Articles | Volume 14, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-805-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-805-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
28 Jul 2023
Research article |
| 28 Jul 2023
| 28 Jul 2023
A borehole trajectory inversion scheme to adjust the measurement geometry for 3D travel-time tomography on glaciers
Sebastian Hellmann
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Melchior Grab
Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Terra Vermessungen AG, Othmarsingen, Switzerland
Cedric Patzer
Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), Espoo, Finland
Andreas Bauder
Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Hansruedi Maurer
Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
Sebastian Hellmann, Melchior Grab, Johanna Kerch, Henning Löwe, Andreas Bauder, Ilka Weikusat, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 15, 3507–3521, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3507-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3507-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyse whether ultrasonic measurements on ice core samples could be employed to derive information about the particular ice crystal orientation in these samples. We discuss if such ultrasonic scans of ice core samples could provide similarly detailed results as the established methods, which usually destroy the ice samples. Our geophysical approach is minimally invasive and could support the existing methods with additional and (semi-)continuous data points along the ice core.
Akash M. Patil, Christoph Mayer, Thorsten Seehaus, Alexander R. Groos, and Andreas Bauder
The Cryosphere, 19, 5547–5577, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5547-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-5547-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how the density of snow to ice transition varies with depth in the Aletsch glacier using radar-based field measurements and some simple models. We showed that it is possible to track how much snow has accumulated in the last 10–14 years. This helps improve the uncertainties in glacier mass balance estimates. Overall, by utilising non-invasive radar techniques and models, we provide a novel approach to understanding the evolution of glaciers under regional climate conditions.
Kathrin Behnen, Marian Hertrich, Hansruedi Maurer, Alexis Shakas, Kai Bröker, Claire Epiney, María Blanch Jover, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 16, 333–350, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-333-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-333-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Several cross-hole seismic surveys in the undisturbed Rotondo granite are used to analyze the seismic anisotropy in the Bedretto Lab, Switzerland. The P and S1 waves show a clear trend of faster velocities in the NE–SW direction and slower velocities perpendicular to it, indicating a tilted transverse isotropic velocity model. The symmetry plane is mostly aligned with the direction of maximum stress, but also the orientation of fractures is expected to influence the velocities.
Erik Schytt Mannerfelt, Amaury Dehecq, Romain Hugonnet, Elias Hodel, Matthias Huss, Andreas Bauder, and Daniel Farinotti
The Cryosphere, 16, 3249–3268, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3249-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3249-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
How glaciers have responded to climate change over the last 20 years is well-known, but earlier data are much more scarce. We change this in Switzerland by using 22 000 photographs taken from mountain tops between the world wars and find a halving of Swiss glacier volume since 1931. This was done through new automated processing techniques that we created. The data are interesting for more than just glaciers, such as mapping forest changes, landslides, and human impacts on the terrain.
Lea Geibel, Matthias Huss, Claudia Kurzböck, Elias Hodel, Andreas Bauder, and Daniel Farinotti
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3293–3312, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3293-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3293-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier monitoring in Switzerland started in the 19th century, providing exceptional data series documenting snow accumulation and ice melt. Raw point observations of surface mass balance have, however, never been systematically compiled so far, including complete metadata. Here, we present an extensive dataset with more than 60 000 point observations of surface mass balance covering 60 Swiss glaciers and almost 140 years, promoting a better understanding of the drivers of recent glacier change.
Xiaodong Ma, Marian Hertrich, Florian Amann, Kai Bröker, Nima Gholizadeh Doonechaly, Valentin Gischig, Rebecca Hochreutener, Philipp Kästli, Hannes Krietsch, Michèle Marti, Barbara Nägeli, Morteza Nejati, Anne Obermann, Katrin Plenkers, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Alexis Shakas, Linus Villiger, Quinn Wenning, Alba Zappone, Falko Bethmann, Raymi Castilla, Francisco Seberto, Peter Meier, Thomas Driesner, Simon Loew, Hansruedi Maurer, Martin O. Saar, Stefan Wiemer, and Domenico Giardini
Solid Earth, 13, 301–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Questions on issues such as anthropogenic earthquakes and deep geothermal energy developments require a better understanding of the fractured rock. Experiments conducted at reduced scales but with higher-resolution observations can shed some light. To this end, the BedrettoLab was recently established in an existing tunnel in Ticino, Switzerland, with preliminary efforts to characterize realistic rock mass behavior at the hectometer scale.
