Articles | Volume 15, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1465-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1465-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Dec 2024
Research article |
| 11 Dec 2024
| 11 Dec 2024
Combining crosshole and reflection borehole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for imaging controlled freezing in shallow aquifers
Peter Jung
Department Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Götz Hornbruch
Applied Geosciences – Aquatic Geochemistry and Hydrogeology, Institute of Geosciences, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Competence Centre for Geoenergy, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Andreas Dahmke
Applied Geosciences – Aquatic Geochemistry and Hydrogeology, Institute of Geosciences, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Competence Centre for Geoenergy, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Peter Dietrich
Department Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Department Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Daniel Altdorff, Maik Heistermann, Till Francke, Martin Schrön, Sabine Attinger, Albrecht Bauriegel, Frank Beyrich, Peter Biró, Peter Dietrich, Rebekka Eichstädt, Peter Martin Grosse, Arvid Markert, Jakob Terschlüsen, Ariane Walz, Steffen Zacharias, and Sascha E. Oswald
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3848, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3848, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The German federal state of Brandenburg is particularly prone to soil moisture droughts. To support the management of related risks, we introduce a novel soil moisture and drought monitoring network based on cosmic-ray neutron sensing technology. This initiative is driven by a collaboration of research institutions and federal state agencies, and it is the first of its kind in Germany to have started operation. In this brief communication, we outline the network design and share first results.
Georg Kaufmann, Douchko Romanov, Ulrike Werban, and Thomas Vienken
Solid Earth, 14, 333–351, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-333-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-333-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss collapse sinkholes occuring since 2004 on the sports field of Münsterdorf, a village north of Hamburg. The sinkholes, 2–5 m in size and about 3–5 m deep, develop in peri-glacial sand, with a likely origin in the Cretaceous chalk, present at about 20 m depth. The area has been analyzed with geophysical and direct-push-based methods, from which material properties of the subsurface have been derived. The properties have been used for mechanical models, predicting the subsidence.
Andreas Wieser, Andreas Güntner, Peter Dietrich, Jan Handwerker, Dina Khordakova, Uta Ködel, Martin Kohler, Hannes Mollenhauer, Bernhard Mühr, Erik Nixdorf, Marvin Reich, Christian Rolf, Martin Schrön, Claudia Schütze, and Ute Weber
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-131, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2022-131, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We present an event-triggered observation concept which covers the entire process chain from heavy precipitation to flooding at the catchment scale. It combines flexible and mobile observing systems out of the fields of meteorology, hydrology and geophysics with stationary networks to capture atmospheric transport processes, heterogeneous precipitation patterns, land surface and subsurface storage processes, and runoff dynamics.
Benedikt J. Werner, Oliver J. Lechtenfeld, Andreas Musolff, Gerrit H. de Rooij, Jie Yang, Ralf Gründling, Ulrike Werban, and Jan H. Fleckenstein
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6067–6086, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6067-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6067-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from riparian zones (RZs) is an important yet poorly understood component of the catchment carbon budget. This study chemically and spatially classifies DOC source zones within a RZ of a small catchment to assess DOC export patterns. Results highlight that DOC export from only a small fraction of the RZ with distinct DOC composition dominates overall DOC export. The application of a spatial, topographic proxy can be used to improve DOC export models.
Edoardo Martini, Matteo Bauckholt, Simon Kögler, Manuel Kreck, Kurt Roth, Ulrike Werban, Ute Wollschläger, and Steffen Zacharias
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2529–2539, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2529-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2529-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the in situ data available from the soil monitoring network
STH-net, recently implemented at the Schäfertal Hillslope site (Germany). The STH-net provides data (soil water content, soil temperature, water level, and meteorological variables – measured at a 10 min interval since 1 January 2019) for developing and testing modelling approaches in the context of vadose zone hydrology at spatial scales ranging from the pedon to the hillslope.
