Articles | Volume 7, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1003-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1003-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
11 Jul 2016
Research article |
| 11 Jul 2016
Tectonothermal evolution in the core of an arcuate fold and thrust belt: the south-eastern sector of the Cantabrian Zone (Variscan belt, north-western Spain)
María Luz Valín
Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33005 Oviedo, Spain
Susana García-López
Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33005 Oviedo, Spain
Covadonga Brime
Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33005 Oviedo, Spain
Fernando Bastida
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33005 Oviedo, Spain
Jesús Aller
Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33005 Oviedo, Spain
Related authors
No articles found.
Joaquina Alvarez-Marrón, Fernando Bastida, Ernest Rutter, Ramon Carbonell, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 7, 1199–1205, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1199-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1199-2016, 2016
Related subject area
Tectonics
Stress state at faults: the influence of rock stiffness contrast, stress orientation, and ratio
(D)rifting in the 21st century: key processes, natural hazards, and geo-resources
Interseismic and long-term deformation of southeastern Sicily driven by the Ionian slab roll-back
Rift and plume: a discussion on active and passive rifting mechanisms in the Afro-Arabian rift based on synthesis of geophysical data
Propagating rifts: the roles of crustal damage and ascending mantle fluids
Magma-poor continent–ocean transition zones of the southern North Atlantic: a wide-angle seismic synthesis of a new frontier
Cretaceous–Paleocene extension at the southwestern continental margin of India and opening of the Laccadive basin: constraints from geophysical data
On the role of trans-lithospheric faults in the long-term seismotectonic segmentation of active margins: a case study in the Andes
Extensional exhumation of cratons: insights from the Early Cretaceous Rio Negro–Juruena belt (Amazonian Craton, Colombia)
Hydrogen solubility of stishovite provides insights into water transportation to the deep Earth
Networks of geometrically coherent faults accommodate Alpine tectonic inversion offshore southwestern Iberia
Oblique rifting triggered by slab tearing: the case of the Alboran rifted margin in the eastern Betics
Along-strike variation of volcanic addition controlling post breakup sedimentary infill: Pelotas margin, Austral South Atlantic
Melt-enhanced strain localization and phase mixing in a large-scale mantle shear zone (Ronda peridotite, Spain)
Selective inversion of rift basins in lithospheric-scale analogue experiments
The link between Somalian Plate rotation and the East African Rift System: an analogue modelling study
Inversion of extensional basins parallel and oblique to their boundaries: inferences from analogue models and field observations from the Dolomites Indenter, European eastern Southern Alps
Magnetic fabric analyses of basin inversion: a sandbox modelling approach
Tectonic interactions during rift linkage: insights from analog and numerical experiments
The influence of crustal strength on rift geometry and development – insights from 3D numerical modelling
Construction of the Ukrainian Carpathian wedge from low-temperature thermochronology and tectono-stratigraphic analysis
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: a review and future perspectives
Insights into the interaction of a shale with CO2
Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Slyne Basin
Assessing the role of thermal disequilibrium in the evolution of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary: an idealized model of heat exchange during channelized melt transport
Control of crustal strength, tectonic inheritance, and stretching/ shortening rates on crustal deformation and basin reactivation: insights from laboratory models
Numerical simulation of contemporary kinematics at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and its implications for seismic hazard assessment
Late Cretaceous–early Palaeogene inversion-related tectonic structures at the northeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif (southwestern Poland and northern Czechia)
A tectonic-rules-based mantle reference frame since 1 billion years ago – implications for supercontinent cycles and plate–mantle system evolution
An efficient partial-differential-equation-based method to compute pressure boundary conditions in regional geodynamic models
The analysis of slip tendency of major tectonic faults in Germany
Earthquake ruptures and topography of the Chilean margin controlled by plate interface deformation
Together but separate: decoupled Variscan (late Carboniferous) and Alpine (Late Cretaceous–Paleogene) inversion tectonics in NW Poland
Late Quaternary faulting in the southern Matese (Italy): implications for earthquake potential and slip rate variability in the southern Apennines
The topographic signature of temperature-controlled rheological transitions in an accretionary prism
Rare earth elements associated with carbonatite–alkaline complexes in western Rajasthan, India: exploration targeting at regional scale
Exhumation and erosion of the Northern Apennines, Italy: new insights from low-temperature thermochronometers
Structural complexities and tectonic barriers controlling recent seismic activity in the Pollino area (Calabria–Lucania, southern Italy) – constraints from stress inversion and 3D fault model building
The Mid Atlantic Appalachian Orogen Traverse: a comparison of virtual and on-location field-based capstone experiences
Chronology of thrust propagation from an updated tectono-sedimentary framework of the Miocene molasse (western Alps)
Orogenic lithosphere and slabs in the greater Alpine area – interpretations based on teleseismic P-wave tomography
Ground-penetrating radar signature of Quaternary faulting: a study from the Mt. Pollino region, southern Apennines, Italy
U–Pb dating of middle Eocene–Pliocene multiple tectonic pulses in the Alpine foreland
Detrital zircon provenance record of the Zagros mountain building from the Neotethys obduction to the Arabia–Eurasia collision, NW Zagros fold–thrust belt, Kurdistan region of Iraq
The Subhercynian Basin: an example of an intraplate foreland basin due to a broken plate
Late to post-Variscan basement segmentation and differential exhumation along the SW Bohemian Massif, central Europe
Holocene surface-rupturing earthquakes on the Dinaric Fault System, western Slovenia
Contribution of gravity gliding in salt-bearing rift basins – a new experimental setup for simulating salt tectonics under the influence of sub-salt extension and tilting
3D crustal stress state of Germany according to a data-calibrated geomechanical model
Thick- and thin-skinned basin inversion in the Danish Central Graben, North Sea – the role of deep evaporites and basement kinematics
Moritz O. Ziegler, Robin Seithel, Thomas Niederhuber, Oliver Heidbach, Thomas Kohl, Birgit Müller, Mojtaba Rajabi, Karsten Reiter, and Luisa Röckel
Solid Earth, 15, 1047–1063, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rotation of the principal stress axes in a fault structure because of a rock stiffness contrast has been investigated for the impact of the ratio of principal stresses, the angle between principal stress axes and fault strike, and the ratio of the rock stiffness contrast. A generic 2D geomechanical model is employed for the systematic investigation of the parameter space.
Frank Zwaan, Tiago M. Alves, Patricia Cadenas, Mohamed Gouiza, Jordan J. J. Phethean, Sascha Brune, and Anne C. Glerum
Solid Earth, 15, 989–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-989-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-989-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rifting and the break-up of continents are key aspects of Earth’s plate tectonic system. A thorough understanding of the geological processes involved in rifting, and of the associated natural hazards and resources, is of great importance in the context of the energy transition. Here, we provide a coherent overview of rift processes and the links with hazards and resources, and we assess future challenges and opportunities for (collaboration between) researchers, government, and industry.
