Articles | Volume 12, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-935-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-935-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Apr 2021
Research article |
| 23 Apr 2021
| 23 Apr 2021
Late Cretaceous to Paleogene exhumation in central Europe – localized inversion vs. large-scale domal uplift
Hilmar von Eynatten
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
University of Göttingen, Geoscience Center, Department of
Sedimentology and Environmental Geology,
Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Jonas Kley
University of Göttingen, Geoscience Center, Department of
Structural Geology and Geodynamics,
Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
István Dunkl
University of Göttingen, Geoscience Center, Department of
Sedimentology and Environmental Geology,
Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Veit-Enno Hoffmann
University of Göttingen, Geoscience Center, Department of
Sedimentology and Environmental Geology,
Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Annemarie Simon
University of Göttingen, Geoscience Center, Department of
Sedimentology and Environmental Geology,
Goldschmidtstrasse 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
Related authors
Jan Schönig, Carsten Benner, Guido Meinhold, Hilmar von Eynatten, and N. Keno Lünsdorf
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 479–498, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-479-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-479-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When and how modern-style plate tectonics initiated is a matter of debate. Although the earliest unequivocal evidence for ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism is Neoproterozoic, similar processes have been proposed for Paleoproterozoic rocks of western Greenland. We intensely screened the area by studying detrital heavy minerals, garnet chemistry, and mineral inclusion assemblages in garnet. Our results raise considerable doubts on the existence of Paleoproterozoic ultrahigh-pressure rocks.
Renas Koshnaw, Jonas Kley, and Fritz Schlunegger
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3123, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3123, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates how Earth's geodynamic processes shaped the NW Zagros in the Middle East. The Neogene foreland basin underwent subsidence due to the load of surface and the subducting slab, and was later influenced by the Neotethys horizontal slab tear propagation in the late Miocene and the northward flow of mantle material.
Jan Schönig, Carsten Benner, Guido Meinhold, Hilmar von Eynatten, and N. Keno Lünsdorf
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 479–498, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-479-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-479-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When and how modern-style plate tectonics initiated is a matter of debate. Although the earliest unequivocal evidence for ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism is Neoproterozoic, similar processes have been proposed for Paleoproterozoic rocks of western Greenland. We intensely screened the area by studying detrital heavy minerals, garnet chemistry, and mineral inclusion assemblages in garnet. Our results raise considerable doubts on the existence of Paleoproterozoic ultrahigh-pressure rocks.
Kevin Alexander Frings, Elco Luijendijk, István Dunkl, Peter Kukla, Nicolas Villamizar-Escalante, Herfried Madritsch, and Christoph von Hagke
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1323, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1323, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We use apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He thermochronologic on detrital grains sampled from a well to unravel the exhumation history of the northern Swiss Molasse Basin and reconcile seemingly contradicting previous studies. With single grain ages and provenance ages, we achieve to narrowly constrain exhumation magnitude and timing and embed previous results into a single consistent thermal history. This includes proof for hydrothermal activity and a contribution to the discussion on exhumation drivers.
Johannes Rembe, Renjie Zhou, Edward R. Sobel, Jonas Kley, Jie Chen, Jian-Xin Zhao, Yuexing Feng, and Daryl L. Howard
Geochronology, 4, 227–250, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-227-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-227-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Calcite is frequently formed during alteration processes in the basaltic, uppermost layer of juvenile oceanic crust. Weathered oceanic basalts are hard to date with conventional radiometric methods. We show in a case study from the North Pamir, Central Asia, that calcite U–Pb age data, supported by geochemistry and petrological microscopy, have potential to date sufficiently old oceanic basalts, if the time span between basalt extrusion and latest calcite precipitation (~ 25 Myr) is considered.
David Hindle and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 2425–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Central western Europe underwent a strange episode of lithospheric deformation, resulting in a chain of small mountains that run almost west–east across the continent and that formed in the middle of a tectonic plate, not at its edges as is usually expected. Associated with these mountains, in particular the Harz in central Germany, are marine basins contemporaneous with the mountain growth. We explain how those basins came to be as a result of the mountains bending the adjacent plate.
Dariusz Botor, Stanisław Mazur, Aneta A. Anczkiewicz, István Dunkl, and Jan Golonka
Solid Earth, 12, 1899–1930, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1899-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1899-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The thermal evolution of the East European Platform is reconstructed by means of thermal maturity and low-temperature thermochronometry. Results showed that major heating occurred before the Permian, with maximum paleotemperatures in the earliest and latest Carboniferous for Baltic–Podlasie and Lublin basins, respectively. The Mesozoic thermal history was characterized by gradual cooling from peak temperatures at the transition from Triassic to Jurassic due to decreasing heat flow.
Thomas Voigt, Jonas Kley, and Silke Voigt
Solid Earth, 12, 1443–1471, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1443-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1443-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Basin inversion in central Europe is believed to have started during Late Cretaceous (middle Turonian) and probably proceeded until the Paleogene. Data from different marginal troughs in central Europe point to an earlier start of basin inversion (in the Cenomanian). The end of inversion is overprinted by general uplift but had probably already occurred in the late Campanian to Maastrichtian. Both the start and end of inversion occurred with low rates of uplift and subsidence.
Jakob Bolz and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 1005–1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1005-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1005-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
To assess the role smaller graben structures near the southern edge of the Central European Basin System play in the basin’s overall deformational history, we take advantage of a feature found on some of these structures, where slivers from older rock units appear along the graben's main fault, surrounded on both sides by younger strata. The implications for the geometry of the fault provide a substantially improved estimate for the magnitude of normal and thrust motion along the fault system.
Elco Luijendijk, Leo Benard, Sarah Louis, Christoph von Hagke, and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-22, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-22, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Our knowledge of the geological history of mountain belts relies strongly on thermochronometers, methods that reconstruct the temperature history of rocks found in mountain belts. Here we provide a new equation that describes the motion of rocks in a simplified, wedge-shaped representation of a mountain belt. The equation can be used to interpret thermochronometers and can help quantify the deformation, uplift and erosion history of mountain belts.
Samuel Mock, Christoph von Hagke, Fritz Schlunegger, István Dunkl, and Marco Herwegh
Solid Earth, 11, 1823–1847, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1823-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1823-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on thermochronological data, we infer thrusting along-strike the northern rim of the Central Alps between 12–4 Ma. While the lithology influences the pattern of thrusting at the local scale, we observe that thrusting in the foreland is a long-wavelength feature occurring between Lake Geneva and Salzburg. This coincides with the geometry and dynamics of the attached lithospheric slab at depth. Thus, thrusting in the foreland is at least partly linked to changes in slab dynamics.
Samuel Mock, Christoph von Hagke, Fritz Schlunegger, István Dunkl, and Marco Herwegh
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-56, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-56, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Based on own and published age data, we can infer tectonic pulses along-strike the entire northern rim of the Central Alps between 12–4 million years. Although lithologic variations largely influence the local deformation pattern, the tectonic signal is remarkably consistent all the way from Lake Geneva to Salzburg. This might result from a deep-seated tectonic force and marks a change from dominantly vertical to large-scale horizontal tectonics in the late stage of Alpine orogeny.
Arne Grobe, Christoph von Hagke, Ralf Littke, István Dunkl, Franziska Wübbeler, Philippe Muchez, and Janos L. Urai
Solid Earth, 10, 149–175, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-149-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-149-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The Mesozoic sequences of the Oman mountains experienced only weak post-obduction overprint and deformation, and thus they offer a unique natural laboratory to study obduction. We present a study of pressure and temperature evolution in the passive continental margin under the Oman Ophiolite using numerical basin models calibrated with thermal maturity data, fluid-inclusion thermometry, and low-temperature thermochronology.
M. Warsitzka, J. Kley, and N. Kukowski
Solid Earth, 6, 9–31, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-9-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-9-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper summarizes the results of scaled analogue experiments examining the kinematics of salt flow and the formation of salt pillows due to basement faulting and subsequent sedimentation. Our experimental results reveal that salt above a basement normal fault can flow downward or upward depending on the direction of the pressure gradient within the salt layer. Due to upward flow driven by differential loading, salt pillows can form above the higher basement block.
