back-arc basin: the
structure of the Pannonian Basin region revealed by P-to-S converted seismic
waves, J. Geophys. Res., 126, e2020JB021309, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB021309, 2021.
Karousová, H., Plomerová, J., and Babuška, V.: Three-dimensional
velocity model of the crust of the Bohemian Massif and its effects on
seismic tomography of the upper mantle, Stud. Geophys. Geod., 56, 249–267,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11200-010-0065-z, 2012.
Karousová, H., Plomerová, J., and Babuška, V.: Upper mantle
structure beneath the southern Bohemian Massif and its surroundings imaged
by high-resolution tomography, Geophys. J. Int., 194, 1203–1215,
https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt159, 2013.
Kästle, E. D., El-Sharkawy, A., Boschi, L., Meier, T., Rosenberg, C.,
Bellahsen, N., and Weidle, C. C.: Surface Wave Tomography of the Alps Using
Ambient-Noise and Earthquake Phase Velocity Measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 123, 1770–1792, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jb014698, 2018.
Kennett, B. L. N. and Engdahl, E. R.: Traveltimes for global earthquake
location and phase identification, Geophys., J. Int., 105, 429–465, 1991.
Kind, R., Schmid, S. M., Yuan, X., Heit, B., Meier, T., and the AlpArray and AlpArray-SWATH-D Working Groups: Moho and uppermost mantle structure in the Alpine area from S-to-P converted waves, Solid Earth, 12, 2503–2521, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2503-2021, 2021.
Kissling, E. and Schlunegger, F.: Rollback orogeny model for the evolution
of the Swiss Alps, Tectonics, 37, 1097–1115,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004762, 2018.
Kissling, E., Schmid, S. M., Lippitsch, R., Ansorge, J., and Fügenschuh,
B.: Lithosphere structure and tectonic evolution of the Alpine arc: new
evidence from high-resolution teleseismic tomography, Eurpean Lithosphere
Dynamics, edited by: Gee, D. G. and Stephenson, R. A., The Geological Society, London,
Memoirs of Geol. Soc., Vol. 32, 129–145, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2006.032.01.08, 2006.
Koulakov, I., Kaban, M. K., Tesauro, M., and Cloetingh, S.: P- and S
velocity anomalies in the uppermantle beneath Europe from tomographic
inversion of ISC data, Geophys. J. Int., 179, 345–366, 2009.
Krischer, L., Megies, T., Barsch, R., Beyreuther, M., Lecocq, T., Caudron,
C., and Wassermann, J.: ObsPy: a bridge for seismology into the scientific
Python ecosystem, Comput. Sci. Discov., 8, 014003,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1749-4699/8/1/014003, 2015.
Laubscher, H. P.: Bewegung und Wärme in der alpinen Orogenese,
Schweizerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen, Bulletin
suisse de minéralogie et pétrographie, 50, 565–596, 1970.
Le Breton, E., Handy, M. R., Molli, G., and Ustaszewski, K.: Post-20 Ma
motion of the Adriatic plate: New constraints from surrounding Orogens and
implications for crust-mantle decoupling, Tectonics, 36, 1–20,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016TC004443, 2017.
Link, F. and Rumpker, G.: Resolving Seismic Anisotropy of the
Lithosphere–Asthenosphere in the Central/Eastern Alps Beneath the SWATH-D
Network2021, Front. Earth Sci., 9, 679887, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.679887,
2021.
Lippitsch, R., Kissling, E., and Ansorge, J.: Upper mantle structure beneath
the Alpine orogen from high-resolution teleseismic tomography, J. Geophys.
Res., 108, B82376, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002016, 2003.
Lombardi, D., Braunmiller, J., Kissling, E., and Giardini, D.: Alpine mantle
transition zone imaged by receiver functions, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 278,
163–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.11.029, 2009.
Long, M. D. and Becker, T. W.: Mantle dynamics and seismic anisotropy, Earth
Planet Sc. Lett., 297, 341–354, 2010.