Amélie Viger, Stéphane Dominguez, Stéphane Mazzotti, Michel Peyret, Maxime Henriquet, Giovanni Barreca, Carmelo Monaco, and Adrien Damon
Solid Earth, 15, 965–988, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-965-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-965-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
New satellite geodetic data (PS-InSAR) evidence a generalized subsidence and an eastward tilting of southeastern Sicily combined with a local relative uplift along its eastern coast. We perform flexural and elastic modeling and show that the slab pull force induced by the Ionian slab roll-back and extrado deformation reproduce the measured surface deformation. Finally, we propose an original seismic cycle model that is mainly driven by the southward migration of the Ionian slab roll-back.
Ran Issachar, Peter Haas, Nico Augustin, and Jörg Ebbing
Solid Earth, 15, 807–826, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-807-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-807-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this contribution, we explore the causal relationship between the arrival of the Afar plume and the initiation of the Afro-Arabian rift. We mapped the rift architecture in the triple-junction region using geophysical data and reviewed the available geological data. We interpret a progressive development of the plume–rift system and suggest an interaction between active and passive mechanisms in which the plume provided a push force that changed the kinematics of the associated plates.
Folarin Kolawole and Rasheed Ajala
Solid Earth, 15, 747–762, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-747-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-747-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the upper-crustal structure of the Rukwa–Tanganyika rift zone in East Africa, where the Tanganyika rift interacts with the Rukwa and Mweru-Wantipa rifts, coinciding with abundant seismicity at the rift tips. Seismic velocity structure and patterns of seismicity clustering reveal zones around 10 km deep with anomalously high Vp / Vs ratios at the rift tips, indicative of a localized mechanically weakened crust caused by mantle volatiles and damage associated with bending strain.
J. Kim Welford
Solid Earth, 15, 683–710, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-683-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-683-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
I present a synthesis of the continent–ocean boundaries of the southern North Atlantic Ocean, as probed using seismic methods for rock velocity estimation, to assess their deep structures from the crust to the upper mantle and to discuss how they were formed. With this knowledge, it is possible to start evaluating these regions of the Earth for their capacity to produce hydrogen and critical minerals and to store excess carbon dioxide, all with the goal of greening our economy.
Mathews George Gilbert, Parakkal Unnikrishnan, and Munukutla Radhakrishna
Solid Earth, 15, 671–682, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-671-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-671-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study identifies evidence for extension south of Tellicherry Arch along the southwestern continental margin of India through the integrated analysis of multichannel seismic and gravity data. The sediment deposition pattern indicates that this extension occurred after the Eocene. We further propose that the anticlockwise rotation of India and the passage of the Réunion plume have facilitated the opening of the Laccadive basin.
Gonzalo Yanez, Jose Piquer, and Orlando Rivera
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1338, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1338, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We postulate that the observed spatial distribution of large earthquakes in active convergence zones, organized in segments where large events are repeated every 100–300 years, depends on large scale continental faults and fluid release from the subducting slab. In order to support this model, we use proxies at different spatial and temporal scales (historic seismicity, megathrust slip solutions, inter-seismic cumulative seismicity, GPS/viscous plate coupling, and coast line morphology).
Ana Fonseca, Simon Nachtergaele, Amed Bonilla, Stijn Dewaele, and Johan De Grave
Solid Earth, 15, 329–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the erosion and exhumation processes and history of early continental crust hidden within the Amazonian Rainforest. This crust forms part of the Amazonian Craton, an ancient continental fragment. Our surprising findings reveal the area underwent rapid early Cretaceous exhumation triggered by tectonic forces. This discovery challenges the traditional perception that cratons are stable and long-lived entities and shows they can deform readily under specific geological contexts.
Mengdan Chen, Changxin Yin, Danling Chen, Long Tian, Liang Liu, and Lei Kang
Solid Earth, 15, 215–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stishovite remains stable under mantle conditions and can incorporate various amounts of water in its crystal structure. We provide a systematic review of previous studies on water in stishovite and propose a new model for water solubility of Al-bearing stishovite. Calculation results based on this model suggest that stishovite may effectively accommodate water from the breakdown of hydrous minerals and could make an important contribution to water enrichment in the mantle transition zone.
Tiago M. Alves
Solid Earth, 15, 39–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine tectonic inversion is reviewed for southwestern Iberia, known for its historical earthquakes and tsunamis. High-quality 2D seismic data image 26 faults mapped to a depth exceeding 10 km. Normal faults accommodated important vertical uplift and shortening. They are 100–250 km long and may generate earthquakes with Mw > 8.0. Regions of Late Mesozoic magmatism comprise thickened, harder crust, forming lateral buttresses to compression and promoting the development of fold-and-thrust belts.
Marine Larrey, Frédéric Mouthereau, Damien Do Couto, Emmanuel Masini, Anthony Jourdon, Sylvain Calassou, and Véronique Miegebielle
Solid Earth, 14, 1221–1244, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1221-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1221-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Extension leading to the formation of ocean–continental transition can be highly oblique to the main direction of crustal thinning. Here we explore the case of a continental margin exposed in the Betics that developed in a back-arc setting perpendicular to the direction of the retreating Gibraltar subduction. We show that transtension is the main mode of crustal deformation that led to the development of metamorphic domes and extensional intramontane basins.
Marlise Colling Cassel, Nick Kusznir, Gianreto Manatschal, and Daniel Sauter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2584, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2584, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic Ocean results from the break-up of the palaeocontinent Gondwana. Since then, the Brazilian and African margins record a thick volcanic layers and received a large contribution of sediments recording this process. We show the influence of early volcanics on the sediments deposited later by analysing the Pelotas Margin, south of Brazil. The volume of volcanic layers is not homogeneous along this sector, promoting variation in the space available to accommodate later sediments.
Sören Tholen, Jolien Linckens, and Gernold Zulauf
Solid Earth, 14, 1123–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Intense phase mixing with homogeneously distributed secondary phases and irregular grain boundaries and shapes indicates that metasomatism formed the microstructures predominant in the shear zone of the NW Ronda peridotite. Amphibole presence, olivine crystal orientations, and the consistency to the Beni Bousera peridotite (Morocco) point to OH-bearing metasomatism by small fractions of evolved melts. Results confirm a strong link between reactions and localized deformation in the upper mantle.
Anindita Samsu, Weronika Gorczyk, Timothy Chris Schmid, Peter Graham Betts, Alexander Ramsay Cruden, Eleanor Morton, and Fatemeh Amirpoorsaeed
Solid Earth, 14, 909–936, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When a continent is pulled apart, it breaks and forms a series of depressions called rift basins. These basins lie above weakened crust that is then subject to intense deformation during subsequent tectonic compression. Our analogue experiments show that when a system of basins is squeezed in a direction perpendicular to the main trend of the basins, some basins rise up to form mountains while others do not.
Frank Zwaan and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 14, 823–845, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The East African Rift System (EARS) is a major plate tectonic feature splitting the African continent apart. Understanding the tectonic processes involved is of great importance for societal and economic reasons (natural hazards, resources). Laboratory experiments allow us to simulate these large-scale processes, highlighting the links between rotational plate motion and the overall development of the EARS. These insights are relevant when studying other rift systems around the globe as well.
Anna-Katharina Sieberer, Ernst Willingshofer, Thomas Klotz, Hugo Ortner, and Hannah Pomella
Solid Earth, 14, 647–681, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Through analogue models and field observations, we investigate how inherited platform–basin geometries control strain localisation, style, and orientation of reactivated and new structures during inversion. Our study shows that the style of evolving thrusts and their changes along-strike are controlled by pre-existing rheological discontinuities. The results of this study are relevant for understanding inversion structures in general and for the European eastern Southern Alps in particular.
