Articles | Volume 13, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-793-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-793-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 Apr 2022
Research article |
| 07 Apr 2022
| 07 Apr 2022
Drone-based magnetic and multispectral surveys to develop a 3D model for mineral exploration at Qullissat, Disko Island, Greenland
Robert Jackisch
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Exploration, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
now at: Geoinformation in Environmental Planning Lab, Technical University Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
Björn H. Heincke
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
Robert Zimmermann
Department of Exploration, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
now at: G.U.B. Ingenieur AG, 09599 Freiberg,
Germany
Erik V. Sørensen
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, 1350, Denmark
Markku Pirttijärvi
Radai Oy, Oulu, 90590, Finland
Moritz Kirsch
Department of Exploration, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
Heikki Salmirinne
Geological Survey of Finland, Rovaniemi, 96100, Finland
Stefanie Lode
Department of Geoscience and Petroleum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7031,
Norway
Urpo Kuronen
Bluejay Mining PLC, London, W1F0DU, England
Richard Gloaguen
Department of Exploration, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
Related authors
K. Rafiezadeh Shahi, P. Ghamisi, R. Jackisch, M. Khodadadzadeh, S. Lorenz, and R. Gloaguen
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-3-2020, 185–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-3-2020-185-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-3-2020-185-2020, 2020
Akshay Kamath, Samuel Thiele, Moritz Kirsch, and Richard Gloaguen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3448, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3448, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a deep learning model that uses hyperspectral imaging data to predict key physical rock properties, specifically density, slowness, and gamma-ray values. Our model successfully learned to translate hyperspectral information into predicted physical properties. Tests on independent data gave accurate results, demonstrating the potential of hyperspectral data for mapping physical rock properties.
Léa Géring, Moritz Kirsch, Samuel Thiele, Andréa De Lima Ribeiro, Richard Gloaguen, and Jens Gutzmer
Solid Earth, 14, 463–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-463-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-463-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We apply multi-range hyperspectral imaging on drill core material from a Kupferschiefer-type Cu–Ag deposit in Germany, mapping minerals such as iron oxides, kaolinite, sulfate, and carbonates at millimetre resolution and in a rapid, cost-efficient, and continuous manner to track hydrothermal fluid flow paths and vectors towards base metal deposits in sedimentary basins.
Trond Ryberg, Moritz Kirsch, Christian Haberland, Raimon Tolosana-Delgado, Andrea Viezzoli, and Richard Gloaguen
Solid Earth, 13, 519–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-519-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-519-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Novel methods for mineral exploration play an important role in future resource exploration. The methods have to be environmentally friendly, socially accepted and cost effective by integrating multidisciplinary methodologies. We investigate the potential of passive, ambient noise tomography combined with 3D airborne electromagnetics for mineral exploration in Geyer, Germany. We show that the combination of the two geophysical data sets has promising potential for future mineral exploration.
K. Rafiezadeh Shahi, P. Ghamisi, R. Jackisch, M. Khodadadzadeh, S. Lorenz, and R. Gloaguen
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-3-2020, 185–191, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-3-2020-185-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-3-2020-185-2020, 2020
Related subject area
Subject area: Crustal structure and composition | Editorial team: Seismics, seismology, paleoseismology, geoelectrics, and electromagnetics | Discipline: Geophysics
Geophysical downhole logging analysis within the shallow-depth ICDP STAR drilling project (central Italy)
Post-Caledonian tectonic evolution of the Precambrian and Paleozoic platform boundary zone offshore Poland based on the new and vintage multi-channel reflection seismic data
Comparison of surface-wave techniques to estimate S- and P-wave velocity models from active seismic data
Complex fault system revealed by 3-D seismic reflection data with deep learning and fault network analysis
Advanced seismic characterization of a geothermal carbonate reservoir – insight into the structure and diagenesis of a reservoir in the German Molasse Basin
Electrical conductivity of anhydrous and hydrous gabbroic melt under high temperature and high pressure: implications for the high-conductivity anomalies in the mid-ocean ridge region
Formation and geophysical character of transitional crust at the passive continental margin around Walvis Ridge, Namibia
Utilisation of probabilistic magnetotelluric modelling to constrain magnetic data inversion: proof-of-concept and field application
Comparison of straight-ray and curved-ray surface wave tomography approaches in near-surface studies
3D deep geothermal reservoir imaging with wireline distributed acoustic sensing in two boreholes
3D high-resolution seismic imaging of the iron oxide deposits in Ludvika (Sweden) using full-waveform inversion and reverse time migration
Three-dimensional reflection seismic imaging of the iron oxide deposits in the Ludvika mining area, Sweden, using Fresnel volume migration
Ambient seismic noise analysis of LARGE-N data for mineral exploration in the Central Erzgebirge, Germany
Surface-wave tomography for mineral exploration: a successful combination of passive and active data (Siilinjärvi phosphorus mine, Finland)
Imaging crustal structures through a passive seismic imaging approach in a mining area in Saxony, Germany
Reverse time migration (RTM) imaging of iron oxide deposits in the Ludvika mining area, Sweden
Near-surface structure of the Sodankylä area in Finland, obtained by passive seismic interferometry
Evolution of the Iberian Massif as deduced from its crustal thickness and geometry of a mid-crustal (Conrad) discontinuity
Four-dimensional tracer flow reconstruction in fractured rock through borehole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) monitoring
Moho topography beneath the European Eastern Alps by global-phase seismic interferometry
Seismic imaging across fault systems in the Abitibi greenstone belt – an analysis of pre- and post-stack migration approaches in the Chibougamau area, Quebec, Canada
Wireline distributed acoustic sensing allows 4.2 km deep vertical seismic profiling of the Rotliegend 150 °C geothermal reservoir in the North German Basin
Sparse 3D reflection seismic survey for deep-targeting iron oxide deposits and their host rocks, Ludvika Mines, Sweden
Fault sealing and caprock integrity for CO2 storage: an in situ injection experiment
What can seismic noise tell us about the Alpine reactivation of the Iberian Massif? An example in the Iberian Central System
In situ hydromechanical responses during well drilling recorded by fiber-optic distributed strain sensing
Coherent diffraction imaging for enhanced fault and fracture network characterization
Seismic evidence for failed rifting in the Ligurian Basin, Western Alpine domain
Azimuth-, angle- and frequency-dependent seismic velocities of cracked rocks due to squirt flow
Characteristics of a fracture network surrounding a hydrothermally altered shear zone from geophysical borehole logs
Bayesian full-waveform inversion of tube waves to estimate fracture aperture and compliance
Correlation of core and downhole seismic velocities in high-pressure metamorphic rocks: a case study for the COSC-1 borehole, Sweden
Prediction of seismic P-wave velocity using machine learning
Large-scale electrical resistivity tomography in the Cheb Basin (Eger Rift) at an International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP) monitoring site to image fluid-related structures
Anisotropic P-wave travel-time tomography implementing Thomsen's weak approximation in TOMO3D
Full-waveform inversion of short-offset, band-limited seismic data in the Alboran Basin (SE Iberia)
Fault interpretation in seismic reflection data: an experiment analysing the impact of conceptual model anchoring and vertical exaggeration
Improving the quality of empirical Green's functions, obtained by cross-correlation of high-frequency ambient seismic noise
Quantifying the impact of the structural uncertainty on the gross rock volume in the Lubina and Montanazo oil fields (Western Mediterranean)
What happens to fracture energy in brittle fracture? Revisiting the Griffith assumption
Constraining the geotherm beneath the British Isles from Bayesian inversion of Curie depth: integrated modelling of magnetic, geothermal, and seismic data
Crustal-scale depth imaging via joint full-waveform inversion of ocean-bottom seismometer data and pre-stack depth migration of multichannel seismic data: a case study from the eastern Nankai Trough
Imaging the East European Craton margin in northern Poland using extended correlation processing of regional seismic reflection profiles
Ionian Abyssal Plain: a window into the Tethys oceanic lithosphere
Granite microporosity changes due to fracturing and alteration: secondary mineral phases as proxies for porosity and permeability estimation
3-D seismic travel-time tomography validation of a detailed subsurface model: a case study of the Záncara river basin (Cuenca, Spain)
The effect of rock composition on muon tomography measurements
Seismic imaging of dyke swarms within the Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone (Sweden) and implications for thermal energy storage
Paola Montone, Simona Pierdominici, M. Teresa Mariucci, Francesco Mirabella, Marco Urbani, Assel Akimbekova, Lauro Chiaraluce, Wade Johnson, and Massimiliano Rinaldo Barchi
Solid Earth, 15, 1385–1406, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1385-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1385-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The STAR project set out to drill six shallow holes and use geophysical logging to find the best depth for placing seismometers and strainmeters to image the upper crust, in particular the Alto Tiberina fault, Italy. These measurements give us a better idea of what the rocks are like, helping us connect what we know from the literature with what we find underground, giving solid information on rock properties, which helps us understand the first few hundred meters of the Earth's crust.