Alraune Zech, Peter Dietrich, Sabine Attinger, and Georg Teutsch
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-1-2021, 2021
Monja Ellinger, Ines Merbach, Ulrike Werban, and Mareike Ließ
SOIL, 5, 275–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-275-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-5-275-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Vis–NIR spectrometry is often applied to capture soil organic carbon (SOC). This study addresses the impact of the involved data and modelling aspects on SOC precision with a focus on the propagation of input data uncertainties. It emphasizes the necessity of transparent documentation of the measurement protocol and the model building and validation procedure. Particularly, when Vis–NIR spectrometry is used for soil monitoring, the aspect of uncertainty propagation becomes essential.
M. Kröhnert, R. Anderson, J. Bumberger, P. Dietrich, W. S. Harpole, and H.-G. Maas
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-2, 539–542, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-539-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-539-2018, 2018
Martin Schrön, Steffen Zacharias, Gary Womack, Markus Köhli, Darin Desilets, Sascha E. Oswald, Jan Bumberger, Hannes Mollenhauer, Simon Kögler, Paul Remmler, Mandy Kasner, Astrid Denk, and Peter Dietrich
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 7, 83–99, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-83-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-7-83-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) is a unique technology to monitor water storages in complex environments, non-invasively, continuously, autonomuously, and representatively in large areas. However, neutron detector signals are not comparable per se: there is statistical noise, technical differences, and locational effects. We found out what it takes to make CRNS consistent in time and space to ensure reliable data quality. We further propose a method to correct for sealed areas in the footrint.
Martin Schrön, Markus Köhli, Lena Scheiffele, Joost Iwema, Heye R. Bogena, Ling Lv, Edoardo Martini, Gabriele Baroni, Rafael Rosolem, Jannis Weimar, Juliane Mai, Matthias Cuntz, Corinna Rebmann, Sascha E. Oswald, Peter Dietrich, Ulrich Schmidt, and Steffen Zacharias
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5009–5030, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5009-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
A field-scale average of near-surface water content can be sensed by cosmic-ray neutron detectors. To interpret, calibrate, and validate the integral signal, it is important to account for its sensitivity to heterogeneous patterns like dry or wet spots. We show how point samples contribute to the neutron signal based on their depth and distance from the detector. This approach robustly improves the sensor performance and data consistency, and even reveals otherwise hidden hydrological features.
Edoardo Martini, Ulrike Werban, Steffen Zacharias, Marco Pohle, Peter Dietrich, and Ute Wollschläger
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 495–513, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-495-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-495-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
With a process-based interpretation of electromagnetic induction measurements, we discussed the potential and limitations of such a method for soil moisture mapping. Results will help clarify the complex and time-varying effect of stable soil properties and dynamic state variables on the physical parameters measured, with implications for future studies. We highlighted the importance of time-series data and the need for a multidisciplinary approach for proper interpretation.
E. Zehe, U. Ehret, L. Pfister, T. Blume, B. Schröder, M. Westhoff, C. Jackisch, S. J. Schymanski, M. Weiler, K. Schulz, N. Allroggen, J. Tronicke, L. van Schaik, P. Dietrich, U. Scherer, J. Eccard, V. Wulfmeyer, and A. Kleidon
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4635–4655, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4635-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4635-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Subject area: The evolving Earth surface | Editorial team: Seismics, seismology, paleoseismology, geoelectrics, and electromagnetics | Discipline: Geophysics
Seismic wave modeling of fluid-saturated fractured porous rock: including fluid pressure diffusion effects of discretely distributed large-scale fractures
Integration of automatic implicit geological modelling in deterministic geophysical inversion
Ground motion emissions due to wind turbines: observations, acoustic coupling, and attenuation relationships
Seismic amplitude response to internal heterogeneity of mass-transport deposits
Investigation of the effects of surrounding media on the distributed acoustic sensing of a helically wound fibre-optic cable with application to the New Afton deposit, British Columbia
Geophysical analysis of an area affected by subsurface dissolution – case study of an inland salt marsh in northern Thuringia, Germany
An efficient probabilistic workflow for estimating induced earthquake parameters in 3D heterogeneous media