Thorben Schöfisch, Hemin Koyi, and Bjarne Almqvist
Solid Earth, 14, 447–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A magnetic fabric analysis provides information about the reorientation of magnetic grains and is applied to three sandbox models that simulate different stages of basin inversion. The analysed magnetic fabrics reflect the different developed structures and provide insights into the different deformed stages of basin inversion. It is a first attempt of applying magnetic fabric analyses to basin inversion sandbox models but shows the possibility of applying it to such models.
Timothy Chris Schmid, Sascha Brune, Anne Glerum, and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 14, 389–407, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-389-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-389-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental rifts form by linkage of individual rift segments and disturb the regional stress field. We use analog and numerical models of such rift segment interactions to investigate the linkage of deformation and stresses and subsequent stress deflections from the regional stress pattern. This local stress re-orientation eventually causes rift deflection when multiple rift segments compete for linkage with opposingly propagating segments and may explain rift deflection as observed in nature.
Thomas B. Phillips, John B. Naliboff, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Sophie Pan, Jeroen van Hunen, and Malte Froemchen
Solid Earth, 14, 369–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental crust comprises bodies of varying strength, formed through numerous tectonic events. When subject to extension, these areas produce distinct rift and fault systems. We use 3D models to examine how rifts form above
strongand
weakareas of crust. We find that faults become more developed in weak areas. Faults are initially stopped at the boundaries with stronger areas before eventually breaking through. We relate our model observations to rift systems globally.
Marion Roger, Arjan de Leeuw, Peter van der Beek, Laurent Husson, Edward R. Sobel, Johannes Glodny, and Matthias Bernet
Solid Earth, 14, 153–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the construction of the Ukrainian Carpathians with LT thermochronology (AFT, AHe, and ZHe) and stratigraphic analysis. QTQt thermal models are combined with burial diagrams to retrieve the timing and magnitude of sedimentary burial, tectonic burial, and subsequent exhumation of the wedge's nappes from 34 to ∼12 Ma. Out-of-sequence thrusting and sediment recycling during wedge building are also identified. This elucidates the evolution of a typical wedge in a roll-back subduction zone.
Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Susanne J. H. Buiter, Oriol Ferrer, Riccardo Reitano, Michael Rudolf, and Ernst Willingshofer
Solid Earth, 13, 1859–1905, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When a sedimentary basin is subjected to compressional tectonic forces after its formation, it may be inverted. A thorough understanding of such
basin inversionis of great importance for scientific, societal, and economic reasons, and analogue tectonic models form a key part of our efforts to study these processes. We review the advances in the field of basin inversion modelling, showing how the modelling results can be applied, and we identify promising venues for future research.
Eleni Stavropoulou and Lyesse Laloui
Solid Earth, 13, 1823–1841, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Shales are identified as suitable caprock formations for geolocigal CO2 storage thanks to their low permeability. Here, small-sized shale samples are studied under field-representative conditions with X-ray tomography. The geochemical impact of CO2 on calcite-rich zones is for the first time visualised, the role of pre-existing micro-fissures in the CO2 invasion trapping in the matererial is highlighted, and the initiation of micro-cracks when in contact with anhydrous CO2 is demonstrated.
Conor M. O'Sullivan, Conrad J. Childs, Muhammad M. Saqab, John J. Walsh, and Patrick M. Shannon
Solid Earth, 13, 1649–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Slyne Basin is a sedimentary basin located offshore north-western Ireland. It formed through a long and complex evolution involving distinct periods of extension. The basin is subdivided into smaller basins, separated by deep structures related to the ancient Caledonian mountain-building event. These deep structures influence the shape of the basin as it evolves in a relatively unique way, where early faults follow these deep structures, but later faults do not.
Mousumi Roy
Solid Earth, 13, 1415–1430, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1415-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates one of the key processes that may lead to the destruction and destabilization of continental tectonic plates: the infiltration of buoyant, hot, molten rock (magma) into the base of the plate. Using simple calculations, I suggest that heating during melt–rock interaction may thermally perturb the tectonic plate, weakening it and potentially allowing it to be reshaped from beneath. Geochemical, petrologic, and geologic observations are used to guide model parameters.
Benjamin Guillaume, Guido M. Gianni, Jean-Jacques Kermarrec, and Khaled Bock
Solid Earth, 13, 1393–1414, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Under tectonic forces, the upper part of the crust can break along different types of faults, depending on the orientation of the applied stresses. Using scaled analogue models, we show that the relative magnitude of compressional and extensional forces as well as the presence of inherited structures resulting from previous stages of deformation control the location and type of faults. Our results gives insights into the tectonic evolution of areas showing complex patterns of deformation.
Liming Li, Xianrui Li, Fanyan Yang, Lili Pan, and Jingxiong Tian
Solid Earth, 13, 1371–1391, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1371-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1371-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We constructed a three-dimensional numerical geomechanics model to obtain the continuous slip rates of active faults and crustal velocities in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Based on the analysis of the fault kinematics in the study area, we evaluated the possibility of earthquakes occurring in the main faults in the area, and analyzed the crustal deformation mechanism of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.
Andrzej Głuszyński and Paweł Aleksandrowski
Solid Earth, 13, 1219–1242, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Old seismic data recently reprocessed with modern software allowed us to study at depth the Late Cretaceous tectonic structures in the Permo-Mesozoic rock sequences in the Sudetes. The structures formed in response to Iberia collision with continental Europe. The NE–SW compression undulated the crystalline basement top and produced folds, faults and joints in the sedimentary cover. Our results are of importance for regional geology and in prospecting for deep thermal waters.
R. Dietmar Müller, Nicolas Flament, John Cannon, Michael G. Tetley, Simon E. Williams, Xianzhi Cao, Ömer F. Bodur, Sabin Zahirovic, and Andrew Merdith
Solid Earth, 13, 1127–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1127-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1127-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have built a community model for the evolution of the Earth's plate–mantle system. Created with open-source software and an open-access plate model, it covers the last billion years, including the formation, breakup, and dispersal of two supercontinents, as well as the creation and destruction of numerous ocean basins. The model allows us to
seeinto the Earth in 4D and helps us unravel the connections between surface tectonics and the
beating heartof the Earth, its convecting mantle.
Anthony Jourdon and Dave A. May
Solid Earth, 13, 1107–1125, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present a method to compute a reference pressure based on density structure in which we cast the problem in terms of a partial differential equation (PDE). We show in the context of 3D models of continental rifting that using the pressure as a boundary condition within the flow problem results in non-cylindrical velocity fields, producing strain localization in the lithosphere along large-scale strike-slip shear zones and allowing the formation and evolution of triple junctions.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Birgit Müller, Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, and Frank Schilling
Solid Earth, 13, 1087–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reactivation of tectonic faults can lead to earthquakes and jeopardize underground operations. The reactivation potential is linked to fault properties and the tectonic stress field. We create 3D geometries for major faults in Germany and use stress data from a 3D geomechanical–numerical model to calculate their reactivation potential and compare it to seismic events. The reactivation potential in general is highest for NNE–SSW- and NW–SE-striking faults and strongly depends on the fault dip.