Quang Nguyen, Michal Malinowski, Stanisław Mazur, Sergiy Stovba, Małgorzata Ponikowska, and Christian Hübscher
Solid Earth, 15, 1029–1046, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1029-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1029-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our work demonstrates the following: (1) an efficient seismic data-processing strategy focused on suppressing shallow-water multiple reflections. (2) An improvement in the quality of legacy marine seismic data. (3) A seismic interpretation of sedimentary successions overlying the basement in the transition zone from the Precambrian to Paleozoic platforms. (4) The tectonic evolution of the Koszalin Fault and its relation to the Caledonian Deformation Front offshore Poland.
Farbod Khosro Anjom, Frank Adler, and Laura Valentina Socco
Solid Earth, 15, 367–386, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Most surface-wave techniques focus on estimating the S-wave velocity (VS) model and consider the P-wave velocity (VP) model as prior information in the inversion step. Here, we show the application of three surface-wave methods to estimate both VS and VP models. We apply the methods to the data from a hard-rock site that were acquired through the irregular source–receiver recording technique. We compare the outcomes and performances of the methods in detail.
Thilo Wrona, Indranil Pan, Rebecca E. Bell, Christopher A.-L. Jackson, Robert L. Gawthorpe, Haakon Fossen, Edoseghe E. Osagiede, and Sascha Brune
Solid Earth, 14, 1181–1195, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1181-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We need to understand where faults are to do the following: (1) assess their seismic hazard, (2) explore for natural resources and (3) store CO2 safely in the subsurface. Currently, we still map subsurface faults primarily by hand using seismic reflection data, i.e. acoustic images of the Earth. Mapping faults this way is difficult and time-consuming. Here, we show how to use deep learning to accelerate fault mapping and how to use networks or graphs to simplify fault analyses.
Sonja H. Wadas, Johanna F. Krumbholz, Vladimir Shipilin, Michael Krumbholz, David C. Tanner, and Hermann Buness
Solid Earth, 14, 871–908, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-871-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-871-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The geothermal carbonate reservoir below Munich, Germany, is extremely heterogeneous because it is controlled by many factors like lithology, diagenesis, karstification, and tectonic deformation. We used a 3D seismic single- and multi-attribute analysis combined with well data and a neural-net-based lithology classification to obtain an improved reservoir concept outlining its structural and diagenetic evolution and to identify high-quality reservoir zones in the Munich area.
Mengqi Wang, Lidong Dai, Haiying Hu, Ziming Hu, Chenxin Jing, Chuanyu Yin, Song Luo, and Jinhua Lai
Solid Earth, 14, 847–858, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-847-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-847-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This is the first time that the electrical conductivity of gabbroic melt was assessed at high temperature and high pressure. The dependence of electrical conductivity on the degree of depolymerization was also explored. Electrical conductivity of gabbroic melts can be employed to interpret high-conductivity anomalies in the Mohns Ridge of the Arctic Ocean. This is of widespread interest to potential readers in high-pressure rock physics, solid geophysics, and deep Earth science.
Gesa Franz, Marion Jegen, Max Moorkamp, Christian Berndt, and Wolfgang Rabbel
Solid Earth, 14, 237–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-237-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-237-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our study focuses on the correlation of two geophysical parameters (electrical resistivity and density) with geological units. We use this computer-aided correlation to improve interpretation of the Earth’s formation history along the Namibian coast and the associated formation of the South Atlantic Ocean. It helps to distinguish different types of sediment cover and varieties of oceanic crust, as well as to identify typical features associated with the breakup of continents.
Jérémie Giraud, Hoël Seillé, Mark D. Lindsay, Gerhard Visser, Vitaliy Ogarko, and Mark W. Jessell
Solid Earth, 14, 43–68, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-43-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-43-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose and apply a workflow to combine the modelling and interpretation of magnetic anomalies and resistivity anomalies to better image the basement. We test the method on a synthetic case study and apply it to real world data from the Cloncurry area (Queensland, Australia), which is prospective for economic minerals. Results suggest a new interpretation of the composition and structure towards to east of the profile that we modelled.
Mohammadkarim Karimpour, Evert Slob, and Laura Valentina Socco
Solid Earth, 13, 1569–1583, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1569-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1569-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Near-surface characterisation is of great importance. Surface wave tomography (SWT) is a powerful tool to model the subsurface. In this work we compare straight-ray and curved-ray SWT at near-surface scale. We apply both approaches to four datasets and compare the results in terms of the quality of the final model and the computational cost. We show that in the case of high data coverage, straight-ray SWT can produce similar results to curved-ray SWT but with less computational cost.
Evgeniia Martuganova, Manfred Stiller, Ben Norden, Jan Henninges, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 13, 1291–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1291-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1291-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate the applicability of vertical seismic profiling (VSP) acquired using wireline distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology for deep geothermal reservoir imaging and characterization. Borehole DAS data provide critical input for seismic interpretation and help assess small-scale geological structures. This case study can be used as a basis for detailed structural exploration of geothermal reservoirs and provide insightful information for geothermal exploration projects.
Brij Singh, Michał Malinowski, Andrzej Górszczyk, Alireza Malehmir, Stefan Buske, Łukasz Sito, and Paul Marsden
Solid Earth, 13, 1065–1085, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1065-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1065-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fast depletion of shallower deposits is pushing the mining industry to look for cutting-edge technologies for deep mineral targeting. We demonstrated a joint workflow including two state-of-the-art technologies: full-waveform inversion and reverse time migration. We produced Earth images with significant details which can help with better estimation of areas with high mineralisation, better mine planning and safety measures.
Felix Hloušek, Michal Malinowski, Lena Bräunig, Stefan Buske, Alireza Malehmir, Magdalena Markovic, Lukasz Sito, Paul Marsden, and Emma Bäckström
Solid Earth, 13, 917–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-917-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Methods for mineral exploration play an important role within the EU. Exploration must be environmentally friendly, cost effective, and feasible in populated areas. Seismic methods have the potential to deliver detailed images of mineral deposits but suffer from these demands. We show the results for a sparse 3D seismic dataset acquired in Sweden. The 3D depth image allows us to track the known mineralizations beyond the known extent and gives new insights into the geometry of the deposit.
Trond Ryberg, Moritz Kirsch, Christian Haberland, Raimon Tolosana-Delgado, Andrea Viezzoli, and Richard Gloaguen
Solid Earth, 13, 519–533, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-519-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-519-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Novel methods for mineral exploration play an important role in future resource exploration. The methods have to be environmentally friendly, socially accepted and cost effective by integrating multidisciplinary methodologies. We investigate the potential of passive, ambient noise tomography combined with 3D airborne electromagnetics for mineral exploration in Geyer, Germany. We show that the combination of the two geophysical data sets has promising potential for future mineral exploration.