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, paleoseismology, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Tectonics
Extensional exhumation of cratons: insights from the Early Cretaceous Rio Negro–Juruena belt (Amazonian Craton, Colombia)
Hydrogen solubility of stishovite provides insights into water transportation to the deep Earth
Networks of geometrically coherent faults accommodate Alpine tectonic inversion offshore southwestern Iberia
Rift and plume: a discussion on active and passive rifting mechanisms in the Afro-Arabian rift based on synthesis of geophysical data
Melt-enhanced strain localization and phase mixing in a large-scale mantle shear zone (Ronda peridotite, Spain)
Selective inversion of rift basins in lithospheric-scale analogue experiments
Evidence of extension at the southwest continental margin of India and opening of the Laccadive Basin: Constraints from geophysical data
The link between Somalian Plate rotation and the East African Rift System: an analogue modelling study
Inversion of extensional basins parallel and oblique to their boundaries: inferences from analogue models and field observations from the Dolomites Indenter, European eastern Southern Alps
Magnetic fabric analyses of basin inversion: a sandbox modelling approach
The influence of crustal strength on rift geometry and development – insights from 3D numerical modelling
Construction of the Ukrainian Carpathian wedge from low-temperature thermochronology and tectono-stratigraphic analysis
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: a review and future perspectives
Insights into the interaction of a shale with CO2
Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Slyne Basin
Control of crustal strength, tectonic inheritance, and stretching/ shortening rates on crustal deformation and basin reactivation: insights from laboratory models
Late Cretaceous–early Palaeogene inversion-related tectonic structures at the northeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif (southwestern Poland and northern Czechia)
The analysis of slip tendency of major tectonic faults in Germany
Earthquake ruptures and topography of the Chilean margin controlled by plate interface deformation
Late Quaternary faulting in the southern Matese (Italy): implications for earthquake potential and slip rate variability in the southern Apennines
Rare earth elements associated with carbonatite–alkaline complexes in western Rajasthan, India: exploration targeting at regional scale
Structural complexities and tectonic barriers controlling recent seismic activity in the Pollino area (Calabria–Lucania, southern Italy) – constraints from stress inversion and 3D fault model building
The Mid Atlantic Appalachian Orogen Traverse: a comparison of virtual and on-location field-based capstone experiences
Chronology of thrust propagation from an updated tectono-sedimentary framework of the Miocene molasse (western Alps)
Orogenic lithosphere and slabs in the greater Alpine area – interpretations based on teleseismic P-wave tomography
Ground-penetrating radar signature of Quaternary faulting: a study from the Mt. Pollino region, southern Apennines, Italy
U–Pb dating of middle Eocene–Pliocene multiple tectonic pulses in the Alpine foreland
Detrital zircon provenance record of the Zagros mountain building from the Neotethys obduction to the Arabia–Eurasia collision, NW Zagros fold–thrust belt, Kurdistan region of Iraq
The Subhercynian Basin: an example of an intraplate foreland basin due to a broken plate
Late to post-Variscan basement segmentation and differential exhumation along the SW Bohemian Massif, central Europe
Holocene surface-rupturing earthquakes on the Dinaric Fault System, western Slovenia
Contribution of gravity gliding in salt-bearing rift basins – a new experimental setup for simulating salt tectonics under the influence of sub-salt extension and tilting
Thick- and thin-skinned basin inversion in the Danish Central Graben, North Sea – the role of deep evaporites and basement kinematics
Complex rift patterns, a result of interacting crustal and mantle weaknesses, or multiphase rifting? Insights from analogue models
Interactions of plutons and detachments: a comparison of Aegean and Tyrrhenian granitoids
Insights from elastic thermobarometry into exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks from Syros, Greece
Stress rotation – impact and interaction of rock stiffness and faults
Kinematics and extent of the Piemont–Liguria Basin – implications for subduction processes in the Alps
Effects of basal drag on subduction dynamics from 2D numerical models
Hydrocarbon accumulation in basins with multiple phases of extension and inversion: examples from the Western Desert (Egypt) and the western Black Sea
Long-wavelength late-Miocene thrusting in the north Alpine foreland: implications for late orogenic processes
A reconstruction of Iberia accounting for Western Tethys–North Atlantic kinematics since the late-Permian–Triassic
The enigmatic curvature of Central Iberia and its puzzling kinematics
Control of 3-D tectonic inheritance on fold-and-thrust belts: insights from 3-D numerical models and application to the Helvetic nappe system
Plio-Quaternary tectonic evolution of the southern margin of the Alboran Basin (Western Mediterranean)
Surface deformation relating to the 2018 Lake Muir earthquake sequence, southwest Western Australia: new insight into stable continental region earthquakes
Seismic reflection data reveal the 3D structure of the newly discovered Exmouth Dyke Swarm, offshore NW Australia
Cenozoic deformation in the Tauern Window (Eastern Alps) constrained by in situ Th-Pb dating of fissure monazite
Uncertainties in break-up markers along the Iberia–Newfoundland margins illustrated by new seismic data
Tectonic inheritance controls nappe detachment, transport and stacking in the Helvetic nappe system, Switzerland: insights from thermomechanical simulations
Ana Fonseca, Simon Nachtergaele, Amed Bonilla, Stijn Dewaele, and Johan De Grave
Solid Earth, 15, 329–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the erosion and exhumation processes and history of early continental crust hidden within the Amazonian Rainforest. This crust forms part of the Amazonian Craton, an ancient continental fragment. Our surprising findings reveal the area underwent rapid early Cretaceous exhumation triggered by tectonic forces. This discovery challenges the traditional perception that cratons are stable and long-lived entities and shows they can deform readily under specific geological contexts.
Mengdan Chen, Changxin Yin, Danling Chen, Long Tian, Liang Liu, and Lei Kang
Solid Earth, 15, 215–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stishovite remains stable under mantle conditions and can incorporate various amounts of water in its crystal structure. We provide a systematic review of previous studies on water in stishovite and propose a new model for water solubility of Al-bearing stishovite. Calculation results based on this model suggest that stishovite may effectively accommodate water from the breakdown of hydrous minerals and could make an important contribution to water enrichment in the mantle transition zone.
Tiago M. Alves
Solid Earth, 15, 39–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine tectonic inversion is reviewed for southwestern Iberia, known for its historical earthquakes and tsunamis. High-quality 2D seismic data image 26 faults mapped to a depth exceeding 10 km. Normal faults accommodated important vertical uplift and shortening. They are 100–250 km long and may generate earthquakes with Mw > 8.0. Regions of Late Mesozoic magmatism comprise thickened, harder crust, forming lateral buttresses to compression and promoting the development of fold-and-thrust belts.
Ran Issachar, Peter Haas, Nico Augustin, and Jörg Ebbing
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2467, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2467, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the causal relationship between the arrival of the Afar plume and the initiation of the Afro-Arabian rift. We mapped the rift architecture in the triple junction region from geophysical data and reviewed the available geological temporal evidence. We infer a progressive development of the plume-rift system and suggest an interaction between active and passive mechanisms in which the plume provided a push-force that changed the kinematics of the associated plates.
Sören Tholen, Jolien Linckens, and Gernold Zulauf
Solid Earth, 14, 1123–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Intense phase mixing with homogeneously distributed secondary phases and irregular grain boundaries and shapes indicates that metasomatism formed the microstructures predominant in the shear zone of the NW Ronda peridotite. Amphibole presence, olivine crystal orientations, and the consistency to the Beni Bousera peridotite (Morocco) point to OH-bearing metasomatism by small fractions of evolved melts. Results confirm a strong link between reactions and localized deformation in the upper mantle.
Anindita Samsu, Weronika Gorczyk, Timothy Chris Schmid, Peter Graham Betts, Alexander Ramsay Cruden, Eleanor Morton, and Fatemeh Amirpoorsaeed
Solid Earth, 14, 909–936, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When a continent is pulled apart, it breaks and forms a series of depressions called rift basins. These basins lie above weakened crust that is then subject to intense deformation during subsequent tectonic compression. Our analogue experiments show that when a system of basins is squeezed in a direction perpendicular to the main trend of the basins, some basins rise up to form mountains while others do not.
Mathews George Gilbert, Parakkal Unnikrishnan, and Munukutla Radhakrishna
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1757, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1757, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study identifies evidence for extension south of Tellicherry Arch along the Southwest Continental Margin of India, through the integrated analysis of multichannel seismic and gravity data. The sediment deposition pattern indicates that this extension occurred after Eocene. We further propose that the anti-clockwise rotation of India and the passage of the Reunion plume have facilitated the opening of the Laccadive Basin.
Frank Zwaan and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 14, 823–845, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The East African Rift System (EARS) is a major plate tectonic feature splitting the African continent apart. Understanding the tectonic processes involved is of great importance for societal and economic reasons (natural hazards, resources). Laboratory experiments allow us to simulate these large-scale processes, highlighting the links between rotational plate motion and the overall development of the EARS. These insights are relevant when studying other rift systems around the globe as well.
Anna-Katharina Sieberer, Ernst Willingshofer, Thomas Klotz, Hugo Ortner, and Hannah Pomella
Solid Earth, 14, 647–681, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Through analogue models and field observations, we investigate how inherited platform–basin geometries control strain localisation, style, and orientation of reactivated and new structures during inversion. Our study shows that the style of evolving thrusts and their changes along-strike are controlled by pre-existing rheological discontinuities. The results of this study are relevant for understanding inversion structures in general and for the European eastern Southern Alps in particular.
Thorben Schöfisch, Hemin Koyi, and Bjarne Almqvist
Solid Earth, 14, 447–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A magnetic fabric analysis provides information about the reorientation of magnetic grains and is applied to three sandbox models that simulate different stages of basin inversion. The analysed magnetic fabrics reflect the different developed structures and provide insights into the different deformed stages of basin inversion. It is a first attempt of applying magnetic fabric analyses to basin inversion sandbox models but shows the possibility of applying it to such models.