Nadaya Cubas, Philippe Agard, and Roxane Tissandier
Solid Earth, 13, 779–792, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquake extent prediction is limited by our poor understanding of slip deficit patterns. From a mechanical analysis applied along the Chilean margin, we show that earthquakes are bounded by extensive plate interface deformation. This deformation promotes stress build-up, leading to earthquake nucleation; earthquakes then propagate along smoothed fault planes and are stopped by heterogeneously distributed deformation. Slip deficit patterns reflect the spatial distribution of this deformation.
Piotr Krzywiec, Mateusz Kufrasa, Paweł Poprawa, Stanisław Mazur, Małgorzata Koperska, and Piotr Ślemp
Solid Earth, 13, 639–658, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-639-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-639-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Legacy 2-D seismic data with newly acquired 3-D seismic data were used to construct a new model of geological evolution of NW Poland over last 400 Myr. It illustrates how the destruction of the Caledonian orogen in the Late Devonian–early Carboniferous led to half-graben formation, how they were inverted in the late Carboniferous, how the study area evolved during the formation of the Permo-Mesozoic Polish Basin and how supra-evaporitic structures were inverted in the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene.
Paolo Boncio, Eugenio Auciello, Vincenzo Amato, Pietro Aucelli, Paola Petrosino, Anna C. Tangari, and Brian R. Jicha
Solid Earth, 13, 553–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the Gioia Sannitica normal fault (GF) within the southern Matese fault system (SMF) in southern Apennines (Italy). It is a fault with a long slip history that has experienced recent reactivation or acceleration. Present activity has resulted in late Quaternary fault scarps and Holocene surface faulting. The maximum slip rate is ~ 0.5 mm/yr. Activation of the 11.5 km GF or the entire 30 km SMF can produce up to M 6.2 or M 6.8 earthquakes, respectively.
Sepideh Pajang, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, and Nadaya Cubas
Solid Earth, 13, 535–551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-535-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-535-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The local topographic slope of an accretionary prism is often used to determine the effective friction on subduction megathrust. We investigate how the brittle–ductile and the smectite–illite transitions affect the topographic slope of an accretionary prism and its internal deformation to provide clues to determine the origin of observed low topographic slopes in subduction zones. We finally discuss their implications in terms of the forearc basin and forearc high genesis and nature.
Malcolm Aranha, Alok Porwal, Manikandan Sundaralingam, Ignacio González-Álvarez, Amber Markan, and Karunakar Rao
Solid Earth, 13, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rare earth elements (REEs) are considered critical mineral resources for future industrial growth due to their short supply and rising demand. This study applied an artificial-intelligence-based technique to target potential REE-deposit hosting areas in western Rajasthan, India. Uncertainties associated with the prospective targets were also estimated to aid decision-making. The presented workflow can be applied to similar regions elsewhere to locate potential zones of REE mineralisation.
Erica D. Erlanger, Maria Giuditta Fellin, and Sean D. Willett
Solid Earth, 13, 347–365, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-347-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-347-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present an erosion rate analysis on dated rock and sediment from the Northern Apennine Mountains, Italy, which provides new insights on the pattern of erosion rates through space and time. This analysis shows decreasing erosion through time on the Ligurian side but increasing erosion through time on the Adriatic side. We suggest that the pattern of erosion rates is consistent with the present asymmetric topography in the Northern Apennines, which has likely existed for several million years.
Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Totaro, Giusy Lavecchia, Barbara Orecchio, Rita de Nardis, Debora Presti, Federica Ferrarini, Simone Bello, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 13, 205–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Pollino region is a highly seismic area of Italy. Increasing the geological knowledge on areas like this contributes to reducing risk and saving lives. We reconstruct the 3D model of the faults which generated the 2010–2014 seismicity integrating geological and seismological data. Appropriate relationships based on the dimensions of the activated faults suggest that they did not fully discharge their seismic potential and could release further significant earthquakes in the near future.
Steven Whitmeyer, Lynn Fichter, Anita Marshall, and Hannah Liddle
Solid Earth, 12, 2803–2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Field trips in the Stratigraphy, Structure, Tectonics (SST) course transitioned to a virtual format in Fall 2020, due to the COVID pandemic. Virtual field experiences (VFEs) were developed in web Google Earth and were evaluated in comparison with on-location field trips via an online survey. Students recognized the value of VFEs for revisiting outcrops and noted improved accessibility for students with disabilities. Potential benefits of hybrid field experiences were also indicated.
Amir Kalifi, Philippe Hervé Leloup, Philippe Sorrel, Albert Galy, François Demory, Vincenzo Spina, Bastien Huet, Frédéric Quillévéré, Frédéric Ricciardi, Daniel Michoux, Kilian Lecacheur, Romain Grime, Bernard Pittet, and Jean-Loup Rubino
Solid Earth, 12, 2735–2771, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Molasse deposits, deposited and deformed at the western Alpine front during the Miocene (23 to 5.6 Ma), record the chronology of that deformation. We combine the first precise chronostratigraphy (precision of ∼0.5 Ma) of the Miocene molasse, the reappraisal of the regional structure, and the analysis of growth deformation structures in order to document three tectonic phases and the precise chronology of thrust westward propagation during the second one involving the Belledonne basal thrust.
Mark R. Handy, Stefan M. Schmid, Marcel Paffrath, Wolfgang Friederich, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2633–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
New images from the multi-national AlpArray experiment illuminate the Alps from below. They indicate thick European mantle descending beneath the Alps and forming blobs that are mostly detached from the Alps above. In contrast, the Adriatic mantle in the Alps is much thinner. This difference helps explain the rugged mountains and the abundance of subducted and exhumed units at the core of the Alps. The blobs are stretched remnants of old ocean and its margins that reach down to at least 410 km.
Maurizio Ercoli, Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Pauselli, Harry M. Jol, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 12, 2573–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Past strong earthquakes can produce topographic deformations, often
memorizedin Quaternary sediments, which are typically studied by paleoseismologists through trenching. Using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we unveiled possible buried Quaternary faulting in the Mt. Pollino seismic gap region (southern Italy). We aim to contribute to seismic hazard assessment of an area potentially prone to destructive events as well as promote our workflow in similar contexts around the world.
Luca Smeraglia, Nathan Looser, Olivier Fabbri, Flavien Choulet, Marcel Guillong, and Stefano M. Bernasconi
Solid Earth, 12, 2539–2551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we dated fault movements at geological timescales which uplifted the sedimentary successions of the Jura Mountains from below the sea level up to Earth's surface. To do so, we applied the novel technique of U–Pb geochronology on calcite mineralizations that precipitated on fault surfaces during times of tectonic activity. Our results document a time frame of the tectonic evolution of the Jura Mountains and provide new insight into the broad geological history of the Western Alps.
Renas I. Koshnaw, Fritz Schlunegger, and Daniel F. Stockli
Solid Earth, 12, 2479–2501, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As continental plates collide, mountain belts grow. This study investigated the provenance of rocks from the northwestern segment of the Zagros mountain belt to unravel the convergence history of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Provenance data synthesis and field relationships suggest that the Zagros Mountains developed as a result of the oceanic crust emplacement on the Arabian continental plate, followed by the Arabia–Eurasia collision and later uplift of the broader region.