Lowe, M., Ebbing, J., El-Sharkawy, A., and Meier, T.: Gravity effect of Alpine slab segments based on geophysical and petrological modelling, Solid Earth, 12, 691–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-691-2021, 2021.
Malusà, M. G., Guillot, S., Zhao, L., Paul, A., Solarino, S., Dumont,
T., Schwartz, S., Aubert, C., Baccheschi, P., Eva, E., LU., Y., Lyu, C.,
Pondrelli, S., Salimbeni S., Sun, W., and Yuan, H.: The Deep Structure of
the Alps based on the CIFALPS Seismic Experiment: A Synthesis, Geochem.
Geophy. Geosy., 22, e2020GC009466, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009466, 2021.
MedNet Project Partner Institutions: Mediterranean Very Broadband Seismographic Network (MedNet), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), https://doi.org/10.13127/SD/fBBBtDtd6q, 1990.
Menke, W.: Geophysical Data Analysis: Discrete Inverse Theory, 1st Edn.,
Academic Press, Inc., ISBN 0-12-490921-3, 1984.
Mitterbauer, U., Behm, M., Brueckl, E., Lippitsch, R., Guterch, A., Keller,
G. R., Kozlovskaya, E., Rumpfhuber, E. M., and Sumanovic, F.: Shape and
origin of the East-Alpine slab constrained by the ALPASS teleseismic model,
Tectonophysics, 510, 195–206, 2011.
Mock, S., von Hagke, C., Schlunegger, F., Dunkl, I., and Herwegh, M.: Long-wavelength late-Miocene thrusting in the north Alpine foreland: implications for late orogenic processes, Solid Earth, 11, 1823–1847, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1823-2020, 2020.
Mueller, S.: Deep structure and recent dynamics in the Alps, edited by: Hsü, K., Mountain building processes, Acad. Press London, 85–93, ISBN 0-12-357980-5, 1982.
Munzarová, H., Plomerová, J., and Kissling, E.: Novel anisotropic
teleseismic body-wave tomography code AniTomo to illuminate heterogeneous
anisotropic upper mantle, Part I – Theory and inversion tuning with
realistic synthetic data, Geophys. J. Int., 215, 524–545, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy296, 2018a.
Munzarová, H., Plomerová, J., Kissling, E., Vecsey, L., and
Babuška, V.: Novel anisotropic teleseismic body-wave tomography code
AniTomo to illuminate heterogeneous anisotropic upper mantle, Part II –
Application to data of passive seismic experiment LAPNET in northern
Fennoscandia, Geophys. J. Int., 215, 1388–1409, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy327,
2018b.
OGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale) and University of Trieste: North-East Italy Broadband, https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/NI, 2002.
Paffrath, M., Friederich, W., Schmid, S. M., Handy, M. R., and the AlpArray and AlpArray-Swath D Working Group: Imaging structure and geometry of slabs in the greater Alpine area – a P-wave travel-time tomography using AlpArray Seismic Network data, Solid Earth, 12, 2671–2702, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2671-2021, 2021.
Piromallo, C. and Morelli, A.: P-wave tomography of the mantle under the
Alpine-Mediterranean area, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 2065,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001757, 2003.
Plomerová, J. and Babuška, V.: Long memory of mantle lithosphere
fabric – European LAB constrained from seismic anisotropy, Lithos, 120,
131–143, 2010.
Plomerová, J., Munzarová, H., Vecsey, L., Kissling, E., Achauer, U.,
and Babuška, V.: Cenozoic volcanism in the Bohemian Massif in the
context of P-and S-velocity high-resolution teleseismic tomography of the
upper mantle, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 17, 3326–3349, 2016.
Plomerová, J., Vecsey, L., Babuška, V., Munzarová, H.,
Hetényi, G., Bianchi, I., and the AlpArray-EASI Working Group: Deep
lithosphere structure across the East-Alpine root towards theBohemian
Massif, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 20, EGU General
Assembly 2018, EGU2018-12326-1, 2018.