Thomas B. Phillips, John B. Naliboff, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Sophie Pan, Jeroen van Hunen, and Malte Froemchen
Solid Earth, 14, 369–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental crust comprises bodies of varying strength, formed through numerous tectonic events. When subject to extension, these areas produce distinct rift and fault systems. We use 3D models to examine how rifts form above
strongand
weakareas of crust. We find that faults become more developed in weak areas. Faults are initially stopped at the boundaries with stronger areas before eventually breaking through. We relate our model observations to rift systems globally.
Marion Roger, Arjan de Leeuw, Peter van der Beek, Laurent Husson, Edward R. Sobel, Johannes Glodny, and Matthias Bernet
Solid Earth, 14, 153–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the construction of the Ukrainian Carpathians with LT thermochronology (AFT, AHe, and ZHe) and stratigraphic analysis. QTQt thermal models are combined with burial diagrams to retrieve the timing and magnitude of sedimentary burial, tectonic burial, and subsequent exhumation of the wedge's nappes from 34 to ∼12 Ma. Out-of-sequence thrusting and sediment recycling during wedge building are also identified. This elucidates the evolution of a typical wedge in a roll-back subduction zone.
Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Susanne J. H. Buiter, Oriol Ferrer, Riccardo Reitano, Michael Rudolf, and Ernst Willingshofer
Solid Earth, 13, 1859–1905, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When a sedimentary basin is subjected to compressional tectonic forces after its formation, it may be inverted. A thorough understanding of such
basin inversionis of great importance for scientific, societal, and economic reasons, and analogue tectonic models form a key part of our efforts to study these processes. We review the advances in the field of basin inversion modelling, showing how the modelling results can be applied, and we identify promising venues for future research.
Eleni Stavropoulou and Lyesse Laloui
Solid Earth, 13, 1823–1841, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Shales are identified as suitable caprock formations for geolocigal CO2 storage thanks to their low permeability. Here, small-sized shale samples are studied under field-representative conditions with X-ray tomography. The geochemical impact of CO2 on calcite-rich zones is for the first time visualised, the role of pre-existing micro-fissures in the CO2 invasion trapping in the matererial is highlighted, and the initiation of micro-cracks when in contact with anhydrous CO2 is demonstrated.
Conor M. O'Sullivan, Conrad J. Childs, Muhammad M. Saqab, John J. Walsh, and Patrick M. Shannon
Solid Earth, 13, 1649–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Slyne Basin is a sedimentary basin located offshore north-western Ireland. It formed through a long and complex evolution involving distinct periods of extension. The basin is subdivided into smaller basins, separated by deep structures related to the ancient Caledonian mountain-building event. These deep structures influence the shape of the basin as it evolves in a relatively unique way, where early faults follow these deep structures, but later faults do not.
Benjamin Guillaume, Guido M. Gianni, Jean-Jacques Kermarrec, and Khaled Bock
Solid Earth, 13, 1393–1414, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Under tectonic forces, the upper part of the crust can break along different types of faults, depending on the orientation of the applied stresses. Using scaled analogue models, we show that the relative magnitude of compressional and extensional forces as well as the presence of inherited structures resulting from previous stages of deformation control the location and type of faults. Our results gives insights into the tectonic evolution of areas showing complex patterns of deformation.
Andrzej Głuszyński and Paweł Aleksandrowski
Solid Earth, 13, 1219–1242, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Old seismic data recently reprocessed with modern software allowed us to study at depth the Late Cretaceous tectonic structures in the Permo-Mesozoic rock sequences in the Sudetes. The structures formed in response to Iberia collision with continental Europe. The NE–SW compression undulated the crystalline basement top and produced folds, faults and joints in the sedimentary cover. Our results are of importance for regional geology and in prospecting for deep thermal waters.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Birgit Müller, Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, and Frank Schilling
Solid Earth, 13, 1087–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reactivation of tectonic faults can lead to earthquakes and jeopardize underground operations. The reactivation potential is linked to fault properties and the tectonic stress field. We create 3D geometries for major faults in Germany and use stress data from a 3D geomechanical–numerical model to calculate their reactivation potential and compare it to seismic events. The reactivation potential in general is highest for NNE–SSW- and NW–SE-striking faults and strongly depends on the fault dip.
Nadaya Cubas, Philippe Agard, and Roxane Tissandier
Solid Earth, 13, 779–792, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquake extent prediction is limited by our poor understanding of slip deficit patterns. From a mechanical analysis applied along the Chilean margin, we show that earthquakes are bounded by extensive plate interface deformation. This deformation promotes stress build-up, leading to earthquake nucleation; earthquakes then propagate along smoothed fault planes and are stopped by heterogeneously distributed deformation. Slip deficit patterns reflect the spatial distribution of this deformation.
Paolo Boncio, Eugenio Auciello, Vincenzo Amato, Pietro Aucelli, Paola Petrosino, Anna C. Tangari, and Brian R. Jicha
Solid Earth, 13, 553–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the Gioia Sannitica normal fault (GF) within the southern Matese fault system (SMF) in southern Apennines (Italy). It is a fault with a long slip history that has experienced recent reactivation or acceleration. Present activity has resulted in late Quaternary fault scarps and Holocene surface faulting. The maximum slip rate is ~ 0.5 mm/yr. Activation of the 11.5 km GF or the entire 30 km SMF can produce up to M 6.2 or M 6.8 earthquakes, respectively.
Malcolm Aranha, Alok Porwal, Manikandan Sundaralingam, Ignacio González-Álvarez, Amber Markan, and Karunakar Rao
Solid Earth, 13, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rare earth elements (REEs) are considered critical mineral resources for future industrial growth due to their short supply and rising demand. This study applied an artificial-intelligence-based technique to target potential REE-deposit hosting areas in western Rajasthan, India. Uncertainties associated with the prospective targets were also estimated to aid decision-making. The presented workflow can be applied to similar regions elsewhere to locate potential zones of REE mineralisation.
Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Totaro, Giusy Lavecchia, Barbara Orecchio, Rita de Nardis, Debora Presti, Federica Ferrarini, Simone Bello, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 13, 205–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Pollino region is a highly seismic area of Italy. Increasing the geological knowledge on areas like this contributes to reducing risk and saving lives. We reconstruct the 3D model of the faults which generated the 2010–2014 seismicity integrating geological and seismological data. Appropriate relationships based on the dimensions of the activated faults suggest that they did not fully discharge their seismic potential and could release further significant earthquakes in the near future.
Steven Whitmeyer, Lynn Fichter, Anita Marshall, and Hannah Liddle
Solid Earth, 12, 2803–2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Field trips in the Stratigraphy, Structure, Tectonics (SST) course transitioned to a virtual format in Fall 2020, due to the COVID pandemic. Virtual field experiences (VFEs) were developed in web Google Earth and were evaluated in comparison with on-location field trips via an online survey. Students recognized the value of VFEs for revisiting outcrops and noted improved accessibility for students with disabilities. Potential benefits of hybrid field experiences were also indicated.
Amir Kalifi, Philippe Hervé Leloup, Philippe Sorrel, Albert Galy, François Demory, Vincenzo Spina, Bastien Huet, Frédéric Quillévéré, Frédéric Ricciardi, Daniel Michoux, Kilian Lecacheur, Romain Grime, Bernard Pittet, and Jean-Loup Rubino
Solid Earth, 12, 2735–2771, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Molasse deposits, deposited and deformed at the western Alpine front during the Miocene (23 to 5.6 Ma), record the chronology of that deformation. We combine the first precise chronostratigraphy (precision of ∼0.5 Ma) of the Miocene molasse, the reappraisal of the regional structure, and the analysis of growth deformation structures in order to document three tectonic phases and the precise chronology of thrust westward propagation during the second one involving the Belledonne basal thrust.
Mark R. Handy, Stefan M. Schmid, Marcel Paffrath, Wolfgang Friederich, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2633–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
New images from the multi-national AlpArray experiment illuminate the Alps from below. They indicate thick European mantle descending beneath the Alps and forming blobs that are mostly detached from the Alps above. In contrast, the Adriatic mantle in the Alps is much thinner. This difference helps explain the rugged mountains and the abundance of subducted and exhumed units at the core of the Alps. The blobs are stretched remnants of old ocean and its margins that reach down to at least 410 km.
Maurizio Ercoli, Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Pauselli, Harry M. Jol, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 12, 2573–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Past strong earthquakes can produce topographic deformations, often
memorizedin Quaternary sediments, which are typically studied by paleoseismologists through trenching. Using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we unveiled possible buried Quaternary faulting in the Mt. Pollino seismic gap region (southern Italy). We aim to contribute to seismic hazard assessment of an area potentially prone to destructive events as well as promote our workflow in similar contexts around the world.
Luca Smeraglia, Nathan Looser, Olivier Fabbri, Flavien Choulet, Marcel Guillong, and Stefano M. Bernasconi
Solid Earth, 12, 2539–2551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we dated fault movements at geological timescales which uplifted the sedimentary successions of the Jura Mountains from below the sea level up to Earth's surface. To do so, we applied the novel technique of U–Pb geochronology on calcite mineralizations that precipitated on fault surfaces during times of tectonic activity. Our results document a time frame of the tectonic evolution of the Jura Mountains and provide new insight into the broad geological history of the Western Alps.