Dynamic motion monitoring of a 3.6 km long steel rod in a borehole during cold-water injection with distributed fiber-optic sensing
On the comparison of strain measurements from fibre optics with a dense seismometer array at Etna volcano (Italy)
The impact of seismic interpretation methods on the analysis of faults: a case study from the Snøhvit field, Barents Sea
Integrated land and water-borne geophysical surveys shed light on the sudden drying of large karst lakes in southern Mexico
On the morphology and amplitude of 2D and 3D thermal anomalies induced by buoyancy-driven flow within and around fault zones
Characterizing a decametre-scale granitic reservoir using ground-penetrating radar and seismic methods
Upper Jurassic carbonate buildups in the Miechów Trough, southern Poland – insights from seismic data interpretations
New regional stratigraphic insights from a 3D geological model of the Nasia sub-basin, Ghana, developed for hydrogeological purposes and based on reprocessed B-field data originally collected for mineral exploration
Characterisation of subglacial water using a constrained transdimensional Bayesian transient electromagnetic inversion
Subsurface characterization of a quick-clay vulnerable area using near-surface geophysics and hydrological modelling
Electrical formation factor of clean sand from laboratory measurements and digital rock physics
Drill bit noise imaging without pilot trace, a near-surface interferometry example
Calibrating a new attenuation curve for the Dead Sea region using surface wave dispersion surveys in sites damaged by the 1927 Jericho earthquake
Shear wave reflection seismic yields subsurface dissolution and subrosion patterns: application to the Ghor Al-Haditha sinkhole site, Dead Sea, Jordan
Yingkai Qi, Xuehua Chen, Qingwei Zhao, Xin Luo, and Chunqiang Feng
Solid Earth, 15, 535–554, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-535-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-535-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fractures tend to dominate the mechanical and hydraulic properties of porous rock and impact the scattering characteristics of passing waves. This study takes into account the poroelastic effects of fractures in numerical modeling. Our results demonstrate that scattered waves from complex fracture systems are strongly affected by the fractures.
Jérémie Giraud, Guillaume Caumon, Lachlan Grose, Vitaliy Ogarko, and Paul Cupillard
Solid Earth, 15, 63–89, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-63-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-63-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present and test an algorithm that integrates geological modelling into deterministic geophysical inversion. This is motivated by the need to model the Earth using all available data and to reconcile the different types of measurements. We introduce the methodology and test our algorithm using two idealised scenarios. Results suggest that the method we propose is effectively capable of improving the models recovered by geophysical inversion and may be applied in real-world scenarios.
Laura Gaßner and Joachim Ritter
Solid Earth, 14, 785–803, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-785-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-785-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we analyze signals emitted from wind turbines. They induce sound as well as ground motion waves which propagate through the subsurface and are registered by sensitive instruments. In our data we observe when these signals are present and how strong they are. Some signals are present in ground motion and sound data, providing the opportunity to study similarities and better characterize emissions. Furthermore, we study the amplitudes with distance to improve the signal prediction.
Jonathan Ford, Angelo Camerlenghi, Francesca Zolezzi, and Marilena Calarco
Solid Earth, 14, 137–151, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-137-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-137-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Submarine landslides commonly appear as low-amplitude zones in seismic data. Previous studies have attributed this to a lack of preserved internal structure. We use seismic modelling to show that an amplitude reduction can be generated even when there is still metre-scale internal structure, by simply deforming the bedding. This has implications for interpreting failure type, for core-seismic correlation and for discriminating landslides from other "transparent" phenomena such as free gas.
Sepidehalsadat Hendi, Mostafa Gorjian, Gilles Bellefleur, Christopher D. Hawkes, and Don White
Solid Earth, 14, 89–99, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-89-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-89-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the modelling results are used to help understand the performance of a helically wound fibre (HWC) from a field study at the New Afton mine, British Columbia. We introduce the numerical 3D model to model strain values in HWC to design more effective HWC system. The DAS dataset at New Afton, interpreted in the context of our modelling, serves as a practical demonstration of the extreme effects of surrounding media and coupling on HWC data quality.
