Articles | Volume 12, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-725-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-725-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 Mar 2021
Research article |
| 26 Mar 2021
| 26 Mar 2021
Seismic monitoring of urban activity in Barcelona during the COVID-19 lockdown
Geo3Bcn-CSIC, c/ Solé Sabarís sn, Barcelona, Spain
Mario Ruiz
Geo3Bcn-CSIC, c/ Solé Sabarís sn, Barcelona, Spain
José-Antonio Jara
Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya, Barcelona,
Spain
Related authors
Jordi Díaz, Sergi Ventosa, Martin Schimmel, Mario Ruiz, Albert Macau, Anna Gabàs, David Martí, Özgenç Akin, and Jaume Vergés
Solid Earth, 14, 499–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-499-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the capability of multiple methods based on the interpretation of seismic noise to map the basement of the Cerdanya Basin, located in the eastern Pyrenees. Basement depth estimations retrieved from the different approaches are consistent, with maximum depths reaching 700 m close to the Têt fault bounding the basin to the east. Our results prove that seismic noise analysis using high-density networks is an excellent tool to improve the geological characterization of sedimentary basins.
Irene DeFelipe, Juan Alcalde, Monika Ivandic, David Martí, Mario Ruiz, Ignacio Marzán, Jordi Diaz, Puy Ayarza, Imma Palomeras, Jose-Luis Fernandez-Turiel, Cecilia Molina, Isabel Bernal, Larry Brown, Roland Roberts, and Ramon Carbonell
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1053–1071, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1053-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1053-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Seismic data provide critical information about the structure of the lithosphere, and their preservation is essential for innovative research reusing data. The Seismic DAta REpository (SeisDARE) comprises legacy and recently acquired seismic data in the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. This database has been built by a network of different institutions that promote multidisciplinary research. We aim to make seismic data easily available to the research, industry, and educational communities.
Jordi Díaz, Sergi Ventosa, Martin Schimmel, Mario Ruiz, Albert Macau, Anna Gabàs, David Martí, Özgenç Akin, and Jaume Vergés
Solid Earth, 14, 499–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-499-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the capability of multiple methods based on the interpretation of seismic noise to map the basement of the Cerdanya Basin, located in the eastern Pyrenees. Basement depth estimations retrieved from the different approaches are consistent, with maximum depths reaching 700 m close to the Têt fault bounding the basin to the east. Our results prove that seismic noise analysis using high-density networks is an excellent tool to improve the geological characterization of sedimentary basins.
Irene DeFelipe, Juan Alcalde, Monika Ivandic, David Martí, Mario Ruiz, Ignacio Marzán, Jordi Diaz, Puy Ayarza, Imma Palomeras, Jose-Luis Fernandez-Turiel, Cecilia Molina, Isabel Bernal, Larry Brown, Roland Roberts, and Ramon Carbonell
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1053–1071, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1053-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1053-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Seismic data provide critical information about the structure of the lithosphere, and their preservation is essential for innovative research reusing data. The Seismic DAta REpository (SeisDARE) comprises legacy and recently acquired seismic data in the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. This database has been built by a network of different institutions that promote multidisciplinary research. We aim to make seismic data easily available to the research, industry, and educational communities.
Juvenal Andrés, Puy Ayarza, Martin Schimmel, Imma Palomeras, Mario Ruiz, and Ramon Carbonell
Solid Earth, 11, 2499–2513, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2499-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2499-2020, 2020
Juvenal Andrés, Deyan Draganov, Martin Schimmel, Puy Ayarza, Imma Palomeras, Mario Ruiz, and Ramon Carbonell
Solid Earth, 10, 1937–1950, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1937-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1937-2019, 2019
David Marti, Ignacio Marzan, Jana Sachsenhausen, Joaquina Alvarez-Marrón, Mario Ruiz, Montse Torne, Manuela Mendes, and Ramon Carbonell
Solid Earth, 10, 177–192, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-177-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-177-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A detailed knowledge of the very shallow subsurface has become of crucial interest for modern society, especially if it hosts critical surface infrastructures such as temporary waste storage sites. The use of indirect methods to characterize the internal structure of the subsurface has been successfully applied, based on the 3-D distribution of seismic velocities and well-log data, which are of great interest for civil engineering companies.