Renas I. Koshnaw, Fritz Schlunegger, and Daniel F. Stockli
Solid Earth, 12, 2479–2501, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As continental plates collide, mountain belts grow. This study investigated the provenance of rocks from the northwestern segment of the Zagros mountain belt to unravel the convergence history of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Provenance data synthesis and field relationships suggest that the Zagros Mountains developed as a result of the oceanic crust emplacement on the Arabian continental plate, followed by the Arabia–Eurasia collision and later uplift of the broader region.
David Hindle and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 2425–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Central western Europe underwent a strange episode of lithospheric deformation, resulting in a chain of small mountains that run almost west–east across the continent and that formed in the middle of a tectonic plate, not at its edges as is usually expected. Associated with these mountains, in particular the Harz in central Germany, are marine basins contemporaneous with the mountain growth. We explain how those basins came to be as a result of the mountains bending the adjacent plate.
Andreas Eberts, Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, Harald Stollhofen, Helga de Wall, and Gerald Gabriel
Solid Earth, 12, 2277–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We combine gravity anomaly and topographic data with observations from thermochronology, metamorphic grades, and the granite inventory to detect patterns of basement block segmentation and differential exhumation along the southwestern Bohemian Massif. Based on our analyses, we introduce a previously unknown tectonic structure termed Cham Fault, which, together with the Pfahl and Danube shear zones, is responsible for the exposure of different crustal levels during late to post-Variscan times.
Christoph Grützner, Simone Aschenbrenner, Petra Jamšek
Rupnik, Klaus Reicherter, Nour Saifelislam, Blaž Vičič, Marko Vrabec, Julian Welte, and Kamil Ustaszewski
Solid Earth, 12, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Several large strike-slip faults in western Slovenia are known to be active, but most of them have not produced strong earthquakes in historical times. In this study we use geomorphology, near-surface geophysics, and fault excavations to show that two of these faults had surface-rupturing earthquakes during the Holocene. Instrumental and historical seismicity data do not capture the strongest events in this area.
Michael Warsitzka, Prokop Závada, Fabian Jähne-Klingberg, and Piotr Krzywiec
Solid Earth, 12, 1987–2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new analogue modelling approach was used to simulate the influence of tectonic extension and tilting of the basin floor on salt tectonics in rift basins. Our results show that downward salt flow and gravity gliding takes place if the flanks of the rift basin are tilted. Thus, extension occurs at the basin margins, which is compensated for by reduced extension and later by shortening in the graben centre. These outcomes improve the reconstruction of salt-related structures in rift basins.
Torsten Hundebøl Hansen, Ole Rønø Clausen, and Katrine Juul Andresen
Solid Earth, 12, 1719–1747, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have analysed the role of deep salt layers during tectonic shortening of a group of sedimentary basins buried below the North Sea. Due to the ability of salt to flow over geological timescales, the salt layers are much weaker than the surrounding rocks during tectonic deformation. Therefore, complex structures formed mainly where salt was present in our study area. Our results align with findings from other basins and experiments, underlining the importance of salt tectonics.
Frank Zwaan, Pauline Chenin, Duncan Erratt, Gianreto Manatschal, and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 12, 1473–1495, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used laboratory experiments to simulate the early evolution of rift systems, and the influence of structural weaknesses left over from previous tectonic events that can localize new deformation. We find that the orientation and type of such weaknesses can induce complex structures with different orientations during a single phase of rifting, instead of requiring multiple rifting phases. These findings provide a strong incentive to reassess the tectonic history of various natural examples.
Laurent Jolivet, Laurent Arbaret, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, Florent Cheval-Garabédian, Vincent Roche, Aurélien Rabillard, and Loïc Labrousse
Solid Earth, 12, 1357–1388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Although viscosity of the crust largely exceeds that of magmas, we show, based on the Aegean and Tyrrhenian Miocene syn-kinematic plutons, how the intrusion of granites in extensional contexts is controlled by crustal deformation, from magmatic stage to cold mylonites. We show that a simple numerical setup with partial melting in the lower crust in an extensional context leads to the formation of metamorphic core complexes and low-angle detachments reproducing the observed evolution of plutons.
Miguel Cisneros, Jaime D. Barnes, Whitney M. Behr, Alissa J. Kotowski, Daniel F. Stockli, and Konstantinos Soukis
Solid Earth, 12, 1335–1355, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1335-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1335-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Constraining the conditions at which rocks form is crucial for understanding geologic processes. For years, the conditions under which rocks from Syros, Greece, formed have remained enigmatic; yet these rocks are fundamental for understanding processes occurring at the interface between colliding tectonic plates (subduction zones). Here, we constrain conditions under which these rocks formed and show they were transported to the surface adjacent to the down-going (subducting) tectonic plate.
Karsten Reiter
Solid Earth, 12, 1287–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The influence and interaction of elastic material properties (Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio), density and low-friction faults on the resulting far-field stress pattern in the Earth's crust is tested with generic models. A Young's modulus contrast can lead to a significant stress rotation. Discontinuities with low friction in homogeneous models change the stress pattern only slightly, away from the fault. In addition, active discontinuities are able to compensate stress rotation.
Eline Le Breton, Sascha Brune, Kamil Ustaszewski, Sabin Zahirovic, Maria Seton, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth, 12, 885–913, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The former Piemont–Liguria Ocean, which separated Europe from Africa–Adria in the Jurassic, opened as an arm of the central Atlantic. Using plate reconstructions and geodynamic modeling, we show that the ocean reached only 250 km width between Europe and Adria. Moreover, at least 65 % of the lithosphere subducted into the mantle and/or incorporated into the Alps during convergence in Cretaceous and Cenozoic times comprised highly thinned continental crust, while only 35 % was truly oceanic.
Lior Suchoy, Saskia Goes, Benjamin Maunder, Fanny Garel, and Rhodri Davies
Solid Earth, 12, 79–93, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-79-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-79-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use 2D numerical models to highlight the role of basal drag in subduction force balance. We show that basal drag can significantly affect velocities and evolution in our simulations and suggest an explanation as to why there are no trends in plate velocities with age in the Cenozoic subduction record (which we extracted from recent reconstruction using GPlates). The insights into the role of basal drag will help set up global models of plate dynamics or specific regional subduction models.
William Bosworth and Gábor Tari
Solid Earth, 12, 59–77, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-59-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-59-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Many of the world's hydrocarbon resources are found in rifted sedimentary basins. Some rifts experience multiple phases of extension and inversion. This results in complicated oil and gas generation, migration, and entrapment histories. We present examples of basins in the Western Desert of Egypt and the western Black Sea that were inverted multiple times, sometimes separated by additional phases of extension. We then discuss how these complex deformation histories impact exploration campaigns.
Samuel Mock, Christoph von Hagke, Fritz Schlunegger, István Dunkl, and Marco Herwegh
Solid Earth, 11, 1823–1847, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1823-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1823-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on thermochronological data, we infer thrusting along-strike the northern rim of the Central Alps between 12–4 Ma. While the lithology influences the pattern of thrusting at the local scale, we observe that thrusting in the foreland is a long-wavelength feature occurring between Lake Geneva and Salzburg. This coincides with the geometry and dynamics of the attached lithospheric slab at depth. Thus, thrusting in the foreland is at least partly linked to changes in slab dynamics.
Paul Angrand, Frédéric Mouthereau, Emmanuel Masini, and Riccardo Asti
Solid Earth, 11, 1313–1332, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1313-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1313-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We study the Iberian plate motion, from the late Permian to middle Cretaceous. During this time interval, two oceanic systems opened. Geological evidence shows that the Iberian domain preserved the propagation of these two rift systems well. We use geological evidence and pre-existing kinematic models to propose a coherent kinematic model of Iberia that considers both the Neotethyan and Atlantic evolutions. Our model shows that the Europe–Iberia plate boundary was made of two rift systems.
Daniel Pastor-Galán, Gabriel Gutiérrez-Alonso, and Arlo B. Weil
Solid Earth, 11, 1247–1273, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1247-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1247-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Pangea was assembled during Devonian to early Permian times and resulted in a large-scale and winding orogeny that today transects Europe, northwestern Africa, and eastern North America. This orogen is characterized by an
Sshape corrugated geometry in Iberia. This paper presents the advances and milestones in our understanding of the geometry and kinematics of the Central Iberian curve from the last decade with particular attention paid to structural and paleomagnetic studies.
Richard Spitz, Arthur Bauville, Jean-Luc Epard, Boris J. P. Kaus, Anton A. Popov, and Stefan M. Schmalholz
Solid Earth, 11, 999–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-999-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-999-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We apply three-dimensional (3D) thermo-mechanical numerical simulations of the shortening of the upper crustal region of a passive margin in order to investigate the control of 3D laterally variable inherited structures on fold-and-thrust belt evolution and associated nappe formation. The model is applied to the Helvetic nappe system of the Swiss Alps. Our results show a 3D reconstruction of the first-order tectonic evolution showing the fundamental importance of inherited geological structures.
