Articles | Volume 14, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Aug 2023
Research article |
| 29 Aug 2023
| 29 Aug 2023
Selective inversion of rift basins in lithospheric-scale analogue experiments
Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015,
Switzerland
School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University,
Melbourne, 3800, Australia
Weronika Gorczyk
Centre for Exploration Targeting, School of Earth Sciences, University
of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
Timothy Chris Schmid
Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3012,
Switzerland
Peter Graham Betts
School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University,
Melbourne, 3800, Australia
Alexander Ramsay Cruden
School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University,
Melbourne, 3800, Australia
Eleanor Morton
School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University,
Melbourne, 3800, Australia
Fatemeh Amirpoorsaeed
School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University,
Melbourne, 3800, Australia
Related authors
Samuel T. Thiele, Lachlan Grose, Anindita Samsu, Steven Micklethwaite, Stefan A. Vollgger, and Alexander R. Cruden
Solid Earth, 8, 1241–1253, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1241-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1241-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate a new method that enhances our ability to interpret large datasets commonly used in the earth sciences, including point clouds and rasters. Implemented as plugins for CloudCompare and QGIS, we use a least-cost-path solver to track structures and contacts through data, allowing for expert-guided interpretation in a way that seamlessly utilises computing power to optimise the interpretation process and improve objectivity and consistency.
Fernanda Alvarado-Neves, Laurent Ailleres, Lachlan Grose, Alexander R. Cruden, and Robin Armit
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 1975–1993, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1975-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1975-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Previous work has demonstrated that adding geological knowledge to modelling methods creates more accurate and reliable models. Following this reasoning, we added constraints from magma emplacement mechanisms into existing modelling frameworks to improve the 3D characterisation of igneous intrusions. We tested the method on synthetic and real-world case studies, and the results show that our method can reproduce intrusion morphologies with no manual processing and using realistic datasets.
Pâmela C. Richetti, Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Renata S. Schmitt, and Timothy C. Schmid
Solid Earth, 14, 1245–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1245-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1245-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Araripe Basin in NE Brazil was originally formed during Cretaceous times, as South America and Africa broke up. The basin is an important analogue to offshore South Atlantic break-up basins; its sediments were uplifted and are now found at 1000 m height, allowing for studies thereof, but the cause of the uplift remains debated. Here we ran a series of tectonic laboratory experiments that show how a specific plate tectonic configuration can explain the evolution of the Araripe Basin.
Timothy Chris Schmid, Sascha Brune, Anne Glerum, and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 14, 389–407, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-389-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-389-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental rifts form by linkage of individual rift segments and disturb the regional stress field. We use analog and numerical models of such rift segment interactions to investigate the linkage of deformation and stresses and subsequent stress deflections from the regional stress pattern. This local stress re-orientation eventually causes rift deflection when multiple rift segments compete for linkage with opposingly propagating segments and may explain rift deflection as observed in nature.
Fernanda Alvarado-Neves, Laurent Ailleres, Lachlan Grose, Alexander R. Cruden, and Robin Armit
Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-88, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2022-88, 2022
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce a method to model igneous intrusions for 3D geological modelling. We use a parameterization of the intrusion body geometry that could be constrained using field observations. Using this parametrization, we simulate distance thresholds that represent the lateral and vertical extent of the intrusion body. We demonstrate the method with two case studies, and we present a comparison with Radial Basis Function interpolation using a case study of a sill complex located in NW Australia.
Samuel T. Thiele, Lachlan Grose, Anindita Samsu, Steven Micklethwaite, Stefan A. Vollgger, and Alexander R. Cruden
Solid Earth, 8, 1241–1253, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1241-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1241-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate a new method that enhances our ability to interpret large datasets commonly used in the earth sciences, including point clouds and rasters. Implemented as plugins for CloudCompare and QGIS, we use a least-cost-path solver to track structures and contacts through data, allowing for expert-guided interpretation in a way that seamlessly utilises computing power to optimise the interpretation process and improve objectivity and consistency.
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, paleoseismology, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Tectonics
Cretaceous–Paleocene extension at the southwestern continental margin of India and opening of the Laccadive basin: constraints from geophysical data
Extensional exhumation of cratons: insights from the Early Cretaceous Rio Negro–Juruena belt (Amazonian Craton, Colombia)
Hydrogen solubility of stishovite provides insights into water transportation to the deep Earth
Networks of geometrically coherent faults accommodate Alpine tectonic inversion offshore southwestern Iberia
Interseismic and long-term deformation of southeastern Sicily driven by the Ionian slab roll-back
Crustal Softening at Propagating Rift Tips, East Africa
Along-strike variation of volcanic addition controlling post breakup sedimentary infill: Pelotas margin, Austral South Atlantic
Rift and plume: a discussion on active and passive rifting mechanisms in the Afro-Arabian rift based on synthesis of geophysical data
Melt-enhanced strain localization and phase mixing in a large-scale mantle shear zone (Ronda peridotite, Spain)
The link between Somalian Plate rotation and the East African Rift System: an analogue modelling study
Inversion of extensional basins parallel and oblique to their boundaries: inferences from analogue models and field observations from the Dolomites Indenter, European eastern Southern Alps
Magnetic fabric analyses of basin inversion: a sandbox modelling approach
The influence of crustal strength on rift geometry and development – insights from 3D numerical modelling
Construction of the Ukrainian Carpathian wedge from low-temperature thermochronology and tectono-stratigraphic analysis
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: a review and future perspectives
Insights into the interaction of a shale with CO2
Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Slyne Basin
Control of crustal strength, tectonic inheritance, and stretching/ shortening rates on crustal deformation and basin reactivation: insights from laboratory models
Late Cretaceous–early Palaeogene inversion-related tectonic structures at the northeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif (southwestern Poland and northern Czechia)
The analysis of slip tendency of major tectonic faults in Germany
Earthquake ruptures and topography of the Chilean margin controlled by plate interface deformation
Late Quaternary faulting in the southern Matese (Italy): implications for earthquake potential and slip rate variability in the southern Apennines
Rare earth elements associated with carbonatite–alkaline complexes in western Rajasthan, India: exploration targeting at regional scale
Structural complexities and tectonic barriers controlling recent seismic activity in the Pollino area (Calabria–Lucania, southern Italy) – constraints from stress inversion and 3D fault model building
The Mid Atlantic Appalachian Orogen Traverse: a comparison of virtual and on-location field-based capstone experiences
Chronology of thrust propagation from an updated tectono-sedimentary framework of the Miocene molasse (western Alps)
Orogenic lithosphere and slabs in the greater Alpine area – interpretations based on teleseismic P-wave tomography
Ground-penetrating radar signature of Quaternary faulting: a study from the Mt. Pollino region, southern Apennines, Italy
U–Pb dating of middle Eocene–Pliocene multiple tectonic pulses in the Alpine foreland
Detrital zircon provenance record of the Zagros mountain building from the Neotethys obduction to the Arabia–Eurasia collision, NW Zagros fold–thrust belt, Kurdistan region of Iraq
The Subhercynian Basin: an example of an intraplate foreland basin due to a broken plate
Late to post-Variscan basement segmentation and differential exhumation along the SW Bohemian Massif, central Europe
Holocene surface-rupturing earthquakes on the Dinaric Fault System, western Slovenia
Contribution of gravity gliding in salt-bearing rift basins – a new experimental setup for simulating salt tectonics under the influence of sub-salt extension and tilting
Thick- and thin-skinned basin inversion in the Danish Central Graben, North Sea – the role of deep evaporites and basement kinematics
Complex rift patterns, a result of interacting crustal and mantle weaknesses, or multiphase rifting? Insights from analogue models
Interactions of plutons and detachments: a comparison of Aegean and Tyrrhenian granitoids
Insights from elastic thermobarometry into exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks from Syros, Greece
Stress rotation – impact and interaction of rock stiffness and faults
Late Cretaceous to Paleogene exhumation in central Europe – localized inversion vs. large-scale domal uplift
Kinematics and extent of the Piemont–Liguria Basin – implications for subduction processes in the Alps
Effects of basal drag on subduction dynamics from 2D numerical models
Hydrocarbon accumulation in basins with multiple phases of extension and inversion: examples from the Western Desert (Egypt) and the western Black Sea
Long-wavelength late-Miocene thrusting in the north Alpine foreland: implications for late orogenic processes
A reconstruction of Iberia accounting for Western Tethys–North Atlantic kinematics since the late-Permian–Triassic
The enigmatic curvature of Central Iberia and its puzzling kinematics
Control of 3-D tectonic inheritance on fold-and-thrust belts: insights from 3-D numerical models and application to the Helvetic nappe system
Plio-Quaternary tectonic evolution of the southern margin of the Alboran Basin (Western Mediterranean)
Surface deformation relating to the 2018 Lake Muir earthquake sequence, southwest Western Australia: new insight into stable continental region earthquakes
Seismic reflection data reveal the 3D structure of the newly discovered Exmouth Dyke Swarm, offshore NW Australia
Mathews George Gilbert, Parakkal Unnikrishnan, and Munukutla Radhakrishna
Solid Earth, 15, 671–682, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-671-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-671-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study identifies evidence for extension south of Tellicherry Arch along the southwestern continental margin of India through the integrated analysis of multichannel seismic and gravity data. The sediment deposition pattern indicates that this extension occurred after the Eocene. We further propose that the anticlockwise rotation of India and the passage of the Réunion plume have facilitated the opening of the Laccadive basin.
