Articles | Volume 13, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-659-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-659-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Mar 2022
Research article |
| 21 Mar 2022
| 21 Mar 2022
Radial anisotropy and S-wave velocity depict the internal to external zone transition within the Variscan orogen (NW Iberia)
Jorge Acevedo
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geology, University of Oviedo. Arias de Velasco st., 33005, Oviedo, Spain
Gabriela Fernández-Viejo
Department of Geology, University of Oviedo. Arias de Velasco st., 33005, Oviedo, Spain
Sergio Llana-Fúnez
Department of Geology, University of Oviedo. Arias de Velasco st., 33005, Oviedo, Spain
Carlos López-Fernández
Department of Geology, University of Oviedo. Arias de Velasco st., 33005, Oviedo, Spain
Javier Olona
TerraDat España, 113 Cristo de las Cadenas Av., 33006, Oviedo, Spain
Diego Pérez-Millán
Department of Geology, University of Oviedo. Arias de Velasco st., 33005, Oviedo, Spain
Related authors
No articles found.
Gabriela Fernández-Viejo, Carlos López-Fernández, and Patricia Cadenas
Solid Earth, 14, 1083–1101, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1083-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1083-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The seismic activity of the last 20 years within the West Iberian Margin away from the plate boundaries has been analyzed through the Spanish and Portuguese seismic network public databases. Previously defined as diffuse, the study reveals two distinct clusters in the NW–SE direction. Based on the characteristics of the events, some hypotheses for this activity are put forward and discussed, indicating the need for ocean-bottom seismometer data and high-resolution fault mapping.
María José Domínguez-Cuesta, Pelayo González-Pumariega, Pablo Valenzuela, Carlos López-Fernández, Manuel Mora, Mónica Meléndez, Fernando Herrera, Miguel Ángel Marigil, Luis Pando, José Cuervas-Mons, and Montserrat Jiménez-Sánchez
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-16, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-16, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
We are a multidisciplinary research group interested in the study of landscape dynamics and its interaction with human communities. At present, we are working in a project concerning with the evolution of the Cantabrian Coast cliffs. One of the studied areas is the Jurassic coast in which the Tazones Lighthouse slope is located. This represents an exceptional opportunity to analyse in real time the Jurassic cliffs retreat of the Cantabrian Coast, a question that remained not quantified.
D. López Mulero, O. Njå, and C. López Fernández
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-3-W4, 327–334, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W4-327-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W4-327-2018, 2018
Francisco José Fernández, Sergio Llana-Fúnez, Pablo Valverde-Vaquero, Alberto Marcos, and Pedro Castiñeiras
Solid Earth, 7, 579–598, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-579-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-579-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
High-grade gneisses record two partial melting events: early Ordovician and early Variscan. Primary sedimentary layering is well preserved locally at the top of the sequence. First stage of the exhumation process occurred in ∼ 10 Ma.
Strain was progressively localized along the boundaries of the migmatitic qz-fsp gneisses. Deformation reduced substantially the thickness of the gneissic rock sequence. "Internal" extrusion of the migmatites is documented.
Related subject area
Subject area: Crustal structure and composition | Editorial team: Seismics, seismology, paleoseismology, geoelectrics, and electromagnetics | Discipline: Seismology
The impact of seismic noise produced by wind turbines on seismic borehole measurements
Probing environmental and tectonic changes underneath Mexico City with the urban seismic field
Quantifying gender gaps in seismology authorship
Mapping the basement of the Cerdanya Basin (eastern Pyrenees) using seismic ambient noise
Referent seismic crustal model of the Dinarides
Constraints on fracture distribution in the Los Humeros geothermal field from beamforming of ambient seismic noise
Distributed acoustic sensing as a tool for subsurface mapping and seismic event monitoring: a proof of concept
Seismic monitoring of the STIMTEC hydraulic stimulation experiment in anisotropic metamorphic gneiss
One-dimensional velocity structure modeling of the Earth's crust in the northwestern Dinarides
A functional tool to explore the reliability of micro-earthquake focal mechanism solutions for seismotectonic purposes
Changepoint detection in seismic double-difference data: application of a trans-dimensional algorithm to data-space exploration
3D crustal structure of the Ligurian Basin revealed by surface wave tomography using ocean bottom seismometer data
Elastic anisotropies of deformed upper crustal rocks in the Alps
A revised image of the instrumental seismicity in the Lodi area (Po Plain, Italy)
Seismic radiation from wind turbines: observations and analytical modeling of frequency-dependent amplitude decays
Relocation of earthquakes in the southern and eastern Alps (Austria, Italy) recorded by the dense, temporary SWATH-D network using a Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion
Seismic noise variability as an indicator of urban mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Santiago metropolitan region, Chile
Transversely isotropic lower crust of Variscan central Europe imaged by ambient noise tomography of the Bohemian Massif
Evaluating seismic beamforming capabilities of distributed acoustic sensing arrays
Crustal structure of southeast Australia from teleseismic receiver functions
Seismic monitoring of the Auckland Volcanic Field during New Zealand's COVID-19 lockdown
Using horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios to construct shear-wave velocity profiles
Crustal structures beneath the Eastern and Southern Alps from ambient noise tomography
Introducing noisi: a Python tool for ambient noise cross-correlation modeling and noise source inversion
Deep learning for fast simulation of seismic waves in complex media
Fault reactivation by gas injection at an underground gas storage off the east coast of Spain
Lithospheric image of the Central Iberian Zone (Iberian Massif) using global-phase seismic interferometry
Modeling active fault systems and seismic events by using a fiber bundle model – example case: the Northridge aftershock sequence
Visual analytics of aftershock point cloud data in complex fault systems
Passive processing of active nodal seismic data: estimation of VP∕VS ratios to characterize structure and hydrology of an alpine valley infill
Monitoring of induced distributed double-couple sources using Marchenko-based virtual receivers
ER3D: a structural and geophysical 3-D model of central Emilia-Romagna (northern Italy) for numerical simulation of earthquake ground motion
Migration of reflector orientation attributes in deep seismic profiles: evidence for decoupling of the Yilgarn Craton lower crust
The cross-dip correction as a tool to improve imaging of crooked-line seismic data: a case study from the post-glacial Burträsk fault, Sweden
Green's theorem in seismic imaging across the scales
Near-surface structure of the North Anatolian Fault zone from Rayleigh and Love wave tomography using ambient seismic noise
Power spectra of random heterogeneities in the solid earth
A multi-technology analysis of the 2017 North Korean nuclear test
Obtaining reliable source locations with time reverse imaging: limits to array design, velocity models and signal-to-noise ratios
Fabian Limberger, Georg Rümpker, Michael Lindenfeld, and Hagen Deckert
Solid Earth, 14, 859–869, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-859-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-859-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Wind turbines that are located close to a seismometer produce ground tremors that can increase the noise level at the seismic station. Using numerical models, we analyse the effectivity of borehole installations to reduce this impact. We study effects of geophysical parameters on the borehole effectivity and validate our modelling approach with data from real boreholes. Boreholes are effective in reducing the impact of wind turbines; however, this depends on the wavelength of the seismic wave.
Laura A. Ermert, Enrique Cabral-Cano, Estelle Chaussard, Darío Solano-Rojas, Luis Quintanar, Diana Morales Padilla, Enrique A. Fernández-Torres, and Marine A. Denolle
Solid Earth, 14, 529–549, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-529-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-529-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Mexico City is built on a unique ground containing the clay-rich sediments of the ancient lake Texcoco. Continuous imperceptible shaking of these deposits by city traffic and other sources allows us to monitor changes in the subsurface seismic wave speed. Wave speed varies seasonally, likely due to temperature and rain effects; it temporarily drops after large earthquakes then starts to recover. Throughout the studied period, it increased on average, which may be related to soil compaction.