Sonja H. Wadas, Hermann Buness, Raphael Rochlitz, Peter Skiba, Thomas Günther, Michael Grinat, David C. Tanner, Ulrich Polom, Gerald Gabriel, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 13, 1673–1696, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1673-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1673-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The dissolution of rocks poses a severe hazard because it can cause subsidence and sinkhole formation. Based on results from our study area in Thuringia, Germany, using P- and SH-wave reflection seismics, electrical resistivity and electromagnetic methods, and gravimetry, we develop a geophysical investigation workflow. This workflow enables identifying the initial triggers of subsurface dissolution and its control factors, such as structural constraints, fluid pathways, and mass movement.
La Ode Marzujriban Masfara, Thomas Cullison, and Cornelis Weemstra
Solid Earth, 13, 1309–1325, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1309-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1309-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Induced earthquakes are natural phenomena in which the events are associated with human activities. Although the magnitudes of these events are mostly smaller than tectonic events, in some cases, the magnitudes can be high enough to damage buildings near the event's location. To study these (high-magnitude) induced events, we developed a workflow in which the recorded data from an earthquake are used to describe the source and monitor the area for other (potentially high-magnitude) earthquakes.
Martin Peter Lipus, Felix Schölderle, Thomas Reinsch, Christopher Wollin, Charlotte Krawczyk, Daniela Pfrang, and Kai Zosseder
Solid Earth, 13, 161–176, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-161-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-161-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A fiber-optic cable was installed along a freely suspended rod in a deep geothermal well in Munich, Germany. A cold-water injection test was monitored with fiber-optic distributed acoustic and temperature sensing. During injection, we observe vibrational events in the lower part of the well. On the basis of a mechanical model, we conclude that the vibrational events are caused by thermal contraction of the rod. The results illustrate potential artifacts when analyzing downhole acoustic data.
Gilda Currenti, Philippe Jousset, Rosalba Napoli, Charlotte Krawczyk, and Michael Weber
Solid Earth, 12, 993–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-993-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-993-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the capability of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) to record dynamic strain changes related to Etna volcano activity in 2019. To validate the DAS measurements, we compute strain estimates from seismic signals recorded by a dense broadband array. A general good agreement is found between array-derived strain and DAS measurements along the fibre optic cable. Localised short wavelength discrepancies highlight small-scale structural heterogeneities in the investigated area.
Jennifer E. Cunningham, Nestor Cardozo, Chris Townsend, and Richard H. T. Callow
Solid Earth, 12, 741–764, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-741-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-741-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the impact of commonly used seismic interpretation methods on the analysis of faults. Fault analysis refers to fault length, displacement, and the impact these factors have on geological modelling and hydrocarbon volume calculation workflows. This research was conducted to give geoscientists a better understanding of the importance of interpretation methods and the impact of unsuitable methology on geological analyses.
Matthias Bücker, Adrián Flores Orozco, Jakob Gallistl, Matthias Steiner, Lukas Aigner, Johannes Hoppenbrock, Ruth Glebe, Wendy Morales Barrera, Carlos Pita de la Paz, César Emilio García García, José Alberto Razo Pérez, Johannes Buckel, Andreas Hördt, Antje Schwalb, and Liseth Pérez
Solid Earth, 12, 439–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-439-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-439-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use seismic, electromagnetic, and geoelectrical methods to assess sediment thickness and lake-bottom geology of two karst lakes. An unexpected drainage event provided us with the unusual opportunity to compare water-borne measurements with measurements carried out on the dry lake floor. The resulting data set does not only provide insight into the specific lake-bottom geology of the studied lakes but also evidences the potential and limitations of the employed field methods.
Laurent Guillou-Frottier, Hugo Duwiquet, Gaëtan Launay, Audrey Taillefer, Vincent Roche, and Gaétan Link
Solid Earth, 11, 1571–1595, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1571-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1571-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In the first kilometers of the subsurface, temperature anomalies due to heat conduction rarely exceed 20–30°C. However, when deep hot fluids in the shallow crust flow upwards, for example through permeable fault zones, hydrothermal convection can form high-temperature geothermal reservoirs. Numerical modeling of hydrothermal convection shows that vertical fault zones may host funnel-shaped, kilometer-sized geothermal reservoirs whose exploitation would not need drilling at depths below 2–3 km.