David Hindle and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 2425–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Central western Europe underwent a strange episode of lithospheric deformation, resulting in a chain of small mountains that run almost west–east across the continent and that formed in the middle of a tectonic plate, not at its edges as is usually expected. Associated with these mountains, in particular the Harz in central Germany, are marine basins contemporaneous with the mountain growth. We explain how those basins came to be as a result of the mountains bending the adjacent plate.
Andreas Eberts, Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, Harald Stollhofen, Helga de Wall, and Gerald Gabriel
Solid Earth, 12, 2277–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We combine gravity anomaly and topographic data with observations from thermochronology, metamorphic grades, and the granite inventory to detect patterns of basement block segmentation and differential exhumation along the southwestern Bohemian Massif. Based on our analyses, we introduce a previously unknown tectonic structure termed Cham Fault, which, together with the Pfahl and Danube shear zones, is responsible for the exposure of different crustal levels during late to post-Variscan times.
Christoph Grützner, Simone Aschenbrenner, Petra Jamšek
Rupnik, Klaus Reicherter, Nour Saifelislam, Blaž Vičič, Marko Vrabec, Julian Welte, and Kamil Ustaszewski
Solid Earth, 12, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Several large strike-slip faults in western Slovenia are known to be active, but most of them have not produced strong earthquakes in historical times. In this study we use geomorphology, near-surface geophysics, and fault excavations to show that two of these faults had surface-rupturing earthquakes during the Holocene. Instrumental and historical seismicity data do not capture the strongest events in this area.
Michael Warsitzka, Prokop Závada, Fabian Jähne-Klingberg, and Piotr Krzywiec
Solid Earth, 12, 1987–2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new analogue modelling approach was used to simulate the influence of tectonic extension and tilting of the basin floor on salt tectonics in rift basins. Our results show that downward salt flow and gravity gliding takes place if the flanks of the rift basin are tilted. Thus, extension occurs at the basin margins, which is compensated for by reduced extension and later by shortening in the graben centre. These outcomes improve the reconstruction of salt-related structures in rift basins.
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth, 12, 1777–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge about the stress state in the upper crust is of great importance for many economic and scientific questions. However, our knowledge in Germany is limited since available datasets only provide pointwise, incomplete and heterogeneous information. We present the first 3D geomechanical model that provides a continuous description of the contemporary crustal stress state for Germany. The model is calibrated by the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress and stress magnitudes.
Torsten Hundebøl Hansen, Ole Rønø Clausen, and Katrine Juul Andresen
Solid Earth, 12, 1719–1747, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have analysed the role of deep salt layers during tectonic shortening of a group of sedimentary basins buried below the North Sea. Due to the ability of salt to flow over geological timescales, the salt layers are much weaker than the surrounding rocks during tectonic deformation. Therefore, complex structures formed mainly where salt was present in our study area. Our results align with findings from other basins and experiments, underlining the importance of salt tectonics.
Cited articles
Aller, J.: La estructura del borde sudoeste de la Cuenca Carbonífera Central (Zona Cantábrica, NW de España), Trabajos de Geología, 11, 3–14, 1981.
Aller, J.: La estructura del sector meridional de las unidades del Aramo y Cuenca Carbonífera Central, Principado de Asturias, Spain, 180 pp., 1986.
Aller, J., Bastida, B., Brime, C., and Pérez-Estaún, A.: Cleavage and its relation with metamorphic grade in the Cantabrian Zone (Hercynian of North-West Spain), Sci. Géol. Bull., 40, 255–272, 1987.
Aller, J., Valín, M. L., García-López, S., Brime, C., and Bastida, F.: Superposition of tectono-thermal episodes in the southern Cantabrian Zone (foreland thrust and fold belt of the Iberian Variscides, NW Spain), Bull. Soc. Géol. France, 176, 503–514, 2005.
Alonso, J. L. and Rodríguez Fernández, L. R.: Las discordancias carboníferas de la región del Pisuerga-Carrión (Cordillera Cantábrica, NO de España). Significado orogénico, Comptes Rendus del X Congreso Internacional de Estratigrafía y Geología del Carbonífero, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid, Spain, 533–540, 1983.
Alonso, J. L., Marcos, A., and Suárez, A.: Paleogeographic inversion resulting from large out of sequence breaching thrusts: The León Fault (Cantabrian Zone, NW Iberia), A new picture of the external Variscan Thrust belt in the Ibero-Armorican Arc, Geol. Acta, 7, 451–473, https://doi.org/10.1344/105.000001449, 2009.
Ambrose, T., Carballeira, J., López Rico, J., and Wagner, R. H.: Mapa Geológico de España E, 1 : 50 000, Hoja No. 107, Inst. Geol. Min., España, 1984.
Árkai, P.: Chlorite crystallinity: an empirical approach and correlation with illite crystallinity, coal rank and mineral facies as exemplified by Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks of northeast Hungary, J. Metamorph. Geol., 9, 723–734, 1991.
Árkai, P.: Phyllosilicates in very low-grade metamorphism: transformation to micas, in: Micas: crystal chemistry and metamorphic petrology, Mineralogical Society of America, edited by: Mottana A., Sassi, F. P., Thompson J. B., and Guggenheim, S., Blacksburg, Virginia, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 46, 463–478, 2002.
Árkai, P., Horváth, Z. A., and Tóth, M.: Transitional very low-and low-grade regional metamorphism of the Paleozoic formations, Uppony Mountains, NE-Hungary: mineral assemblages, illite-crystallinity, -vitrinite reflectance data, Acta Geol. Acad. Sci. Hung, 24, 265–294, 1981.
Árkai, P., Sassi, F. P., and Sassi, R.: Simultaneous measurements of chlorite and illite crystallinity: a more reliable tool for monitoring low- to very low grade metamorphism in metapelites, A casse study from the Southern Alps (NE Italy), Eur. J. Mineral., 7, 1115–1128, 1995.
Árkai, P., Faryad, S. W., Vidal, O., and Balogh, K.: Very low-grade metamorphism of sedimentary rocks of the Meliata unit, Western Carpathians, Slovakia: implications of phyllosilicate characteristics, Int. J. Earth Sci., 92, 68–85, 2003.
Árkai, P., Sassi, F. P., and Desmonds, J.: 5. Very low- to low-grade metamorphic rocks. Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic rocks, Web version of 01/02/07, 2007.
Ayllón, F., Bakker, R. J., and Warr, L. N.: Re-equilibration of fluid inclusions in diagenetic-anchizonal rocks of the Ciñera-Matallana coal basin (NW Spain), Geofluids, 3, 49–68, 2003.
Bastida, F., Brime, C., García-López, S., and Sarmiento, G. N.: Tectonothermal evolution in a region with thin skinned tectonics: the western nappes in the Cantabrian Zone (Variscan belt of NW Spain), Int. J. Earth. Sci. (Geol. Rundsch.), 88, 38–48, 1999.
Bastida, F., Brime, C., García-López, S., Aller, J., Valín, M. L., and Sanz López, J.: Tectonothermal evolution of the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain), in: Palaeozoic conodonts from northern Spain, editors: García-López, S. and Bastida F., Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 1, Inst. Geol. Miner., Madrid, Spain, 105–23, 2002.