Gregory Church, Andreas Bauder, Melchior Grab, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 15, 3975–3988, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3975-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3975-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this field study, we acquired a 3D radar survey over an active drainage network that transported meltwater through a Swiss glacier. We successfully imaged both englacial and subglacial pathways and were able to confirm long-standing glacier hydrology theory regarding meltwater pathways. The direction of these meltwater pathways directly impacts the glacier's velocity, and therefore more insightful field observations are needed in order to improve our understanding of this complex system.
Sebastian Hellmann, Melchior Grab, Johanna Kerch, Henning Löwe, Andreas Bauder, Ilka Weikusat, and Hansruedi Maurer
The Cryosphere, 15, 3507–3521, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3507-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3507-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyse whether ultrasonic measurements on ice core samples could be employed to derive information about the particular ice crystal orientation in these samples. We discuss if such ultrasonic scans of ice core samples could provide similarly detailed results as the established methods, which usually destroy the ice samples. Our geophysical approach is minimally invasive and could support the existing methods with additional and (semi-)continuous data points along the ice core.
Peter-Lasse Giertzuch, Joseph Doetsch, Alexis Shakas, Mohammadreza Jalali, Bernard Brixel, and Hansruedi Maurer
Solid Earth, 12, 1497–1513, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1497-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1497-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Two time-lapse borehole ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were conducted during saline tracer experiments in weakly fractured crystalline rock with sub-millimeter fractures apertures, targeting electrical conductivity changes. The combination of time-lapse reflection and transmission GPR surveys from different boreholes allowed monitoring the tracer flow and reconstructing the flow path and its temporal evolution in 3D and provided a realistic visualization of the hydrological processes.
Cited articles
Alley, R. B.: Fabrics in Polar Ice Sheets: Development and Prediction, Science, 240, 493–495, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.240.4851.493, 1988. a
Axtell, C., Murray, T., Kulessa, B., Clark, R. A., and Gusmeroli, A.:
Improved Accuracy of Cross-Borehole Radar Velocity Models for Ice Property Analysis, GEOPHYSICS, 81, WA203–WA312, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0131.1, 2016. a, b, c
Azuma, N. and Higashi, A.:
Formation Processes of Ice Fabric Pattern in Ice Sheets, Ann. Glaciol., 6, 130–134, https://doi.org/10.3189/1985AoG6-1-130-134, 1985. a
Bentley, C. R.:
Seismic-Wave Velocities in Anisotropic Ice: A Comparison of Measured and Calculated Values in and around the Deep Drill Hole at Byrd Station, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res. (1896-1977), 77, 4406–4420, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB077i023p04406, 1972. a
Bergman, B., Tryggvason, A., and Juhlin, C.:
High-resolution Seismic Traveltime Tomography Incorporating Static Corrections Applied to a Till-covered Bedrock Environment, GEOPHYSICS, 69, 1082–1090, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1778250, 2004. a, b
Blankenship, D. D. and Bentley, C. R.:
The Crystalline Fabric of Polar Ice Sheets Inferred from Seismic Anisotropy, IAHS Publ., 170, 17–28, 1987. a
Bois, P., La Porte, M., Lavergne, M., and Thomas, G.:
Well-to-Well Seismic Measurements, GEOPHYSICS, 37, 471–480, 1972. a
Chen, H., Pan, X., Ji, Y., and Zhang, G.:
Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo Inversion for Weak Anisotropy Parameters and Fracture Weaknesses Using Azimuthal Elastic Impedance, Geophys. J. Int., 210, 801–818, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx196, 2017.