Manfred Lafosse, Elia d'Acremont, Alain Rabaute, Ferran Estrada, Martin Jollivet-Castelot, Juan Tomas Vazquez, Jesus Galindo-Zaldivar, Gemma Ercilla, Belen Alonso, Jeroen Smit, Abdellah Ammar, and Christian Gorini
Solid Earth, 11, 741–765, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-741-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-741-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Alboran Sea is one of the most active region of the Mediterranean Sea. There, the basin architecture records the effect of the Africa–Eurasia plates convergence. We evidence a Pliocene transpression and a more recent Pleistocene tectonic reorganization. We propose that main driving force of the deformation is the Africa–Eurasia convergence, rather than other geodynamical processes. It highlights the evolution and the geometry of the present-day Africa–Eurasia plate boundary.
Dan J. Clark, Sarah Brennand, Gregory Brenn, Matthew C. Garthwaite, Jesse Dimech, Trevor I. Allen, and Sean Standen
Solid Earth, 11, 691–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-691-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-691-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A magnitude 5.3 reverse-faulting earthquake in September 2018 near Lake Muir in southwest Western Australia was followed after 2 months by a collocated magnitude 5.2 strike-slip event. The first event produced a ~ 5 km long and up to 0.5 m high west-facing surface rupture, and the second triggered event deformed but did not rupture the surface. The earthquake sequence was the ninth to have produced surface rupture in Australia. None of these show evidence for prior Quaternary surface rupture.
Craig Magee and Christopher Aiden-Lee Jackson
Solid Earth, 11, 579–606, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-579-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-579-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Injection of vertical sheets of magma (dyke swarms) controls tectonic and volcanic processes on Earth and other planets. Yet we know little of the 3D structure of dyke swarms. We use seismic reflection data, which provides ultrasound-like images of Earth's subsurface, to study a dyke swarm in 3D for the first time. We show that (1) dyke injection occurred in the Late Jurassic, (2) our data support previous models of dyke shape, and (3) seismic data provides a new way to view and study dykes.
Emmanuelle Ricchi, Christian A. Bergemann, Edwin Gnos, Alfons Berger, Daniela Rubatto, Martin J. Whitehouse, and Franz Walter
Solid Earth, 11, 437–467, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-437-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-437-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates Cenozoic deformation during cooling and exhumation of the Tauern metamorphic and structural dome, Eastern Alps, through Th–Pb dating of fissure monazite-(Ce). Fissure (or hydrothermal) monazite-(Ce) typically crystallizes in a temperature range of 400–200 °C. Three major episodes of monazite growth occurred at approximately 21, 17, and 12 Ma, corroborating previous crystallization and cooling ages.
Annabel Causer, Lucía Pérez-Díaz, Jürgen Adam, and Graeme Eagles
Solid Earth, 11, 397–417, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-397-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-397-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Here we discuss the validity of so-called “break-up” markers along the Newfoundland margin, challenging their perceived suitability for plate kinematic reconstructions of the southern North Atlantic. We do this on the basis of newly available seismic transects across the Southern Newfoundland Basin. Our new data contradicts current interpretations of the extent of oceanic lithosphere and illustrates the need for a differently constraining the plate kinematics of the Iberian plate pre M0 times.
Dániel Kiss, Thibault Duretz, and Stefan Markus Schmalholz
Solid Earth, 11, 287–305, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-287-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-287-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we investigate the physical mechanisms of tectonic nappe formation by high-resolution numerical modeling. Tectonic nappes are key structural features of many mountain chains which are packets of rocks displaced, sometimes even up to 100 km, from their original position. However, the physical mechanisms involved are not fully understood. We solve numerical equations of fluid and solid dynamics to improve our knowledge. The results are compared with data from the Helvetic Alps.
Cited articles
Agemar, T., Schellschmidt, R., and Schulz, R.: Subsurface temperature
distribution in Germany, Geothermics, 44, 65–77, 2012.
Arató, R., Dunkl, I., Takács, Á., Szebényi, G., Gerdes, A.,
and von Eynatten, H.: Thermal evolution in the exhumed basement of a
stratovolcano: case study of the Miocene Mátra Volcano, Pannonian Basin,
J. Geol. Soc. London, 175, 820–835,
https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2017-117, 2018.
Augustsson, C., Voigt, T., Bernhart, K., Kreißler, M., Gaupp, R.,
Gärtner, A., Mofmann, M., and Linnemann, U.: Zircon size-age sorting and
source-area effect: The German Triassic Buntsandstein Group, Sediment.
Geol., 375, 218–231, 2018.
Bachmann, G. H., Müller, M., and Weggen, K.: Evolution of the Molasse
Basin (Germany, Switzerland), Tectonophysics, 137, 77–92, 1987.
Baldschuhn, R. and Kockel, F.: Das Osning-Lineament am Südrand des
Niedersachsen-Beckens, Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft,
150, 673–695, 1999.
Baldschuhn, R., Binot, F., Fleig, S., and Kockel, F.: Geotektonischer Atlas
von Nordwest-Deutschland und dem deutschen Nordsee-Sektor [Tectonic Atlas of
Northwest Germany and the German North Sea Sector], Geologisches Jahrbuch
Reihe A, Band 153, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, Germany, 2001.
Barbarand, J., Bour, I., Pagel, M., Quesnel, F., Delcambre, B., Dupuis, C.,
and Yans, J.: Post-Paleozoic evolution of the northern Ardenne Massif
constrained by apatite fission-track thermochronology and geological data,
Earth Sci. Bull., 189, 16, https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2018015, 2018.
Becker, A.: An attempt to define a “neotectonic period” for central and
northern Europe, Geol. Rundsch., 82, 67–83, 1993.
Best, G.: Floßtektonik in Norddeutschland: Erste Ergebnisse
reflexionsseismischer Untersuchungen an der Salzstruktur, Zeitschrift der
deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft, 147, 455–464, 1996.
Bogaard, P. J. F. and Wörner, G.: Petrogenesis of basanitic to tholeiitic
volcanic rocks from the Miocene Vogelsberg, Central Germany, J. Petrol., 44,
569–602, 2003.
Boigk, H. and Schöneich, H.: The Rhinegraben: geologic history and
neotectonic activity. Approaches to Taphrogenesis. Inter-Union Commission on
Geodynamics, Sci. Rep., 8, 60–71, 1974.
Bolz, J. and Kley, J.: Emplacement of “exotic” Zechstein
slivers along the inverted Sontra Graben (northern Hessen, Germany): clues
from balanced cross-sections and geometrical forward modelling, this volume, 2021.
Botor, D., Dunkl, I., Anczkiewicz, A., and Mazur, S.: Post-Variscan thermal
history of the Moravo-Silesian lower Carboniferous Culm Basin (NE Czech
Republic–SW Poland), Tectonophysics, 712/713, 643–662, 2017.
Botor, D., Anczkiewicz, A. A., Dunkl, I., Golonka, J., Paszkowski, M., and
Mazur, S.: Tectonothermal history of the Holy Cross Mountains (Poland) in
the light of lowtemperature thermochronology, Terra Nova, 30, 270–278,
https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12336, 2018.
Braun, J., Robert, X., and Simon-Labric, T.: Eroding dynamic topography,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1494–1499, 2013.
Brodie, J. and White, N.: Sedimentary basin inversion caused by igneous
underplating: Northwest European continental shelf, Geology, 22, 147–150,
1994.
Büker, C.: Absenkungs-, Erosions- und Wärmeflußgeschichte des
Ruhr-Beckens und des nordöstlichen Rechtsrheinischen Schiefergebirges,
PhD thesis, University Bochum, Bochum, Germany, 212 pp., 1996.
Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe: Geologische Karte der
Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1: 1,000,000, Hannover, Germany, 1993.
Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe: Geowissenschaftliche Karte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1:2 000 000, Hannover, Germany, 2004.
Cacace, M. and Scheck-Wenderoth, M.: Why intracontinental basins subside
longer: 3-D feedback effects of lithospheric cooling and sedimentation on
the exural strength of the lithosphere, J. Geophys. Res. Sol. Ea., 121,
3742–3761, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012682, 2016.
Carminati, E., Cuffaro, M., and Doglioni, C.: Cenozoic uplift of Europe,
Tectonics, 28, TC4016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009TC002472, 2009.
Cloetingh, S. and Burov, E.: Lithospheric folding and sedimentary basin
evolution: a review and analysis of formation mechanisms, Basin Res.,
23, 257–290, 2011.
Cloetingh, S., Burov, E., Beekman, F., Andeweg, B., Andriessen, P.,
Garcia-Castellanos, D., De Vicente, G., and Vegas, R.: Lithospheric folding
in Iberia, Tectonics, 21, 1041, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001TC901031, 2002.
Cloetingh, S. A. P. L., Burov, E., and Poliakov, A.: Lithosphere folding:
Primary response to compression? (from central Asia to Paris basin),
Tectonics, 18, 1064–1083, 1999.