Bastida, F., Blanco-Ferrera, S., García-López, S., Sanz-López, J., and Valín, M. L.: Transition from diagenesis to metamorphism in a calcareous tectonic unit of the Iberian Variscan belt (Central massif of the Picos de Europa, NW Spain), Geol. Mag., 141, 617–628, 2004.
Battaglia, S.: Variations in the chemical composition of illite from five geothermal fields: a possible geothermometer, Clay Miner., 39, 501–510, 2004.
Blanco-Ferrera, S., Sanz-López, J., García-López, S., Bastida, F., and Valín, M. L.: Conodont alteration and tectonothermal evolution of a diagenetic unit in the Iberian Variscan belt (Ponga-Cuera unit, NW Spain), Geol. Mag., 148, 35–49, 2011.
Boni, M., Iannace, A., Bechstädt, T., and Gasparrini, M.: Hydrothermal dolomites in SW Sardinia (Italy) and Cantabria (NW Spain): evidence for late- to post-Variscan widespread fluid-flow events, J. Geochem. Explor. 69/70, 225–228, 2000.
Brime, C.: A diagenesis to metamorphism transition in the Hercynian of north-west Spain, Mineral. Mag., 49, 481–484, 1985.
Brime, C.: Metamorfismo de bajo grado: ?`diferencias en escala o diferencias en grado metamórfico?, Trabajos de Geología, 21, 61–66, 1999.
Brime, C. and Valín, M. L.: Asociaciones con cloritoide en rocas de bajo grado metamórfico de la Unidad del Pisuerga-Carrión (Zona Cantábrica, NO de España), Macla, 6, 105–108, 2006.
Brime, C., Talent, J. A., and Mawson, R.: Low-grade metamorphism in the Palaeozoic sequence of the Townsville hinterland, northeastern Australia, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 50, 751–767, 2003.
Brouwer, A.: Deux facies dans le Dévonien des montagnes cantabriques meridionales, Breviora Geológica Astúrica, VIII, 3–10, 1964.
Bucher, K. and Frey, M.: Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, 6th Edn. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, 318 pp., 1994.
Clauer, N. and Weh, A.: Time constraints for the tectono-thermal evolution of the Cantabrian Zone in NW Spain by illite K-Ar dating, Tectonophysics, 623, 39–51, 2014.
Colmenero, J. R. and Prado, J. G.: Coal basins in the Cantabrian Mountains, Northwestern Spain, Int. J. Coal Geol., 23, 215–229, 1993.
Colmenero, J. R., Suárez-Ruiz, I., Fernández-Suárez, J., Barba, P., and Llorens, T.: Genesis and Rank distribution of Upper Carboniferous coal basins in the Cantabrian Mountains, Northern Spain, Int. J. Coal Geol, 76, 187–204, 2008.
Colmenero, J. R., Vargas, I., García-Ramos, J. C., Manjón, M., Creapo, A., and Matas, J.: Mapa Geológico de España E. 1 : 50 000, Hoja No 132, Guardo, Inst. Geol. Min. España, 1982.
Corretgé, L. G. and Suárez, O.: Igneous rocks of the cantabrian/Palentian Zone, in: Pre-Mesozoic Geology of Iberia, edited by: Dallmeyer R. D. and Martínez García, E., Springer, Berlin, 72–79, 1990.
Corretgé, L. G., Cienfuegos, I., Cuesta, A., Galán, G., Montero, P., Rodríguez Pevida, L. S., Suárez, O., and Villa, L.: Granitoides de la Región Palentina (Cordillera Cantábrica, España), Actas e Comunicaçoes , IX Reuniao sobre a Geologia do Oeste Peninsular (Porto, 1985), Memorias Univ. Do Porto, 1, 469–478, 1987.
Eberl, D. D.: Three zones for illite formation during burial diagenesis and metamorphism, Clays Clay Miner., 41, 26–37, 1993.
Engelder, T. and Marshak, S.: Disjunctive cleavage formed at shallow depths in sedimentary rocks, J. Struct. Geol., 7, 327–343, 1985.
Epstein, A. G., Epstein, J. B., and Harris, L. D.: Conodont color alteration-an index to organic metamorphism, Washington, DC., Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 995, 1–27, 1977.
Essene, E. J. and Peacor, D. R.: Clay mineral thermometry – a critical perspective, Clays Clay Miner., 43, 540–553, 1995.
Ferreiro Mählmann, R., Petrova, T. V., Pironon, J., Stern, W. B., Ghanbaja, J., Dubessy, J., and Frey, M.: Transmission electron microscopy study of carbonaceous material in a metamorphic profile from diagenesis to amphibolite facies (Bündnerschiefer, eastern Switzerland), Schweiz, Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt., 82, 253–272, 2002.
Fillon, C., Pedreira, D., van der Beek, P., Huismans, R. S., Barbero, L., and Pulgar, J. A.: Alpine exhumation of the central Cantabrian Mountains, Northwest Spain, Tectonics, 35, 339–356, 2016.
Frankenfeld, H.: El manto del Montó-Arauz; interpretación estructural de la Región del Pisuerga-Carrión (Zona Cantábrica España), Trabajos de Geología, 13, 37–47, 1983.
Frey, M.: Progressive low-grade metamorphism of a black shale formation, Central Swiss Alps, with special reference to pyrophyllite and margarite bearing assemblages, J. Petrol., 19, 1, 95–135, 1978.
Frey, M.: Very low-grade metamorphism of clastic sedimentary rocks, in: Low temperature metamorphism, edited by: Frey M., Blackie, Glasgow, 9–58, 1987.
Frey, M., Teichmüller, M., Teichmüller, R., Müllis, J., Künzi, B., Breitschmid, A., Gruner, U., and Schwizer, B.: Very low grade metamorphism in external parts of the Central Alps: illite crystallinity, coal rank and fluid inclusion data, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 73, 173–203, 1980
Gallastegui, J.: Estructura cortical de la cordillera y margen continental cantábricos: perfiles ESCI-N, Trabajos de Geología, 22, 9–234, 2000.
Gallastegui, G., Heredia, N., Rodríguez Fernández, L. R., and Cuesta, A.: El “stock” de Peña Prieta en el contexto del magmatismo de la Unidad del Pisuerga-Carrión (Zona Cantábrica, N de España), Cuadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe, 15, 203–215, 1990.
García-López, S., Brime, C., Bastida, F., and Sarmiento, G. N.: Simultaneous use of thermal indicators to analyse the transition from diagenesis to metamorphism: an example from the Variscan Belt of northwest Spain, Geol. Mag., 134, 323–334, 1997.
García-López, S., Bastida, F., Brime, C., Aller, J., Valín, M. L., Sanz-López J., Méndez, C. A., and Menéndez-Álvarez, J. R.: Los episodios metamórficos de la Zona Cantábrica y su contexto estructural, Trabajos de Geología, 21, 177–187, 1999.
García-López, S., Bastida, F., Aller, J., and Sanz-López J.: Geothermal palaeogradients and metamorphic zonation from the conodont colour alteration index (CAI), Terra Nova, 13, 79–83, , 2001.