Joseph Doetsch, Hannes Krietsch, Cedric Schmelzbach, Mohammadreza Jalali, Valentin Gischig, Linus Villiger, Florian Amann, and Hansruedi Maurer
Solid Earth, 11, 1441–1455, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1441-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1441-2020, 2020
Łukasz Słonka and Piotr Krzywiec
Solid Earth, 11, 1097–1119, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1097-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1097-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper shows the results of seismic interpretations that document the presence of large Upper Jurassic carbonate buildups in the Miechów Trough (S Poland). Our work fills the gap in recognition of the Upper Jurassic carbonate depositional system of southern Poland. The results also provide an excellent generic reference point, showing how and to what extent seismic data can be used for studies of carbonate depositional systems, in particular for the identification of the carbonate buildups.
Elikplim Abla Dzikunoo, Giulio Vignoli, Flemming Jørgensen, Sandow Mark Yidana, and Bruce Banoeng-Yakubo
Solid Earth, 11, 349–361, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-349-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-349-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Time-domain electromagnetic (TEM) geophysics data originally collected for mining purposes were reprocessed and inverted. The new inversions were used to construct a 3D model of the subsurface geology to facilitate hydrogeological investigations within a DANIDA-funded project. Improved resolutions from the TEM enabled the identification of possible paleovalleys of glacial origin, suggesting the need for a reevaluation of the current lithostratigraphy of the Voltaian sedimentary basin.
Siobhan F. Killingbeck, Adam D. Booth, Philip W. Livermore, C. Richard Bates, and Landis J. West
Solid Earth, 11, 75–94, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-75-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-75-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents MuLTI-TEM, a Bayesian inversion tool for inverting TEM data with independent depth constraints to provide statistical properties and uncertainty analysis of the resistivity profile with depth. MuLTI-TEM is highly versatile, being compatible with most TEM survey designs, ground-based or airborne, along with the depth constraints being provided from any external source. Here, we present an application of MuLTI-TEM to characterise the subglacial water under a Norwegian glacier.
Silvia Salas-Romero, Alireza Malehmir, Ian Snowball, and Benoît Dessirier
Solid Earth, 10, 1685–1705, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1685-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1685-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Land–river reflection seismic, hydrogeological modelling, and magnetic investigations in an area prone to quick-clay landslides in SW Sweden provide a detailed description of the subsurface structures, such as undulating fractured bedrock, a sedimentary sequence of intercalating leached and unleached clay, and coarse-grained deposits. Hydrological properties of the coarse-grained layer help us understand its role in the leaching process that leads to the formation of quick clays in the area.
Mohammed Ali Garba, Stephanie Vialle, Mahyar Madadi, Boris Gurevich, and Maxim Lebedev
Solid Earth, 10, 1505–1517, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1505-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1505-2019, 2019
Mehdi Asgharzadeh, Ashley Grant, Andrej Bona, and Milovan Urosevic
Solid Earth, 10, 1015–1023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1015-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1015-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Data acquisition costs mainly borne by expensive vibrator machines (i.e., deployment, operations, and maintenance) can be regarded as the main impediment to wide application of seismic methods in the mining industry. Here, we show that drill bit noise can be used to image the shallow subsurface when it is optimally acquired and processed. Drill bit imaging methods have many applications in small scale near-surface projects, such as those in mining exploration and geotechnical investigation.
Yaniv Darvasi and Amotz Agnon
Solid Earth, 10, 379–390, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-379-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-379-2019, 2019
Ulrich Polom, Hussam Alrshdan, Djamil Al-Halbouni, Eoghan P. Holohan, Torsten Dahm, Ali Sawarieh, Mohamad Y. Atallah, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 9, 1079–1098, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1079-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1079-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The alluvial fan of Ghor Al-Haditha (Dead Sea) is affected by subsidence and sinkholes. Different models and hypothetical processes have been suggested in the past; high-resolution shear wave reflection surveys carried out in 2013 and 2014 showed the absence of evidence for a massive shallow salt layer as formerly suggested. Thus, a new process interpretation is proposed based on both the dissolution and physical erosion of Dead Sea mud layers.