Related subject area
Subject area: The evolving Earth surface | Editorial team: Seismics, seismology, paleoseismology, geoelectrics, and electromagnetics | Discipline: Seismology
A borehole trajectory inversion scheme to adjust the measurement geometry for 3D travel-time tomography on glaciers
Ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) noise reduction from horizontal and vertical components using harmonic–percussive separation algorithms
Towards real-time seismic monitoring of a geothermal plant using Distributed Acoustic Sensing
Upper-lithospheric structure of northeastern Venezuela from joint inversion of surface-wave dispersion and receiver functions
A study on the effect of input data length on a deep-learning-based magnitude classifier
Multi-array analysis of volcano-seismic signals at Fogo and Brava, Cape Verde
Reflection imaging of complex geology in a crystalline environment using virtual-source seismology: case study from the Kylylahti polymetallic mine, Finland
The damaging character of shallow 20th century earthquakes in the Hainaut coal area (Belgium)
The effect of 2020 COVID-19 lockdown measures on seismic noise recorded in Romania
Accelerating Bayesian microseismic event location with deep learning
Strain to ground motion conversion of distributed acoustic sensing data for earthquake magnitude and stress drop determination
Regional centroid moment tensor inversion of small to moderate earthquakes in the Alps using the dense AlpArray seismic network: challenges and seismotectonic insights
Unprecedented quiescence in resource development area allows detection of long-lived latent seismicity
Seismic signature of the COVID-19 lockdown at the city scale: a case study with low-cost seismometers in the city of Querétaro, Mexico
Characterizing the oceanic ambient noise as recorded by the dense seismo-acoustic Kazakh network
Seismic evidence of the COVID-19 lockdown measures: a case study from eastern Sicily (Italy)
Sensing Earth and environment dynamics by telecommunication fiber-optic sensors: an urban experiment in Pennsylvania, USA
Effects of finite source rupture on landslide triggering: the 2016 Mw 7.1 Kumamoto earthquake
Sebastian Hellmann, Melchior Grab, Cedric Patzer, Andreas Bauder, and Hansruedi Maurer
Solid Earth, 14, 805–821, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-805-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-805-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Acoustic waves are suitable to analyse the physical properties of the subsurface. For this purpose, boreholes are quite useful to deploy a source and receivers in the target area to get a comprehensive high-resolution dataset. However, when conducting such experiments in a subsurface such as glaciers that continuously move, the boreholes get deformed. In our study, we therefore developed a method that allows an analysis of the ice while considering deformations.
Zahra Zali, Theresa Rein, Frank Krüger, Matthias Ohrnberger, and Frank Scherbaum
Solid Earth, 14, 181–195, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-181-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Investigation of the global Earth's structure benefits from the analysis of ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) data that allow an improved seismic illumination of dark spots of crustal and mantle structures in the oceanic regions of the Earth. However, recordings from the ocean bottom are often highly contaminated by noise. We developed an OBS noise reduction algorithm, which removes much of the oceanic noise while preserving the earthquake signal and does not introduce waveform distortion.
Jerome Azzola, Katja Thiemann, and Emmanuel Gaucher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1417, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Distributed Acoustic Sensing is applied to the micro-seismic monitoring of a geothermal plant. In this domain, the feasibility of managing the large flow of generated data and their suitability to monitor locally induced seismicity was yet to be assessed. The proposed monitoring system efficiently managed the acquisition, processing and saving of the data over a 6-month period. This testing period proved that the monitoring concept advantageously complements more classical monitoring networks.
Roberto Cabieces, Mariano S. Arnaiz-Rodríguez, Antonio Villaseñor, Elizabeth Berg, Andrés Olivar-Castaño, Sergi Ventosa, and Ana M. G. Ferreira
Solid Earth, 13, 1781–1801, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1781-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1781-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new 3D shear-wave velocity model of the lithosphere of northeastern Venezuela, including new Moho and Vp / Vs maps. Data were retrieved from land and broadband ocean bottom seismometers from the BOLIVAR experiment.