García-López, S., Blanco-Ferrera, S., and Sanz-López, J.: Aplicación de los conodontos al conocimiento de la evolución tectonotérmica de las zonas externas de los orógenos, Revista Española de Micropaleontología, 38, 289–298, 2006.
García-López, S., Brime, C., Valín, M. L., Sanz-López J., Bastida, F., Aller, J., and Blanco Ferrera, S.: Tectonothermal evolution of a foreland fold and thrust belt: the Cantabrian Zone (Iberian Variscan belt, NW Spain), Terra Nova, 19, 469–475, 2007.
García-López, S., Bastida, F., Aller, J., Sanz-López, J., Marín, J. A., and Blanco Ferrera, S.: Tectonothermal evolution of a major thrust system: the Esla–VU (Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain), Geol. Mag., 150, 1047–1061, 2013.
Gasparrini, M., Bakker, R. J., Bechstädt, T., and Boni, M.: Hot dolomites in a Variscan foreland belt: hydrothermal flow in the Cantabrian Zone (NW Spain), J. Geochem. Explor., 78/79, 501–507, 2003.
Gasparrini, M., Bechstädt, T., and Boni, M.: Massive hydrothermal dolomites in the southwestern Cantabrian Zone (Spain) and their relation to the Late Variscan evolution, Mar. Pet. Geol., 23, 543–568, 2006.
Gómez-Fernández, F., Mangas, J., Both, R. A., and Arribas, A.: Metallogenesis of the Zn-Pb deposits of the southeastern region of the Picos de Europa (Cantabria, Spain), in: Current research in geology applied to ore deposits, edited by: Fenoll Hach-Ali, P., Torres-Ruiz J., and Gervilla F., Univ. Granada, Granada, Spain, 113–116, 1993.
Gómez-Fernández, F., Both, R. A., Mangas, J., and Arribas, A.: Metallogenesis of Zn-Pb carbonate-hosted mineralization in the southeastern region of the Picos de Europa (Central Norhern Spain) Province: geologic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotopes studies, Econ. Geol., 95, 19–40, 2000.
Groshong Jr., R. H., Pfiffner, O. A., and Pringle, L. R.: Strain partitioning in the Helvetic thrust belt of eastern Switzerland from the leading edge to the internal zone, J. Struct. Geol, 6, 5–18, 1984.
Guggenheim, S., Bain, D. C., Bergaya, F., Brigatti, M. F., Drits, V. A., Eberl, D. D., Formoso, M. L. L., Galán, E., Merriman, R. J., Peacor, D.R., Stanjek, H., and Watanabe, T.: Report of the Association Internationale pour l'Etude des Argiles (AIPEA) Nomenclature Committee for 2001: order, disorder, and crystallinity in phyllosilicates and the use of the “Crystallinity Index”, Clays Clay Miner., 50, 406–409, 2002.
Gutiérrez-Alonso, G., Fernández-Suárez, J., and Weil, A.: Orocline triggered lithospheric delamination, in: Orogenic Curvature: Integrating Paleomagnetic and Structural Analyses, edited by: Sussman, A. J. and Weil, A. B., Geol. Soc. Am. Special Paper, 383, 121–130, 2004.
Gutiérrez-Alonso, G., Murphy, J. B., Fernández-Suárez, J., Weil, A., Piedad Franco, M., and Gonzalo, J. C.: Lithospheric delamination in the core of Pangea: Sm-Nd insights from the Iberian mantle, Geology, 39, 155–158, 2011.
Hemley, J. J., Monteya, J. W., Marinenko, J. W., and Luce, R. W.: Equilibria in the system Al2O3 – SiO2
Heredia, N., Alonso., J. L., and Rodríguez Fernández, L. R. Mapa Geológico de España E. 1 : 50 000, Hoja No 105, Riaño, Inst. Geol. Min. España, 1997.
Heredia, N., Navarro, D., Rodríguez Fernández, L. R., Pujalte, V., and García Mondéjar., J.: Mapa Geológico de España E. 1 : 50 000, Hoja No 82, Tudanca, Inst. Geol. Min. España, 1986.
Heredia, N., Rodríguez Fernández, L. R., Suárez, A., and Álvarez Marrón, J.: Mapa Geológico de España E. 1 : 50 000, Hoja No 80, Burón, Inst. Geol. Min. España, 1991.
Hosterman, J. W., Wood, G. H., and Beryin, M. J.: Mineralogy of underclays in the Pennsylvania anthracite region, US Geological Survey Professional Paper 700-C, C89–C97, 1970.
Hunziker, J. C., Frey, M., Clauer, N., Dallmeyer, R. D., Friedrichsen, H., Flehmig, W., Hochstrasser, K., Roggwiler, P., and Schwander, H.: The evolution of illite to muscovite: mineralogical and isotopic data from Glarus Alps, Switzerland, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 92, 157–180, 1986.
Julivert, J. and Navarro, D.: Mapa Geológico de España E. 1 : 50 000, Hoja No 55, Beleño, Inst. Geol. Min. España, 1984.
Julivert, M.: Décollement tectonics in the Hercynian Cordillera of NW Spain, Am. J. Sci., 270, 1–29, 1971.
Julivert, M.: Hercynian orogeny and Carboniferous paleogeography in northwestern Spain: A model of deformation-sedimentation relationships, Z. Dt. Geol. Ges., 129, 565–592, 1978.
Julivert, M., Ramirez del Pozo, J., and Truyols, J.: Le reseau de failleset la couverture post-hercynienne dans les Asturies, in: Histoire structurale du Golfe de Gascogne, Publications de l'Institute Francais du Pétrole, Editions Tech. 2, V.3.1–V.3.34, 1971.
Keller, M. and Krumm, S.: Variscan versus Caledonian and Precambrian metamorphic events in the Cantabrian Mountains, Z. dt. Geol. Ges., 144, 88–103, 1993.
Kisch, H. J.: Mineralogy and petrology of burial diagenesis (burial metamorphism) and incipient metamorphism in clastic rocks, in: Diagenesis in sediments and sedimentary rocks, edited by: Larsen, G. and Chilingar, G. V., 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 289–493 and 513–541, 1983.
Kisch, H. J.: Correlation between indicators of very-low grade metamorphism, in: Low temperature metamorphism, edited by: Frey, M., Blackwell Science, Claridge, 227–300, 1987.
Kisch, H. J.: Illite crystallinity: recommendations on sample preparation, X-ray diffraction settings and interlaboratory settings, J. Metamorph. Geol., 9, 665–670, 1991.
Kisch, H. J., Árkai, P., and Brime, C.: On the calibration of the illite Kübler index (illite “crystallinity”), Schweiz, Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt., 84, 232–331, 2004.
Köberle, T., Keller, M., and Krumm, S.: Metamorphism in the southeastern corner of the Cantabrian Mountains as revealed by the Upper Devonian Murcia Quartzite, Zbl. Geol. Paläont. Teil I, 5/6, 447–460, 1998.
Koopmans, B. N.: The sedimentary and structural history of the Valsurvio dome, Cantabrian Mountains, Spain, Leidse. Geol. Med., 26, 121–232, 1962.
Kübler, B.: La cristallinité d'illite et les zones tout à fait supérieures du metamorphism. Etages tectoniques.Université Neuchâtel à la Baconnière, Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Colloques de Neuchâtel 1966, 105–122, 1967.