Ana Fonseca, Simon Nachtergaele, Amed Bonilla, Stijn Dewaele, and Johan De Grave
Solid Earth, 15, 329–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the erosion and exhumation processes and history of early continental crust hidden within the Amazonian Rainforest. This crust forms part of the Amazonian Craton, an ancient continental fragment. Our surprising findings reveal the area underwent rapid early Cretaceous exhumation triggered by tectonic forces. This discovery challenges the traditional perception that cratons are stable and long-lived entities and shows they can deform readily under specific geological contexts.
Mengdan Chen, Changxin Yin, Danling Chen, Long Tian, Liang Liu, and Lei Kang
Solid Earth, 15, 215–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stishovite remains stable under mantle conditions and can incorporate various amounts of water in its crystal structure. We provide a systematic review of previous studies on water in stishovite and propose a new model for water solubility of Al-bearing stishovite. Calculation results based on this model suggest that stishovite may effectively accommodate water from the breakdown of hydrous minerals and could make an important contribution to water enrichment in the mantle transition zone.
Tiago M. Alves
Solid Earth, 15, 39–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine tectonic inversion is reviewed for southwestern Iberia, known for its historical earthquakes and tsunamis. High-quality 2D seismic data image 26 faults mapped to a depth exceeding 10 km. Normal faults accommodated important vertical uplift and shortening. They are 100–250 km long and may generate earthquakes with Mw > 8.0. Regions of Late Mesozoic magmatism comprise thickened, harder crust, forming lateral buttresses to compression and promoting the development of fold-and-thrust belts.
Amélie Viger, Stéphane Dominguez, Stéphane Mazzotti, Michel Peyret, Maxime Henriquet, Giovanni Barreca, Carmelo Monaco, and Adrien Damon
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-85, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-85, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
New satellite geodetic data (PS-InSAR) evidence a generalized subsidence and an eastward tilting of Southeastern Sicily combined with a local relative uplift along its eastern coast. We perform flexural and elastic modeling, and shows that slab pull force induced by the Ionian slab roll-back and extrado deformation, reproduce the measured surface deformation. Finally, we propose an original seismic cycle model, mainly driven by the southward migration of the Ionian slab roll-back.
Folarin Kolawole and Rasheed Ajala
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.168869169.98437293/v3, https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.168869169.98437293/v3, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the upper-crustal structure of the Rukwa-Tanganyika Rift Zone, East Africa, where earthquakes anomalously cluster at the tips and axes of active rifts. Rift tip earthquakes collocate with a zone of distributed faulting in exposed crystalline basement. Seismic velocity structure reveals ~10 km-deep zones of anomalously high Vp/Vs ratios at the rift tips representing localized mechanical weakening of the crust, interpreted to be a precursory phase that initiates rift propagation.
Marlise Colling Cassel, Nick Kusznir, Gianreto Manatschal, and Daniel Sauter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2584, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2584, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic Ocean results from the break-up of the palaeocontinent Gondwana. Since then, the Brazilian and African margins record a thick volcanic layers and received a large contribution of sediments recording this process. We show the influence of early volcanics on the sediments deposited later by analysing the Pelotas Margin, south of Brazil. The volume of volcanic layers is not homogeneous along this sector, promoting variation in the space available to accommodate later sediments.
Ran Issachar, Peter Haas, Nico Augustin, and Jörg Ebbing
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2467, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2467, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the causal relationship between the arrival of the Afar plume and the initiation of the Afro-Arabian rift. We mapped the rift architecture in the triple junction region from geophysical data and reviewed the available geological temporal evidence. We infer a progressive development of the plume-rift system and suggest an interaction between active and passive mechanisms in which the plume provided a push-force that changed the kinematics of the associated plates.
Sören Tholen, Jolien Linckens, and Gernold Zulauf
Solid Earth, 14, 1123–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Intense phase mixing with homogeneously distributed secondary phases and irregular grain boundaries and shapes indicates that metasomatism formed the microstructures predominant in the shear zone of the NW Ronda peridotite. Amphibole presence, olivine crystal orientations, and the consistency to the Beni Bousera peridotite (Morocco) point to OH-bearing metasomatism by small fractions of evolved melts. Results confirm a strong link between reactions and localized deformation in the upper mantle.
Frank Zwaan and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 14, 823–845, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The East African Rift System (EARS) is a major plate tectonic feature splitting the African continent apart. Understanding the tectonic processes involved is of great importance for societal and economic reasons (natural hazards, resources). Laboratory experiments allow us to simulate these large-scale processes, highlighting the links between rotational plate motion and the overall development of the EARS. These insights are relevant when studying other rift systems around the globe as well.
Anna-Katharina Sieberer, Ernst Willingshofer, Thomas Klotz, Hugo Ortner, and Hannah Pomella
Solid Earth, 14, 647–681, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Through analogue models and field observations, we investigate how inherited platform–basin geometries control strain localisation, style, and orientation of reactivated and new structures during inversion. Our study shows that the style of evolving thrusts and their changes along-strike are controlled by pre-existing rheological discontinuities. The results of this study are relevant for understanding inversion structures in general and for the European eastern Southern Alps in particular.
Thorben Schöfisch, Hemin Koyi, and Bjarne Almqvist
Solid Earth, 14, 447–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A magnetic fabric analysis provides information about the reorientation of magnetic grains and is applied to three sandbox models that simulate different stages of basin inversion. The analysed magnetic fabrics reflect the different developed structures and provide insights into the different deformed stages of basin inversion. It is a first attempt of applying magnetic fabric analyses to basin inversion sandbox models but shows the possibility of applying it to such models.
Thomas B. Phillips, John B. Naliboff, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Sophie Pan, Jeroen van Hunen, and Malte Froemchen
Solid Earth, 14, 369–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental crust comprises bodies of varying strength, formed through numerous tectonic events. When subject to extension, these areas produce distinct rift and fault systems. We use 3D models to examine how rifts form above
strongand
weakareas of crust. We find that faults become more developed in weak areas. Faults are initially stopped at the boundaries with stronger areas before eventually breaking through. We relate our model observations to rift systems globally.
Marion Roger, Arjan de Leeuw, Peter van der Beek, Laurent Husson, Edward R. Sobel, Johannes Glodny, and Matthias Bernet
Solid Earth, 14, 153–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the construction of the Ukrainian Carpathians with LT thermochronology (AFT, AHe, and ZHe) and stratigraphic analysis. QTQt thermal models are combined with burial diagrams to retrieve the timing and magnitude of sedimentary burial, tectonic burial, and subsequent exhumation of the wedge's nappes from 34 to ∼12 Ma. Out-of-sequence thrusting and sediment recycling during wedge building are also identified. This elucidates the evolution of a typical wedge in a roll-back subduction zone.
Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Susanne J. H. Buiter, Oriol Ferrer, Riccardo Reitano, Michael Rudolf, and Ernst Willingshofer
Solid Earth, 13, 1859–1905, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When a sedimentary basin is subjected to compressional tectonic forces after its formation, it may be inverted. A thorough understanding of such
basin inversionis of great importance for scientific, societal, and economic reasons, and analogue tectonic models form a key part of our efforts to study these processes. We review the advances in the field of basin inversion modelling, showing how the modelling results can be applied, and we identify promising venues for future research.
Eleni Stavropoulou and Lyesse Laloui
Solid Earth, 13, 1823–1841, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Shales are identified as suitable caprock formations for geolocigal CO2 storage thanks to their low permeability. Here, small-sized shale samples are studied under field-representative conditions with X-ray tomography. The geochemical impact of CO2 on calcite-rich zones is for the first time visualised, the role of pre-existing micro-fissures in the CO2 invasion trapping in the matererial is highlighted, and the initiation of micro-cracks when in contact with anhydrous CO2 is demonstrated.