Cited articles
Agyenim, F., Hewitt, N., Eames, P., and Smyth, M.: A review of materials, heat transfer and phase change problem formulation for latent heat thermal energy storage systems (LHTESS), Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 14, 615–628, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.015, 2010.
Axtell, C., Murray, T., Kulessa, B., Clark, R. A., and Gusmeroli, A.: Improved accuracy of cross-borehole radar velocity models for ice property analysis, Geophysics, 81, WA203–WA212, https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2015-0131.1, 2016.
Campbell, S. W., Briggs, M., Roy, S. G., Douglas, T. A., and Saari, S.: Ground-penetrating radar, electromagnetic induction, terrain, and vegetation observations coupled with machine learning to map permafrost distribution at Twelvemile Lake, Alaska, Permafrost Periglac., 32, 407–426, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2100, 2021.
Cao, B., Gruber, S., Zhang, T., Li, L., Peng, X., Wang, K., Zheng, L., Shao, W., and Guo, H.: Spatial variability of active layer thickness detected by ground-penetrating radar in the Qilian Mountains, Western China, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 122, 574–591, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jf004018, 2017.
Cassidy, N. J.: Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Rocks, Soils and Fluids, Ground Penetrating Radar Theory and Applications, 2, 41–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-53348-7.00002-8, 2009.
Dahmke, A. and Schwarzfeld, B.: Untertägiges Eisspeichersystem in Grundwasserleitern und Grundwassergeringleitern zur Wärmeversorgung, International Patent no. WO2022117579A1, WIPO PCT, 2022.
Dessa, J.-X. and Pascal, G.: Combined traveltime and frequency-domain seismic waveform inversion: a case study on multi-offset ultrasonic data, Geophys. J. Int., 154, 117–133, 2003.
Dietrich, P., Butler Jr., J., and Faiß, K.: The direct push injection logger: a rapid approach for assessment of vertical variations in hydraulic conductivity, Groundwater, 46, 323–328, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00377.x, 2008.
Du, E., Zhao, L., Zou, D., Li, R., Wang, Z., Wu, X., Hu, G., Zhao, Y., Liu, G., and Sun, Z.: Soil moisture calibration equations for active layer GPR detection – A case study specially for the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau permafrost regions, Remote Sens.-Basel, 12, 605, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12040605, 2020.
Heldt, S., Wang, B., Hu, L. W., Hornbruch, G., Luders, K., Werban, U., and Bauer, S.: Numerical investigation of a high temperature heat injection test, J. Hydrol., 597, 126229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126229, 2021.
Hermans, T., Nguyen, F., Robert, T., and Revil, A.: Geophysical methods for monitoring temperature changes in shallow low enthalpy geothermal systems, Energies, 7, 5083–5118, https://doi.org/10.3390/en7085083, 2014.
Hermans, T., Wildemeersch, S., Jamin, P., Orban, P., Brouyère, S., Dassargues, A., and Nguyen, F.: Quantitative temperature monitoring of a heat tracing experiment using cross-borehole ERT, Geothermics, 53, 14–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.03.013, 2015.
Hinkel, K. M., Doolittle, J. A., Bockheim, J. G., Nelson, F. E., Paetzold, R., Kimble, J. M., and Travis, R.: Detection of subsurface permafrost features with ground-penetrating radar, Barrow, Alaska, Permafrost Periglac., 12, 179–190, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.369, 2001.
Hu, L., Schnackenberg, M., Hornbruch, G., Lüders, K., Pfeiffer, W. T., Werban, U., and Bauer, S.: Cross-well multilevel pumping tests – A novel approach for characterizing the changes of hydraulic properties during gas storage in shallow aquifers, J. Hydrol., 620, 129520, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129520, 2023.