Megha Chakraborty, Wei Li, Johannes Faber, Georg Rümpker, Horst Stoecker, and Nishtha Srivastava
Solid Earth, 13, 1721–1729, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1721-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1721-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquake magnitude is a crucial parameter in defining its damage potential, and hence its speedy determination is essential to issue an early warning in regions close to the epicentre. This study summarises our findings in an attempt to apply deep-learning-based classifiers to earthquake waveforms, particularly with respect to finding an optimum length of input data. We conclude that the input length has no significant effect on the model accuracy, which varies between 90 %–94 %.
Carola Leva, Georg Rümpker, and Ingo Wölbern
Solid Earth, 13, 1243–1258, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1243-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1243-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The seismicity of Fogo and Brava, Cape Verde, is dominated by volcano-tectonic earthquakes in the area of Brava and volcanic seismic signals, such as hybrid events, on Fogo. We locate these events using a multi-array analysis, which allows the localization of seismic events occurring outside the network and of volcanic signals lacking clear phases. We observe exceptionally high apparent velocities for the hybrid events located on Fogo. These velocities are likely caused by a complex ray path.
Michal Chamarczuk, Michal Malinowski, Deyan Draganov, Emilia Koivisto, Suvi Heinonen, and Sanna Rötsä
Solid Earth, 13, 705–723, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-705-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-705-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In passive seismic measurement, all noise sources from the environment, such as traffic, vibrations caused by distant excavation, and explosive work from underground mines, are utilized. In the Kylylahti experiment, receivers recorded ambient noise sources for 30 d. These recordings were subjected to data analysis and processing using novel methodology developed in our study and used for imaging the subsurface geology of the Kylylahti mine area.
Thierry Camelbeeck, Koen Van Noten, Thomas Lecocq, and Marc Hendrickx
Solid Earth, 13, 469–495, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Over the 20th century, shallow damaging seismicity occurred in and near the Hainaut coal mining area in Belgium. We provide an overview of earthquake parameters and impacts, combining felt and damage testimonies and instrumental measurements. Shallower earthquakes have a depth and timing compatible with mining activity. The most damaging events occurred deeper than the mines but could still have been triggered by mining-caused crustal changes. Our modelling can be applied to other regions.
Bogdan Grecu, Felix Borleanu, Alexandru Tiganescu, Natalia Poiata, Raluca Dinescu, and Dragos Tataru
Solid Earth, 12, 2351–2368, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2351-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2351-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The lockdown imposed in Romania to prevent the spread of COVID-19 has significantly impacted human activity across the country. By analyzing the ground vibrations recorded at seismic stations, we were able to monitor the changes in human activity before and during the lockdown.
The reduced human activity during the lockdown has also provided a good opportunity for stations sited in noisy urban areas to record earthquake signals that would not have been recorded under normal conditions.
Alessio Spurio Mancini, Davide Piras, Ana Margarida Godinho Ferreira, Michael Paul Hobson, and Benjamin Joachimi
Solid Earth, 12, 1683–1705, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1683-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1683-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The localization of an earthquake is affected by many uncertainties. To correctly propagate these uncertainties into an estimate of the earthquake coordinates and their associated errors, many simulations of seismic waves are needed. This operation is computationally very intensive, hindering the feasibility of this approach. In this paper, we present a series of deep-learning methods to produce accurate seismic traces in a fraction of the time needed with standard methods.
Itzhak Lior, Anthony Sladen, Diego Mercerat, Jean-Paul Ampuero, Diane Rivet, and Serge Sambolian
Solid Earth, 12, 1421–1442, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1421-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1421-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The increasing use of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) inhibits the transformation of optical fibers into dense arrays of seismo-acoustic sensors. Here, DAS strain records are converted to ground motions using the waves' apparent velocity. An algorithm for velocity determination is presented, accounting for velocity variations between different seismic waves. The conversion allows for robust determination of fundamental source parameters, earthquake magnitude and stress drop.