Conor M. O'Sullivan, Conrad J. Childs, Muhammad M. Saqab, John J. Walsh, and Patrick M. Shannon
Solid Earth, 13, 1649–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Slyne Basin is a sedimentary basin located offshore north-western Ireland. It formed through a long and complex evolution involving distinct periods of extension. The basin is subdivided into smaller basins, separated by deep structures related to the ancient Caledonian mountain-building event. These deep structures influence the shape of the basin as it evolves in a relatively unique way, where early faults follow these deep structures, but later faults do not.
Benjamin Guillaume, Guido M. Gianni, Jean-Jacques Kermarrec, and Khaled Bock
Solid Earth, 13, 1393–1414, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Under tectonic forces, the upper part of the crust can break along different types of faults, depending on the orientation of the applied stresses. Using scaled analogue models, we show that the relative magnitude of compressional and extensional forces as well as the presence of inherited structures resulting from previous stages of deformation control the location and type of faults. Our results gives insights into the tectonic evolution of areas showing complex patterns of deformation.
Andrzej Głuszyński and Paweł Aleksandrowski
Solid Earth, 13, 1219–1242, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Old seismic data recently reprocessed with modern software allowed us to study at depth the Late Cretaceous tectonic structures in the Permo-Mesozoic rock sequences in the Sudetes. The structures formed in response to Iberia collision with continental Europe. The NE–SW compression undulated the crystalline basement top and produced folds, faults and joints in the sedimentary cover. Our results are of importance for regional geology and in prospecting for deep thermal waters.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Birgit Müller, Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, and Frank Schilling
Solid Earth, 13, 1087–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reactivation of tectonic faults can lead to earthquakes and jeopardize underground operations. The reactivation potential is linked to fault properties and the tectonic stress field. We create 3D geometries for major faults in Germany and use stress data from a 3D geomechanical–numerical model to calculate their reactivation potential and compare it to seismic events. The reactivation potential in general is highest for NNE–SSW- and NW–SE-striking faults and strongly depends on the fault dip.
Nadaya Cubas, Philippe Agard, and Roxane Tissandier
Solid Earth, 13, 779–792, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquake extent prediction is limited by our poor understanding of slip deficit patterns. From a mechanical analysis applied along the Chilean margin, we show that earthquakes are bounded by extensive plate interface deformation. This deformation promotes stress build-up, leading to earthquake nucleation; earthquakes then propagate along smoothed fault planes and are stopped by heterogeneously distributed deformation. Slip deficit patterns reflect the spatial distribution of this deformation.
Paolo Boncio, Eugenio Auciello, Vincenzo Amato, Pietro Aucelli, Paola Petrosino, Anna C. Tangari, and Brian R. Jicha
Solid Earth, 13, 553–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the Gioia Sannitica normal fault (GF) within the southern Matese fault system (SMF) in southern Apennines (Italy). It is a fault with a long slip history that has experienced recent reactivation or acceleration. Present activity has resulted in late Quaternary fault scarps and Holocene surface faulting. The maximum slip rate is ~ 0.5 mm/yr. Activation of the 11.5 km GF or the entire 30 km SMF can produce up to M 6.2 or M 6.8 earthquakes, respectively.
Malcolm Aranha, Alok Porwal, Manikandan Sundaralingam, Ignacio González-Álvarez, Amber Markan, and Karunakar Rao
Solid Earth, 13, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rare earth elements (REEs) are considered critical mineral resources for future industrial growth due to their short supply and rising demand. This study applied an artificial-intelligence-based technique to target potential REE-deposit hosting areas in western Rajasthan, India. Uncertainties associated with the prospective targets were also estimated to aid decision-making. The presented workflow can be applied to similar regions elsewhere to locate potential zones of REE mineralisation.
Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Totaro, Giusy Lavecchia, Barbara Orecchio, Rita de Nardis, Debora Presti, Federica Ferrarini, Simone Bello, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 13, 205–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Pollino region is a highly seismic area of Italy. Increasing the geological knowledge on areas like this contributes to reducing risk and saving lives. We reconstruct the 3D model of the faults which generated the 2010–2014 seismicity integrating geological and seismological data. Appropriate relationships based on the dimensions of the activated faults suggest that they did not fully discharge their seismic potential and could release further significant earthquakes in the near future.
Steven Whitmeyer, Lynn Fichter, Anita Marshall, and Hannah Liddle
Solid Earth, 12, 2803–2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Field trips in the Stratigraphy, Structure, Tectonics (SST) course transitioned to a virtual format in Fall 2020, due to the COVID pandemic. Virtual field experiences (VFEs) were developed in web Google Earth and were evaluated in comparison with on-location field trips via an online survey. Students recognized the value of VFEs for revisiting outcrops and noted improved accessibility for students with disabilities. Potential benefits of hybrid field experiences were also indicated.
Amir Kalifi, Philippe Hervé Leloup, Philippe Sorrel, Albert Galy, François Demory, Vincenzo Spina, Bastien Huet, Frédéric Quillévéré, Frédéric Ricciardi, Daniel Michoux, Kilian Lecacheur, Romain Grime, Bernard Pittet, and Jean-Loup Rubino
Solid Earth, 12, 2735–2771, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Molasse deposits, deposited and deformed at the western Alpine front during the Miocene (23 to 5.6 Ma), record the chronology of that deformation. We combine the first precise chronostratigraphy (precision of ∼0.5 Ma) of the Miocene molasse, the reappraisal of the regional structure, and the analysis of growth deformation structures in order to document three tectonic phases and the precise chronology of thrust westward propagation during the second one involving the Belledonne basal thrust.
Mark R. Handy, Stefan M. Schmid, Marcel Paffrath, Wolfgang Friederich, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2633–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
New images from the multi-national AlpArray experiment illuminate the Alps from below. They indicate thick European mantle descending beneath the Alps and forming blobs that are mostly detached from the Alps above. In contrast, the Adriatic mantle in the Alps is much thinner. This difference helps explain the rugged mountains and the abundance of subducted and exhumed units at the core of the Alps. The blobs are stretched remnants of old ocean and its margins that reach down to at least 410 km.
Maurizio Ercoli, Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Pauselli, Harry M. Jol, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 12, 2573–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Past strong earthquakes can produce topographic deformations, often
memorizedin Quaternary sediments, which are typically studied by paleoseismologists through trenching. Using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we unveiled possible buried Quaternary faulting in the Mt. Pollino seismic gap region (southern Italy). We aim to contribute to seismic hazard assessment of an area potentially prone to destructive events as well as promote our workflow in similar contexts around the world.
Luca Smeraglia, Nathan Looser, Olivier Fabbri, Flavien Choulet, Marcel Guillong, and Stefano M. Bernasconi
Solid Earth, 12, 2539–2551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we dated fault movements at geological timescales which uplifted the sedimentary successions of the Jura Mountains from below the sea level up to Earth's surface. To do so, we applied the novel technique of U–Pb geochronology on calcite mineralizations that precipitated on fault surfaces during times of tectonic activity. Our results document a time frame of the tectonic evolution of the Jura Mountains and provide new insight into the broad geological history of the Western Alps.
Renas I. Koshnaw, Fritz Schlunegger, and Daniel F. Stockli
Solid Earth, 12, 2479–2501, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As continental plates collide, mountain belts grow. This study investigated the provenance of rocks from the northwestern segment of the Zagros mountain belt to unravel the convergence history of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Provenance data synthesis and field relationships suggest that the Zagros Mountains developed as a result of the oceanic crust emplacement on the Arabian continental plate, followed by the Arabia–Eurasia collision and later uplift of the broader region.
David Hindle and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 2425–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Central western Europe underwent a strange episode of lithospheric deformation, resulting in a chain of small mountains that run almost west–east across the continent and that formed in the middle of a tectonic plate, not at its edges as is usually expected. Associated with these mountains, in particular the Harz in central Germany, are marine basins contemporaneous with the mountain growth. We explain how those basins came to be as a result of the mountains bending the adjacent plate.
Andreas Eberts, Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, Harald Stollhofen, Helga de Wall, and Gerald Gabriel
Solid Earth, 12, 2277–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We combine gravity anomaly and topographic data with observations from thermochronology, metamorphic grades, and the granite inventory to detect patterns of basement block segmentation and differential exhumation along the southwestern Bohemian Massif. Based on our analyses, we introduce a previously unknown tectonic structure termed Cham Fault, which, together with the Pfahl and Danube shear zones, is responsible for the exposure of different crustal levels during late to post-Variscan times.