Jung, P., Pohle, M., and Werban, U.: Borehole-GPR crosshole and reflection data from monitoring of freeze-thaw cycles in a geological latent heat storage system, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.971978, 2024.
King, R. W. P., Smith, G. S., Owens, M., and Wu, T. T.: Antennas in matter: fundamentals, theory, and applications, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 868 pp., ISBN 0262110741, ISBN 9780262110747, 1981.
Keller, N.-S., Hornbruch, G., Lüders, K., Werban, U., Vogt, C., Kallies, R., Dahmke, A., and Richnow, H. H.: Monitoring of the effects of a temporally limited heat stress on microbial communities in a shallow aquifer, Sci. Total Environ., 781, 146377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146377, 2021.
Keller, N. S., Lüders, K., Hornbruch, G., Birnstengel, S., Vogt, C., Ebert, M., Kallies, R., Dahmke, A., and Richnow, H. H.: Rapid Consumption of Dihydrogen Injected into a Shallow Aquifer by Ecophysiologically Different Microbes, Environ. Sci. Technol., 58, 333–341, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c04340, 2024.
Kim, J.-H., Park, S.-G., Yi, M.-J., Son, J.-S., and Cho, S.-J.: Borehole radar investigations for locating ice ring formed by cryogenic condition in an underground cavern, J. Appl. Geophys., 62, 204–214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2006.11.002, 2007.
Klotzsche, A., van der Kruk, J., Meles, G. A., Doetsch, J., Maurer, H., and Linde, N.: Full-waveform inversion of cross-hole ground-penetrating radar data to characterize a gravel aquifer close to the Thur River, Switzerland, Near Surf. Geophys., 8, 635–649, 2010.
Lamert, H., Geistlinger, H., Werban, U., Schütze, C., Peter, A., Hornbruch, G., Schulz, A., Pohlert, M., Kalia, S., and Beyer, M.: Feasibility of geoelectrical monitoring and multiphase modeling for process understanding of gaseous CO2 injection into a shallow aquifer, Environ. Earth Sci., 67, 447–462, 2012.
Löffler, M., Schrader, M., Lüders, K., Werban, U., Hornbruch, G.., Dahmke, A., Vogt, C., and Richnow, H. H.: Stable Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation of Hydrogen in a Field Injection Experiment: Simulation of a Gaseous H2 Leakage, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 6, 631–641, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00254, 2022.
Looms, M. C., Klotzsche, A., van der Kruk, J., Larsen, T. H., Edsen, A., Tuxen, N., Hamburger, N., Keskinen, J., and Nielsen, L.: Mapping sand layers in clayey till using crosshole ground-penetrating radar, Geophysics, 83, A21–A26, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0297.1 2018.
Lozàn, J. L., Breckle, S.-W., Grassl, H., Kasang, D., and Matzarakis, A.: Städte im Klimawandel, in: Warnsignal Klima: Die Städte, Thieme, 11–20, https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2144-5404, 2019.
Lüders, K., Hornbruch, G., Zarrabi, N., Heldt, S., Dahmke, A., and Köber, R.: Predictability of initial hydrogeochemical effects induced by short-term infiltration of ∼75 °C hot water into a shallow glaciogenic aquifer, Water Research X, 13, 100121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100121, 2021.
McCall, W. and Christy, T. M.: The hydraulic profiling tool for hydrogeologic investigation of unconsolidated formations, Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 40, 89–103, 2020.
McCall, W., Christy, T. M., Pipp, D., Terkelsen, M., Christensen, A., Weber, K., and Engelsen, P.: Field application of the combined membrane-interface probe and hydraulic profiling tool (MiHpt), Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 34, 85–95, 2014.
Peter, A., Lamert, H., Beyer, M., Hornbruch, G., Heinrich, B., Schulz, A., Geistlinger, H., Schreiber, B., Dietrich, P., Werban, U., Vogt, C., Richnow, H.-H., Großmann, J., and Dahmke, A.: Investigation of the geochemical impact of CO2 on shallow groundwater: design and implementation of a CO2 injection test in Northeast Germany, Environ. Earth Sci., 67, 335–349, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1700-5, 2012.