a
Cheng, F., Liu, J., Wang, J., Zong, Y., and Yu, M.:
Multi-Hole Seismic Modeling in 3-D Space and Cross-Hole Seismic Tomography Analysis for Boulder Detection, J. Appl. Geophys., 134, 246–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.09.014, 2016. a, b
Church, G., Bauder, A., Grab, M., Rabenstein, L., Singh, S., and Maurer, H.:
Detecting and Characterising an Englacial Conduit Network within a Temperate Swiss Glacier Using Active Seismic, Ground Penetrating Radar and Borehole Analysis, Ann. Glaciol., 60, 193–205, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2019.19, 2019. a
Church, G., Grab, M., Schmelzbach, C., Bauder, A., and Maurer, H.:
Monitoring the seasonal changes of an englacial conduit network using repeated ground-penetrating radar measurements, The Cryosphere, 14, 3269–3286, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3269-2020, 2020. a
Church, G., Bauder, A., Grab, M., and Maurer, H.:
Ground-penetrating radar imaging reveals glacier's drainage network in 3D, The Cryosphere, 15, 3975–3988, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3975-2021, 2021. a
Daley, T. M., Majer, E. L., and Peterson, J. E.:
Crosswell Seismic Imaging in a Contaminated Basalt Aquifer, GEOPHYSICS, 69, 16–24, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1649371, 2004. a
Daley, T. M., Myer, L. R., Peterson, J. E., Majer, E. L., and Hoversten, G. M.:
Time-Lapse Crosswell Seismic and VSP Monitoring of Injected CO2 in a Brine Aquifer, Environ. Geol., 54, 1657–1665, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0943-z, 2008. a
Deichmann, N., Ansorge, J., Scherbaum, F., Aschwanden, A., Bernard, F., and Gudmundsson, G. H.:
Evidence for Deep Icequakes in an Alpine Glacier, Ann. Glaciol., 31, 85–90, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756400781820462, 2000. a
Dietrich, P. and Tronicke, J.:
Integrated Analysis and Interpretation of Cross-Hole P- and S-wave Tomograms: A Case Study, Near Surf. Geophys., 7, 101–109, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2008041, 2009. a
Diez, A. and Eisen, O.:
Seismic wave propagation in anisotropic ice – Part 1: Elasticity tensor and derived quantities from ice-core properties, The Cryosphere, 9, 367–384, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-367-2015, 2015. a
Diez, A., Eisen, O., Hofstede, C., Lambrecht, A., Mayer, C., Miller, H., Steinhage, D., Binder, T., and Weikusat, I.:
Seismic wave propagation in anisotropic ice – Part 2: Effects of crystal anisotropy in geophysical data, The Cryosphere, 9, 385–398, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-385-2015, 2015. a
Doetsch, J., Krietsch, H., Schmelzbach, C., Jalali, M., Gischig, V., Villiger, L., Amann, F., and Maurer, H.:
Characterizing a decametre-scale granitic reservoir using ground-penetrating radar and seismic methods, Solid Earth, 11, 1441–1455, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1441-2020, 2020. a
Duan, C., Yan, C., Xu, B., and Zhou, Y.:
Crosshole Seismic CT Data Field Experiments and Interpretation for Karst Caves in Deep Foundations, Eng. Geol., 228, 180–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.08.009, 2017. a
Duval, P., Ashby, M. F., and Anderman, I.:
Rate-Controlling Processes in the Creep of Polycrystalline Ice, J. Phys. Chem., 87, 4066–4074, 1983. a
Dyer, B. and Worthington, M. H.:
SOME SOURCES OF DISTORTION IN TOMOGRAPHIC VELOCITY IMAGES1, Geophys. Prospect., 36, 209–222, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1988.tb02160.x, 1988. a
Faria, E. L. and Stoffa, P. L.:
Traveltime Computation in Transversely Isotropic Media, GEOPHYSICS, 59, 272–281, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443589, 1994. a
Fernandes, I. and Mosegaard, K.: Errors in Positioning of Borehole Measurements and How They Influence Seismic Inversion, Geophys. Prospect., 70, 1338–1345, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2478.13243, 2022. a
GLAMOS: The Swiss Glaciers 2017/18 and 2018/19, edited by: Bauder, A., Huss, M., and Linsbauer, A., Glaciological Report No. 139/140, Cryospheric Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences (SCNAT), Published since 1964 by VAW/ETH Zurich, https://doi.org/10.18752/glrep_139-140, 2020. a
Golub, G. H., Heath, M., and Wahba, G.:
Generalized Cross-Validation as a Method for Choosing a Good Ridge Parameter, Technometrics, 21, 215–223, 1979. a
Grab, M., Rinaldi, A. P., Wenning, Q. C., Hellmann, S., Roques, C., Obermann, A. C., Maurer, H., Giardini, D., Wiemer, S., Nussbaum, C., and Zappone, A.:
Fluid Pressure Monitoring during Hydraulic Testing in Faulted Opalinus Clay Using Seismic Velocity Observations, Geophysics, 87, B287–B297, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2021-0713.1, 2022. a
Gusmeroli, A., Murray, T., Jansson, P., Pettersson, R., Aschwanden, A., and Booth, A. D.: Vertical Distribution of Water within the Polythermal Storglaciären, Sweden, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F04002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001539, 2010. a