Cooper, M. A., Williams, G. D., De Graciansky, P. C., Murphy, R. W.,
Needham, T., De Paor, D., Stoneley, R., Todd, S., Turner, J.P., and Ziegler,
P. A.: Inversion tectonics – a discussion, in: Inversion tectonics, edited
by: Williams, G. D. and Cooper, M. A., Geological Society Special
Publications, London, UK, 335–347, 1989.
Danišík, M., Migoń, P., Kuhlemann, J., Evans, N. J., Dunkl, I.,
and Frisch, W.: Thermochronological constraints on the long-term erosional
history of the Karkonosze Mts., Central Europe, Geomorphology, 117, 78–89,
2010.
Danišík, M., Štěpančiková, P., and Evans, N. J.:
Constraining long-term denudation and faulting history in intraplate regions
by multi-system thermochronology – an example of the Sudetic Marginal
Fault (Bohemian Massif, Central Europe), Tectonics, 31, 1–19
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC003012, 2012.
Davies, G. F.: Thermomechanical erosion of the lithosphere by mantle plumes,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 99, 15709–15722, 1994.
Deckers, J. and van der Voet, E.: A review on the structural styles of
deformation during Late Cretaceous and Paleocene tectonic phases in the
southern North Sea area, J. Geodyn., 115, 1–9, 2018.
De Jager, J.: Inverted basins in the Netherlands, similarities and
differences, Neth. J. Geosci., 82, 339–349, 2003.
Dielforder, A., Frasca, G., Brune, S., and Ford, M.: Formation of the
Iberian-European convergent plate boundary fault and its effect on
intraplate deformation in Central Europe, Geochem. Geophy.
Geosy., 20, 2395–2417, 2019.
Djomani, Y. H. P., O'Reilly, S. Y., Griffin, W. L., and Morgan, P.: The
density structure of subcontinental lithosphere through time, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 184, 605–621, 2001.
Donelick, R. A., Ketcham, R. A., and Carlson, W. D.: Variability of apatite
fission-track annealing kinetics; II, Crystallographic orientation effects,
Am. Mineral., 84, 1224–1234, 1999.
Donelick, R. A., O'Sullivan, P. B., and Ketcham, R. A.: Apatite fission-track
analysis, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 58, 49–94, 2005.
Doornenbal, H. and Stevenson, A.: Petroleum geological atlas of the Southern Permian Basin area: European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers (EAGE), Houten, the Netherlands, 352 pp., 2010.
Dresmann, H., Keulen, N., Timar-Geng, Z., Fügenschuh, B., Wetzel, A.,
and Stünitz, H.: The south-western Black Forest and the Upper Rhine
Graben Main Border Fault: thermal history and hydrothermal fluid flow, Int.
J. Earth Sci., 99, 285–297, 2010.
Duesterhoeft, E., Bousquet, R., Wichura, H., and Oberhänsli, R.:
Anorogenic plateau formation: The importance of density changes in the
lithosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 117, B07204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB009007, 2012.
Dumitru, T. A.: A new computer-automated microscope stage system for
fission-track analysis, Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas., 21, 575–580, 1993.
Dunkl, I.: TRACKKEY: a Windows program for calculation and graphical
presentation of fission track data, Comput. Geosci., 28, 3–12,
2002.
Eisenstadt, G. and Withjack, M. O.: Estimating inversion: results from clay
models, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 88, 119–136,
1995.
Farley, K. A.: Helium diffusion from apatite: General behavior as
illustrated by Durango fluorapatite, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 2903–2914,
2000.
Farley, K. A., Wolf, R. A., and Silver, L. T.: The effects of long
alpha-stopping distance on (U-Th)/He ages, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 60,
4223–4229, 1996.
Fischer, C., Dunkl, I., von Eynatten, H., Wijbrans, J. R., and Gaupp, R.:
Products and timing of diagenetic processes in Upper Rotliegend sandstones
from Bebertal (North German Basin, Parchim Formation, Flechtingen High,
Germany), Geol. Mag., 149, 827–840, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756811001087,
2012.
Franke, D.: Geologie von Ostdeutschland – Ein Kompendium, available at: http://www.regionalgeologie-ost.de, last access: 18 December 2020.
Freudenberger, W. and Schwerd, K.: Erläuterungen zur Geologischen Karte
von Bayern 1: 500.000, Bayerisches Geologisches Landesamt,
München, Germany, 1996.
Friedrich, A. M., Bunge, H.-P., Rieger, S. M., Colli, L., Ghelichkhan, S.,
and Nerlich, R.: Stratigraphic framework for the plume mode of mantle
convection and the analysis of interregional unconformities on geological
maps, Gondwana Res., 53, 159–188, 2018.
Geluk, M.: Late Permian (Zechstein) rifting in the Netherlands; models and
implications for petroleum geology, Petrol. Geosci., 5, 189–199,
1999.
Glasmacher, U., Zentilli, M., and Grist, A. M.: Apatite fission track
thermochronology of Paleozoic sandstones and the Hill-intrusion, northern
Linksrheinisches Schiefergebirge, Germany, in: Advances in Fission-Track
Geochronology, edited by: van den Haute, P. and De Corte, F., Kluwer,
Dordrech, The Netherlands, 151–172, 1998.
Glasmacher, U. A., Mann, U., and Wagner, G. A.: Thermotectonic evolution of
the Barrandian, Czech Republic, as revealed by apatite fission-track
analysis, Tectonophysics, 359, 381–402, 2002.
Gleadow, A. J. W.: Fission-track dating methods: what are the real
alternatives?, Nuclear Tracks, 5, 3–14, 1981.
Green, P. F.: A new look at statistics in fission track dating, Nuclear
Tracks, 5, 77–86, 1981.
Green, P. F.: On the thermo-tectonic evolution of Northern England: evidence
from fission track analysis, Geol. Mag., 153, 493–506, 1986.
Hejl, E., Coyle, D., Lal, N., Van den Haute, P., and Wagner, G. A.:
Fission-track dating of the western border of the Bohemian massif:
thermochronology and tectonic implications, Geol. Rundsch., 86, 210–219,
1997.
Hejl, E., Sekyra, G., and Friedl, G.: Fission-track dating of the
south-eastern Bohemian massif (Waldviertel, Austria): thermochronology and
long-term erosion, Int. J. Earth Sci., 92, 677–690, 2003.
Holford, S. P., Green, P. F., Duddy, I. R., Turner, J. P., Hillis, R. R.,
and Stoker, M. S.: Regional intraplate exhumation episodes related to
plate-boundary deformation, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull.,
121, 1611–1628, 2009a.
Holford, S. P., Turner, J. P., Green, P. F., and Hillis, R. R.: Signature of
cryptic sedimentary basin inversion revealed by shale compaction data in the
Irish Sea, western British Isles, Tectonics, 28, TC4011,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008TC002359, 2009b.
Hoth, K., Rusbült, J., Zagora, K., Beer, H., and Hartmann, O.: Die
tiefen Bohrungen im Zentralabschnitt der Mitteleuropäischen Senke:
Dokumentation für den Zeitabschnitt 1962–1990, Schriftenreihe für Geowissenschaften, 2, 7–145, Verlag der Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, Berlin, German, 1993.
Hurford, A. J.: Zeta: the ultimate solution to fission-track analysis
calibration or just an interim measure?, in: Advances in fission-track
geochronology, edited by: Van den Haute, P. and De Corte, F., Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 19–32, 1998.
Hurford, A. J. and Green, P. F.: The zeta age calibration of fission-track
dating, Chem. Geol. Isot. Geosci., 41, 285–312, 1983.
Jacobs, J. and Breitkreuz, C.: Zircon and apatite fission-track
thermochronology of Late Carboniferous volcanic rocks of the NE German
Basin, Int. J. Earth Sci., 92, 165–172, 2003.
Jähne, F., Kley, J., Hoffmann, V. E., von Eynatten, H., and Dunkl, I.:
Timing and Kinematics of Cretaceous to Paleogene inversion at the SE margin
of the Central European Basin System: Part 1, Kinematics, EGU General
Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 19–24 April 2009, EGU2009-8176, 2009.
Jung, S., Pfänder, J. A.,
Brügmann, G., and Stracke, A.: Sources of primitive alkaline volcanic
rocks from the central European Volcanic province (Rhön, Germany)
inferred from Hf, Pb and Os isotopes, Contrib. Mineral.
Petr., 150, 546–559, 2005.
Jung, S., Mezger, K., Hauff, F., Pack, A., and Hoernes, S.: Petrogenesis of
rift-related tephrites, phonolites and trachytes (Central European Volcanic
Province, Rhön, FRG): Constraints from Sr, Nd, Pb and O isotopes,
Chem. Geol., 354, 203–215, 2013.
Kämmlein, M., Bauer, W., and Stollhofen, H.: The Franconian Basin
thermal anomaly, SE Germany revisited: New thermal conductivity and
uniformly corrected temperature data, J. Appl. Reg.
Geol., 171, 21–44, 2020.
Karg, H., Carter, A., Brix, M. R., and Littke, R.: Late- and post-Variscan
cooling and exhumation history of the northern Rhenish massif and the
southern Ruhr Basin: new constraints from fission-track analysis,
Int. J. Earth Sci., 94, 180–192, 2005.