Qorbani, E., Bianchi I., and Bokelmann, G.: Slab detachment under the
Eastern Alps seen by seismic anisotropy, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 409,
96–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.049, 2015.
Qorbani, E., Bokelmann, G., Kovacs, I., Horvath, F., and Falus, G.:
Deformation in the asthenospheric mantle beneath the Carpathian-Pannonian
Region, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 6644–6657,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012604, 2016.
Rosenberg, C. L. and Kissling, E.: Three-dimensional insight into
Central-Alpine collision: Lower-plate or upper-plate indentation?, Geology,
41, 1219–1222, https://doi.org/10.1130/G34584.1, 2013.
Rosenberg, C. L., Schneider, S., Scharf, A., Bertrand, A., Hammerschmidt,
K., Rabaute, A., and Brun, J.-P.: Relating collisional kinematics to
exhumation processes in the Eastern Alps, Earth-Sci. Rev., 176,
31–344, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.013, 2018.
Royden, L. H.: Evolution of retreating subduction boundaries formed during
continental collision, Tectonics, 12, 629–638,
https://doi.org/10.1029/92TC02641, 1993.
Royden, L. H. and Burchfirl, B. C.: Are systematic variations in thrust belt
style related to plate boundary processes? (The Western Alps versus the
Carpathians), Tectonics, 8, 51–61, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC008i001p00051, 1989.
Sandoval, S., Kislling, E., Ansorge, J., and SVEKALAPKO Seismic Tomography
working Group: High-resolution body wave tomography beneath the SVEKALAPKO
array – II. Anomalous upper mantle structure beneath the central Baltic
Shield, Geophys. J. Int., 157, 200–214,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02131.x, 2004.
Scarponi, M., Hetényi, G., Plomerová, J., Solarino, S., Baron, L.,
and Petri, B.: Joint seismic and gravity data inversion to image
intra-crustal structures: the Ivrea Geophysical Body along the Val Sesia
profile (Piedmont, Italy), Front Earth Sci., 9,
671412, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.671412, 2021.
Schlunegger, F. and Kissling, E.: Slab rollback orogeny in the Alps and
evolution of the Swiss Molasse basin, Nat. Commun., 6, 8605, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9605, 2015.
Schmid, S. M., Fügenschuh, B., Kissling, E., and Schuster, R.: Tectonic
map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogeny, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 97,
93–117, 2004.
Shomali, Z. H., Roberts, R. G., Pedersen, L. B., and the TOR Working Group:
Lithospheric structure of the Tornquist Zone resolved by nonlinear P and S
teleseismic tomography along the TOR array, Tectonophysics, 416, 133–149,
2006.
Silvennoinen, H., Kozlovskaya, E., and Kissling, E.: POLENET/LAPNET
teleseismic P wave travel time tomography model of the upper mantle beneath
northern Fennoscandia, Solid Earth, 7, 425–439, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-425-2016,
2016.
Slovenian Environment Agency: Seismic Network of the Republic of Slovenia, https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/SL, 1990.
Sobolev, S., Gresillaud, A., and Cara, M.: How robust is isotropic delay
time tomography for anisotropic mantle?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26,
509–512, 1999.
Spada, M., Bianchi, I., Kissling, E., Agostinetti, N. P., and Wiemer, S.:
Combining controlled-source seismology and receiver function information to
derive 3-D Moho topography for Italy, Geophys. J. Int.,
194, 1050–1068, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt148, 2013.
Spakman, W.: Tomographic images of the upper mantle below central Europe and
the Mediterranean, Terra Nova, 2, 542–553,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1990.tb00119.x, 1990.
Steck, L. K. and Prothero, W. A.: A 3-D raytracer for teleseismic bodywave
arrival times, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 81, 1332–1339, 1991.