Christoph Grützner, Simone Aschenbrenner, Petra Jamšek
Rupnik, Klaus Reicherter, Nour Saifelislam, Blaž Vičič, Marko Vrabec, Julian Welte, and Kamil Ustaszewski
Solid Earth, 12, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Several large strike-slip faults in western Slovenia are known to be active, but most of them have not produced strong earthquakes in historical times. In this study we use geomorphology, near-surface geophysics, and fault excavations to show that two of these faults had surface-rupturing earthquakes during the Holocene. Instrumental and historical seismicity data do not capture the strongest events in this area.
Michael Warsitzka, Prokop Závada, Fabian Jähne-Klingberg, and Piotr Krzywiec
Solid Earth, 12, 1987–2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new analogue modelling approach was used to simulate the influence of tectonic extension and tilting of the basin floor on salt tectonics in rift basins. Our results show that downward salt flow and gravity gliding takes place if the flanks of the rift basin are tilted. Thus, extension occurs at the basin margins, which is compensated for by reduced extension and later by shortening in the graben centre. These outcomes improve the reconstruction of salt-related structures in rift basins.
Torsten Hundebøl Hansen, Ole Rønø Clausen, and Katrine Juul Andresen
Solid Earth, 12, 1719–1747, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have analysed the role of deep salt layers during tectonic shortening of a group of sedimentary basins buried below the North Sea. Due to the ability of salt to flow over geological timescales, the salt layers are much weaker than the surrounding rocks during tectonic deformation. Therefore, complex structures formed mainly where salt was present in our study area. Our results align with findings from other basins and experiments, underlining the importance of salt tectonics.
Frank Zwaan, Pauline Chenin, Duncan Erratt, Gianreto Manatschal, and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 12, 1473–1495, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used laboratory experiments to simulate the early evolution of rift systems, and the influence of structural weaknesses left over from previous tectonic events that can localize new deformation. We find that the orientation and type of such weaknesses can induce complex structures with different orientations during a single phase of rifting, instead of requiring multiple rifting phases. These findings provide a strong incentive to reassess the tectonic history of various natural examples.
Laurent Jolivet, Laurent Arbaret, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, Florent Cheval-Garabédian, Vincent Roche, Aurélien Rabillard, and Loïc Labrousse
Solid Earth, 12, 1357–1388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Although viscosity of the crust largely exceeds that of magmas, we show, based on the Aegean and Tyrrhenian Miocene syn-kinematic plutons, how the intrusion of granites in extensional contexts is controlled by crustal deformation, from magmatic stage to cold mylonites. We show that a simple numerical setup with partial melting in the lower crust in an extensional context leads to the formation of metamorphic core complexes and low-angle detachments reproducing the observed evolution of plutons.
Miguel Cisneros, Jaime D. Barnes, Whitney M. Behr, Alissa J. Kotowski, Daniel F. Stockli, and Konstantinos Soukis
Solid Earth, 12, 1335–1355, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1335-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1335-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Constraining the conditions at which rocks form is crucial for understanding geologic processes. For years, the conditions under which rocks from Syros, Greece, formed have remained enigmatic; yet these rocks are fundamental for understanding processes occurring at the interface between colliding tectonic plates (subduction zones). Here, we constrain conditions under which these rocks formed and show they were transported to the surface adjacent to the down-going (subducting) tectonic plate.
Karsten Reiter
Solid Earth, 12, 1287–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The influence and interaction of elastic material properties (Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio), density and low-friction faults on the resulting far-field stress pattern in the Earth's crust is tested with generic models. A Young's modulus contrast can lead to a significant stress rotation. Discontinuities with low friction in homogeneous models change the stress pattern only slightly, away from the fault. In addition, active discontinuities are able to compensate stress rotation.
Hilmar von Eynatten, Jonas Kley, István Dunkl, Veit-Enno Hoffmann, and Annemarie Simon
Solid Earth, 12, 935–958, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-935-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-935-2021, 2021
Eline Le Breton, Sascha Brune, Kamil Ustaszewski, Sabin Zahirovic, Maria Seton, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth, 12, 885–913, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The former Piemont–Liguria Ocean, which separated Europe from Africa–Adria in the Jurassic, opened as an arm of the central Atlantic. Using plate reconstructions and geodynamic modeling, we show that the ocean reached only 250 km width between Europe and Adria. Moreover, at least 65 % of the lithosphere subducted into the mantle and/or incorporated into the Alps during convergence in Cretaceous and Cenozoic times comprised highly thinned continental crust, while only 35 % was truly oceanic.
Lior Suchoy, Saskia Goes, Benjamin Maunder, Fanny Garel, and Rhodri Davies
Solid Earth, 12, 79–93, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-79-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-79-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use 2D numerical models to highlight the role of basal drag in subduction force balance. We show that basal drag can significantly affect velocities and evolution in our simulations and suggest an explanation as to why there are no trends in plate velocities with age in the Cenozoic subduction record (which we extracted from recent reconstruction using GPlates). The insights into the role of basal drag will help set up global models of plate dynamics or specific regional subduction models.
William Bosworth and Gábor Tari
Solid Earth, 12, 59–77, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-59-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-59-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Many of the world's hydrocarbon resources are found in rifted sedimentary basins. Some rifts experience multiple phases of extension and inversion. This results in complicated oil and gas generation, migration, and entrapment histories. We present examples of basins in the Western Desert of Egypt and the western Black Sea that were inverted multiple times, sometimes separated by additional phases of extension. We then discuss how these complex deformation histories impact exploration campaigns.
Samuel Mock, Christoph von Hagke, Fritz Schlunegger, István Dunkl, and Marco Herwegh
Solid Earth, 11, 1823–1847, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1823-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1823-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on thermochronological data, we infer thrusting along-strike the northern rim of the Central Alps between 12–4 Ma. While the lithology influences the pattern of thrusting at the local scale, we observe that thrusting in the foreland is a long-wavelength feature occurring between Lake Geneva and Salzburg. This coincides with the geometry and dynamics of the attached lithospheric slab at depth. Thus, thrusting in the foreland is at least partly linked to changes in slab dynamics.
Paul Angrand, Frédéric Mouthereau, Emmanuel Masini, and Riccardo Asti
Solid Earth, 11, 1313–1332, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1313-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1313-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We study the Iberian plate motion, from the late Permian to middle Cretaceous. During this time interval, two oceanic systems opened. Geological evidence shows that the Iberian domain preserved the propagation of these two rift systems well. We use geological evidence and pre-existing kinematic models to propose a coherent kinematic model of Iberia that considers both the Neotethyan and Atlantic evolutions. Our model shows that the Europe–Iberia plate boundary was made of two rift systems.
Daniel Pastor-Galán, Gabriel Gutiérrez-Alonso, and Arlo B. Weil
Solid Earth, 11, 1247–1273, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1247-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1247-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Pangea was assembled during Devonian to early Permian times and resulted in a large-scale and winding orogeny that today transects Europe, northwestern Africa, and eastern North America. This orogen is characterized by an
Sshape corrugated geometry in Iberia. This paper presents the advances and milestones in our understanding of the geometry and kinematics of the Central Iberian curve from the last decade with particular attention paid to structural and paleomagnetic studies.
Richard Spitz, Arthur Bauville, Jean-Luc Epard, Boris J. P. Kaus, Anton A. Popov, and Stefan M. Schmalholz
Solid Earth, 11, 999–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-999-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-999-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We apply three-dimensional (3D) thermo-mechanical numerical simulations of the shortening of the upper crustal region of a passive margin in order to investigate the control of 3D laterally variable inherited structures on fold-and-thrust belt evolution and associated nappe formation. The model is applied to the Helvetic nappe system of the Swiss Alps. Our results show a 3D reconstruction of the first-order tectonic evolution showing the fundamental importance of inherited geological structures.
Manfred Lafosse, Elia d'Acremont, Alain Rabaute, Ferran Estrada, Martin Jollivet-Castelot, Juan Tomas Vazquez, Jesus Galindo-Zaldivar, Gemma Ercilla, Belen Alonso, Jeroen Smit, Abdellah Ammar, and Christian Gorini
Solid Earth, 11, 741–765, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-741-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-741-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Alboran Sea is one of the most active region of the Mediterranean Sea. There, the basin architecture records the effect of the Africa–Eurasia plates convergence. We evidence a Pliocene transpression and a more recent Pleistocene tectonic reorganization. We propose that main driving force of the deformation is the Africa–Eurasia convergence, rather than other geodynamical processes. It highlights the evolution and the geometry of the present-day Africa–Eurasia plate boundary.