Ketcham, R. A.: Forward and inverse modeling of low-temperature
thermochronometry data, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 58,
275–314, 2005.
Ketcham, R. A., Carter, A., Donelick, R. A., Barbarand, J., and Hurford, A.
J.: Improved modeling of fission-track annealing in apatite, Am. Mineral.,
92, 799–810, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2007.2281, 2007.
Kley, J.: Timing and spatial patterns of Cretaceous and Cenozoic inversion
in the Southern Permian Basin, in: Mesozoic Resource Potential of the
Southern Permian Basin, edited by: Kilhams, B., Kukla, P. A., Mazur, S.,
McKie, T., Munlieff, H. F., and van Ojik, K., Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 469, 19–31,
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP469.12, 2018.
Kley, J. and Voigt, T.: Late Cretaceous intraplate thrusting in central
Europe: effect of Africa-Iberia-Europe convergence, not Alpine collision,
Geology, 36, 839–842, 2008.
Kley, J., Franzke, H. J., Jähne, F., Krawczyk, C., Lohr, T., Reicherter,
K., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Sippel, J., Tanner, D., and van Gent, H.: The
SPP Structural Geology Group: Strain and Stress (Chapter 3.3), in: Dynamics
of Complex Intercontinental Basins – the Central European Basin System,
edited by: Littke, R., Bayer, U., Gajewski, D., and Nelskamp, S.,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, 97–124, 2008.
Kockel, F.: Inversion structures in central Europe – Expressions and
reasons, an open discussion, Neth. J. Geosci., 82, 367–382, 2003.
Kolb, M., Paulick, H., Kirchenbaur, M., and Münker, C.: Petrogenesis of
mafic to felsic lavas from the Oligocene Siebengebirge Volcanic Field
(Germany): implications for the origin of intracontinental volcanism in
Central Europe, J. Petrol., 53, 2349–2379, 2012.
Kroner, U., Mansy, J. L., Mazur, S., Aleksandrowski, P., Hann, H. P.,
Huckriede, H., Lacquement, F., Lamarche, J., Ledru, P., Pharaoh, T. C.,
Zedler, H., Zeh, A., and Zulauf, G.: The Geology of Central Europe, Vol. 1:
Precambrian and Palaeozoic, in: Variscan Tectonics, edited by: McCann, T.,
Geological Society, London, UK, 599–664, 2008.
Krzywiec, P.: Mid-Polish Trough inversion – seismic examples, main
mechanisms and its relationship to the Alpine-Carpathian collision,
Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series, 1, 151–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/smsps-1-151-2002, 2002.
Krzywiec, P.: Structural inversion of the Pomeranian and Kuiavian segments
of the Mid-Polish Trough – lateral variations in timing and structural
style, Geol. Q., 50, 151–168, 2006.
Krzywiec, P. and Stachowska, A.: Late Cretaceous inversion of the NW segment
of the Mid-Polish Trough – how marginal troughs were formed, and does it
matter at all?, Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft, 167,
107–119, 2016.
Krzywiec, P., Gutowski, J., Walaszczyk Wróbel, G., and Wybraniek, S.:
Tectonostratigraphic model of the Late Cre ta ceous in ver sion along the
Nowe Miasto–Zawichost Fault Zone, SE Mid-Polish Trough, Geol.
Q., 53, 27–48, 2009.
Lange, J.-M., Tonk, C., and Wagner, G. A.: Apatite fission track data for the
Postvariscan thermotectonic evolution of the Saxon basement – first results,
Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft, 159, 123–132, 2008.
Lenkey, L., Dövényi, P., Horváth, F., and Cloetingh, S. A. P.
L.: Geothermics of the Pannonian basin and its bearing on the neotectonics,
Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series, 3, 29–40, https://doi.org/10.5194/smsps-3-29-2002, 2002.
Link, K.: Die thermo-tektonische Entwicklung des Oberrheingraben-Gebietes
seit der Kreide, PhD Thesis, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Germany, 373 pp., 2009.
Linnemann, U., D'Lemos, R., Drost, K., Jeffries, T., Gerdes, A., Romer, R.
L., Samson, S. D., and Strachan, R. A.: Cadomian Tectonics, in: The Geology
of Central Europe, Vol. 1: Precambrian and Palaeozoic, edited by: McCann,
T., Geological Society, London, UK, 103–154, 2008.
Littke, R., Bayer, U., Gajewski, D., and Nelskamp, S.: Dynamics of
complex intracontinental basins: the central European basin system,
Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2008.
Lorenz, V. and Nicholls, I. A.: The Permocarboniferous basin and range
province of Europe. An application of plate tectonics, in: The Continental
Permian in Central, West, and South Europe, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1976.
Lotze, F.: 100 Jahre Forschung in der saxonischen Tektonik,
Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft,
100, 321–337, 1948.
Lüschen, E., Nolte, B., and Fuchs, K.: Shear-wave evidence for an
anisotropic lower crust beneath the Black Forest, southwest Germany,
Tectonophysics, 173, 483–493, 1990.
Malz, A., Madritsch, H., and Kley, J.: Improving 2D seismic interpretation
in challenging settings by integration of restoration techniques: A case
study from the Jura fold-and-thrust belt (Switzerland), Interpretation,
3, 37–58, 2015.
Malz, A., Nachtweide, C., Emmerlich, S., and Schimpf, L.: Mesozoic
intraplate deformation in the southern part of the Central European
Basin-Results from large-scale 3D modelling, Tectonophysics, 776, 228315,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.228315, 2020.
Martha, S. O., Zulauf, G., Dörr, W., Nesbor, H.-D., Petschick, R.,
Prinz-Grimm, P., and Gerdes, A.: The Saxothuringian-Rhenohercynian boundary
underneath the Vogelsberg volcanic field: evidence from basement xenoliths
and U-Pb zircon data of trachyte, Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft, 165,
373–394, 2014.
Meier, T., Soomro, R. A., Viereck, L., Lebedev, S., Behrmann, J. H., Weidle,
C., Cristiano, L., and Hanemann, R.: Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution of the
Central European lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 692, 58–73, 2016.
Meyer, H., Hetzel, R., Fügenschuh, B., and Strauss, H.: Determining the
growth rate of topographic relief using in situ-produced 10Be: a case
study in the Black Forest, Germany, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 290, 391–402,
2010.
Mielke, P., Bär, K., and Sass, I.: Determining the relationship of
thermal conductivity and compressional wave velocity of common rock types as
a basis for reservoir characterization, J. Appl. Geophys., 140,
135–144, 2017.
Migoń, P. and Danišík, M.: Erosional history of the Karkonosze
Granite Massif – Constraints from adjacent sedimentary basins and
thermochronology, Geol. Q., 56, 441–456, 2012.
Mohr, M., Kukla, P. A., Urai, J. L., and Bresser, G.: Multiphase salt
tectonic evolution in NW Germany: seismic interpretation and
retro-deformation, Int. J. Earth Sci., 94, 917–940,
2005.
Nielsen, S. B., Thomsen, E., Hansen, D. L., and Clausen, O. R.: Plate-wide
stress relaxation explains European Palaeocene basin inversions, Nature,
435, 195–198, 2005.
Norden, B., Förster, A., and Balling, N.: Heat Flow and lithospheric
thermal regime in the Northeast German Basin, Tectonophysics, 460,
215–229, 2008.
Oncken, O.: Transformation of a magmatic arc and an orogenic root during
oblique collision and it's consequences for the evolution of the European
Variscides (Mid-German Crystalline Rise), Geol. Rundsch., 86,
2–20, 1997.
Sass, J. H., Lachenbruch, A. H., Galanis Jr., S. P., Morgan, P., Priest, S.
S., Moses Jr., T. H., and Munroe, R. J.: Thermal regime of the southern Basin
and Range Province: 1. Heat flow data from Arizona and the Mojave Desert of
California and Nevada, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
99, 22093–22119, 1994.
Schmitt, A. K., Marks, M. A., Nesbor, H. D., and Markl, G.: The onset and
origin of differentiated Rhine Graben volcanism based on U-Pb ages and
oxygen isotopic composition of zircon, Eur. J. Mineral., 19, 849–857, 2007.
Schönig, J., von Eynatten, H., Meinhold, G., Lünsdorf, N. K.,
Willner, A. P., and Schulz, B.: Deep subduction of felsic rocks hosting UHP
lenses in the central Saxonian Erzgebirge: Implications for UHP terrane
exhumation, Gondwana Res., 87, 320–329, 2020.
Seidel, G.: Geologie
von Thüringen, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, Germany, 2003.
Self, S., Schmidt, A., and Mather, T. A.: Emplacement characteristics, time
scales, and volcanic gas release rates of continental flood basalt eruptions
on Earth, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 505, https://doi.org/10.1130/2014.2505(16), 2014.
Senglaub, Y., Littke, R., and Brix, M. R.: Numerical modelling of burial and
temperature history as an approach for an alternative interpretation of the
Bramsche anomaly, Lower Saxony Basin, Int. J. Earth
Sci., 95, 204–224, 2005.