Hellmann, S.: Field and Synthetic Data for a Combined 3D Velocity and Borehole Trajectory Inversion Algorithm, ETH Zurich [data set], https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000541813, 2022a. a
Hellmann, S.: A Borehole Trajectory Inversion Scheme to Adjust the Measurement Geometry for 3D Travel Time Tomography on Glaciers – Video Supplement, ETH Zurich [video supplement], https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000541812, 2022b. a, b, c
Hellmann, S., Grab, M., Kerch, J., Löwe, H., Bauder, A., Weikusat, I., and Maurer, H.: Acoustic velocity measurements for detecting the crystal orientation fabrics of a temperate ice core, The Cryosphere, 15, 3507–3521, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3507-2021, 2021a. a, b, c
Hellmann, S., Kerch, J., Weikusat, I., Bauder, A., Grab, M., Jouvet, G., Schwikowski, M., and Maurer, H.: Crystallographic analysis of temperate ice on Rhonegletscher, Swiss Alps, The Cryosphere, 15, 677–694, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-677-2021, 2021b. a, b, c
Heucke, E.:
A Light Portable Steam-driven Ice Drill Suitable for Drilling Holes in Ice and Firn, Geogr. Ann. A, 81, 603–609, https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0459.00088, 1999. a
Hubbard, B., Roberson, S., Samyn, D., and Merton-Lyn, D.:
Digital Optical Televiewing of Ice Boreholes, J. Glaciol., 54, 823–830, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308787779988, 2008. a
Hubbard, S. S. and Rubin, Y.:
Hydrogeological Parameter Estimation Using Geophysical Data: A Review of Selected Techniques, J. Contam. Hydrol., 45, 3–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(00)00117-0, 2000. a
Irving, J., Knoll, M., and Knight, R.:
Improving Crosshole Radar Velocity Tomograms: A New Approach to Incorporating High-Angle Traveltime Data, GEOPHYSICS, 72, J31–J41, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2742813, 2007. a, b
Kamb, W. B.:
Ice Petrofabric Observations from Blue Glacier, Washington, in Relation to Theory and Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 64, 1891–1909, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ064i011p01891, 1959. a
Kerch, J., Diez, A., Weikusat, I., and Eisen, O.:
Deriving micro- to macro-scale seismic velocities from ice-core c axis orientations, The Cryosphere, 12, 1715–1734, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1715-2018, 2018. a
Kim, C. and Pyun, S.:
Estimation of Velocity and Borehole Receiver Location via Full Waveform Inversion of Vertical Seismic Profile Data, Explor. Geophys., 51, 378–387, https://doi.org/10.1080/08123985.2019.1700761, 2020. a, b
Kulich, J. and Bleibinhaus, F.:
Fault Detection with Crosshole and Reflection Geo-Radar for Underground Mine Safety, Geosciences, 10, 456, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110456, 2020. a
Linder, S., Paasche, H., Tronicke, J., Niederleithinger, E., and Vienken, T.:
Zonal Cooperative Inversion of Crosshole P-wave, S-wave, and Georadar Traveltime Data Sets, J. Appl. Geophys., 72, 254–262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2010.10.003, 2010. a
Marchesini, P., Ajo-Franklin, J. B., and Daley, T. M.:
In Situ Measurement of Velocity-Stress Sensitivity Using Crosswell Continuous Active-Source Seismic Monitoring, GEOPHYSICS, 82, D319–D326, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0106.1, 2017. a
Martins, J. L.:
Elastic Impedance in Weakly Anisotropic Media, GEOPHYSICS, 71, D73–D83, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2195448, 2006. a
Maurer, H., Holliger, K., and Boerner, D. E.:
Stochastic Regularization: Smoothness or Similarity?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2889–2892, https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL02183, 1998. a, b
Maurer, H. R.:
Systematic Errors in Seismic Crosshole Data: Application of the Coupled Inverse Technique, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 2681–2684, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL02068, 1996. a, b, c, d
Meléndez, A., Jiménez, C. E., Sallarès, V., and Ranero, C. R.:
Anisotropic P-wave travel-time tomography implementing Thomsen's weak approximation in TOMO3D, Solid Earth, 10, 1857–1876, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1857-2019, 2019. a
Menke, W.:
The Resolving Power of Cross-Borehole Tomography, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 105–108, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL011i002p00105, 1984. a, b
Monz, M. E., Hudleston, P. J., Prior, D. J., Michels, Z., Fan, S., Negrini, M., Langhorne, P. J., and Qi, C.:
Full crystallographic orientation (c and a axes) of warm, coarse-grained ice in a shear-dominated setting: a case study, Storglaciären, Sweden, The Cryosphere, 15, 303–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-303-2021, 2021.