Dan J. Clark, Sarah Brennand, Gregory Brenn, Matthew C. Garthwaite, Jesse Dimech, Trevor I. Allen, and Sean Standen
Solid Earth, 11, 691–717, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-691-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-691-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A magnitude 5.3 reverse-faulting earthquake in September 2018 near Lake Muir in southwest Western Australia was followed after 2 months by a collocated magnitude 5.2 strike-slip event. The first event produced a ~ 5 km long and up to 0.5 m high west-facing surface rupture, and the second triggered event deformed but did not rupture the surface. The earthquake sequence was the ninth to have produced surface rupture in Australia. None of these show evidence for prior Quaternary surface rupture.
Craig Magee and Christopher Aiden-Lee Jackson
Solid Earth, 11, 579–606, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-579-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-579-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Injection of vertical sheets of magma (dyke swarms) controls tectonic and volcanic processes on Earth and other planets. Yet we know little of the 3D structure of dyke swarms. We use seismic reflection data, which provides ultrasound-like images of Earth's subsurface, to study a dyke swarm in 3D for the first time. We show that (1) dyke injection occurred in the Late Jurassic, (2) our data support previous models of dyke shape, and (3) seismic data provides a new way to view and study dykes.
Cited articles
Allemand, P. and Brun, J.-P.: Width of continental rifts and rheological
layering of the lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 188, 63–69,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90314-I, 1991.
Allen, P. A., Eriksson, P. G., Alkmim, F. F., Betts, P. G., Catuneanu, O.,
Mazumder, R., Meng, Q., and Young, G. M.: Classification of basins, with
special reference to Proterozoic examples, Geol. Soc. London Mem., 43,
5–28, https://doi.org/10.1144/M43.2, 2015.
Allmendinger, R. W., Cardozo, N., and Fisher, D. M.: Structural Geology Algorithms: Vectors and Tensors, 1st edn., Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511920202, 2011
Austin, J. R. and Blenkinsop, T. G.: The Cloncurry Lineament: Geophysical
and geological evidence for a deep crustal structure in the Eastern
Succession of the Mount Isa Inlier, Precambrian Res., 163, 50–68,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.08.012, 2008.
Artemjev, M. E. and Kaban, M. K.: Density inhomogeneities, isostasy and
flexural rigidity of the lithosphere in the Transcaspian region,
Tectonophysics, 240, 281–297, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90276-3,
1994.
Beauchamp, W., Barazangi, M., Demnati, A., and Alji, M. E.: Intracontinental
Rifting and Inversion: Missour Basin and Atlas Mountains, Morocco, Am.
Assoc. Petr. Geol. B., 80, 1459–1481,
https://doi.org/10.1306/64ED9A60-1724-11D7-8645000102C1865D, 1996.
Bellahsen, N. and Daniel, J. M.: Fault reactivation control on normal fault
growth: An experimental study, J. Struct. Geol., 27, 769–780,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2004.12.003, 2005.
Benes, V. and Davy, P.: Modes of continental lithospheric extension:
Experimental verification of strain localization processes, Tectonophysics,
254, 69–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00076-3, 1996.
Benes, V. and Scott, S. D.: Oblique rifting in the Havre Trough and its
propagation into the continental margin of New Zealand: Comparison with
analogue experiments, Mar. Geophys. Res., 18, 189–201,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00286077, 1996.
Beniest, A., Willingshofer, E., Sokoutis, D., and Sassi, W.: Extending continental lithosphere with lateral strength variations: Effects on deformation localization and margin geometries, Front. Earth Sci., 6, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00148, 2018.
Bennett, R. A., Wernicke, B. P., and Davis, J. L.: Continuous GPS
measurements of contemporary deformation across the northern Basin and Range
province, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 563–566,
https://doi.org/10.1029/98GL00128, 1998.
Betts, P. G.: Palaeoproterozoic mid-basin inversion in the northern Mt Isa
terrane, Queensland, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 46, 735–748,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.1999.00741.x, 1999.
Betts, P. G. and Giles, D.: The 1800–1100 Ma tectonic evolution of
Australia, Precambrian Res., 144, 92–125,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2005.11.006, 2006.
Betts, P. G. and Lister, G. S.: Comparison of the “strike-slipe” versus
“episodic rift-sag” models for the origin of the Isa superbasin, Aust. J.
Earth Sci., 48, 265–280, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.00858.x,
2001.
Betts, P. G., Giles, D., Lister, G. S., and Frick, L. R.: Evolution of the
Australian lithosphere, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 49, 661–695,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2002.00948.x, 2002.
Betts, P. G., Giles, D., and Lister, G. S.: Tectonic environment of
shale-hosted massive sulfide Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of proterozoic northeastern
Australia, Econ. Geol., 98, 557–576,
https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.3.557, 2003.
Betts, P. G., Giles, D., and Lister, G. S.: Aeromagnetic patterns of
half-graben and basin inversion: Implications for sediment-hosted massive
sulfide Pb-Zn-Ag exploration, J. Struct. Geol., 26, 1137–1156,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2003.11.020, 2004.
Betts, P. G., Giles, D., Mark, G., Lister, G. S., Goleby, B. R., and
Aillères, L.: Synthesis of the proterozoic evolution of the Mt Isa
Inlier, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 53, 187–211,
https://doi.org/10.1080/08120090500434625, 2006.
Betts, P. G., Giles, D., and Schaefer, B. F.: Comparing 1800–1600 Ma
accretionary and basin processes in Australia and Laurentia: Possible
geographic connections in Columbia, Precambrian Res., 166, 81–92,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.03.007, 2008.
Betts, P. G., Giles, D., and Aitken, A.: Palaeoproterozoic accretion
processes of Australia and comparisons with Laurentia, Int. Geol. Rev., 53,
1357–1376, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2010.527646, 2011.
Betts, P. G., Armit, R. J., Stewart, J., Aitken, A. R. A., Ailleres, L.,
Donchak, P., Hutton, L., Withnall, I., and Giles, D.: Australia and Nuna,
Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 424, 47–81, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP424.2, 2016.
Blaikie, T. N., Betts, P. G., Armit, R. J., and Ailleres, L.: The ca.
1740–1710 Ma Leichhardt Event: Inversion of a continental rift and revision
of the tectonic evolution of the North Australian Craton, Precambrian Res.,
292, 75–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.02.003, 2017.
Blenkinsop, T. G., Huddlestone-Holmes, C. R., Foster, D. R. W., Edmiston, M.
A., Lepong, P., Mark, G., Austin, J. R., Murphy, F. C., Ford, A., and
Rubenach, M. J.: The crustal scale architecture of the Eastern Succession,
Mount Isa: The influence of inversion, Precambrian Res., 163, 31–49,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.08.011, 2008.
Bonini, M., Sani, F., and Antonielli, B.: Basin inversion and contractional
reactivation of inherited normal faults: A review based on previous and new
experimental models, Tectonophysics, 522–523, 55–88,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.11.014, 2012.
Boutelier, D., Schrank, C., and Cruden, A.: Power-law viscous materials for
analogue experiments: New data on the rheology of highly-filled silicone
polymers, J. Struct. Geol., 30, 341–353,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.10.009, 2008.
Boutoux, A., Bellahsen, N., Lacombe, O., Verlaguet, A., and Mouthereau, F.:
Inversion of pre-orogenic extensional basins in the external Western Alps:
structure, microstructures and restoration, J. Struct. Geol., 60, 13–29,
2014.
Brun, J.-P.: Narrow rifts versus wide rifts: Inferences for the mechanics of
rifting from laboratory experiments, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 357, 695–712, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1999.0349, 1999.
Brun, J.-P. and Beslier, M. O.: Mantle exhumation at passive margins, Earth
Planet. Sc. Lett., 142, 161–173,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(96)00080-5, 1996.
Brun, J.-P. and Nalpas, T.: Graben inversion in nature and experiments,
Tectonics, 15, 677–687, https//doi.org/10.1029/95TC03853, 1996.
Buck, W. R.: Modes of Continental Lithospheric Extension, J. Geophys. Res.,
96, 20161–20178, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB01485, 1991.
Buck, W. R., Lavier, L. L., and Poliakov, A. N. B.: How to make a rift wide,
Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 357, 671–693,
https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1999.0348, 1999.
Buiter, S. J. H., Pfiffner, O. A., and Beaumont, C.: Inversion of
extensional sedimentary basins: A numerical evaluation of the localisation
of shortening, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 288, 492–504,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.10.011, 2009.
Bull, S. W. and Rogers, J. R.: Recognition and significance of an early compressional deformation event in the Tawallah Group, New developments in metallogenic research, McArthur Basin, NT, Mount Isa Conference (MIC) 1996, 22–23 April 1996, 1996.
Byerlee, J.: Friction of rocks, Pure Appl. Geophys., 116, 615–626,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876528, 1978.