Chiara Colombero, Myrto Papadopoulou, Tuomas Kauti, Pietari Skyttä, Emilia Koivisto, Mikko Savolainen, and Laura Valentina Socco
Solid Earth, 13, 417–429, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-417-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-417-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Passive-source surface waves may be exploited in mineral exploration for deeper investigations. We propose a semi-automatic workflow for their processing. The geological interpretation of the results obtained at a mineral site (Siilinjärvi phosphorus mine) shows large potentialities and effectiveness of the proposed workflow.
Hossein Hassani, Felix Hloušek, Stefan Buske, and Olaf Wallner
Solid Earth, 12, 2703–2715, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2703-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2703-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Passive seismic imaging methods use natural earthquakes as seismic sources, while in active seismic imaging methods, artificial sources (e.g. explosives) are used to generate seismic waves. We imaged some structures related to a major fault plane through a passive seismic imaging approach using microearthquakes with magnitudes smaller than 0.9 (Mw). These structures have not been illuminated by a previously conducted 3D active seismic survey due to their large dip angles.
Yinshuai Ding and Alireza Malehmir
Solid Earth, 12, 1707–1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1707-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1707-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this article, we investigate the potential of reverse time migration (RTM) for deep targeting iron oxide deposits and the possible AVO effect that is potentially seen in the common image gathers from this migration algorithm. The results are promising and help to delineate the deposits and host rock structures using a 2D dataset from the Ludvika mines of central Sweden.
Nikita Afonin, Elena Kozlovskaya, Suvi Heinonen, and Stefan Buske
Solid Earth, 12, 1563–1579, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1563-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1563-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In our study, we show the results of a passive seismic interferometry application for mapping the uppermost crust in the area of active mineral exploration in northern Finland. The obtained velocity models agree well with geological data and complement the results of reflection seismic data interpretation.
Puy Ayarza, José Ramón Martínez Catalán, Ana Martínez García, Juan Alcalde, Juvenal Andrés, José Fernando Simancas, Immaculada Palomeras, David Martí, Irene DeFelipe, Chris Juhlin, and Ramón Carbonell
Solid Earth, 12, 1515–1547, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1515-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1515-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Vertical incidence seismic profiling on the Iberian Massif images a mid-crustal-scale discontinuity at the top of the reflective lower crust. This feature shows that upper- and lower-crustal reflections merge into it, suggesting that it has often behaved as a detachment. The orogen-scale extension of this discontinuity, present in Gondwanan and Avalonian affinity terranes into the Iberian Massif, demonstrates its relevance, leading us to interpret it as the Conrad discontinuity.
Peter-Lasse Giertzuch, Joseph Doetsch, Alexis Shakas, Mohammadreza Jalali, Bernard Brixel, and Hansruedi Maurer
Solid Earth, 12, 1497–1513, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1497-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1497-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Two time-lapse borehole ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted during saline tracer experiments in weakly fractured crystalline rock with sub-millimeter fractures apertures, targeting electrical conductivity changes. The combination of time-lapse reflection and transmission GPR surveys from different boreholes allowed monitoring the tracer flow and reconstructing the flow path and its temporal evolution in 3D and provided a realistic visualization of the hydrological processes.
Irene Bianchi, Elmer Ruigrok, Anne Obermann, and Edi Kissling
Solid Earth, 12, 1185–1196, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1185-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1185-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The European Alps formed during collision between the European and Adriatic plates and are one of the most studied orogens for understanding the dynamics of mountain building. In the Eastern Alps, the contact between the colliding plates is still a matter of debate. We have used the records from distant earthquakes to highlight the geometries of the crust–mantle boundary in the Eastern Alpine area; our results suggest a complex and faulted internal crustal structure beneath the higher crests.
Saeid Cheraghi, Alireza Malehmir, Mostafa Naghizadeh, David Snyder, Lucie Mathieu, and Pierre Bedeaux
Solid Earth, 12, 1143–1164, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1143-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1143-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution seismic profiles in 2D are acquired in the north and south of the Chibougamau area, Quebec, Canada located in the northeast of the Abitibi Greenstone belt. The area mostly includes volcanic rocks, and both profiles cross over several fault zones. The seismic method is acquired to image the subsurface down to depth of 12 km. The main aim of this study is to image major fault zones and the geological formations connected to those faults to investigate metal endowment in the area.
Jan Henninges, Evgeniia Martuganova, Manfred Stiller, Ben Norden, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 12, 521–537, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-521-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-521-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed a seismic survey in two 4.3 km deep geothermal research wells using the novel method of distributed acoustic sensing and wireline cables. The characteristics of the acquired data, methods for data processing and quality improvement, and interpretations on the geometry and structure of the sedimentary and volcanic reservoir rocks are presented. The method enables measurements at high temperatures and reduced cost compared to conventional sensors.
Alireza Malehmir, Magdalena Markovic, Paul Marsden, Alba Gil, Stefan Buske, Lukasz Sito, Emma Bäckström, Martiya Sadeghi, and Stefan Luth
Solid Earth, 12, 483–502, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-483-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-483-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A smooth transition toward decarbonization demands access to more minerals of critical importance. Europe has a good geology for many of these mineral deposits, but at a depth requiring sensitive, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective methods for their exploration. In this context, we present a sparse 3D seismic dataset that allowed identification of potential iron oxide resources at depth and helped to characterise key geological structures and a historical tailing in central Sweden.
Alba Zappone, Antonio Pio Rinaldi, Melchior Grab, Quinn C. Wenning, Clément Roques, Claudio Madonna, Anne C. Obermann, Stefano M. Bernasconi, Matthias S. Brennwald, Rolf Kipfer, Florian Soom, Paul Cook, Yves Guglielmi, Christophe Nussbaum, Domenico Giardini, Marco Mazzotti, and Stefan Wiemer
Solid Earth, 12, 319–343, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-319-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-319-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The success of the geological storage of carbon dioxide is linked to the availability at depth of a capable reservoir and an impermeable caprock. The sealing capacity of the caprock is a key parameter for long-term CO2 containment. Faults crosscutting the caprock might represent preferential pathways for CO2 to escape. A decameter-scale experiment on injection in a fault, monitored by an integrated network of multiparamerter sensors, sheds light on the mobility of fluids within the fault.
Juvenal Andrés, Puy Ayarza, Martin Schimmel, Imma Palomeras, Mario Ruiz, and Ramon Carbonell
Solid Earth, 11, 2499–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2499-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2499-2020, 2020
Yi Zhang, Xinglin Lei, Tsutomu Hashimoto, and Ziqiu Xue
Solid Earth, 11, 2487–2497, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2487-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2487-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Spatially continuous strain responses in two monitoring wells induced by a well-drilling process were monitored using high-resolution fiber-optic distributed strain sensing (DSS). The modeling results suggest that the strain polarities and magnitudes along the wellbores may be indicative of the layered-permeability structure or heterogeneous formation damage. The performance and value of DSS as a novel hydrogeophysical tool for in situ subsurface monitoring are emphasized.
Benjamin Schwarz and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 11, 1891–1907, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1891-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1891-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Intricate fault and fracture networks cut through the upper crust, and their detailed delineation and characterization play an important role in the Earth sciences. While conventional geophysical sounding techniques only provide indirect means of detection, we present scale-spanning field data examples, in which coherent diffraction imaging – a framework inspired by optics and visual perception – enables the direct imaging of these crustal features at an unprecedented spatial resolution.