Schwamborn, G., Dix, J., Bull, J., and Rachold, V.: High-resolution seismic and ground penetrating radar–geophysical profiling of a thermokarst lake in the western Lena Delta, Northern Siberia, Permafrost Periglac., 13, 259–269, 2002.
Sokolov, K., Fedorova, L., and Fedorov, M.: Prospecting and evaluation of underground massive ice by ground-penetrating radar, Geosciences, 10, 274, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10070274, 2020.
Steelman, C. M., Endres, A. L., and van der Kruk, J.: Field observations of shallow freeze and thaw processes using high-frequency ground-penetrating radar, Hydrol. Process., 24, 2022–2033, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7688, 2010.
Steinbach, J., Popovski, E., Henrich, J., Christ, C., Ortner, S., Pehnt, M., Blömer, S., Auberger, A., Fritz, M., and Billerbeck, A.: Umfassende Bewertung des Potenzials für eine effiziente Wärme-und Kältenutzung für Deutschland: Comprehensive Assessment Heating and Cooling Germany – Gemäß Artikel 14 Absatz 1 und Anhang VIII der Richtlinie 2012/27/EU.2021, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/301057 (last access: 5 December 2024), 2020.
Stephani, E., Fortier, D., Shur, Y., Fortier, R., and Doré, G.: A geosystems approach to permafrost investigations for engineering applications, an example from a road stabilization experiment, Beaver Creek, Yukon, Canada, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 100, 20–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2013.12.006, 2014.
Stevens, C. W., Moorman, B. J., and Solomon, S. M.: Detection of frozen and unfrozen interfaces with ground penetrating radar in the nearshore zone of the Mackenzie Delta, Canada, 1711–1716 (Vol 2) in: 2 Vols., Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, edtied by: Kane, D. L. and Hinkel, K. M., Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2140 pp., ISBN 978-0-9800179-3-9 (v.2), 2008.
Terry, N., Grunewald, E., Briggs, M., Gooseff, M., Huryn, A. D., Kass, M. A., Tape, K. D., Hendrickson, P., and Lane Jr., J. W.: Seasonal subsurface thaw dynamics of an aufeis feature inferred from geophysical methods, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 125, e2019JF005345, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JF005345, 2020.
Vienken, T., Leven, C., and Dietrich, P.: Use of CPT and other direct push methods for (hydro-) stratigraphic aquifer characterization – a field study, Can. Geotech. J., 49, 197–206, 2012.
Vonder Mühll, D., Hauck, C., and Gubler, H.: Mapping of mountain permafrost using geophysical methods, Prog. Phys. Geog., 26, 643–660, https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133302pp356ra, 2002.
Wang, Q. and Shen, Y.: Calculation and Interpretation of Ground Penetrating Radar for Temperature and Relative Water Content of Seasonal Permafrost in Qinghai-Tibet Platea, Electronics, 8, 731, 2019.
Weigand, M., Wagner, F. M., Limbrock, J. K., Hilbich, C., Hauck, C., and Kemna, A.: A monitoring system for spatiotemporal electrical self-potential measurements in cryospheric environments, Geosci. Instrum. Meth., 9, 317–336, 2020.
Yu, Y., Klotzsche, A., Weihermüller, L., Huisman, J. A., Vanderborght, J., Vereecken, H., and van der Kruk, J.: Measuring vertical soil water content profiles by combining horizontal borehole and dispersive surface ground penetrating radar data, Near Surf. Geophys., 18, 275–294, 2020.
Short summary
We demonstrate the feasibility of imaging vertical freezing boundaries using borehole ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in experimental geological latent heat storage, where part of a shallow Quaternary aquifer is frozen. To gain insights into the current thermal state in the subsurface, we assess the frozen volume dimension. We show that a combination of crosshole and reflection measurements allows us to image the ice body with high accuracy in the challenging environment of saturated sediments.
We demonstrate the feasibility of imaging vertical freezing boundaries using borehole...