Laura Anna Ermert, Maria Koroni, and Naiara Korta Martiartu
Solid Earth, 14, 485–498, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-485-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-485-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate women's representation in seismology to raise awareness of existing gender disparities.
By analysing the authorship of peer-reviewed articles, we identify lower representation of women among single authors, high-impact authors, and highly productive authors. Seismology continues to be a male-dominated field, and trends suggest that parity is decades away. These gaps are an obstacle to women’s career advancement and, if neglected, may perpetuate the leaky-pipeline problem.
Jordi Díaz, Sergi Ventosa, Martin Schimmel, Mario Ruiz, Albert Macau, Anna Gabàs, David Martí, Özgenç Akin, and Jaume Vergés
Solid Earth, 14, 499–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-499-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the capability of multiple methods based on the interpretation of seismic noise to map the basement of the Cerdanya Basin, located in the eastern Pyrenees. Basement depth estimations retrieved from the different approaches are consistent, with maximum depths reaching 700 m close to the Têt fault bounding the basin to the east. Our results prove that seismic noise analysis using high-density networks is an excellent tool to improve the geological characterization of sedimentary basins.
Katarina Zailac, Bojan Matoš, Igor Vlahović, and Josip Stipčević
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-183, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-183, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Presently there is no complete crustal model of the Dinarides. Using the compilations of previous studies, we have created vertically, and laterally varying crustal models defined on a regular grid for the wider area of the Dinarides, also covering parts of Adriatic Sea and SW part of the Pannonian Basin. In addition to the seismic velocities and density, we also defined three interfaces – sedimentary deposits bottom, Carbonate rock thickness and crustal thickness.
Heather Kennedy, Katrin Löer, and Amy Gilligan
Solid Earth, 13, 1843–1858, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1843-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1843-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The energy transition is an important topic for benefiting the future; thus renewable energy is required to reach net-zero carbon emission goals. Geothermal energy, heat from the ground, can be used in this transition. Therefore, geothermal fields need to be characterized as much as possible to allow for increased productivity within these fields. This study involves and looks at potential fractures within a geothermal field at depth to help increase the overall understanding of this field.
Nicola Piana Agostinetti, Alberto Villa, and Gilberto Saccorotti
Solid Earth, 13, 449–468, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sensing the Earth is a fundamental operation for the future where georesources, like geothermal energy and CO2 underground storage, will become important tools for addressing societal challenges. The development of networks of optical fibre cables gives the possibility of a sensing grid with an unprecedented spatial coverage. Here, we investigate the potential of using portions of a optical fibre cable as a standard seismometer for exploring the subsurface and monitoring georesources.
Carolin M. Boese, Grzegorz Kwiatek, Thomas Fischer, Katrin Plenkers, Juliane Starke, Felix Blümle, Christoph Janssen, and Georg Dresen
Solid Earth, 13, 323–346, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-323-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-323-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic stimulation experiments in underground facilities allow for placing monitoring equipment close to and surrounding the stimulated rock under realistic and complex conditions at depth. We evaluate how accurately the direction-dependent velocity must be known for high-resolution seismic monitoring during stimulation. Induced transient deformation in rocks only 2.5–5 m apart may differ significantly in magnitude and style, and monitoring requires sensitive sensors adapted to the frequency.
Gregor Rajh, Josip Stipčević, Mladen Živčić, Marijan Herak, Andrej Gosar, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 13, 177–203, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-177-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-177-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the 1-D velocity structure of the Earth's crust in the NW Dinarides with inversion of arrival times from earthquakes. The obtained velocity models give a better insight into the crustal structure and show velocity variations among different parts of the study area. In addition to general structural implications and a potential for improving further work, the results of our study can also be used for routine earthquake location and for detecting errors in seismological bulletins.
Guido Maria Adinolfi, Raffaella De Matteis, Rita de Nardis, and Aldo Zollo
Solid Earth, 13, 65–83, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-65-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-65-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a methodology useful to evaluate (1) the reliability of a focal mechanism solution inferred by the inversion of seismological data and (2) the performance of a seismic network, operated to monitor natural or induced seismicity, to assess focal mechanism solutions. As a test case, we studied the focal mechanism reliability by using synthetic data computed for ISNet, a local seismic network monitoring the Irpinia fault system (southern Italy).
Nicola Piana Agostinetti and Giulia Sgattoni
Solid Earth, 12, 2717–2733, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2717-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2717-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
One of the present-day challenges for geoscientists is tackling the big data revolution. An ever-growing amount of data needs to be processed and data are subjectively handled before using them to make inferences on the Earth’s interior. But imposing subjective decisions on the data might have strong influences on the final outputs. Here we present a totally novel and automatic application for screening the data and for defining data volumes that are consistent with physical hypotheses.
Felix N. Wolf, Dietrich Lange, Anke Dannowski, Martin Thorwart, Wayne Crawford, Lars Wiesenberg, Ingo Grevemeyer, Heidrun Kopp, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2597–2613, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2597-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2597-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Ligurian Sea opened ~30–15 Ma during SE migration of the Calabrian subduction zone. Using ambient seismic noise from stations on land and at the ocean bottom, we calculated a 3D shear-velocity model of the Ligurian Basin. In keeping with existing 2D studies, we find a shallow crust–mantle transition at the SW basin centre that deepens towards the northeast, Corsica, and the Liguro-Provençal coast. We observe a separation of SW and NE basins. We do not observe high crustal vP/vS ratios.
Ruth Keppler, Roman Vasin, Michael Stipp, Tomás Lokajícek, Matej Petruzálek, and Nikolaus Froitzheim
Solid Earth, 12, 2303–2326, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2303-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2303-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rocks in mountain belts have been deformed during continental collision causing a certain alignment of the minerals referred to as crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). Minerals have anisotropic properties: the velocity of seismic waves travelling through them is direction dependent. This leads to anisotropy of the rocks. We measured the CPO of common rocks within the Alps. With this data and known anisotropic properties of the minerals we calculated the seismic anisotropy of the rocks.
Laura Peruzza, Alessandra Schibuola, Maria Adelaide Romano, Marco Garbin, Mariangela Guidarelli, Denis Sandron, and Enrico Priolo
Solid Earth, 12, 2021–2039, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2021-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2021-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In weakly seismic or poorly monitored areas, the uncritical use of earthquake catalogues can be misleading. This is the case for a central sector in the Po Valley, where the Northern Apennines and Southern Alps collide. We collect and reprocess the available instrumental data of about 300 earthquakes from 1951 to 2019. The seismicity is weak, deeper than expected, and far from some existing human activities carried out underground. The potential tectonic causative sources are still unknown.
Fabian Limberger, Michael Lindenfeld, Hagen Deckert, and Georg Rümpker
Solid Earth, 12, 1851–1864, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1851-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1851-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Frequency-dependent amplitude decays of seismic signals induced by wind turbines are determined from (up to) 6 months of continuous recordings measured along an 8 km profile located at a wind farm in Bavaria, Germany. The radiation pattern and amplitude decay of the induced signals are accounted for by an analytical approach that includes path and source effects. This approach is generalized to predict the characteristic seismic radiation patterns of arbitrary wind farm configurations.
Azam Jozi Najafabadi, Christian Haberland, Trond Ryberg, Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Michael Weber, and the AlpArray and AlpArray SWATH-D working groups
Solid Earth, 12, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study achieved high-precision hypocenters of 335 earthquakes (1–4.2 ML) and 1D velocity models of the Southern and Eastern Alps. The general pattern of seismicity reflects head-on convergence of the Adriatic Indenter with the Alpine orogenic crust. The relatively deeper seismicity in the eastern Southern Alps and Giudicarie Belt indicates southward propagation of the Southern Alpine deformation front. The derived hypocenters form excellent data for further seismological studies, e.g., LET.