Carrera, N., Muñoz, J. A., Sàbat, F., Mon, R., and Roca, E.: The
role of inversion tectonics in the structure of the Cordillera Oriental (NW
Argentinean Andes), J. Struct. Geol., 28, 1921–1932, 2006.
Cawood, P. A. and Korsch, R. J.: Assembling Australia: Proterozoic building
of a continent, Precambrian Res., 166, 1–35,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2008.08.006, 2008.
Cerca, M., Ferrari, L., Corti, G., Bonini, M., and Manetti, P.: Analogue
model of inversion tectonics explaining the structural diversity of Late
Cretaceous shortening in southwestern Mexico, Lithosphere, 2, 172–187,
https://doi.org/10.1130/L48.1, 2010.
Chenin, P., Schmalholz, S. M., Manatschal, G., and Karner, G. D.: Necking of
the lithosphere: a reappraisal of basic concepts with thermo-mechanical
numerical modelling, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 123, 5279–5299,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JB014155, 2018.
Cloetingh, S., Burov, E., and Poliakov, A.: Lithosphere folding: Primary
response to compression? (from central Asia to Paris basin), Tectonics, 18,
1064–1083, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999TC900040, 1999.
Colletta, B., Letouzey, J., Pinedo, R., Ballard, J. F., and Baleì, P.:
Computerized X-ray tomography analysis of sandbox models: Examples of
thin-skinned thrust systems, Geology, 19, 1063–1067,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1063:CXRTAO>2.3.CO;2, 1991.
Connors, K. A. and Page, R. W.: Relationships between magmatism,
metamorphism and deformation in the western Mount Isa Inlier, Australia,
Precambrian Res., 71, 131–153,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(94)00059-Z, 1995.
Corti, G.: Dynamics of periodic instabilities during stretching of the
continental lithosphere: View from centrifuge models and comparison with
natural examples, Tectonics, 24, 1–19,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004TC001739, 2005.
Cox, G. M., Collins, A. S., Jarrett, A. J. M., Blades, M. L., Shannon, A.
V., Yang, B., Farkas, J., Hall, P. A., O'Hare, B., Close, D., and Baruch, E.
T.: A very unconventional hydrocarbon play: The Mesoproterozoic Velkerri
Formation of northern Australia, Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. B., 106,
1213–1237, https://doi.org/10.1306/12162120148, 2022.
Del Ventisette, C., Montanari, D., Sani, F., and Bonini, M.: Basin inversion
and fault reactivation in laboratory experiments, J. Struct. Geol., 28,
2067–2083, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2006.07.012, 2006.
Dombrádi, E., Sokoutis, D., Bada, G., Cloetingh, S., and Horváth,
F.: Modelling recent deformation of the Pannonian lithosphere: Lithospheric
folding and tectonic topography, Tectonophysics, 484, 103–118,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.09.014, 2010.
Doutsos, T. and Kokkalas, S.: Stress and deformation patterns in the Aegean
region, J. Struct. Geol., 23, 455–472,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00119-X, 2001.
Eisenstadt, G. and Sims, D.: Evaluating sand and clay models: do rheological
differences matter?, J. Struct. Geol., 27, 1399–1412,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2005.04.010, 2005.
K.: Three Major Failed Rifts in Central North America: Similarities and Differences, GSAT, 32, 4–11, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG518A.1, 2022.
Fletcher, R. C. and Hallet, B.: Unstable extension of the lithosphere: a
mechanical model for Basin-and- Range structure, J. Geophys. Res., 88,
7457–7466, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB088iB09p07457, 1983.
Forsyth, D. and Uyeda, S.: On the Relative Importance of the Driving Forces
of Plate Motion, Geophys. J. Int., 43, 163–200,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1975.tb00631.x, 1975.
Foster, D. R. W. and Rubenach, M. J.: Isograd pattern and regional
low-pressure, high-temperature metamorphism of pelitic, mafic and
calc-silicate rocks along an east-west section through the Mt. Isa Inlier,
Aust. J. Earth Sci., 53, 167–186,
https://doi.org/10.1080/08120090500434617, 2006.
Garcia, D.: A fast all-in-one method for automated post-processing of PIV
data, Exp. Fluids, 50, 1247–1259,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-010-0985-y, 2011.
Gartrell, A., Hudson, C., and Evans, B.: The influence of basement faults
during extension and oblique inversion of the Makassar Straits rift system:
Insights from analog models, Am. Assoc. Petr. Geol. B., 89, 495–506,
https://doi.org/10.1306/12010404018, 2005.
Gartrell, A. P.: Evolution of rift basins and low-angle detachments in
multilayer analog models, Geology, 25, 615–618,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0615:EORBAL>2.3.CO;2, 1997.
Gibson, G. M. and Edwards, S.: Basin inversion and structural architecture as constraints on fluid flow and Pb–Zn mineralization in the Paleo–Mesoproterozoic sedimentary sequences of northern Australia, Solid Earth, 11, 1205–1226, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1205-2020, 2020.
Gibson, G. M., Rubenach, M. J., Neumann, N. L., Southgate, P. N., and
Hutton, L. J.: Syn- and post-extensional tectonic activity in the
Palaeoproterozoic sequences of Broken Hill and Mount Isa and its bearing on
reconstructions of Rodinia, Precambrian Res., 166, 350–369,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2007.05.005, 2008.
Gibson, G. M., Meixner, A. J., Withnall, I. W., Korsch, R. J., Hutton, L.
J., Jones, L. E. A., Holzschuh, J., Costelloe, R. D., Henson, P. A., and
Saygin, E.: Basin architecture and evolution in the Mount Isa mineral
province, northern Australia: Constraints from deep seismic reflection
profiling and implications for ore genesis, Ore Geol. Rev., 76, 414–441,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.07.013, 2016.
Gibson, G. M., Hutton, L. J., and Holzschuh, J.: Basin inversion and
supercontinent assembly as drivers of sediment-hosted Pb–Zn mineralization
in the Mount Isa region, northern Australia, J. Geol. Soc. London, 174,
773–786, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2016-105, 2017.
Gibson, G. M., Champion, D. C., Withnall, I. W., Neumann, N. L., and Hutton,
L. J.: Assembly and breakup of the Nuna supercontinent: Geodynamic
constraints from 1800 to 1600 Ma sedimentary basins and basaltic magmatism
in northern Australia, Precambrian Res., 313, 148–169,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.05.013, 2018.
Giles, D., Betts, P., and Lister, G.: Far-field continental backarc setting
for the 1.80–1.67 Ga basins of northeastern Australia, Geology, 30, 823,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0823:FFCBSF>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Gueydan, F., Morency, C., and Brun, J. P.: Continental rifting as a function
of lithosphere mantle strength, Tectonophysics, 460, 83–93,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.08.012, 2008.
Hamilton, W.: Crustal extension in the Basin and Range Province,
southwestern United States, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 28, 155–176,
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.028.01.12, 1987.
Hammond, W. C. and Thatcher, W.: Contemporary tectonic deformation of the
Basin and Range province, western United States: 10 years of observation
with the Global Positioning System, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 109,
1–21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jb002746, 2004.
Hansen, D. L. and Nielsen, S. B.: Why rifts invert in compression,
Tectonophysics, 373, 5–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00280-4,
2003.
Jackson, M. J., Powell, T. G., Summons, R. E., and Sweet, I. P.: Hydrocarbon shows and petroleum source rocks in sediments as old as 1.7 × 109 years, Nature, 322, 727–729, https://doi.org/10.1038/322727a0, 1986.
Jackson, M. J., Scott, D. L., and Rawlings, D. J.: Stratigraphic framework
for the Leichhardt and Calvert superbasins: Review and correlations of the
pre-1700 Ma successions between Mt Isa and McArthur River, Aust. J. Earth
Sci., 47, 381–403, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2000.00789.x, 2000.
Johnson, S. P.: Australia: Proterozoic, 2nd edn., Elsevier Ltd., 603–616, https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.12103-7, 2021.
Kaban, M. K., Tesauro, M., Mooney, W. D., and Cloetingh, S. A. P. L.:
Density, temperature, and composition of the North American
lithosphere – New insights from a joint analysis of seismic, gravity, and
mineral physics data: 1. Density structure of the crust and upper mantle,
Geochem. Geophys. Geosy., 15, 4781–4807,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005483, 2014.
Kennett, B. L. N., Salmon, M., Saygin, E., and Group, A. W.: AusMoho: The
variation of Moho depth in Australia, Geophys. J. Int., 187, 946–958,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05194.x, 2011.