Gesa Maria Petersen, Simone Cesca, Sebastian Heimann, Peter Niemz, Torsten Dahm, Daniela Kühn, Jörn Kummerow, Thomas Plenefisch, and the AlpArray and AlpArray-Swath-D working groups
Solid Earth, 12, 1233–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1233-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1233-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Alpine mountains are known for a complex tectonic history. We shed light onto ongoing tectonic processes by studying rupture mechanisms of small to moderate earthquakes between 2016 and 2019 observed by the temporary AlpArray seismic network. The rupture processes of 75 earthquakes were analyzed, along with past earthquakes and deformation data. Our observations point at variations in the underlying tectonic processes and stress regimes across the Alps.
Rebecca O. Salvage and David W. Eaton
Solid Earth, 12, 765–783, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-765-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-765-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Small earthquakes in Alberta and north-east British Columbia have been previously ascribed to industrial activities. The COVID-19 pandemic forced almost all these activities to stop for ~ 4 months. However, unexpectedly, earthquakes still occurred during this time. Some of these earthquakes may be natural and some the result of earthquakes > M6 occurring around the world. However, ~ 65 % of the earthquakes detected may be the remnants of previous fluid injection in the area (
latent seismicity).
Raphael S. M. De Plaen, Víctor Hugo Márquez-Ramírez, Xyoli Pérez-Campos, F. Ramón Zuñiga, Quetzalcoatl Rodríguez-Pérez, Juan Martín Gómez González, and Lucia Capra
Solid Earth, 12, 713–724, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-713-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-713-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in countries with a dominant informal economy have been a greater challenge than in other places. This motivated the monitoring of the mobility of populations with seismic noise throughout the various phases of lockdown and in the city of Querétaro (central Mexico). Our results emphasize the benefit of densifying urban seismic networks, even with low-cost instruments, to observe variations in mobility at the city scale over exclusively relying on mobile technology.
Alexandr Smirnov, Marine De Carlo, Alexis Le Pichon, Nikolai M. Shapiro, and Sergey Kulichkov
Solid Earth, 12, 503–520, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-503-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-503-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Seismic and infrasound methods are techniques used to monitor natural events and explosions. At low frequencies, band signal can be dominated by microbaroms and microseisms. The noise observations in the Kazakh network are performed and compared with source and propagation modeling. The network is dense and well situated for studying very distant source regions of the ambient noise. The prospects are opening for the use of ocean noise in solid Earth and atmosphere tomography.
Andrea Cannata, Flavio Cannavò, Giuseppe Di Grazia, Marco Aliotta, Carmelo Cassisi, Raphael S. M. De Plaen, Stefano Gresta, Thomas Lecocq, Placido Montalto, and Mariangela Sciotto
Solid Earth, 12, 299–317, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-299-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-299-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries put in place social interventions, aimed at restricting human mobility, which caused a decrease in the seismic noise, generated by human activities and called anthropogenic seismic noise. In densely populated eastern Sicily, we observed a decrease in the seismic noise amplitude reaching 50 %. We found similarities between the temporal patterns of seismic noise and human mobility, as quantified by mobile-phone-derived data and ship traffic data.
Tieyuan Zhu, Junzhu Shen, and Eileen R. Martin
Solid Earth, 12, 219–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-219-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-219-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the Fiber Optic foR Environmental SEnsEing (FORESEE) project in Pennsylvania, USA, the first continuous-monitoring distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) fiber array in the eastern USA. With the success of collecting 1 year of continuous DAS recordings using nearly 5 km of telecommunication fiber underneath the university campus, we conclude that DAS along with telecommunication fiber will potentially serve the purpose of continuous near-surface seismic monitoring in populated areas.
Sebastian von Specht, Ugur Ozturk, Georg Veh, Fabrice Cotton, and Oliver Korup
Solid Earth, 10, 463–486, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-463-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-463-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We show the landslide response to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake (Mw 7.1) in central Kyushu (Japan). Landslides are concentrated to the northeast of the rupture, coinciding with the propagation direction of the earthquake. This azimuthal variation in the landslide concentration is linked to the seismic rupture process itself and not to classical landslide susceptibility factors. We propose a new ground-motion model that links the seismic radiation pattern with the landslide distribution.