Javier Ojeda and Sergio Ruiz
Solid Earth, 12, 1075–1085, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1075-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1075-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In Santiago, Chile, the lockdown imposed due to COVID-19 was recorded by seismological instruments. This analysis shows temporal changes in the surface vibrations controlled by lockdown phases, mobility, and epidemiological factors. Our findings suggest that
dynamic lockdownand the early deconfinement in April 2020 caused an increase in mobility and therefore virus transmission. We propose that seismic networks could be used to monitor urban mobility as a new proxy in public policies.
Jiří Kvapil, Jaroslava Plomerová, Hana Kampfová Exnerová, Vladislav Babuška, György Hetényi, and AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 1051–1074, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1051-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1051-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a high-resolution 3-D shear wave velocity (vS) model of the Bohemian Massif crust imaged from high-density data and enhanced depth sensitivity of tomographic inversion. The dominant features of the model are relatively higher vS in the upper crust than in its surrounding, a distinct intra-crustal interface, and a velocity decrease in the lower part of the crust. The low vS in the lower part of the crust is explained by the anisotropic fabric of the lower crust.
Martijn P. A. van den Ende and Jean-Paul Ampuero
Solid Earth, 12, 915–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-915-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-915-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is an emerging technology that measures stretching of an optical-fibre cable. This technology can be used to record the ground shaking of earthquakes, which offers a cost-efficient alternative to conventional seismometers. Since DAS is relatively new, we need to verify that existing seismological methods can be applied to this new data type. In this study, we reveal several issues by comparing DAS with conventional seismometer data for earthquake localisation.
Mohammed Bello, David G. Cornwell, Nicholas Rawlinson, Anya M. Reading, and Othaniel K. Likkason
Solid Earth, 12, 463–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-463-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-463-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, ground motion caused by distant earthquakes recorded in southeast Australia is used to image the structure of the crust and underlying mantle. This part of the Australian continent was assembled over the last 500 million years, but it remains poorly understood. By studying variations in crustal properties and thickness, we find evidence for the presence of an old microcontinent that is embedded in the younger terrane and forms a connection between Victoria and Tasmania.
Kasper van Wijk, Calum J. Chamberlain, Thomas Lecocq, and Koen Van Noten
Solid Earth, 12, 363–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-363-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-363-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Auckland Volcanic Field is monitored by a seismic network. The lockdown measures to combat COVID-19 in New Zealand provided an opportunity to evaluate the performance of seismic stations in the network and to search for small(er) local earthquakes, potentially hidden in the noise during "normal" times. Cross-correlation of template events resulted in detection of 30 new events not detected by GeoNet, but there is no evidence of an increase in detections during the quiet period of lockdown.
Janneke van Ginkel, Elmer Ruigrok, and Rien Herber
Solid Earth, 11, 2015–2030, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2015-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2015-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of subsurface velocities is key to understand how earthquake waves travel through the Earth. We present a method to construct velocity profiles for the upper sediment layer on top of the Groningen field, the Netherlands. Here, the soft-sediment layer causes resonance of seismic waves, and this resonance is used to compute velocities from. Recordings from large earthquakes and the background noise signals are used to derive reliable velocities for the deep sedimentary layer.
Ehsan Qorbani, Dimitri Zigone, Mark R. Handy, Götz Bokelmann, and AlpArray-EASI working group
Solid Earth, 11, 1947–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1947-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1947-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The crustal structure of the Eastern and Southern Alps is complex. Although several seismological studies have targeted the crust, the velocity structure under this area is still not fully understood. Here we study the crustal velocity structure using seismic ambient noise tomography. Our high-resolution models image several velocity anomalies and contrasts and reveal details of the crustal structure. We discuss our new models of the crust with respect to the geologic and tectonic features.
Laura Ermert, Jonas Igel, Korbinian Sager, Eléonore Stutzmann, Tarje Nissen-Meyer, and Andreas Fichtner
Solid Earth, 11, 1597–1615, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1597-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1597-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present an open-source tool to model ambient seismic auto- and cross-correlations with spatially varying source spectra. The modeling is based on pre-computed databases of seismic wave propagation, which can be obtained from public data providers. The aim of this tool is to facilitate the modeling of ambient noise correlations, which are an important seismologic observable, with realistic wave propagation physics. We present a description and benchmark along with example use cases.
Ben Moseley, Tarje Nissen-Meyer, and Andrew Markham
Solid Earth, 11, 1527–1549, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1527-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1527-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of seismic waves are very important; they allow us to understand how earthquakes spread and how the interior of the Earth is structured. However, whilst powerful, existing simulation methods usually require a large amount of computational power and time to run. In this research, we use modern machine learning techniques to accelerate these calculations inside complex models of the Earth.
Antonio Villaseñor, Robert B. Herrmann, Beatriz Gaite, and Arantza Ugalde
Solid Earth, 11, 63–74, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-63-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-63-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present new earthquake focal depths and fault orientations for earthquakes that occurred in 2013 in the vicinity of an underground gas storage off the east coast of Spain. Our focal depths are in the range of 5–10 km, notably deeper than the depth of the gas injection (2 km). The obtained fault orientations also differ from the predominant faults at shallow depths. This suggests that the faults reactivated are deeper, previously unmapped faults occurring beneath the sedimentary layers.
Juvenal Andrés, Deyan Draganov, Martin Schimmel, Puy Ayarza, Imma Palomeras, Mario Ruiz, and Ramon Carbonell
Solid Earth, 10, 1937–1950, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1937-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1937-2019, 2019
Marisol Monterrubio-Velasco, F. Ramón Zúñiga, José Carlos Carrasco-Jiménez, Víctor Márquez-Ramírez, and Josep de la Puente
Solid Earth, 10, 1519–1540, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1519-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1519-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquake aftershocks display spatiotemporal correlations arising from their self-organized critical behavior. Stochastical models such as the fiber bundle (FBM) permit the use of an analog of the physical model that produces a statistical behavior with many similarities to real series. In this work, a new model based on FBM that includes geometrical faults systems is proposed. Our analysis focuses on aftershock statistics, and as a study case we modeled the Northridge sequence.
Chisheng Wang, Junzhuo Ke, Jincheng Jiang, Min Lu, Wenqun Xiu, Peng Liu, and Qingquan Li
Solid Earth, 10, 1397–1407, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1397-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1397-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The point cloud of located aftershocks contains the information which can directly reveal the fault geometry and temporal evolution of an earthquake sequence. However, there is a lack of studies using state-of-the-art visual analytics methods to explore the data to discover hidden information about the earthquake fault. We present a novel interactive approach to illustrate 3-D aftershock point clouds, which can help the seismologist to better understand the complex fault system.
Michael Behm, Feng Cheng, Anna Patterson, and Gerilyn S. Soreghan
Solid Earth, 10, 1337–1354, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1337-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1337-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
New acquisition styles for active seismic source exploration provide a wealth of additional quasi-passive data. We show how these data can be used to gain complementary information about the subsurface. Specifically, we process an active-source dataset from an alpine valley in western Colorado with both active and passive inversion schemes. The results provide new insights on subsurface hydrology based on the ratio of P-wave and S-wave velocity structures.
Joeri Brackenhoff, Jan Thorbecke, and Kees Wapenaar
Solid Earth, 10, 1301–1319, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1301-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1301-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquakes in the subsurface are hard to monitor due to their complicated signals. We aim to make the monitoring of the subsurface possible by redatuming the sources and the receivers from the surface of the Earth to the subsurface to monitor earthquakes originating from small faults in the subsurface. By using several sources together, we create complex earthquake signals for large-scale faults sources.