Anke Dannowski, Heidrun Kopp, Ingo Grevemeyer, Dietrich Lange, Martin Thorwart, Jörg Bialas, and Martin Wollatz-Vogt
Solid Earth, 11, 873–887, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-873-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-873-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Ligurian Sea opened ~30–15 Ma during the SE migration of the Calabrian subduction zone. Seismic travel time tomography reveals the absence of oceanic crust, documenting that the extension of continental lithosphere stopped before seafloor spreading initiated. The extension led to extreme crustal thinning and possibly exhumed mantle accompanied by syn-rift sedimentation. Our new interpretation of the crust's nature is important for plate reconstruction modelling related to the Alpine orogen.
Yury Alkhimenkov, Eva Caspari, Simon Lissa, and Beatriz Quintal
Solid Earth, 11, 855–871, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-855-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-855-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We perform a three-dimensional numerical study of the fluid–solid deformation at the pore scale. We show that seismic wave velocities exhibit strong azimuth-, angle- and frequency-dependent behavior due to squirt flow between interconnected cracks. We conclude that the overall anisotropy mainly increases due to squirt flow, but in some specific planes it can locally decrease as well as increase, depending on the material properties.
Eva Caspari, Andrew Greenwood, Ludovic Baron, Daniel Egli, Enea Toschini, Kaiyan Hu, and Klaus Holliger
Solid Earth, 11, 829–854, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-829-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-829-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A shallow borehole was drilled to explore the petrophysical and hydraulic characteristics of a hydrothermally active fault in the crystalline Aar massif of the Alps. A key objective of studying surficial features of this kind is to establish analogies with natural and deep-seated engineered hydrothermal systems. A wide range of geophysical borehole logs was acquired, which revealed a complex fracture network in the damage zone of the fault and a related compartmentalized hydraulic behavior.
Jürg Hunziker, Andrew Greenwood, Shohei Minato, Nicolás Daniel Barbosa, Eva Caspari, and Klaus Holliger
Solid Earth, 11, 657–668, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-657-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-657-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The characterization of fractures is crucial for a wide range of pertinent applications, such as geothermal energy production, hydrocarbon exploration, CO2 sequestration, and nuclear waste disposal. We estimate fracture parameters based on waves that travel along boreholes (tube waves) using a stochastic optimization approach.
Felix Kästner, Simona Pierdominici, Judith Elger, Alba Zappone, Jochem Kück, and Christian Berndt
Solid Earth, 11, 607–626, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-607-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-607-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge about physical properties at depth is crucial to image and understand structures linked with orogenic processes. We examined seismic velocities from core and downhole data from the COSC-1 borehole, Sweden, and calibrated our results with laboratory measurements on core samples. Despite a strong mismatch between the core and downhole velocities due to microcracks, mafic units are resolved at all scales, while at sample scale, strong seismic anisotropy correlates with the rock foliation.
Ines Dumke and Christian Berndt
Solid Earth, 10, 1989–2000, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1989-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1989-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Knowing the velocity with which seismic waves travel through the top of the crust is important both for identifying anomalies, e.g. the presence of resources, and for geophysical data evaluation. Traditionally this has been done by using empirical functions. Here, we use machine learning to derive better seismic velocity estimates for the crust below the oceans. In most cases this methods performs better than empirical averages.
Tobias Nickschick, Christina Flechsig, Jan Mrlina, Frank Oppermann, Felix Löbig, and Thomas Günther
Solid Earth, 10, 1951–1969, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1951-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1951-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
An active CO2 degassing site in the western Eger Rift, Czech Republic, was investigated with a 6.5 km long geophysical survey using a specific large-scale geoelectrical setup, supported by shallow geoelectrical surveys and gravity measurements. The experiment reveals unusually low resistivities in the sediments and basement below the degassing area of less than 10 Ω and provides a base for a custom geological model of the area for a future 400 m deep research drilling in this area.
Adrià Meléndez, Clara Estela Jiménez, Valentí Sallarès, and César R. Ranero
Solid Earth, 10, 1857–1876, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1857-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1857-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A new code for anisotropic travel-time tomography is presented. We describe the equations governing the anisotropic ray propagation algorithm and the modified inversion solver. We study the sensitivity of two medium parameterizations and compare four inversion strategies on a canonical model. This code can provide better understanding of the Earth's subsurface in the rather common geological contexts in which seismic velocity displays a weak dependency on the polar angle of ray propagation.
Clàudia Gras, Daniel Dagnino, Clara Estela Jiménez-Tejero, Adrià Meléndez, Valentí Sallarès, and César R. Ranero
Solid Earth, 10, 1833–1855, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1833-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1833-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a workflow that combines different geophysical techniques, showing that a detailed seismic velocity model can be obtained even for non-optimal data sets, i.e. relatively short-offset, band-limited streamer data recorded in deep water. This fact has an important implication for the Marine seismic community, suggesting that many of the existing data sets should be revisited and analysed with new techniques to enhance our understanding of the subsurface, as in the Alboran Basin case.
Juan Alcalde, Clare E. Bond, Gareth Johnson, Armelle Kloppenburg, Oriol Ferrer, Rebecca Bell, and Puy Ayarza
Solid Earth, 10, 1651–1662, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1651-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1651-2019, 2019
Nikita Afonin, Elena Kozlovskaya, Jouni Nevalainen, and Janne Narkilahti
Solid Earth, 10, 1621–1634, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1621-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1621-2019, 2019
Carla Patricia Bárbara, Patricia Cabello, Alexandre Bouche, Ingrid Aarnes, Carlos Gordillo, Oriol Ferrer, Maria Roma, and Pau Arbués
Solid Earth, 10, 1597–1619, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1597-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1597-2019, 2019
Timothy R. H. Davies, Maurice J. McSaveney, and Natalya V. Reznichenko
Solid Earth, 10, 1385–1395, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1385-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1385-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Griffith (1921) assumed that energy used to create new surface area by breaking intact rock immediately becomes surface energy which is not available for further breakage. Our lab data disprove this assumption; we created much more new surface area, 90 % on submicron fragments, than the energy involved should allow. As technology allows ever smaller fragments to be measured, continued use of the Griffith assumption will lead to incorrect energy budgets for earthquakes and rock avalanches.
Ben Mather and Javier Fullea
Solid Earth, 10, 839–850, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-839-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-839-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The temperature in the crust can be constrained by the Curie depth, which is often interpreted as the 580 °C isotherm. We cast the estimation of Curie depth, from maps of the magnetic anomaly, within a Bayesian framework to properly quantify its uncertainty across the British Isles. We find that uncertainty increases considerably for deeper Curie depths, which demonstrates that generally this method is only reliable in hotter regions, such as Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Andrzej Górszczyk, Stéphane Operto, Laure Schenini, and Yasuhiro Yamada
Solid Earth, 10, 765–784, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-765-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-765-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In order to broaden our knowledge about the deep lithosphere using seismic methods, we develop leading-edge imaging workflows integrating different types of data. Here we exploit the complementary information carried by seismic wavefields, which are fundamentally different in terms of acquisition setting. We cast this information into our processing workflow and build a detailed model of the subduction zone, which is subject to further geological interpretation.
Miłosz Mężyk, Michał Malinowski, and Stanisław Mazur
Solid Earth, 10, 683–696, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-683-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-683-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Precambrian East European Craton is one of the most important building blocks of the European plate. Unlike in Scandinavia, its crystalline crust in Poland is concealed beneath younger sediments. Reprocessing of ca. 950 km regional reflection seismic profiles acquired during shale gas exploration in NE Poland revealed reflectivity patterns interpreted as signs of Svekofennian orogeny, proving a similar mechanism of Paleoproterozoic crustal formation across the Baltic Sea.