a
Pan, X., Li, L., Zhou, S., Zhang, G., and Liu, J.:
Azimuthal Amplitude Variation with Offset Parameterization and Inversion for Fracture Weaknesses in Tilted Transversely Isotropic Media, GEOPHYSICS, 86, C1–C18, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0215.1, 2021. a
Peng, D., Cheng, F., Liu, J., Zong, Y., Yu, M., Hu, G., and Xiong, X.:
Joint Tomography of Multi-Cross-Hole and Borehole-to-Surface Seismic Data for Karst Detection, J. Appl. Geophys., 184, 104252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2020.104252, 2021. a
Rigsby, G. P.:
Crystal Orientation in Glacier and in Experimentally Deformed Ice, J. Glaciol., 3, 589–606, 1960. a
Rumpf, M. and Tronicke, J.:
Predicting 2D Geotechnical Parameter Fields in Near-Surface Sedimentary Environments, J. Appl. Geophys., 101, 95–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2013.12.002, 2014. a
Schmelzbach, C., Greenhalgh, S., Reiser, F., Girard, J.-F., Bretaudeau, F., Capar, L., and Bitri, A.:
Advanced Seismic Processing/Imaging Techniques and Their Potential for Geothermal Exploration, Interpretation, 4, SR1–SR18, https://doi.org/10.1190/INT-2016-0017.1, 2016. a
Schwerzmann, A., Funk, M., and Blatter, H.:
Borehole Logging with an Eight-Arm Caliper – Inclinometer Probe, J. Glaciol., 52, 381–388, 2006. a
Shakas, A., Maurer, H., Giertzuch, P.-L., Hertrich, M., Giardini, D., Serbeto, F., and Meier, P.:
Permeability Enhancement From a Hydraulic Stimulation Imaged With Ground Penetrating Radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088783,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088783, 2020. a
von Ketelhodt, J. K., Fechner, T., Manzi, M. S. D., and Durrheim, R. J.:
Joint Inversion of Cross-Borehole P-waves, Horizontally and Vertically Polarized S-waves: Tomographic Data for Hydro-Geophysical Site Characterization, Near Surf. Geophys., 16, 529–542, https://doi.org/10.1002/nsg.12010, 2018. a
Walter, F., Clinton, J. F., Deichmann, N., Dreger, D. S., Minson, S. E., and Funk, M.:
Moment Tensor Inversions of Icequakes on Gornergletscher, Switzerland, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 99, 852–870, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120080110, 2009. a
Washbourne, J. K., Rector, J. W., and Bube, K. P.:
Crosswell Traveltime Tomography in Three Dimensions, GEOPHYSICS, 67, 853–871, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1484529, 2002. a
Wong, J.:
Crosshole Seismic Imaging for Sulfide Orebody Delineation near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, GEOPHYSICS, 65, 1900–1907, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444874, 2000. a
Zhou, B. and Greenhalgh, S. A.:
`Shortest Path' Ray Tracing for Most General 2D/3D Anisotropic Media, J. Geophys. Eng., 2, 54–63, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/2/1/008, 2005. a
Zhou, B., Greenhalgh, S., and Green, A.:
Nonlinear Traveltime Inversion Scheme for Crosshole Seismic Tomography in Tilted Transversely Isotropic Media, GEOPHYSICS, 73, D17–D33, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2910827, 2008. a
Short summary
Acoustic waves are suitable to analyse the physical properties of the subsurface. For this purpose, boreholes are quite useful to deploy a source and receivers in the target area to get a comprehensive high-resolution dataset. However, when conducting such experiments in a subsurface such as glaciers that continuously move, the boreholes get deformed. In our study, we therefore developed a method that allows an analysis of the ice while considering deformations.
Acoustic waves are suitable to analyse the physical properties of the subsurface. For this...