Peter Klin, Giovanna Laurenzano, Maria Adelaide Romano, Enrico Priolo, and Luca Martelli
Solid Earth, 10, 931–949, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-931-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-931-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using geological and geophysical data, we set up a 3-D digital description of the underground structure in the central part of the Po alluvial plain. By means of computer-simulated propagation of seismic waves, we were able to identify the structural features that caused the unexpected elongation and amplification of the earthquake ground motion that was observed in the area during the 2012 seismic crisis. The study permits a deeper understanding of the seismic hazard in alluvial basins.
Andrew J. Calvert and Michael P. Doublier
Solid Earth, 10, 637–645, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-637-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-637-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Deep (> 40 km) seismic reflection surveys are acquired on land along crooked roads. Using the varying azimuth between source and receiver, the true 3-D orientation of crustal structures can be determined. Applying this method to a survey over the ancient Australian Yilgarn Craton reveals that most reflectors in the lower crust exhibit a systematic dip perpendicular to those in the overlying crust, consistent with lateral flow of a weak lower crust in the hotter early Earth 2.7 billion years ago.
Ruth A. Beckel and Christopher Juhlin
Solid Earth, 10, 581–598, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-581-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-581-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Scandinavia is crossed by extensive fault scarps that have likely been caused by huge earthquakes when the ice sheets of the last glacial melted. Due to the inaccessibility of the terrain, reflection seismic data have to be collected along crooked lines, which reduces the imaging quality unless special corrections are applied. We developed a new correction method that is very tolerant to noise and used it to improve the reflection image of such a fault and refine its geological interpretation.
Kees Wapenaar, Joeri Brackenhoff, and Jan Thorbecke
Solid Earth, 10, 517–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-517-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-517-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The earthquake seismology and seismic exploration communities have developed a variety of seismic imaging methods for passive- and active-source data. Despite the seemingly different approaches and underlying principles, many of these methods are based in some way or another on the same mathematical theorem. Starting with this theorem, we discuss a variety of classical and recent seismic imaging methods in a systematic way and explain their similarities and differences.
George Taylor, Sebastian Rost, Gregory A. Houseman, and Gregor Hillers
Solid Earth, 10, 363–378, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-363-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-363-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We constructed a seismic velocity model of the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey. We found that the fault is located within a region of reduced seismic velocity and skirts the edges of a geological unit that displays high seismic velocity, indicating that this unit could be stronger than the surrounding material. Furthermore, we found that seismic waves travel fastest in the NE–SW direction, which is the direction of maximum extension for this part of Turkey and indicates mineral alignment.
Haruo Sato
Solid Earth, 10, 275–292, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-275-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-275-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Recent seismological observations clarified that the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle is randomly heterogeneous. I compile reported power spectral density functions of random velocity fluctuations based on various types of measurements. Their spectral envelope is approximated by the third power of wavenumber. It is interesting to study what kinds of geophysical processes created such a power-law spectral envelope at different scales and in different geological environments.
Peter Gaebler, Lars Ceranna, Nima Nooshiri, Andreas Barth, Simone Cesca, Michaela Frei, Ilona Grünberg, Gernot Hartmann, Karl Koch, Christoph Pilger, J. Ole Ross, and Torsten Dahm
Solid Earth, 10, 59–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-59-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-59-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
On 3 September 2017 official channels of the Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea announced the successful test of a nuclear device. This study provides a
multi-technology analysis of the 2017 North Korean event and its aftermath using a wide array of geophysical methods (seismology, infrasound, remote sensing, radionuclide monitoring, and atmospheric transport modeling). Our results clearly indicate that the September 2017 North Korean event was in fact a nuclear test.
Claudia Werner and Erik H. Saenger
Solid Earth, 9, 1487–1505, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1487-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1487-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Time reverse imaging is a method for locating quasi-simultaneous or low-amplitude earthquakes. Numerous three-dimensional synthetic simulations were performed to discover the influence of station distributions, complex velocity models and high noise rates on the reliability of localisations. The guidelines obtained enable the estimation of the localisation success rates of an existing station set-up and provide the basis for designing new arrays.
Cited articles
Acevedo J., Fernández-Viejo, G., Llana-Fúnez, S., López-Fernández, C., and Olona, J.:
Ambient noise tomography of the southern sector of the Cantabrian Mountains, NW Spain,
Geophys. J. Int.,
219, 479–495, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz308, 2019.
Acevedo, J., Fernández-Viejo, G., Llana-Fúnez, S., López-Fernández, C., and Olona, J.:
Upper crustal seismic anisotropy in the Cantabrian Mountains (North Spain) from shear-wave splitting and ambient noise interferometry analysis,
Seismol. Res. Lett.,
92, 421–436, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200103, 2020.
Aller, J. and Gallastegui, J.:
Analysis of kilometric-scale superposed folding in the Central Coal Basin (Cantabrian zone, NW Spain),
J. Struct. Geol.,
17, 961–969, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)00115-G, 1995.
Almqvist, B. S. and Mainprice, D.:
Seismic properties and anisotropy of the continental crust: Predictions based on mineral texture and rock microstructure,
Rev. Geophys.,
55, 367–433, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000552, 2017.
Alonso, J. L.: Fold reactivation involving angular unconformable sequences: theoretical analysis and natural examples from the Cantabrian Zone (Northwest Spain), Tectonophysics, 170, 57–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90103-0, 1989.
Alonso, J. L., Álvarez-Marrón, J., and Pulgar, J. A.:
Síntesis cartográfica de la parte sudoccidental de la Zona Cantábrica,
Trabajos Geol.,
18, 145–155, 1989.
Alonso, J. L., Pulgar, J. A., García-Ramos, J. C., and Barba, P.:
Tertiary basins and Alpine tectonics in the Cantabrian 5 Mountains (NW Spain),
in: Tertiary basins of Spain: the stratigraphic record of crustal kinematics,
edited by: Friend, P. F. and Dabrio, C. J.,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 214–227, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511524851.031, 1996.
Alonso, J. L., Marcos, A., and Suárez, A.:
Paleogeographic inversion resulting from large out of sequence breaching thrusts: The León Fault (Cantabrian Zone, NW Iberia). A new picture of the external Variscan Thrust Belt in the Ibero-Armorican Arc,
Geol. Acta,
7, 0451–473, https://doi.org/10.1344/105.000001449, 2009.
Álvarez-Marrón, J., Pérez-Estaún, A., Danñobeitia, J. J., Pulgar, J. A., Martínez, J. R., Marcos, A., Bastida, F., Ayarza, P., Aller, J., González-Lodeiro, F., Banda, E., Comas, D., and Córdoba, D.:
Seismic structure of the northern continental margin of Spain from ESCIN deep seismic profiles,
Tectonophysics,
264, 153–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00124-2, 1996.
Álvarez-Marron, J., Rubio, E., and Torné, M.:
Subduction-related structures in the North Iberian margin,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
102, 22497–22511, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB01425, 1997.
Anderson, D. L.:
Elastic wave propagation in layered anisotropic media,
J. Geophys. Res.,
66, 2953–2963, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ066i009p02953, 1961.
Ayarza, P., Catalán, J. R. M., Gallart, J., Pulgar, J. A., and Dañobeitia, J. J.:
Estudio Sísmico de la Corteza Ibérica Norte 3.3: A seismic image of the Variscan crust in the hinterland of the NW Iberian Massif,
Tectonics,
17, 171–186, https://doi.org/10.1029/97TC03411, 1998.
Barruol, G. and Kern, H.:
Seismic anisotropy and shear-wave splitting in lower-crustal and upper-mantle rocks from the Ivrea Zone—experimental and calculated data,
Phys. Earth Planet In.,
95, 175–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03124-3, 1996.