Anke Dannowski, Heidrun Kopp, Frauke Klingelhoefer, Dirk Klaeschen, Marc-André Gutscher, Anne Krabbenhoeft, David Dellong, Marzia Rovere, David Graindorge, Cord Papenberg, and Ingo Klaucke
Solid Earth, 10, 447–462, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-447-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-447-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The nature of the Ionian Sea crust has been the subject of scientific debate for more than 30 years. Seismic data, recorded on ocean bottom instruments, have been analysed and support the interpretation of the Ionian Abyssal Plain as a remnant of the Tethys oceanic lithosphere with the Malta Escarpment as a transform margin and a Tethys opening in the NNW–SSE direction.
Martin Staněk and Yves Géraud
Solid Earth, 10, 251–274, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-251-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-251-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Granite is suitable to host geothermal wells or disposals of hazardous waste and in these cases the rock porosity and permeability are critical. Our detailed porosity and permeability data on variously deformed Lipnice granite yield a span of 5 orders of magnitude in permeability between the least and the most deformed facies. To facilitate the estimation of porosity and permeability in similar settings, we provide optical and chemical data on the characteristic minerals of each facies.
David Marti, Ignacio Marzan, Jana Sachsenhausen, Joaquina Alvarez-Marrón, Mario Ruiz, Montse Torne, Manuela Mendes, and Ramon Carbonell
Solid Earth, 10, 177–192, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-177-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-177-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A detailed knowledge of the very shallow subsurface has become of crucial interest for modern society, especially if it hosts critical surface infrastructures such as temporary waste storage sites. The use of indirect methods to characterize the internal structure of the subsurface has been successfully applied, based on the 3-D distribution of seismic velocities and well-log data, which are of great interest for civil engineering companies.
Alessandro Lechmann, David Mair, Akitaka Ariga, Tomoko Ariga, Antonio Ereditato, Ryuichi Nishiyama, Ciro Pistillo, Paola Scampoli, Fritz Schlunegger, and Mykhailo Vladymyrov
Solid Earth, 9, 1517–1533, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1517-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1517-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Muon tomography is a technology, similar to X-ray tomography, to image the interior of an object, including geologically interesting ones. In this work, we examined the influence of rock composition on the physical measurements, and the possible error that is made by assuming a too-simplistic rock model. We performed numerical simulations for a more realistic rock model and found that beyond 300 m of rock, the composition starts to play a significant role and has to be accounted for.
Alireza Malehmir, Bo Bergman, Benjamin Andersson, Robert Sturk, and Mattis Johansson
Solid Earth, 9, 1469–1485, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1469-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1469-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Interest and demand for green-type energy usage and storage are growing worldwide. Among several, thermal energy storage that stores energy (excess heat or cold) in fluids is particularly interesting. For an upscaling purpose, three seismic profiles were acquired within the Tornquist suture zone in the southwest of Sweden and historical crustal-scale offshore BABEL lines revisited. A number of dykes have been imaged and implications for the storage and tectonic setting within the zone discussed.
Cited articles
Airo, M.-L. and Säävuori, H.: Petrophysical characteristics of Finnish bedrock, Geol. Surv. Finland, Espoo, Report of Investigation 205, ISBN 978-952-217-267-9, 35 pp., 2013.
Athavale, R. N. and Sharma, P. V.: Paleomagnetic Results on Early Tertiary
Lava Flows from West Greenland and their bearing on the Evolution History of
the Baffin Bay–Labrador Sea Region, Can. J. Earth Sci., 12,
1–18, https://doi.org/10.1139/e75-001, 1975.
Austin, J. and Crawford, B.: Remanent magnetization mapping: A tool for
greenfields magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE exploration undercover: Part 1, Ore Geol.
Rev., 107, 457–475, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.03.008,
2019.
Barnes, S. J., Cruden, A. R., Arndt, N., and Saumur, B. M.: The mineral
system approach applied to magmatic Ni–Cu–PGE sulphide deposits, Ore
Geol. Rev., 76, 296–316,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.06.012, 2016.
Bedini, E.: Mineral mapping in the Kap Simpson complex, central East
Greenland, using HyMap and ASTER remote sensing data, Adv. Space
Res., 47, 60–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.08.021, 2011.
Bedini, E. and Rasmussen, T. M.: Use of airborne hyperspectral and gamma-ray
spectroscopy data for mineral exploration at the Sarfartoq carbonatite
complex, southern West Greenland, Geosci. J., 22, 641–651,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-017-0078-5, 2018.
Bird, J. M. and Weathers, M. S.: Native iron occurrences of Disko Island,
Greenland, J. Geol., 85, 359–371, 1977.
Blakely, R. J.: Potential Theory in Gravity and Magnetic Applications,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511549816, 1995.
Blue Jay Mining PLC: Results of MMI and SGH Geochemical Surveys at the
Disko-Nuussuaq Project and Licence Expansion, press release,
https://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/8283B_1-2020-2-3.pdf, last access: 11 October 2021.
Bonow, J. M., Japsen, P., Lidmar-Bergström, K., Chalmers, J. A., and
Pedersen, A. K.: Cenozoic uplift of Nuussuaq and Disko, West
Greenland – elevated erosion surfaces as uplift markers of a passive margin,
Geomorphology, 80, 325–337, 2006.
Booysen, R., Jackisch, R., Lorenz, S., Zimmermann, R., Kirsch, M., Nex, P.
A. M., and Gloaguen, R.: Detection of REEs with lightweight UAV-based
hyperspectral imaging, Sci. Rep., 10, 17450,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74422-0, 2020.
Brethes, A., Guarnieri, P., and Rasmussen, T. M.: Integrating 3D
photogeology with aeromagnetic data as a tool for base-metal exploration in
East Greenland, GEUS Bull., 31, 71–74,
https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v31.4664, 2014.
Brethes, A., Guarnieri, P., Rasmussen, T. M., and Bauer, T. E.:
Interpretation of aeromagnetic data in the Jameson Land Basin, central East
Greenland: Structures and related mineralized systems, Tectonophysics,
724/725, 116–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.01.008, 2018.
Calou, P. and Munschy, M.: Airborne Magnetic Surveying with a Drone and
Determination of the Total Magnetization of a Dipole, IEEE Trans.
Magn., 56, 6000409, https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2020.2986988, 2020.
Cande, S. C. and Kent, D. V.: Revised calibration of the geomagnetic
polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic, J.
Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 100, 6093–6095,
https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB03098, 1995.
Chalmers, J. A., Pulvertaft, T. C. R., Marcussen, C., and Pedersen, A. K.:
New insight into the structure of the Nuussuaq Basin, central West
Greenland, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 16, 197–211,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(98)00077-4, 1999.
Clark, D.: Magnetic petrophysics and magnetic petrology: Aids to geological
interpretation of magnetic surveys, AGSO J. Austr. Geol.
Geophys., 17, 83–104, 1997.
Clark, D. A. and Emerson, J. B.: Notes On Rock Magnetization Characteristics
In Applied Geophysical Studies, Explor. Geophys., 22, 547–555,
https://doi.org/10.1071/EG991547, 1991.
Crowley, J. K., Williams, D. E., Hammarstrom, J. M., Piatak, N., Chou,
I.-M., and Mars, J. C.: Spectral reflectance properties (0.4–2.5 µm)
of secondary Fe-oxide, Fe-hydroxide, and Fe-sulphate-hydrate minerals
associated with sulphide-bearing mine wastes, Geochemi. Explor.
Environ. Anal., 3, 219–228,
https://doi.org/10.1144/1467-7873/03-001, 2003.
Cunningham, M., Samson, C., Wood, A., and Cook, I.: Aeromagnetic Surveying
with a Rotary-Wing Unmanned Aircraft System: A Case Study from a Zinc
Deposit in Nash Creek, New Brunswick, Canada, Pure Appl. Geophys.,
175, 3145–3158, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1736-2, 2018.
Dahl-Jensen, T., Larsen, L. M., Pedersen, S. A. S., Pedersen, J., Jepsen, H.