Kirscher, U., Mitchell, R. N., Liu, Y., Nordsvan, A. R., Cox, G. M.,
Pisarevsky, S. A., Wang, C., Wu, L., Brendan Murphy, J., and Zheng-Xiang,
L.: Paleomagnetic Constraints on the Duration of The Australia-Laurentia
Connection in the Core of the Nuna Supercontinent, Geology, 49, 174–179,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G47823.1, 2020.
Koopman, A., Speksnijder, A., and Horsfield, W. T.: Sandbox model studies of
inversion tectonics, Tectonophysics, 137, 379–388,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90329-5, 1987.
Korsch, R. J., Huston, D. L., Henderson, R. A., Blewett, R. S., Withnall, I. W., Fergusson, C. L., Collins, W. J., Saygin, E., Kositcin, N., Meixner, A. J., Chopping, R., Henson, P. A., Champion, D. C., Hutton, L. J., Wormald, R., Holzschuh, J., and Costelloe, R. D.: Crustal architecture and geodynamics of North Queensland, Australia: Insights from deep seismic reflection profiling, Tectonophysics, 572–573, 76–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.02.022, 2012.
Lamb, S., Moore, J. D. P., Perez-Gussinye, M., and Stern, T.: Global whole
lithosphere isostasy: Implications for surface elevations, structure,
strength, and densities of the continental lithosphere, Geochem. Geophys.
Geosy., 21, e2020GC009150, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009150, 2020.
Large, R. R., Bull, S. W., McGoldrick, P. J., Walters, S., Derrick, G. M.,
and Carr, G. R.: Stratiform and Strata-Bound Zn-Pb-Ag Deposits in
Proterozoic Sedimentary Basins, Northern Australia, in: One Hundredth
Anniversary Volume, edited by: Hedenquist, J. W., Thompson, J. F. H.,
Goldfarb, R. J., and Richards, J. P., Society of Economic Geologists,
https://doi.org/10.5382/AV100.28, 2005.
Le Gall, B., Vétel, W., and Morley, C. K.: Inversion tectonics during
continental rifting: The Turkana Cenozoic rifted zone, northern Kenya,
Tectonics, 24, TC2002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004TC001637, 2005.
Li, J., Pourteau, A., Li, Z. X., Jourdan, F., Nordsvan, A. R., Collins, W.
J., and Volante, S.: Heterogeneous Exhumation of the Mount Isa Orogen in NE
Australia After 1.6 Ga Nuna Assembly: New High-Precision
Lysak, S. V.: Terrestrial heat flow of continental rifts, Tectonophysics,
143, 31–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90076-X, 1987.
Mandl, G., Jong, L. N. J., and Maltha, A.: Shear zones in granular material,
Rock Mech., 9, 95–144, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01237876, 1977.
Marques, F. O. and Nogueira, C. R.: Normal fault inversion by orthogonal
compression: Sandbox experiments with weak faults, J. Struct. Geol., 30,
761–766, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.02.015, 2008.
McClay, K. R.: Analogue models of inversion tectonics, Geol. Soc. Spec.
Publ., 44, 41–59, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.044.01.04, 1989.
McClay, K. R.: The geometries and kinematics of inverted fault systems: A
review of analogue model studies, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 88, 97–118,
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.07, 1995.
McLaren, S., Sandiford, M., and Hand, M.: High radiogenic heat-producing
granites and metamorphism- An example from the western Mount Isa inlier,
Australia, Geology, 27, 679–682,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0679:HRHPGA>2.3.CO;2, 1999.
Mencos, J., Carrera, N., and Muñoz, J. A.: Influence of rift basin
geometry on the subsequent postrift sedimentation and basin inversion: The
Organyà Basin and the Bóixols thrust sheet (south central Pyrenees),
Tectonics, 34, 1452–1474, 2015.
Molnar, N. and Buiter, S.: Analogue modelling of the inversion of multiple extensional basins in foreland fold-and-thrust belts, Solid Earth, 14, 213–235, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-213-2023, 2023.
Molnar, N. E., Cruden, A. R., and Betts, P. G.: Interactions between
propagating rotational rifts and linear rheological heterogeneities:
Insights from three-dimensional laboratory experiments, Tectonics, 36,
420–443, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016TC004447, 2017.
Morgan, P. and Ramberg, I. B.: Physical changes in the lithosphere
associated with thermal relaxation after rifting, Tectonophysics, 143,
1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90074-6, 1987.
Munoz, M., Baron, S., Boucher, A., Béziat, D., and Salvi, S.: Mesozoic
vein-type Pb-Zn mineralization in the Pyrenees: Lead isotopic and fluid
inclusion evidence from the Les Argentières and Lacore deposits, C.
R. Geosci., 348, 322–332, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2015.07.001,
2016.
Neumann, N. L., Southgate, P. N., Gibson, G. M., and MCintyre, A.: New SHRIMP geochronology for the Western Fold Belt of the Mt Isa Inlier: developing a 1800–1650 Ma event framework, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 53, 1023–1039, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120090600923287, 2006.
Nestola, Y., Storti, F., and Cavozzi, C.: Strain rate-dependent lithosphere
rifting and necking architectures in analog experiments, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 120, 584–594, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011623, 2015.
Nortje, G. S., Oliver, N. H. S., Blenkinsop, T. G., Keys, D. L., Mclellan,
J. G., and Oxenburgh, S.: New faults v. Fault reactivation: Implications for
fault cohesion, fluid flow and copper mineralization, Mount Gordon Fault
Zone, Mount Isa District, Australia, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 359, 287–311,
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP359.16, 2011.
O'Dea, M. G., Lister, G. S., Betts, P. G., and Pound, K. S.: A shortened
intraplate rift system in the Proterozoic Mount Isa terrane, NW Queensland,
Australia, Tectonics, 16, 425–441, https://doi.org/10.1029/96TC03276,
1997a.
O'Dea, M. G., Lister, G. S., Maccready, T., Betts, P. G., Oliver, N. H. S.,
Pound, K. S., Huang, W., and Valenta, R. K.: Geodynamic evolution of the
Proterozoic Mount Isa terrain, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 121, 99–122,
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.121.01.05, 1997b.
Olierook, H. K. H., Mervine, E. M., Armstrong, R., Duckworth, R., Evans, N. J., McDonald, B., Kirkland, C. L., Shantha Kumara, A., Wood, D. G., Cristall, J., Jhala, K., Stirling, D. A., Friedman, I., and McInnes, B. I. A.: Uncovering the Leichhardt Superbasin and Kalkadoon-Leichhardt Complex in the southern Mount Isa Terrane, Australia, Precambrian Res., 375, 106680, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106680, 2022.
Pace, P., Calamita, F., and Tavarnelli, E.: Shear zone fabrics and their
significance in curved, inverted basin-derived thrust systems, J. Struct.
Geol., 161, 104663,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2022.104663, 2022.
Panien, M., Schreurs, G., and Pfiffner, A.: Sandbox experiments on basin
inversion: Testing the influence of basin orientation and basin fill, J.
Struct. Geol., 27, 433–445, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2004.11.001,
2005.
Park, S.-I., Noh, J., Cheong, H. J., Kwon, S., Song, Y., Kim, S. W., and
Santosh, M.: Inversion of two-phase extensional basin systems during
subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate in the SW Korean Peninsula:
Implication for the Mesozoic “Laramide-style” orogeny along East Asian
continental margin, Geosci. Front., 10, 909–925,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2018.11.008, 2019.
Parsons, T.: Chapter 7 The basin and range province, in: Developments in
Geotectonics, Vol. 25, 277–324,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0419-0254(06)80015-7, 2006.
Paton, D. A., Macdonald, D. I. M., and Underhill, J. R.: Applicability of
thin or thick skinned structural models in a region of multiple inversion
episodes; southern South Africa, J. Struct. Geol., 28, 1933–1947, 2006.
Peacock, D. C. P., Knipe, R. J., and Sanderson, D. J.: Glossary of normal
faults, J. Struct. Geol., 22, 291–305,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(00)80102-9, 2000.
Ramberg, H.: Natural and Experimental Boudinage and Pinch-and-Swell
Structures, J. Geol., 63, 512–526, https://doi.org/10.1086/626293, 1955.
Ramberg, H.: Model Experimentation of the Effect of Gravity on Tectonic
Processes, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. S., 14, 307–329,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1967.tb06247.x, 1967.
Ranalli, G.: Rheology of the Earth, 2nd edn., Chapman and Hall, London, 414
pp., ISBN 0412546701, 1995.
Reid, H. F., Davis, W. M., Lawson, A. C., and Ransome, F. L.: Report of the
Committee on the Nomenclature of Faults, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 24, 163–186,
https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-24-163, 1913.