Bastida, F., Martínez-Catalán, J. R., and Pulgar, J. A.: Structural, metamorphic and magmatic history of the Mondoñedo nappe (Hercynian belt, NW Spain), J. Struct. Geol., 8, 415–430, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(86)90060-X, 1986.
Bastida, F., Aller, J., Pulgar, J. A., Toimil, N. C., Fernández, F. J., Bobillo-Ares, N. C., and Menéndez, C. O.:
Folding in orogens: a case study in the northern Iberian Variscan Belt,
Geol. J.,
45, 597–622, https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1199, 2010.
Bensen, G. D., Ritzwoller, M. H., Barmin, M. P., Levshin, A. L., Lin, F., Moschetti, M. P., Shapiro, N. M., and Yang, Y.:
Processing seismic ambient noise data to obtain reliable broad-band surface wave dispersion measurements,
Geophys. J. Int.,
169, 1239–1260, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03374.x, 2007.
Boillot, G., Dupeuble, P. A., and Malod, J.:
Subduction and tectonics on the continental margin off northern Spain,
Mar. Geol.,
32, 53–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(79)90146-4, 1979.
Boness, N. L. and Zoback, M. D.:
Mapping stress and structurally controlled crustal shear velocity anisotropy in California,
Geology,
34, 825–828, https://doi.org/10.1130/G22309.1, 2006.
Brandmayr, E., Kuponiyi, A. P., Arroucau, P., and Vlahovic, G.:
Group velocity tomography of the upper crust in the eastern Tennessee seismic zone from ambient noise data,
Tectonophysics,
688, 148–156, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.09.035, 2016.
Brown, D., Llana-Fúnez, S., Carbonell, R., Álvarez-Marrón, J., Martí, D., and Salisbury, M.:
Laboratory measurements of P-wave and S-wave velocities across a surface analog of the continental crust–mantle boundary: Cabo Ortegal, Spain,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
285, 27–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.05.032, 2009.
Cadenas, P. and Fernández-Viejo, G.:
The Asturian Basin within the North Iberian margin (Bay of Biscay): seismic characterisation of its geometry and its Mesozoic and Cenozoic cover,
Basin Res.,
29, 521–541, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12187, 2017.
Cadenas, P., Fernández-Viejo, G., Pulgar, J. A., Tugend, J., Manatschal, G., and Minshull, T. A.:
Constraints imposed by rift inheritance on the compressional reactivation of a hyperextended margin: Mapping rift domains in the North Iberian margin and in the Cantabrian Mountains,
Tectonics,
37, 758–785, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016TC004454, 2018.
Cárdenes, V., Lopez-Sanchez, M. A., Barou, F., Olona, J., and Llana-Fúnez, S.:
Crystallographic preferred orientation, seismic velocity and anisotropy in roofing slates,
Tectonophysics,
808, 228815, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2021.228815, 2021.
Chen, Y., Badal, J., and Zhang, Z.:
Radial anisotropy in the crust and upper mantle beneath the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding regions,
J. Asian Earth Sci.,
36, 289–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.06.011, 2009.
Christensen, N. I.:
Measurement of dynamic properties of rock at elevated temperatures and pressures,
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM),
869, 93–107, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP32832S, 1985.
Crampin, S.:
Seismic-wave propagation through a cracked solid: polarization as a possible dilatancy diagnostic,
Geophys. J. Int.,
53, 467–496, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1978.tb03754.x, 1978.
Crampin, S. and Peacock, S.:
A review of shear-wave splitting in the compliant crack-critical anisotropic Earth,
Wave Motion,
41, 59–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2004.05.006v, 2005.
Crampin, S., Gao, Y., and Bukits, J.:
A review of retrospective stress-forecasts of earthquakes and eruptions,
Phys. Earth Planet In.,
245, 76–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2015.05.008, 2015.
Díaz, J., Gallart, J., Ruiz, M., Pulgar, J. A., and López-Fernández, C.:
Anisotropic features of the Alpine lithosphere in Northern Spain,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
29, 2225, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015997, 2002.
Díaz, J., Gallart, J., Pedreira, D., Pulgar, J. A., Ruiz, M., López, C., and González-Cortina, J. M.:
Teleseismic imaging of alpine crustal underthrusting beneath N Iberia,
Geophy. Res. Lett.,
30, 1554, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017073, 2003.
Díaz, J., Gallart, J., Ruiz, M., Pulgar, J. A., López-Fernández, C., and González-Cortina, J. M.:
Probing seismic anisotropy in North Iberia from shear wave splitting,
Phys. Earth Planet In.,
158, 210–225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2005.12.011, 2006.
Díaz, J., Gallart, J., Pulgar, J. A., Ruiz, M., and Pedreira, D.:
Crustal structure beneath North-West Iberia imaged using receiver functions,
Tectonophysics,
478, 175–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.08.003, 2009a.
Díaz, J., Villaseñor, A., Gallart, J., Morales, J., Pazos, A., Cordoba, D., Pulgar, J. A., Garcia-Lobon, J. L., Harnafi, M., and Topoiberia Seismic Working Group:
The IBERARRAY broadband seismic network: A new tool to investigate the deep structure beneath Iberia,
Orfeus Newslett.,
8, 1–6, 2009b.
Díaz, J., Gallart, J., Morais, I., Silveira, G., Pedreira, D., Pulgar, J. A., Días, N. A., Ruiz, M., and González-Cortina, J. M.:
From the Bay of Biscay to the High Atlas: Completing the anisotropic characterization of the upper mantle beneath the westernmost Mediterranean region, Tectonophysics,
663, 192–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.03.007, 2015.
Dreiling, J., Tilmann, F., Yuan, X., Giese, J., Rindraharisaona, E. J., Rümpker, G., and Wysession, M. E.:
Crustal radial anisotropy and linkage to geodynamic processes: a study based on seismic ambient noise in southern Madagascar,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
123, 5130–5146, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JB015273, 2018.
Dziewonski, A., Bloch, S., and Landisman, M.:
A technique for the analysis of transient seismic signals,
B. Seismol. Soc. Am.,
59, 427–444, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0590010427, 1969.
Espina, R.:
La estructura y evolución tectonoestratigráfica del borde occidental de la Cuenca Vasco-Cantábrica (Cordillera Cantábrica, NO de España), PhD thesis, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, 1997.
Fernández-Viejo, G. and Gallastegui, J.:
The ESCI-N Project after a decade: a synthesis of the results and open questions,
Trabajos Geol.,
25, 9–27, 2005.
Fernandez-Viejo, G., Gallart, J., Pulgar, J. A., Gallastegui, J., Dañobeitia, J. J., and Córdoba, D.:
Crustal transition between continental and oceanic domains along the North Iberian margin from wide angle seismic and gravity data,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
25, 4249–4252, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998GL900149, 1998.
Fernández-Viejo, G., Gallart, J., Pulgar, J. A., Córdoba, D., and Dañobeitia, J. J.:
Seismic signature of Variscan and Alpine tectonics in NW Iberia: Crustal structure of the Cantabrian Mountains and Duero basin,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
105, 3001–3018, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900321, 2000.
Fernández-Viejo, G., Gallastegui, J., Pulgar, J. A., and Gallart, J.:
The MARCONI project: a seismic view into the eastern part of the Bay of Biscay,
Tectonophysics,
508, 342–356, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.06.020, 2011.
Fernández-Viejo, G., Pulgar, J. A., Gallastegui, J., and Quintana, L.:
The fossil accretionary wedge of the Bay of Biscay: critical wedge analysis on depth-migrated seismic sections and geodynamical implications,
J. Geol.,
120, 315–331, https://doi.org/10.1086/664789, 2012.