F., Pedersen, G., Nielsen, T., Pedersen, A. K., Von Platen-Hallermund, F.,
and Weng, W.: Landslide and Tsunami 21 November 2000 in Paatuut, West
Greenland, Nat. Hazards, 31, 277–287,
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000020264.70048.95, 2004.
Dam, G., Pedersen, G. K., Sønderholm, M., Midtgaard, H. H., Larsen, L.
M., Nøhr-Hansen, H., and Pedersen, A. K.: Lithostratigraphy of the
Cretaceous-Paleocene Nuussuaq group, Nuussuaq basin, West Greenland,
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin, ISBN 978-87-7871-260-8, 1–171, 2009.
Data, E., Donohue, J., and Legault, J.: Geological report regarding the Quantec TITAN-24 distributed Array System Tensor-magnetotelluric survey over the Disko Project, Greenland, during 2004, on behalf of Vismand Exploration Inc., Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, GEUS internal report file 21888, 14 pp., 2005.
Dataforsyningen: Danish Agency for Data Supply and Efficiency: SDFE
pilotprojekt “Nykortlægning af Grønland”,
https://dataforsyningen.dk/data/2842 (last access: 21 May 2021), 2019.
Dentith, M. and Mudge, S. T.: Geophysics for the Mineral Exploration Geoscientist, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 454 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139024358, 2014.
Dering, G. M., Micklethwaite, S., Thiele, S. T., Vollgger, S. A., and
Cruden, A. R.: Review of drones, photogrammetry and emerging sensor
technology for the study of dykes: Best practises and future potential,
J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 373, 148–166,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.01.018, 2019.
Deutsch, E. R. and Kristjansson, L. G.: Palaeomagnetism of Late
Cretaceous-Tertiary Volcanics from Disko Island, West Greenland, Geophys.
J. Roy. Astron. Soc., 39, 343–360,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1974.tb05459.x, 1974.
Dunlop, D. J. and Argyle, K. S.: Thermoremanence, anhysteretic remanence and
susceptibility of submicron magnetites: Nonlinear field dependence and
variation with grain size, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
102, 20199–20210, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00957, 1997.
Ellis, R., de Wet, B., and Macleod, I.: Inversion of Magnetic Data from Remanent and Induced Sources, in: ASEG Extended Abstracts, 22nd ASEG International Geophysical Conference and Exhibition, Brisbane, Australia, 26–29 February 2016, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1071/ASEG2012ab117, 2012.
Flores, H., Lorenz, S., Jackisch, R., Tusa, L., Contreras, I. C.,
Zimmermann, R., and Gloaguen, R.: UAS-Based Hyperspectral Environmental
Monitoring of Acid Mine Drainage Affected Waters, Minerals, 11, 182,
https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020182, 2021.
Gavazzi, B., Le Maire, P., Munschy, M., and Dechamp, A.: Fluxgate vector
magnetometers: A multisensor device for ground, UAV, and airborne magnetic
surveys, Leading Edge, 35, 795–797,
https://doi.org/10.1190/tle35090795.1, 2016.
Gavazzi, B., Le Maire, P., Mercier de Lépinay, J., Calou, P., and
Munschy, M.: Fluxgate three-component magnetometers for cost-effective
ground, UAV and airborne magnetic surveys for industrial and academic
geoscience applications and comparison with current industrial standards
through case studies, Geomech. Energ. Environ., 20,
100117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gete.2019.03.002, 2019.
GDAL/OGR contributors: GDAL/OGR Geospatial Data Abstraction software
Library, Open Source Geospatial Foundation, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6352176, 2021.
Government of Greenland: License map, https://govmin.gl, last access: 5
October 2021.
Gunn, P. J. and Dentith, M.: Magnetic responses associated with mineral
deposits, AGSO J. Austral. Geol. Geophys., 17, 145–158,
1997.
Henderson, G., Schiener, E. J., Risum, J. B., Croxton, C. A., and Andersen, B. B.: The West Greenland Basin, in: Geology of the North Atlantic borderlands, Vol. 7, edited by: Escher, A. and Watt, W. S., Memoir Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, 1981.
Howarth, G. H., Day, J. M. D., Pernet-Fisher, J. F., Goodrich, C. A.,
Pearson, D. G., Luo, Y., Ryabov, V. V., and Taylor, L. A.: Precious metal
enrichment at low-redox in terrestrial native Fe-bearing basalts
investigated using laser-ablation ICP-MS, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac.,
203, 343–363, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.01.003, 2017.
Hungr, O., Leroueil, S., and Picarelli, L.: The Varnes classification of
landslide types, an update, Landslides, 11, 167–194, 2014.
Hunt, G. R. and Ashley, R. P.: Spectra of altered rocks in the visible and
near infrared, Econ. Geol., 74, 1613–1629,
https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.74.7.1613, 1979.
Isles, D. J. and Rankin, L. R.: Geological interpretation of aeromagnetic
data, 1st Edn., Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Australian Society
of Exploration, Australia, 365 pp., https://doi.org/10.1190/1.9781560803218,
2013.
Jackisch, R., Madriz, Y., Zimmermann, R., Pirttijärvi, M., Saartenoja,
A., Heincke, B. H., Salmirinne, H., Kujasalo, J.-P., Andreani, L., and
Gloaguen, R.: Drone-borne hyperspectral and magnetic data integration:
Otanmäki Fe-Ti-V deposit in Finland, Remote Sens., 11, 2084,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11182084, 2019.
Jackisch, R., Lorenz, S., Kirsch, M., Zimmermann, R., Tusa, L.,
Pirttijärvi, M., Saartenoja, A., Ugalde, H., Madriz, Y., Savolainen, M.,
and Gloaguen, R.: Integrated geological and geophysical mapping of a
carbonatite-hosting outcrop in Siilinjärvi, Finland, using unmanned
aerial systems, Remote Sens., 12, 2998, https://doi.org/10.3390/RS12182998,
2020.
Jakob, S., Zimmermann, R., and Gloaguen, R.: The Need for Accurate Geometric
and Radiometric Corrections of Drone-Borne Hyperspectral Data for Mineral
Exploration: MEPHySTo-A Toolbox for Pre-Processing Drone-Borne Hyperspectral
Data, Remote Sens., 9, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9010088, 2017.
James, M. R. and Robson, S.: Mitigating systematic error in topographic
models derived from UAV and ground-based image networks, Earth Surf.
Process. Land., 39, 1413–1420, 2014.
James, M. R., Robson, S., D'Oleire-Oltmanns, S., and Niethammer, U.:
Optimising UAV topographic surveys processed with structure-from-motion:
Ground control quality, quantity and bundle adjustment, Geomorphology, 280,
51–66,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.11.021, 2017.
James, M. R., Chandler, J. H., Eltner, A., Fraser, C., Miller, P. E., Mills,
J. P., Noble, T., Robson, S., and Lane, S. N.: Guidelines on the use of
structure-from-motion photogrammetry in geomorphic research, Earth Surf.
Process. Land., 2084, 2081–2084, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4637,
2019.
Japsen, P., Green, P. F., and Chalmers, J. A.: Separation of Palaeogene and
Neogene uplift on Nuussuaq, West Greenland, J. Geol.
Soc., 162, 299–314, 2005.
Keays, R. R. and Lightfoot, P. C.: Siderophile and chalcophile metal
variations in Tertiary picrites and basalts from West Greenland with
implications for the sulphide saturation history of continental flood basalt
magmas, Miner. Deposita, 42, 319–336,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-006-0112-4, 2007.
Kirsch, M., Lorenz, S., Zimmermann, R., Tusa, L., Möckel, R., Hödl,
P., Booysen, R., Khodadadzadeh, M., and Gloaguen, R.: Integration of
Terrestrial and Drone-Borne Hyperspectral and Photogrammetric Sensing
Methods for Exploration Mapping and Mining Monitoring, Remote Sens., 10, 1366,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091366, 2018.