Samsu, A., Cruden, A. R., Molnar, N. E., and Weinberg, R. F.: Inheritance of
penetrative basement anisotropies by extension-oblique faults: Insights from
analogue experiments, Tectonics, 40, 1–19,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020tc006596, 2021.
Samsu, A., Gorczyk, W., Schmid, T. C., Betts, P. G., Cruden, A. R., Morton, E., and Amirpoorsaeed, F.: Digital image correlation data and orthophotos from lithospheric-scale analogue experiments of orthogonal extension followed by shortening, GFZ Data Serves [data set], https://doi.org/10.5880/FIDGEO.2023.022, 2023
Sandiford, M., Hansen, D. L., and McLaren, S. N.: Lower crustal rheological
expression in inverted basins, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 253, 271–283,
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.253.01.14, 2006.
Santimano, T. and Pysklywec, R.: The Influence of Lithospheric Mantle Scars
and Rheology on Intraplate Deformation and Orogenesis: Insights From
Tectonic Analog Models, Tectonics, 39, 1–19,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019TC005841, 2020.
Sassi, W., Colletta, B., Balé, P., and Paquereau, T.: Modelling of
structural complexity in sedimentary basins: The role of pre-existing faults
in thrust tectonics, Tectonophysics, 226, 97–112,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90113-X, 1993.
Schellart, W. P.: Rheology and density of glucose syrup and honey:
Determining their suitability for usage in analogue and fluid dynamic models
of geological processes, J. Struct. Geol., 33, 1079–1088,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.03.013, 2011.
Schmalholz, S. M. and Mancktelow, N. S.: Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications, Solid Earth, 7, 1417–1465, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1417-2016, 2016.
Schmalholz, S. M., Podladchikov, Y. Y., and Burg, J.-P.: Control of folding by
gravity and matrix thickness: Implications for large-scale folding, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 107, ECV 10-1–ETG 4-13,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000355, 2002.
Schreurs, G., Hänni, R., Panien, M., and Vock, P.: Analysis of analogue
models by helical X-ray computed tomography, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ.,
215, 213–223, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.20, 2003.
Scisciani, V., Patruno, S., Tavarnelli, E., Calamita, F., Pace, P., and
Iacopini, D.: Multi-phase reactivations and inversions of
Paleozoic–Mesozoic extensional basins during the Wilson cycle: case studies
from the North Sea (UK) and the Northern Apennines (Italy), Geol. Soc.
Spec. Publ., 470, 205–243, 2019.
Scott, D. L., Rawlings, D. J., Page, R. W., Tarlowski, C. Z., Idnurm, M.,
Jackson, M. J., and Southgate, P. N.: Basement framework and geodynamic
evolution of the Palaeoproterozoic superbasins of north-central Australia:
An integrated review of geochemical, geochronological and geophysical data,
Aust. J. Earth Sci., 47, 341–380,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2000.00793.x, 2000.
Sibson, R. H.: Selective fault reactivation during basin inversion:
Potential for fluid redistribution through fault-valve action, Geol. Soc.
Spec. Publ., 88, 3–19, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.088.01.02, 1995.
Smith, R. B.: Formation of folds, boudinage, and mullions in non-Newtonian
materials, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 88, 312–320,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<312:FOFBAM>2.0.CO;2, 1977.
Snow, J. K. and Wernicke, B. P.: Cenozoic tectonism in the central basin and
range: Magnitude, rate, and distribution of upper crustal strain, Am. J. Sci., 300, 659–719,
https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.300.9.659, 2000.
Sokoutis, D. and Willingshofer, E.: Decoupling during continental collision
and intra-plate deformation, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 305, 435–444,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.028, 2011.
Southgate, P. N., Scott, D. L., Sami, T. T., Domagala, J., Jackson, M. J., James, N. P., and Kyser, T. K.: Basin shape and sediment architecture in the Gun Supersequence: A strike‐slip model for Pb–Zn–Ag ore genesis at Mt Isa, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 47, 509–531, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2000.00792.x, 2000.
Spence, J. S., Sanislav, I. V., and Dirks, P. H. G. M.: 1750–1710 Ma
deformation along the eastern margin of the North Australia Craton,
Precambrian Res., 353, 106019,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.106019, 2021.
Spence, J. S., Sanislav, I. V., and Dirks, P. H. G. M.: Evidence for a
1750–1710 Ma orogenic event, the Wonga Orogeny, in the Mount Isa Inlier,
Australia: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the North Australian
Craton and Nuna Supercontinent, Precambrian Res., 369, 106510,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106510, 2022.
Tetreault, J. L. and Buiter, S. J. H.: The influence of extension rate and
crustal rheology on the evolution of passive margins from rifting to
break-up, Tectonophysics, 746, 155–172,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.08.029, 2018.
Thorwart, M., Dannowski, A., Grevemeyer, I., Lange, D., Kopp, H., Petersen, F., Crawford, W. C., Paul, A., and the AlpArray Working Group: Basin inversion: reactivated rift structures in the central Ligurian Sea revealed using ocean bottom seismometers, Solid Earth, 12, 2553–2571, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2553-2021, 2021.
Tian, Z.-Y., Han, P., and Xu, K.-D.: The Mesozoic-Cenozoic East China rift
system, Tectonophysics, 208, 341–363,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(92)90354-9, 1992.
Turner, J. P. and Williams, G. A.: Sedimentary basin inversion and
intra-plate shortening, Earth-Sci. Rev., 65, 277–304, 2004.
Weijermars, R.: Flow behaviour and physical chemistry of bouncing putties
and related polymers in view of tectonic laboratory applications,
Tectonophysics, 124, 325–358, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(86)90208-8,
1986.
Wernicke, B., Axen, G. J., and Snow, J. K.: Basin and Range extensional
tectonics at the latitude of Las Vegas, Nevada, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 100,
1738–1757, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1738:BARETA>2.3.CO;2, 1988.
Wijns, C., Weinberg, R., Gessner, K., and Moresi, L.: Mode of crustal
extension determined by rheological layering, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 236,
120–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.05.030, 2005.
Williams, G. D., Powell, C. M., and Cooper, M. A.: Geometry and kinematics
of inversion tectonics, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 44, 3–15,
https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.044.01.02, 1989.
Yang, B., Collins, A. S., Blades, M. L., Capogreco, N., Payne, J. L., Munson, T. J., Cox, G. M., and Glorie, S.: Middle–late Mesoproterozoic tectonic geography of the North Australia Craton: U–Pb and Hf isotopes of detrital zircon grains in the Beetaloo Sub-basin, Northern Territory, Australia, JGS, 176, 771–784, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-159, 2019.
Zhang, S., Li, Z. X., Evans, D. A. D., Wu, H., Li, H., and Dong, J.:
Pre-Rodinia supercontinent Nuna shaping up: A global synthesis with new
paleomagnetic results from North China, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 353–354,
145–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.07.034, 2012.
Zuber, M. T.: Compression of oceanic lithosphere: An analysis of intraplate
deformation in the Central Indian Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 4817–4825,
https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB06p04817, 1987.
Zwaan, F. and Schreurs, G.: Analog Models of Lithospheric-Scale Rifting
Monitored in an X-Ray CT Scanner, Tectonics, 42, 1–28,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2022TC007291, 2023.
Zwaan, F., Schreurs, G., and Adam, J.: Effects of sedimentation on rift segment
evolution and rift interaction in orthogonal and oblique extensional
settings: Insights from analogue models analysed with 4D X-ray computed
tomography and digital volume correlation techniques, Glob. Planet., 171,
110-pla-133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.11.002, 2018.
Zwaan, F., Schreurs, G., and Rosenau, M.: Rift propagation in rotational versus
orthogonal extension: Insights from 4D analogue models, J. Struct. Geol.,
135, 103946, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103946, 2020.
Zwaan, F., Chenin, P., Erratt, D., Manatschal, G., and Schreurs, G.:
Competition between 3D structural inheritance and kinematics during rifting:
Insights from analogue models, Basin Res., 34, 824–854, 1–31,
https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12642, 2021.
Zwaan, F., Schreurs, G., Buiter, S. J. H., Ferrer, O., Reitano, R., Rudolf, M., and Willingshofer, E.: Analogue modelling of basin inversion: a review and future perspectives, Solid Earth, 13, 1859–1905, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, 2022.
Short summary
When a continent is pulled apart, it breaks and forms a series of depressions called rift basins. These basins lie above weakened crust that is then subject to intense deformation during subsequent tectonic compression. Our analogue experiments show that when a system of basins is squeezed in a direction perpendicular to the main trend of the basins, some basins rise up to form mountains while others do not.
When a continent is pulled apart, it breaks and forms a series of depressions called rift...
Special issue