Fernández Viejo, G., Acevedo Sánchez, J., Llana Fúnez, S., López Fernández, C., Pérez Millán, D., and Pando González, L. A.: GEOCANTABRICA-COSTA, International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks [data set], https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/YR_2019, 2019.
Gallastegui, J.:
Estructura cortical de la cordillera y margen continental cantábricos: perfiles ESCI-N,
Trabajos Geol.,
22, 3–234, 2000.
Gallastegui, J., Pulgar, J. A., and Álvarez-Marrón, J.:
2-D seismic modeling of the Variscan foreland thrust and fold belt crust in NW Spain from ESCIN-1 deep seismic reflection data,
Tectonophysics,
269, 21–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00166-7, 1997.
Gallastegui, J., Pulgar, J. A., and Gallart, J.:
Initiation of an active margin at the North Iberian continent-ocean transition,
Tectonics,
21, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001TC901046, 2002.
Godfrey, N. J., Christensen, N. I., and Okaya, D. A.:
Anisotropy of schists: Contribution of crustal anisotropy to active source seismic experiments and shear wave splitting observations,
J. Geophys. Res., 105, 27991–28007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900286, 2000.
Guo, Z., Gao, X., Wang, W., and Yao, Z.:
Upper-and mid-crustal radial anisotropy beneath the central Himalaya and southern Tibet from seismic ambient noise tomography,
Geophys. J. Int.,
189, 1169–1182, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05425.x, 2012.
Guo, B. B., Wang, H. C., Zhao, W. H., Ji, S. C., Sun, D. S., Li, A. W., and Long, C. X.:
Analysis of Seismic Anisotropy of the Typical Slate from the Gaoligong Mountains, Yunnan Province, China,
Chinese J. G.,
57, 154–165, https://doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.20093, 2014.
Gu, N., Wang, K., Gao, J., Ding, N., Yao, H., and Zhang, H.:
Shallow crustal structure of the Tanlu Fault Zone near Chao Lake in eastern China by direct surface wave tomography from local dense array ambient noise analysis,
Pure Appl. Geophys.,
176, 1193–1206, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-2041-4, 2019.
Gutiérrez-Alonso, G.:
El Antiforme del Narcea y su relación con los mantos occidentales de la Zona Cantábrica,
PhD thesis,
University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, 1992.
Herrmann, R. B.:
Computer programs in seismology: An evolving tool for instruction and research,
Seismol. Res. Lett.,
84, 1081–1088, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220110096, 2013.
Institute Earth Sciences “Jaume Almera” CSIC (ICTJA Spain): IberArray, International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks [data set], https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/IB, 2007.
Ji, S., Shao, T., Michibayashi, K., Oya, S., Satsukawa, T., Wang, Q., Zhao, W., and Salisbury, M. H.:
Magnitude and symmetry of seismic anisotropy in mica-and amphibole-bearing metamorphic rocks and implications for tectonic interpretation of seismic data from the southeast Tibetan Plateau,
J. Geophys. Res.,
120, 6404–6430, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012209, 2015.
Julivert, M.:
Décollement tectonics in the Hercynian Cordillera of northwest Spain,
Am. J. Sci.,
270, 1–29, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.270.1.1, 1971.
Kennett, B. L. N., Sambridge, M. S., and Williamson, P. R.:
Subspace methods for large inverse problems with multiple parameter classes,
Geophys. J. Int.,
94, 237–247, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1988.tb05898.x, 1988.
Kern, H.:
Laboratory seismic measurements: an aid in the interpretation of seismic field data,
Terra Nova,
2, 617–628, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1990.tb00127.x, 1990.
Lepvrier, C. and Martínez-García, E.:
Fault development and stress evolution of the post-Hercynian Asturian Basin (Asturias and Cantabria, northwestern Spain),
Tectonophysics,
184, 345–356, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90447-G, 1990.
Llana-Fúnez, S. and López-Fernández, C.:
The seismogenic zone of the continental crust in Northwest Iberia and its relation to crustal structure,
Tectonics,
34, 1751–1767, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015TC003877, 2015.
Llana-Fúnez, S. and Marcos, A.:
The Malpica–Lamego Line: a major crustal-scale shear zone in the Variscan belt of Iberia,
J. Struct. Geol.,
23, 1015–1030, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00173-5, 2001.
Llana-Fúnez, S. and Marcos, A.:
Convergence in a thermally softened thick crust: Variscan intracontinental tectonics in Iberian plate rocks,
Terra Nova,
19, 393–400, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00763.x, 2007.
López-Fernández, C., Pulgar, J. A., Díaz, J., Gallart, J., González-Cortina J. M., and Ruiz, M.:
Seismotectonic characterization of the Becerreá area (NW Spain),
Geol. Acta,
10, 71–80, https://doi.org/10.1344/105.000001750, 2012.
López-Fernández, C., Fernández-Viejo, G., Olona, J., and Llana-Fúnez, S.:
Intraplate Seismicity in Northwest Iberia along the Trace of the Ventaniella Fault: A Case for Fault Intersection at Depth,
B. Seismol. Soc. Am.,
108, 604–618, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120170215, 2018.
López-Sánchez, M. A., Marcos, A., Martínez, F. J., Iriondo, A., and Llana-Fúnez, S.:
Setting new constrains on the age of crustal-scale extensional shear zone (Vivero fault): implications for the evolution of Variscan orogeny in the Iberian massif,
Int. J. Earth Sci.,
104, 927–962, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1119-1, 2015.
Luo, Y., Xu, Y., and Yang, Y.:
Crustal radial anisotropy beneath the Dabie orogenic belt from ambient noise tomography,
Geophys. J. Int.,
195, 1149–1164, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt281, 2013.
Luo, Y., Yang, Y., Xu, Y., Xu, H., Zhao, K., and Wang, K.:
On the limitations of interstation distances in ambient noise tomography,
Geophys. J. Int.,
201, 652–661, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv043, 2015.
Lynner, C., Beck, S. L., Zandt, G., Porritt, R. W., Lin, F. C., and Eilon, Z. C.:
Midcrustal deformation in the Central Andes constrained by radial anisotropy,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
123, 4798–4813, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JB014936, 2018.
Macquet, M., Paul, A., Pedersen, H. A., Villaseñor, A., Chevrot, S., Sylvander, M., Wolyniec, D., and PYROPE Working Group.:
Ambient noise tomography of the Pyrenees and the surrounding regions: inversion for a 3-D Vs model in the presence of a very heterogeneous crust,
Geophys. J. Int.,
199, 402–415, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu270, 2014.
Mainprice, D., Barruol, G., and Ismaïl, W. B.:
The seismic anisotropy of the Earth's mantle: from single crystal to polycrystal,
in: Earth's deep interior: mineral physics and tomography from the atomic to the global scale,
edited by: Karato, S. I., Forte, A., Liebermann, R., Masters, G., and Stixrude, L.,
American Geophysical Union, Washington, USA, 237–264, 2000.
Mancilla, F. and Diaz, J.:
High resolution Moho topography map beneath Iberia and Northern Morocco from receiver function analysis,
Tectonophysics,
663, 203–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.06.017, 2015.
Marcos, A.:
Las series del Paleozoico Inferior y la estructura herciniana del Occidente de Asturias (NW de España),
Trabajos Geol.,
6, 3–113, 1973.
Marcos, A.:
Un nuevo mapa geológico de la parte septentrional del Domo de Lugo (Galicia oriental, NO de España): Implicaciones sobre la estratigrafía, estructura y evolución tectónica del Manto de Mondoñedo,
Trabajos Geol.,
33, 171–200, 2013.