Kriegler, F. J., Malila, W. A., Nalepka, R. F., and Richardson, W.: Preprocessing transformations and their effects on multispectral recognition, in: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Sixth International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Ann Arbor, MI, 97–131, 1969.
Larsen, L. M. and Pedersen, A. K.: Petrology of the paleocene picrites and
flood basalts on Disko and Nuussuaq, West Greenland, J. Petrol.,
50, 1667–1711, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egp048, 2009.
Larsen, L. M., Pedersen, A. K., Tegner, C., Duncan, R. A., Hald, N., and
Larsen, J. G.: Age of Tertiary volcanic rocks on the West Greenland
continental margin: volcanic evolution and event correlation to other parts
of the North Atlantic Igneous Province, Geol. Mag., 153, 487–511,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756815000515, 2016.
Le Maire, P., Bertrand, L., Munschy, M., Diraison, M., and Géraud, Y.:
Aerial magnetic mapping with an unmanned aerial vehicle and a fluxgate
magnetometer: a new method for rapid mapping and upscaling from the field to
regional scale, Geophys. Prospect., 68, 2307–2319,
https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.12991, 2020.
Li, Y., Sun, J., Li, S.-L., and Leão-Santos, M.: A paradigm shift in
magnetic data interpretation: Increased value through magnetization
inversions, Leading Edge, 40, 89–98,
https://doi.org/10.1190/tle40020089.1, 2021.
Lightfoot, P. C. and Hawkesworth, C. J.: Flood Basalts and Magmatic Ni, Cu, and PGE Sulphide Mineralization: Comparative Geochemistry of the Noril'sk (Siberian Traps) and West Greenland Sequences, in: Large Igneous Provinces: Continental, Oceanic, and Planetary Flood Volcanism, edited by: Mahoney, J. J. and Coffin, M. F., American Geophysical Union (AGU), 357–380, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM100p0357, 1997.
Lightfoot, P. C., Hawkesworth, C. J., Olshefsky, K., Green, T., Doherty, W.,
and Keays, R. R.: Geochemistry of Tertiary tholeiites and picrites from
Qeqertarssuaq (Disko Island) and Nuussuaq, West Greenland with implications
for the mineral potential of co-magmatic intrusions, Contrib.
Mineral. Petr., 128, 139–163,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050300, 1997.
Liu, S., Hu, X., Zhang, H., Geng, M., and Zuo, B.: 3D Magnetization Vector
Inversion of Magnetic Data: Improving and Comparing Methods, Pure
Appl. Geophys., 174, 4421–4444,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-017-1654-3, 2017.
MacLeod, I. N. and Ellis, R. G.: Magnetic vector inversion, a simple approach to the challenge of varying direction of rock magnetization, in: ASEG Extended Abstracts, 23rd International Geophysical Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia, 11–14 August 2013, 1–6, 2013.
MacLeod, I. N. and Ellis, R. G.: Quantitative magnetization vector inversion, in: ASEG Extended Abstracts, 25th International Conference and Exhibition – Interpreting the Past, Discovering the Future, Adelaide, Australia, 21–24 August 2016, 1–5, 2016.
Malehmir, A., Dynesius, L., Paulusson, K., Paulusson, A., Johansson, H.,
Bastani, M., Wedmark, M., and Marsden, P.: The potential of rotary-wing
UAV-based magnetic surveys for mineral exploration: A case study from
central Sweden, Leading Edge, 36, 552–557,
https://doi.org/10.1190/tle36070552.1, 2017.
Miller, C. A., Schaefer, L. N., Kereszturi, G., and Fournier, D.:
Three-Dimensional Mapping of Mt. Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand, From
Aeromagnetic Data Inversion and Hyperspectral Imaging, J.
Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 125, 1–24,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB018247, 2020.
Miller, H. G. and Singh, V.: Potential field tilt – a new concept for
location of potential field sources, J. Appl. Geophys., 32,
213–217, https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-9851(94)90022-1, 1994.
Nabighian, M. N.: The Analytic Signal Of Two-Dimensional Magnetic Bodies
With Polygonal Cross-Section: Its Properties And Use For Automated Anomaly
Interpretation, Geophysics, 37, 507–517, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1440276,
1972.
Nabighian, M. N., Grauch, V. J. S., Hansen, R. O., LaFehr, T. R., Li, Y.,
Peirce, J. W., Phillips, J. D., and Ruder, M. E.: The historical development
of the magnetic method in exploration, Geophysics, 70, 33–61,
https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2133784, 2005.
Nagata, T., Ishikawa, Y., Kinoshita, H., Kono, M., Syono, Y., and Fisher, R. M.: Magnetic properties and natural remanent magnetization of lunar materials, in: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Supplement, Proceedings of the Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference, Houston, TX, 2325, 1970.
Nakatsuka, T. and Okuma, S.: Reduction of Magnetic Anomaly Observations from
Helicopter Surveys at Varying Elevations, Explor. Geophys., 37,
121–128, https://doi.org/10.1071/EG06121, 2006.
Olshefsky, K.: Falconbridge Limited – Report of 1991 Exploration Activities, West Greenland Tertiary Basalt Province for Prospecting License #156 and Exploration Concession #165, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Report file no. 21092, 165 pp., 1992.
Olshefsky, K. and Jerome, M.: Falconbridge Limited – Report of 1992 Exploration Activities, West Greenland Tertiary Basalt Province for Prospecting License #156 and exploration licenses 02/91, 03/91, 04/91, 25/92, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Report file no. 21216, 300 pp., 1993.
Olshefsky, K. and Jerome, M.: Falconbridge Limited – West Greenland Tertiary Basalt Province; Report of 1993 Exploration Activities for Prospecting License #156 and exploration licenses 02/91, 03/91, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Report file no. 21356, 333 pp., 1994.
Olshefsky, K., Jerome, M., and Graves, M.: Falconbridge Limited A/S – West Greenland Tertiary Basalt Province; Report of 1994 Exploration Activities for Prospecting License 06/94 and exploration licenses 02/91 & 03/91, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Report file no. 21410, 326 pp., 1995.
Park, S. and Choi, Y.: Applications of unmanned aerial vehicles in mining
from exploration to reclamation: A review, Minerals, 10, 663,
https://doi.org/10.3390/min10080663, 2020.
Parshin, A. V., Morozov, V. A., Blinov, A. V., Kosterev, A. N., and Budyak, A. E.: Low-altitude geophysical magnetic prospecting based on multirotor UAV as a promising replacement for traditional ground survey, Geo-spatial Inf. Sci., 21, 67–74, https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2017.1420508, 2018.
Pauly, H.: Igdlukúnguaq nickeliferous pyrrhotite; texture and composition. A contribution to the genesis of the ore type., Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri, Copenhagen, Denmark, 169 pp., 1958.
Pedersen, A.: Iron-bearing and related volcanic rocks in the area between
Gieseckes Dal and Hammers Dal, north-west Disko, Rapp. Gronlands Geol.
Unders, 81, 5–14, 1977.
Pedersen, A. K.: Lithostratigraphy of the Tertiary Vaigat Formation on Disko, central West Greenland, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Report file no. 22461, 33 pp., 1985.
Pedersen, A. K., Larsen, L. M., and Pedersen, G. K.: Lithostratigraphy,
geology and geochemistry of the volcanic rocks of the Vaigat Formation on
Disko and Nuussuaq, Paleocene of West Greenland, Geol. Surv. Den. Greenl., 39, 244 pp.,
https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v39.4354, 2017.