Seton, M., Müller, R. D., Zahirovic, S., Gaina, C., Torsvik, T.,
Shephard, G., Talsma, A., Gurnis, M., Turner, M., Maus, S., and Chandler,
M.: Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 113, 212–270, 2012.
Siebel, W., Schmitt, A. K., Danišík, M., Chen, F., Meier, S.,
Weiss, S., and Eroglu, S.: Prolonged mantle residence of zircons xenocrysts
from the western Eger rift, Nat. Geosci., 2, 886–890, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO695, 2009.
Sissingh, W.: Syn-kinematic palaeogeographic evolution of the West European
Platform: correlation with Alpine plate collision and foreland deformation,
Neth. J. Geosci., 85, 131–180, 2006.
Sobczyk, A., Danišik, M., Aleksandrowski, P., and Anczkiewicz, A.:
Post-Variscan cooling history in the central Western Sudetes (NE Bohemian
Massif) and its implications for topographic evolution: Insights from
apatite fission-track and zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronology, Tectonophysics,
649, 47–57, 2015.
Sobczyk, A., Sobel, E. R., and Georgieva, V.: Meso-Cenozoic cooling and
exhumation history of the Orlica-Śnieżnik Dome (Sudetes, NE Bohemian
Massif, Central Europe): Insights from apatite fission-track
thermochronometry, Terra Nova, 32, 122–133, https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12449, 2020.
Sobolev, S. V., Sobolev, A. V., Kuzmin, D. V., Krivolutskaya, N. A.,
Petrunin, A. G., Arndt, N. T., Radko, V. A., and Vasiliev, Y. R.: Linking
mantle plumes, large igneous provinces and environmental catastrophes,
Nature, 477, 312–316, 2011.
Stackebrandt, W. and Franzke, H. J.: Alpidic reactivation of the Variscan
consolidated lithosphere – the activity of some fracture zones in Central
Europe, Z. Geol. Wissenschaft., 17, 699–712, 1989.
Stein, S., Stein, C. A., Elling, R., Kley, J., Keller, G. R., Wysession, M.,
Rooney, T., Frederiksen, A., and Moucha, R.: Insights from North America's
failed Midcontinent Rift into the evolution of continental rifts and passive
continental margins, Tectonophysics, 744, 403–421, 2018.
Stollhofen, H., Bachmann, G. H., Barnasch, J., Bayer, U., Beutler, G.,
Franz, M., Kästner, M., Legeler, B., Mutterlose, J., and Radies, D.:
Upper Rotliegend to Early Cretaceous basin development, in: Dynamics of
Complex Intracontinental Basins. The Central European Basin System, edited
by: Littke, R., Bayer, U., Gajewski, D., and Nelskamp, S., Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, 181–210, 2008.
Suchý, V., Filip, J., Sýkorová, I., Pesek, J., and
Korínková, D.: Palaeo-thermal and coalification history of
Permo-Carboniferous sedimentary basins of Central and Western Bohemia, Czech
Republic: first insights from apatite fission track analysis and vitrinite
reflectance modelling, B. Geosci., 94, 201–219, 2019.
Thomson, S. N. and Zeh, A.: Fission-track thermochronology of the Ruhla
Crystalline Complex: new constraints on the post-Variscan thermal evolution
of the NW Saxo-Bohemian Massif, Tectonophysics, 324, 17–35, 2000.
Timar-Geng, Z., Fügenschuh, B., Wetzel, A., and Dresmann, H.:
Low-temperature thermochronology of the flanks of the southern Upper Rhine
Graben, Int. J. Earth Sci., 95, 685–702, 2006.
Vamvaka, A., Siebel, W., Chen, F., and Rohrmuller, J.: Apatite fission-track
dating and low-temperature history of the Bavarian Forest (southern Bohemian
Massif), Int. J. Earth Sci., 103, 103–119, 2014.
Ventura, B. and Lisker, F.: Long-term landscape evolution of the
northeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif: apatite fission-track data from
the Erzgebirge (Germany), Int. J. Earth Sci., 92, 691–700, 2003.
Ventura, B., Lisker, F., and Kopp, J.: Thermal and denudation history of the
Lusatian Block (NE Bohemian Massif, Germany) as indicated by apatite
fission-track data, Geol. Soc. Spec.
Publ., 324, 1–12, 2009.
Voigt, E.: Über Randtröge vor Schollenrändern und ihre Bedeutung im Gebiet der Mitteleuropäischen Senke und angrenzender Gebiete, Z. Dtsch. Geol. Ges., 114, 378–418, 1963.
Voigt, T., von Eynatten, H., and Franzke, H. J.: Late Cretaceous unconformities in the Subhercynian Cretaceous Basin (Germany), Acta Geol. Pol., 54, 765–765, 2004.
Voigt, T., Wiese, F., von Eynatten, H., Franzke, H.-J., and Gaupp, R.: Facies
evolution of syntectonic Upper Cretaceous Deposits in the Subhercynian
Cretaceous Basin and adjoining areas (Germany), Zeitschrift der deutschen
geologischen Gesellschaft, 157, 203–244, 2006.
Voigt, T., von Eynatten, H., and Kley, J.: Kommentar zu Nördliche
Harzrandstorung: Diskussionsbeitrage zu Tiefenstruktur, Zeitlichkeit und
Kinematik von Volker Wrede (ZDGG 159, 293–316), Zeitschrift der deutschen
gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, 160, 93–99, 2009.
Voigt, T., Kley, J., and Voigt, S.: Dawn and Dusk of Late
Cretaceous Basin Inversion in Central Europe, this volume, 2021.
von Eynatten, H., Voigt, T., Meier, A., Franzke, H.-J., and Gaupp, R.:
Provenance of the clastic Cretaceous Subhercynian Basin fill: constraints to
exhumation of the Harz Mountains and the timing of inversion tectonics in
the Central European Basin, Int. J. Earth Sci., 97,
1315–1330, 2008.
von Eynatten, H., Dunkl, I., Brix, M., Hoffmann, V.-E., Raab, M., Thomson, S.
N., and Kohn, B.: Late Cretaceous exhumation and uplift of the Harz
Mountains, Germany: a multi-method thermochronological approach,
Int. J. Earth Sci., 108, 2097–2111,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-019-01751-5, 2019.
Wagner, G. A.: Fission track dating of apatites, Earth Planet. Sci.
Lett., 4, 411–415, 1968.
Walter, B. F., Gerdes, A., Kleinhanns, I. C., Dunkl, I., von Eynatten, H.,
Kreissl, S., and Markl, G.: The connection between hydrothermal fluids,
mineralization, tectonics and magmatism in a continental rift setting:
Fluorite Sm-Nd and hematite and carbonates U-Pb geochronology from the
Rhinegraben in SW Germany, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 240, 11–42,
2018.
Ware, P. D. and Turner, J. P.: Sonic velocity analysis of the Tertiary
denudation of the Irish Sea basin, Geol. Soc. Spec.
Publ., 196, 355–370, 2002.
Warsitzka, M., Jähne-Klingberg, F., Kley, J., and Kukowski, N.: The
timing of salt structure growth in the Southern Permian Basin (Central
Europe) and implications for basin dynamics, Basin Res., 31, 337–360,
2019.
Wedepohl, K. H., Gohn, E., and Hartmann, G.: Cenozoic alkali basaltic magmas
of western Germany and their products of differentiation, Contr. Min.
Petrol., 115, 253–278, 1994.
Wetzel, A., Allenbach, R., and Allia, V.: Reactivated basement structures
affecting the sedimentary facies in a tectonically “quiescent”
epicontinental basin: an example from NW Switzerland, Sediment. Geol.,
157, 153–172, 2003.
Wilson, M. and Downes, H.: Tertiary-Quaternary extension-related alkaline
magmatism in western and central Europe, J. Petrol., 32, 811–849,
1991.
Wolff, R., Dunkl, I., Lange, J.-M., Tonk, C., Voigt, T., and von Eynatten,
H.: Superposition of burial and hydrothermal events: post-Variscan thermal
evolution of the Erzgebirge, Germany, Terra Nova, 27, 292–299, 2015.
Wörner, G., Staudigel, H., and Zindler, A.: Isotopic constraints on open
system evolution of the Laacher See magma chamber (Eifel, West Germany),
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 75, 37–49, 1985.
Xu, C., Mansy, J. L., van den Haute, P., Guillot, F., Zhou, Z., Chen, J.,
and de Grave, J.: Late- and post-Variscan evolution of the Ardennes in
France and Belgium: constraints from apatite fission-track data, Geol.
Soc. Spec. Publ., 324, 167–179, 2009.
Ziegler, P. A.: Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic intra-plate compressional
deformations in the Alpine foreland – a geodynamic model, Tectonophysics,
137, 389–420, 1987.
Ziegler, P. A.: Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe,
Shell Internationale Petroleum Mij, BV and Geological Society of London, 2nd Edn., London, UK, 239 pp., 1990.
Ziegler, P. A., Cloetingh, S., and van Wees, J. D.: Dynamics of intra-plate
compressional deformation: the Alpine foreland and other examples,
Tectonophysics, 252, 7–59, 1995.
Special issue