Marcos, A. and Pulgar, J. A.:
An approach to the tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Cantabrian foreland thrust and fold belt, Hercynian Cordillera of NW Spain,
Neues Jahrb. Geol. P.-A.,
163, 256–260, 1982.
Marcos, A., Farias, P., Galán, G., Fernández, F. J., and Llana-Fúnez, S.:
Tectonic framework of the Cabo Ortegal Complex: A slab of lower crust exhumed in the Variscan orogen (northwestern Iberian Peninsula),
Geol. S. Am. S.,
364, 143–162, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2364-7.143, 2002.
Martínez-Catalán, J. R., Arenas, R., Díaz García, F., and Abati, J.:
Variscan accretionary complex of northwest Iberia: Terrane correlation and succession of tectonothermal events,
Geology,
25, 1103–1106, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025{%}3C1103:VACONI{%}3E2.3.CO;2, 1997.
Martínez-Catalán, J. R., Aller, J., Alonso, J. L., and Bastida, F.:
The Iberian Variscan Orogen,
in: Spanish Geological Frameworks and Geosites: An approach to Spanish Geological Heritage of International Relevance,
edited by: García-Cortés, A.,
IGME, Madrid, Spain, 13–30, 2009a.
Martínez-Catalán, J. R., Arenas, R., Abati, J., Sánchez Martínez, S., Díaz-García,F., Fernández-Suárez, J., González-Cuadra, P., Castiñeiras, P., Gómez-Barreiro, J., Díez-Montes, A., González-Clavijo, E., Rubio-Pascual, F. J., Andonaegui P., Jeffries, T. E., Alcock, J. E., Díez-Fernández, R., and López-Carmona, A.:
A rootless suture and the loss of the roots of a mountain chain: the Variscan belt of NW Iberia,
C. R. Geosci.,
341, 114–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2008.11.004, 2009b.
Martínez-Catalán, J. R., Álvarez-Lobato, F., Pinto, V., Gómez-Barreiro, J., Ayarza, P., Villalaín, J. J., and Casas, A.:
Gravity and magnetic anomalies in the allochthonous Órdenes Complex (Variscan belt, northwest Spain): Assessing its internal structure and thickness,
Tectonics,
31, TC5007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC003093, 2012.
Martín-González, F., Barbero, L., Capote, R., Heredia, N., and Gallastegui, G.:
Interaction of two successive Alpine deformation fronts: constraints from low temperature thermochronology and structural mapping (NW Iberian Peninsula),
Int. J. Earth Sci.,
101, 1331–1342, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-011-0712-9, 2012.
Matte, P.:
La structure de la virgation hercynienne de Galice (Espagne),
Allier, Grenoble, France, 1968.
Matte, P.:
Tectonics and plate tectonics model for the Variscan belt of Europe,
Tectonophysics,
126, 329–374, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(86)90237-4, 1986.
Merino-Tomé, O. A., Bahamonde, J. R., Colmenero, J. R., Heredia, N., Villa, E., and Farias, P.:
Emplacement of the Cuera and Picos de Europa imbricate system at the core of the Iberian-Armorican arc (Cantabrian zone, north Spain): New precisions concerning the timing of arc closure, Emplacement of the Cuera Unit and the Picos de Europa,
GSA Bull., 121, 729–751, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26366.1, 2009.
Moschetti, M. P., Ritzwoller, M. H., Lin, F., and Yang, Y.:
Seismic evidence for widespread western-US deep-crustal deformation caused by extension,
Nature,
464, 885–889, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08951, 2010.
Naghavi, M., Hatami, M., Shirzad, T., and Rahimi, H.:
Radial anisotropy in the Upper Crust beneath the Tehran Basin and surrounding regions,
Pure Appl. Geophys.,
176, 787–800, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1986-7, 2019.
Nicolson, H., Curtis, A., Baptie, B., and Galetti, E.:
Seismic interferometry and ambient noise tomography in the British Isles,
P. Geologist. Assoc.,
123, 74–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2011.04.002, 2012.
Nicolson, H., Curtis, A., and Baptie, B.:
Rayleigh wave tomography of the British Isles from ambient seismic noise,
Geophys. J. Int.,
198, 637–655, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu071, 2014.
Ojo, A. O., Ni, S., and Li, Z.:
Crustal radial anisotropy beneath Cameroon from ambient noise tomography,
Tectonophysics,
696, 37–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.12.018, 2017.
Olivar-Castaño, A., Pilz, M., Pedreira, D., Pulgar, J. A., Díaz-González, A., and González-Cortina, J. M.:
Regional Crustal Imaging by Inversion of Multimode Rayleigh Wave Dispersion Curves Measured from Seismic Noise: Application to the Basque-Cantabrian Zone (N Spain),
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
125, e2020JB019559, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB019559, 2020.
Palomeras, I., Villaseñor, A., Thurner, S., Levander, A., Gallart, J., and Harnafi, M.:
Lithospheric structure of Iberia and Morocco using finite-frequency Rayleigh wave tomography from earthquakes and seismic ambient noise,
Geochem. Geophy. Geosy.,
18, 1824–1840, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006657, 2017.
Pastor-Galán, D., Gutiérrez-Alonso, G., and Weil, A. B.:
Orocline timing through joint analysis: Insights from the Ibero-Armorican Arc,
Tectonophysics,
507, 31–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.05.005, 2011.
Pastor-Galán, D., Gutiérrez-Alonso, G., Murphy, J. B., Fernández-Suárez, J., Hofmann, M., and Linnemann, U.:
Provenance analysis of the Paleozoic sequences of the northern Gondwana margin in NW Iberia: Passive margin to Variscan collision and orocline development,
Gondwana Res.,
23, 1089–1103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.06.015, 2013.
Pedreira, D., Afonso, J. C., Pulgar, J. A., Gallastegui, J., Carballo, A., Fernandez, M., García-Castellanos, D., Jiménez-Munt, I., Semprich, J., and Garcia-Moreno, O.:
Geophysical–petrological modelling of the lithosphere beneath the Cantabrian Mountains and the North-Iberian margin: Geodynamic implications,
Lithos,
230, 46–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.04.018, 2015.
Pérez-Estaún, A., Bastida, F., Alonso, J. L., Marquínez, J., Aller, J., Alvarez-Marrón, J., Marcos, A., and Pulgar, J. A.:
A thin-skinned tectonics model for an arcuate fold and thrust belt: the Cantabrian Zone (Variscan Ibero-Armorican Arc),
Tectonics,
7, 517–537, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC007i003p00517, 1988.
Pérez-Estaún, A., Martínez Catalán, J. R., and Bastida, F.:
Crustal thickening and deformation sequence in the footwall to the suture of the Variscan belt of northwest Spain,
Tectonophysics,
191, 243–253, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90060-6, 1991.
Pérez-Estaún, A., Pulgar, J. A., Banda, E., Álvarez-Marrón, J., and Esci-N Research Group.:
Crustal structure of the external variscides in northwest Spain from deep seismic reflection profiling,
Tectonophysics,
232, 91–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90078-7, 1994.
Pulgar, J. A., Pérez-Estaún, A., Gallart, J., Álvarez-Marrón, J., and Gallastegui, J.:
The ESCI-N2 deep seismic reflection profile: a traverse across the Cantabrian Mountains and adjacent Duero basin,
Rev. Soc. Geol. España,
8, 383–394, 1995.
Pulgar, J. A., Gallart, J., Fernández-Viejo, G., Pérez-Estaún, A., Álvarez-Marrón, J., and Escin Group:
Seismic image of the Cantabrian Mountains in the western extension of the Pyrenees from integrated ESCIN reflection and refraction data,
Tectonophysics,
264, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00114-X, 1996.