Tesauro, M., Kaban, M. K., and Cloetingh, S.: EuCRUST-07: A new reference model
for the European crust, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L05313, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL032244, 2008.
TRANSALP Working Group: European orogenic processes research transects the
eastern Alps, Eos Trans. AGU, 82, 453, 460–461, 2001.
University of Leipzig: SXNET Saxon Seismic Network, https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/SX, 2001.
University of Zagreb: Croatian Seismograph Network, https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/CR, 2001.
Ustaszewski, K., Schmid, S. M., Fügenschuh, B., Tischler, M, Kissling, E., and
Spakman, W.: A map-view restoration of the Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic system
for the Early Miocene, Swiss J. Geosci., 101,
S273–S294, 2008
van der Beek, B. P. and Faccenda, M.: Imaging upper mantle anisotropy with
teleseismic P-wave dealys: insights from tomographic reconstructions of
subduction simulations, Geophys. J. Int., 225, 2097–2119,
https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab081, 2021.
Vecsey, L.: TimePicker 2017 [code], Institute of Geophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, https://www.ig.cas.cz/en/time-picker-2017/ (last access: 25 January 2022), 2021.
Vecsey, L., Plomerová, J., Jedlička, P., Munzarová, H.,
Babuška, V., and the AlpArray working group: Data quality control and
tools in passive seismic experiments exemplified on the Czech broadband
seismic pool MOBNET in the AlpArray collaborative project, Geosci. Instrum.
Method. Data Syst., 6, 505–521, 2017.
Vignaroli, G., Faccenna, C., Jolivet, L., Piromalo, C., and Rossetti, F.:
Subduction polarity reversal at the junction between the Western Alps and
the Northern Apennines, Italy, Tectonophys, 450, 34–50,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.12.012, 2008.
Weiland, C., Steck, L., Dawson, P., and Korneev, V.: Nonlinear teleseismic
tomography at Long Valley caldera, using three-dimensional minimum travel
time ray tracing, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20379–20390, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB01147, 1995.
Wortel, M. J. R. and Spakman, W.: Subduction and slab detachment in the
Mediterranean-Carpathian region, Science, 290, 910–917, 2000.
Zahorec, P., Papčo, J., Pašteka, R., Bielik, M., Bonvalot, S., Braitenberg, C., Ebbing, J., Gabriel, G., Gosar, A., Grand, A., Götze, H.-J., Hetényi, G., Holzrichter, N., Kissling, E., Marti, U., Meurers, B., Mrlina, J., Nogová, E., Pastorutti, A., Salaun, C., Scarponi, M., Sebera, J., Seoane, L., Skiba, P., Szűcs, E., and Varga, M.: The first pan-Alpine surface-gravity database, a modern compilation that crosses frontiers, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2165–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2165-2021, 2021.
ZAMG – Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics: Province Südtirol, https://www.fdsn.org/networks/detail/SI/ (last access: 24 January 2022), 2006.
ZAMG – Zentralanstalt für Meterologie und Geodynamik: Austrian Seismic Network, https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/OE, 1987.
Zhao, L., Paul, A., Malusà, M. G., Xu, X., Zheng, T., Solarino, S.,
Guillot, S., Schwartz, S., Dumont, T., Salimbeni, S., Aubert, C., Pondrelli,
S., Wang, Q., and Zhu, R.: Continuity of the Alpine slab unraveled by
high-resolution P wave tomography, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121,
8720–8737, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013310, 2016.
Short summary
We present high-resolution tomography images of upper mantle structure beneath the E Alps and the adjacent Bohemian Massif. The northward-dipping lithosphere, imaged down to ∼200 km beneath the E Alps without signs of delamination, is probably formed by a mixture of a fragment of detached European plate and the Adriatic plate subductions. A detached high-velocity anomaly, sub-parallel to and distinct from the E Alps heterogeneity, is imaged at ∼100–200 km beneath the southern part of the BM.
We present high-resolution tomography images of upper mantle structure beneath the E Alps and...