Cited articles
Anthony, R. E., Ringler, A. T., Wilson, D. C., and Wolin, E.: Do Low-Cost
Seismographs Perform Well Enough for Your Network? An Overview of
Laboratory Tests and Field Observations of the OSOP Raspberry Shake 4D,
Seis. Res. Lett., 90, 219–228, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220180251, 2019.
Cadet, H., Macau, A., Benjumea, B., Bellmunt, F., and Figueras, S.: From
ambient noise recordings to site effect assessment: The case study of
Barcelona microzonation, Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 31, 271–281,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.07.005, 2011.
Cannata, A., Cannavò, F., Di Grazia, G., Aliotta, M., Cassisi, C., De Plaen, R. S. M., Gresta, S., Lecocq, T., Montalto, P., and Sciotto, M.: Seismic evidence of the COVID-19 lockdown measures: a case study from eastern Sicily (Italy), Solid Earth, 12, 299–317, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-299-2021, 2021.
Cid, J., Susagna, T., Goula, X., Chavarria, L., Figueras, S., Fleta, J.,
Casas, A., and Roca, A.: Seismic zonation of Barcelona based on numerical
simulation of site effects, Pure Appl. Geophys., 158, 2559–2577,
https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00001186, 2001.
Custódio, S., Dias, N. A., Caldeira, B., Carrilho, F., Carvalho, S.,
Corela, C., Díaz, J., Narciso, J., Madureira, G., Matias, L., and
Haberland, C.: Ambient noise recorded by a dense broadband seismic
deployment in Western Iberia, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 104, 2985–3007,
https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140079, 2014.
Dias, F. L., Assumpção, M., Peixoto, P. S., Bianchi, M. B.,
Collaço, B., and Calhau, J.: Using Seismic Noise Levels to Monitor Social
Isolation: An Example From Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
47, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088748, 2020.
Díaz, J.: On the origin of the signals observed across the seismic
spectrum, Earth-Sci. Rev., 161, 224–232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.07.006,
2016.
Diaz, J. and Schimmel, M.: SANIMS [Data set], International
Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks, https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/YS_2019, 2019.
Díaz, J., Villaseñor, A., Morales, J., Pazos, A., Córdoba, D.,
Pulgar, J., García-Lobón, J. L., Harnafi, M., Carbonell, R., and
Gallart, J.: Background noise characteristics at the IberArray broadband
seismic network, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 100, 618–628, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090085,
2010.
Díaz, J., Ruiz, M., Sánchez-Pastor, P. S., and Romero, P.: Urban
Seismology: On the origin of earth vibrations within a city, Sci. Rep.,
7, 15296, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15499-y, 2017.
Diaz, J., Schimmel, M., Ruiz, M., and Carbonell, R.: Seismometers Within
Cities: A Tool to Connect Earth Sciences and Society, Front. Earth Sci.,
8, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00009, 2020.
Green, D. N., Bastow, I. D., Dashwood, B., and Nippress, S. E. J.:
Characterizing Broadband Seismic Noise in Central London, Seismol. Res.
Lett., 88, 113–124, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220160128, 2017.
Hinzen, K.: Subway-Induced Vibrations in Cologne Cathedral, Seis. Res. Lett., 85,
631–638, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220140003, 2014.
Institut Cartogràfic I Geològic De Catalunya: Catalan Seismic Network, International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks,
https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/CA, 1984.
Krischer, L., Megies, T., Barsch, R., Beyreuther, M., Lecocq, T., Caudron,
C., and Wassermann, J.: ObsPy: A bridge for seismology into the scientific
Python ecosystem, Comput. Sci. Discov., 8, 1–17,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1749-4699/8/1/014003, 2015.