Pulgar, J. A., Alonso, J. L., Espina, R. G., and Marín, J. A.:
La deformación alpina en el basamento varisco de la Zona Cantábrica,
Trabajos Geol.,
21, 283–294, 1999.
Rawlinson, N.:
FMST: fast marching surface tomography package–Instructions,
Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, 2005.
Rawlinson, N. and Sambridge, M.:
Wave front evolution in strongly heterogeneous layered media using the fast-marching method,
Geophys. J. Int.,
156, 631–647, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02153.x, 2004a.
Rawlinson, N. and Sambridge, M.:
Multiple reflection and transmission phases in complex layered media using a multistage fast marching method,
Geophysics,
69, 1338–1350, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1801950, 2004b.
Ribeiro, A., Munhá, J., Dias, R., Mateus, A., Pereire, E., Ribeiro, L., Fonseca, P., Araújo, A., Oliveira, T., Romāo, J, Chaminé, H., Coke, C., and Pedro, J.:
Geodynamic evolution of the SW Europe Variscides,
Tectonics,
26, TC6009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006TC002058, 2007.
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute: ORFEUS Data Centre, http://www.orfeus-eu.org/, last access: 15 December 2021.
Rubio-Ordóñez, A., Gutiérrez-Alonso, G., Valverde-Vaquero, P., Cuesta, A., Gallastegui, G., Gerdes, A., and Cárdenes, V.:
Arc-related Ediacaran magmatism along the northern margin of Gondwana: Geochronology and isotopic geochemistry from northern Iberia,
Gondwana Res.,
27, 216–227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.09.016, 2015.
Sammarco, C., Cornwell, D. G., and Rawlinson, N.:
Ambient noise tomography reveals basalt and sub-basalt velocity structure beneath the Faroe Islands, North Atlantic,
Tectonophysics,
721, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.20927, 2017.
Savage, M. K.:
Lower crustal anisotropy or dipping boundaries? Effects on receiver functions and a case study in New Zealand,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
103, 15069–15087, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB00795, 1998.
Schimmel, M.:
Phase cross-correlations: Design, comparisons, and applications,
B. Seismol. Soc. Am.,
89, 1366–1378, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0890051366, 1999.
Schimmel, M. and Gallart, J.:
Frequency-dependent phase coherence for noise suppression in seismic array data,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
112, B04303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004680, 2007.
Schimmel, M., Stutzmann, E., and Gallart, J.:
Using instantaneous phase coherence for signal extraction from ambient noise data at a local to a global scale,
Geophys. J. Int.,
184, 494–506, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04861.x, 2011.
Sethian, J. A.:
A fast-marching level set method for monotonically advancing fronts,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
93, 1591–1595, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.4.1591, 1996.
Shapiro, N. M. and Campillo, M.:
Emergence of broadband Rayleigh waves from correlations of the ambient seismic noise,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
31, L07614, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019491, 2004.
Shapiro, N. M., Campillo, M., Stehly, L., and Ritzwoller, M. H.:
High-resolution surface-wave tomography from ambient seismic noise,
Science,
307, 1615–1618, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1108339, 2005.
Shirzad, T. and Shomali, Z. H.:
Shallow crustal radial anisotropy beneath the Tehran basin of Iran from seismic ambient noise tomography,
Phys. Earth Planet In.,
231, 16–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2014.04.001, 2014.
Shirzad, T., Shomali, Z. H., Riahi, M. A., and Jarrahi, M.:
Near surface radial anisotropy in the Rigan area/SE Iran, Tectonophysics,
694, 23–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.11.036, 2017.
Silveira, G., Dias, N. A., and Villaseñor, A.:
Seismic imaging of the western Iberian crust using ambient noise: Boundaries and internal structure of the Iberian Massif,
Tectonophysics,
589, 186–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.12.025, 2013.
Silver, P.:
Seismic anisotropy beneath the continents: probing the depths of geology,
Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc.,
24, 385–432, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.385, 1996.
Snieder, R.:
Extracting the Green's function from the correlation of coda waves: A derivation based on stationary phase,
Phys. Rev. E,
69, 046610, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.69.046610, 2004.
Tavani, S., Quintà, A., and Granado, P.:
Cenozoic right-lateral wrench tectonics in the Western Pyrenees (Spain): the Ubierna Fault System,
Tectonophysics,
509, 238–253, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.06.013, 2011.
Teixell, A., Labaume, P., Ayarza, P., Espurt, N., de Saint Blanquat, M., and Lagabrielle, Y.:
Crustal structure and evolution of the Pyrenean-Cantabrian belt: A review and new interpretations from recent concepts and data,
Tectonophysics,
724, 146–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.01.009, 2018.
Tugend, J., Manatschal, G., and Kusznir, N. J.:
Spatial and temporal evolution of hyperextended rift systems: Implication for the nature, kinematics, and timing of the Iberian–European plate boundary,
Geology,
43, 15–18, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36072.1, 2015.
Uzkeda, H., Bulnes, M., Poblet, J., García-Ramos, J. C., and Piñuela, L.:
Buttressing and reverse reactivation of a normal fault in the Jurassic rocks of the Asturian Basin, NW Iberian Peninsula,
Tectonophysics,
599, 117–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.04.012, 2013.
Wang, J., Gu, Y. J., and Chen, Y.:
Shear velocity and radial anisotropy beneath southwestern Canada: Evidence for crustal extension and thick-skinned tectonics,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
125, e2019JB018310, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB018310, 2020.
Wapenaar, K.:
Synthesis of an inhomogeneous medium from its acoustic transmission response,
Geophysics,
68, 1756–1759, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1620649, 2003.
Wapenaar, K.:
Retrieving the elastodynamic Green's function of an arbitrary inhomogeneous medium by cross correlation,
Phys. Rev. Lett.,
93, 254301, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.254301, 2004.
Wenk, H. R., Yu, R., Cárdenes, V., Lopez-Sanchez, M. A., and Sintubin, M.:
Fabric and anisotropy of slates: From classical studies to new results,
J. Struct. Geol.,
138, 104066, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104066, 2020.
Wessel, P. and Smith, W. H.:
New, improved version of Generic Mapping Tools released,
Eos T. Am. Geophys. Un.,
79, 579–579, https://doi.org/10.1029/98EO00426, 1998.
Xie, J., Ritzwoller, M. H., Shen, W., Yang, Y., Zheng, Y., and Zhou, L.:
Crustal radial anisotropy across eastern Tibet and the western Yangtze craton,
J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
118, 4226–4252, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50296, 2013.
Yanovskaya, T. B., Kizima, E. S., and Antonova, L. M.:
Structure of the crust in the Black Sea and adjoining regions from surface wave data,
J. Seismol.,
2, 303–316, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009716017960, 1998.
Zigone D., Ben-Zion, Y., Campillo, M., and Roux, P.:
Seismic Tomography of the Southern California Plate Boundary Region from Noise-Based Rayleigh and Love Waves,
Pure Appl. Geophys,
172, 1007–1032, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-014-0872-1, 2015.
Zinke, J. C. and Zoback, M. D.:
Structure-related and stress-induced shear-wave velocity anisotropy: observations from microearthquakes near the Calaveras Fault in Central California,
B. Seismol. Soc. Am.,
90, 1305–1312, https://doi.org/10.1785/0119990099, 2000.
Short summary
The NW Iberian Peninsula provides one of the most complete Variscan sections in Europe, showing the transition between a sedimentary domain with folds and thrust and a metamorphic domain with igneous intrusions. By processing the seismic ambient noise recorded by several seismograph networks in this area, new 3-D S-wave velocity and radial anisotropy models were created. These models reveal the limit between the two domains, delineating the core of the large western European Variscan Belt.
The NW Iberian Peninsula provides one of the most complete Variscan sections in Europe, showing...