Pedersen, A. K., Larsen, L. M., and Pedersen, G. K.: Lithostratigraphy,
geology and geochemistry of the volcanic rocks of the Maligât Formation
and associated intrusions on Disko and Nuussuaq, Paleocene of West
Greenland, Geol. Surv. Den. Greenl., 40, 239 pp.,
https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v40.4326, 2018.
Pedersen, M., Weng, W. L., Keulen, N., and Kokfelt, T. F.: A new seamless digital 1 : 500 000 scale geological map of Greenland, GEUS Bulletin, 28, 65–68, https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v28.4727, 2013.
Pernet-Fisher, J. F., Day, J. M. D., Howarth, G. H., Ryabov, V. V., and
Taylor, L. A.: Atmospheric outgassing and native-iron formation during
carbonaceous sediment–basalt melt interactions, Earth Planet. Sc.
Lett., 460, 201–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.022, 2017.
Pirttijärvi, M.: Numerical modeling and inversion of geophysical
electromagnetic measurements using a thin plate model, PhD dissertation,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, 44 pp., ISBN 951-42-7118-1, 2003.
Planet Team: Planet Application Program Interface: In Space for Life on
Earth [data set], San Francisco, CA, https://api.planet.com (last access: 21 November
2020), 2017.
Plouffe, A., Anderson, R. G., Gruenwald, W., Davis, W. J., Bednarski, J. M.,
and Paulen, R. C.: Integrating ice-flow history, geochronology, geology, and
geophysics to trace mineralized glacial erratics to their bedrock source: An
example from south-central British Columbia, Can. J. Earth
Sci., 48, 1113–1129, 2011.
Porter, C., Morin, P., Howat, I., Noh, M.-J., Bates, B., Peterman, K.,
Keesey, S., Schlenk, M., Gardiner, J., Tomko, K., Willis, M., Kelleher, C.,
Cloutier, M., Husby, E., Foga, S., Nakamura, H., Platson, M., Wethington,
M., Jr., Williamson, C., Bauer, G., Enos, J., Arnold, G., Kramer, W.,
Becker, P., Doshi, A., D'Souza, C., Cummens, P., Laurier, F., and Bojesen,
M.: ArcticDEM, Harvard Dataverse [data set], V1, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/OHHUKH,
2018.
Portniaguine, O. and Zhdanov, M. S.: 3-D magnetic inversion with data
compression and image focusing, Geophysics, 67, 1532–1541,
https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1512749, 2002.
Puranen, M. and Puranen, R.: Apparatus for the measurement of magnetic
susceptibility and its anisotropy, Report of
Investigation, Geol. S. Finl., 28, 46 pp., 1977.
Ren, H., Zhao, Y., Xiao, W., and Hu, Z.: A review of UAV monitoring in
mining areas: current status and future perspectives, Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol., 6, 320–333,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-019-00264-5, 2019.
Riisager, P. and Abrahamsen, N.: Magnetostratigraphy of Palaeocene basalts
from the Vaigat Formation of West Greenland, Geophys. J.
Int., 137, 774–782,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.1999.00830.x, 1999.
Riisager, P. and Abrahamsen, N.: Palaeointensity of West Greenland
Palaeocene basalts: asymmetric intensity around the C27n–C26r transition,
Phys. Earth Planet. In., 118, 53–64,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(99)00125-9, 2000.
Roest, W. R., Verhoef, J., and Pilkington, M.: Magnetic interpretation using
the 3-D analytic signal, Geophysics, 57, 116–125,
https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443174, 1992.
Rosa, D., Stensgaard, B. M., and Sørensen, L. L.: Magmatic nickel potential in Greenland Reporting the mineral ressource assessement workshop 27-29 November 2012, Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport, GEUS, Copenhagen, Report file no. 2013/57, 135 pp., 2013.
Rowan, L. C. and Mars, J. C.: Lithologic mapping in the Mountain Pass,
California area using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection
Radiometer (ASTER) data, Remote Sens. Environ., 84, 350–366,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00127-X, 2003.
Rowan, L. C., Mars, J. C., and Simpson, C. J.: Lithologic mapping of the
Mordor, NT, Australia ultramafic complex by using the Advanced Spaceborne
Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), Remote Sens.
Environ., 99, 105–126, 2005.
Salehi, S., Rogge, D., Rivard, B., Heincke, B. H., and Fensholt, R.:
Modeling and assessment of wavelength displacements of characteristic
absorption features of common rock forming minerals encrusted by lichens,
Remote Sens. Environ., 199, 78–92,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.044, 2017.
Sørensen, L. L., Stensgaard, B. M., Thrane, K., Rosa, D., and Kalvig, P.: Sediment-hosted zinc potential in Greenland Reporting the mineral resource assessment workshop 29 November–1 December 2011, Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport, GEUS, Copenhagen, Report file no. 2013/56, 184 pp., 2013.
Steenstrup, K. J. V.: Beretning om en Undersøgelsesrejse til Øen Disko i Sommeren 1898, 24, Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri, Copenhagen, Denmark, 249–306, 1901.
Svennevig, K.: Preliminary landslide mapping in Greenland, Geol. Surv. Den. Greenl., 43, 1–5,
https://doi.org/10.34194/GEUSB-201943-02-07, 2019.
Thorning, L. and Stemp, R. W.: Airborne geophysical surveys in central West
Greenland and central East Greenland in 1997, Geol. Surv. Den. Greenl., 180, 63–66, https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v180.5087, 1998.
Ulff-Møller, F.: Native iron bearing intrusions of the Hammersdal
complex, North-West Disko, Gronlands Geologiske Undersogelse Rapport, 81,
15–33, GEUS, https://doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v81.7511, 1977.
Ulff-Møller, F.: Solidification History of the KitdlÎt Lens:
Immiscible Metal and Sulphide Liquids from a Basaltic Dyke on Disko, Central
West Greenland, J. Petrol., 26, 64–91,
https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/26.1.64, 1985.
Ulff-Møller, F.: A new 10 tons iron boulder from Disko, West Greenland,
Meteoritics, 21, 464, GEUS, 1986.
Ulff-Møller, F.: Formation of native iron in sediment-contaminated magma:
I. A case study of the Hanekammen Complex on Disko Island, West Greenland,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 54, 57–70,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90195-Q, 1990.
Vallée, M. A., Smith, R. S., and Keating, P.: Metalliferous mining geophysics — State of the art after a decade in the new millennium, Geophysics, 76, W31–W50, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3587224, 2011.
Varnes, D. J.: Landslide types and processes, in: Landslides and Engineering Practice, Vol. 29, edited by: Eckel, E. B., Highway Research Board, Washington, D.C., 20–47, 1958.
Walter, C., Braun, A., and Fotopoulos, G.: High-resolution unmanned aerial
vehicle aeromagnetic surveys for mineral exploration targets, Geophysical
Prospecting, 68, 334–349, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.12914, 2020.
Weiss, A. D.: Topographic position and landforms analysis, ESRI International User conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 9–13 July 2001, 2001.
Zhdanov, M. S.: Geophysical inverse theory and regularization problems, 1st
Edn., Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Oxford, 633 pp., Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-444-51089-1, 2002.
Zheng, Y., Li, S., Xing, K., and Zhang, X.: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for
Magnetic Surveys: A Review on Platform Selection and Interference
Suppression, Drones, 5, 93, https://doi.org/10.3390/drones5030093, 2021.
Short summary
We integrate UAS-based magnetic and multispectral data with legacy exploration data of a Ni–Cu–PGE prospect on Disko Island, West Greenland. The basalt unit has a complex magnetization, and we use a constrained 3D magnetic vector inversion to estimate magnetic properties and spatial dimensions of the target unit. Our 3D modelling reveals a horizontal sheet and a strong remanent magnetization component. We highlight the advantage of UAS use in rugged and remote terrain.
We integrate UAS-based magnetic and multispectral data with legacy exploration data of a...
Special issue