Lecocq, T., Hicks, S. P., Van Noten, K., van Wijk, K., Koelemeijer, P., De
Plaen, R. S. M., Massin, F., Hillers, G., Anthony, R. E., Apoloner, M.-T.,
Arroyo-Solórzano, M., Assink, J. D., Büyükakpınar, P.,
Cannata, A., Cannavo, F., Carrasco, S., Caudron, C., Chaves, E. J.,
Cornwell, D. G., Craig, D., den Ouden, O. F. C., Diaz, J., Donner, S.,
Evangelidis, C. P., Evers, L., Fauville, B., Fernandez, G. A., Giannopoulos,
D., Gibbons, S. J., Girona, T., Grecu, B., Grunberg, M., Hetényi, G.,
Horleston, A., Inza, A., Irving, J. C. E., Jamalreyhani, M., Kafka, A.,
Koymans, M. R., Labedz, C. R., Larose, E., Lindsey, N. J., McKinnon, M.,
Megies, T., Miller, M. S., Minarik, W., Moresi, L.,
Márquez-Ramírez, V. H., Möllhoff, M., Nesbitt, I. M., Niyogi,
S., Ojeda, J., Oth, A., Proud, S., Pulli, J., Retailleau, L., Rintamäki,
A. E., Satriano, C., Savage, M. K., Shani-Kadmiel, S., Sleeman, R., Sokos,
E., Stammler, K., Stott, A. E., Subedi, S., Sørensen, M. B., Taira, T.,
Tapia, M., Turhan, F., van der Pluijm, B., Vanstone, M., Vergne, J.,
Vuorinen, T. A. T., Warren, T., Wassermann, J., and Xiao, H.: Global quieting
of high-frequency seismic noise due to COVID-19 pandemic lockdown measures,
Science, 369, 1338–1343, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd2438,
2020a.
Lecocq, T., Massin, F., Satriano, C., Vanstone, M., and Megies, T.: SeismoRMS – A
simple Python/Jupyter Notebook package for studying seismic noise changes
Version 1.0, Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3820046, 2020b.
Lindsey, N. J., Yuan, S., Lellouch, A., Gualtieri, L., Lecocq, T., and
Biondi, B.: City-Scale Dark Fiber DAS Measurements of Infrastructure Use
During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, 1–8,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089931, 2020.
Mcnamara, D. E., Hutt, C. R., Gee, L. S., Benz, H. M., and Buland, R. P.: A
Method to Establish Seismic Noise Baselines for Automated Station
Assessment, Seism. Res. Lett., 80, 628–637, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.80.4.628,
2009.
Plaen, R. S. M., Márquez-Ramírez, V. H., Pérez-Campos, X.,
and Ramón, F.: Seismic signature of the COVID-19 lockdown at the
city-scale: A case study with low-cost seismometers in the city of
Querétaro, Mexico, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-194, 2020.
Poli, P., Boaga, J., Molinari, I., Cascone, V., and Boschi, L.: The 2020
coronavirus lockdown and seismic monitoring of anthropic activities in
Northern Italy, Sci. Rep., 10, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66368-0,
2020.
Raspberry Shake Community: OSOP, S.A., Gempa GmbH,
RaspberryShake network, https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/AM,
2016.
Somala, S. N.: Seismic noise changes during COVID-19 pandemic: a case study
of Shillong, India, Nat. Hazards, 103, 1623–1628,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-04045-1, 2020.
Subedi, S., Hetényi, G., Denton, P., and Sauron, A.: Seismology at School
in Nepal: A Program for Educational and Citizen Seismology Through a
Low-Cost Seismic Network, Front. Earth Sci., 8, 73,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00073, 2020.
Wessel, P., Smith, W. H. F., Scharroo, R., Luis, J., and Wobb, F.: Generic Mapping
Tools: improved version released, Eos, 45, 409–410, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EO450001, 2013.
Xiao, H., Eilon, Z. C., Ji, C., and Tanimoto, T.: COVID-19 Societal Response
Captured by Seismic Noise in China and Italy, Seismol. Res. Lett., 91,
2757–2768, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200147, 2020.
Short summary
During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, the city of Barcelona was covered by a network of 19 seismometers. The results confirm that the quieting of human activity during lockdown has resulted in a reduction of seismic vibrations. The different lockdown phases in Barcelona are recognized consistently at most of the seismic stations. Our contribution demonstrates that seismic noise can be used as a free and reliable tool to monitor human activity in urban environments.
During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, the city of Barcelona was covered by a network of 19...