Livi, K. J. T., Veblen, D.R., Ferry, J. M., and Frey, M.: Evolution of 2:1 layered silicates in low-grade metamorphosed Liassic shales of Central Switzerland, J. Metamorph. Geol., 15, 323–344, 1997.
Llorens, T., Suárez-Ruiz, I., and Colmenero J. R.: Petrografía de los carbones cantabrienses (Carbonífero sup.) del Grupo Cea de la Cuenca Guardo-Valderrueda (León-Palencia), Geogaceta, 40, 279–282, 2006.
Lobato, L.: Geología de los valles altos de los ríos Esla, Yuso, Carrión y Deva. Institución Fray Bernardino de Sahagún, León (C.S.I.C.), 192 pp., 1977.
Lobato, L., Rodríguez Fernández, L. R., Heredia, N., Velando, F., and Matas, J: Mapa Geológico de España E. 1 : 50 000, Hoja No 106, Camporredondo de Alba, Inst. Geol. Min. España, 1985.
López-Fernández, C., Pulgar, J. A., Glez.-Cortina, J. M., Gallart, J., Díaz, J., and Ruiz, M.: Actividad sísmica en el noroeste de la Península Ibérica observada por la red sísmica local del Proyecto GASPI (1999–2002), Trabajos de Geología, 24, 91–106, 2004.
Maas, K.: The geology of Liébana, Cantabrian Mountains, Spain: Deposition and Deformation in a flysch area, Leidse. Geol. Med., 49, 379–465, 1974.
Marcos, A. and Pulgar, J. A.: An approach to the tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Cantabrian Foreland thrust and fold belt, Hercynian Cordillera of NW Spain, Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläontol. Abh., 163, 256–260, 1982.
Marín, J. A.: Estructura del domo de Valsurbio y borde suroriental de la región del Pisuerga-Carrión (Zona Cantábrica, NO de España), Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Oviedo University, 181 pp., 1997.
Marín, J. A., Pulgar, J. A., and Alonso, J. L.: La deformación alpina en el Domo de Valsurvio (Zona Cantábrica, NO de España). Revista de la Sociedad Geológica de España, 8, 111–116, 1995.
Marín, J. A., Villa, E., García-López, S., and Menéndez, J. R.: Estratigrafía y metamorfismo del Carbonífero de la zona de San Martín-Ventanilla (Norte de Palencia, Cordillera Cantábrica), Revista de la Sociedad Geológica de España, 9, 241–251, 1996.
Marquínez, J. and Marcos, A.: La estructura de la unidad del Gildar-Montó (Cordillera Cantábrica), Trabajos de Geología, 14, 53–64, 1984.
Martínez García, E., Marquínez, J., Heredia, N., Navarro, D., and Rodríguez Fernández, L. R.: Mapa Geológico de España E. 1 : 50 000, Hoja No 56, Carreña-Cabrales, Inst. Geol. Min. España, 1984.
Martín-Izard, A, Palero, F. J., Regillón, R., and Vindel, E.: El skarn de Carracedo (San Salvador de Cantamuda). Un ejemplo de mineralización pirometasomática en el N. de la provincia de Palencia, Stvdia Geologica Salmanticensia, XXIII, 171–192, 1986.
Martín-Merino, G., Fernández, L. P., Colmenero, J. R., and Bahamonde, J. R.: Mass-transport deposits in a Variscan wedge-top foreland basin (Pisuerga area, Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain) , Mar. Geol., 356, 71–87, 2014.
Merino-Tomé, O. A., Bahamonde, J. R., Colmenero, J. R., Heredia, N., Villa, E., and Farias, P.: Emplacement of the Cuera and Picos de Europa imbricate system at the core of the Iberian-Armorican arc (Cantabrian zone, Nord Spain: New precisions concerning the timing of arc closure, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 121, 729–751, 2009.
Merriman R. J. and Peacor D. R.: Very low-grade metapelites: mineralogy, microfabrics and measuring reaction progress, in: Low-Grade Metamorphism, Blackwell Science, edited by: Frey, M. and Robinson, D., Oxford, 10–60, 1999.
Merriman, R. J. and Frey, M.: Patterns of very low-grade metamorphism in metapelitic rocks, in: Low grade metamorphism, edited by: Frey, M. and Robinson, D., Blackwell Science, London, 61–107, 1999.
Meunier, A.: Clays, Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Heidelberg, New York, 2005.
Moore, D. M. and Reynolds Jr., R. C.: X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals, 2nd Edn., Oxford University Press, New York, 1997
Muchez, P., Heijlen, W., Banks, D., Blundell, D., Boni, M., and Grandia, F.: Extensional tectonics and the timing and formation of basin-hosted deposits in Europe, Ore Geol. Rev. 27, 241–264, 2005.
Müllis, J.: The system methane-water as a geologic thermometer and barometer from the external parts of the Central Alps, B. Minéral., 102, 526–536, 1979.
Müllis, J., Rahn, M. K., De Capitani, C., Stern, W. B., and Frey, M.: How useful is illite “crystallinity” as a geothermometer?, Terra Nova, 7, 128–129, 1995.
Müllis, J., Rahn, M. K., Schwer, P., De Capitani, C., Stern, W. B., and Frey, M.: Correlation of fluid inclusion temperatures with illite “crystalllinity” data and clay minerals chemistry in sedimentary rocks from the external parts of the Central Alps, Schweiz, Mineral. Petrogr. Mitt., 82, 325–340, 2002.
Passchier, C. W. and Trouw, R. A. J.: Microtectonics, 2nd Edn., Springer, Berlin, 366 pp., 2005.
Patrick, B. E., Evans, B. W., Dumoulin, J. A., and Harris, A. G.: A comparison of carbonate mineral and conodont color alteration index thermometry, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, Geological Society of America, Abstracts with programs, 17, 399 pp., 1985.
Phillips, G. N.: Widespread fluid infiltration during metamorphism of the Witwatersrand goldfields: generation of chloritoid and pyrophyllite, J. metamorph. Geol., 6, 311–332, 1988.
Raven, J. G. M. and van der Pluijm, B. A.: Metamorphic fluids and transtension in the Cantabrian Mountains of northern Spain: an application of the conodont color alteration index, Geol. Mag., 123, 673–681, 1986.
Rejebian, V. A., Harris, A. G., and Huebner, J. S.: Conodont color and textural alteration: an index to regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, and hydrothermal alteration, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 99, 471–479, 1987.
Rodríguez Fernández, L. R.: La estratigrafía del Paleozoico y la estructura de la región de Fuentes Carrionas y áreas adyacentes (Cordillera herciniana, NO de España), Cuadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe, Serie Nova Terra, 9, A Coruña, 240 pp. 1994.
Rodríguez Fernández, L. R. and Heredia, N.: La estratigrafía del Carbonífero y la estructura de la unidad del Pisuerga-Carrión. NO de España, Cuadernos do Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe, 12, 207–229, 1987.
Rodríguez Fernández, L. R., Heredia, N., Navarro, D., Martinez-García, E., and Marquínez, J.: Mapa Geológico de España E. 1 : 50 000, Hoja No 81, Potes. Inst. Geol. Min. España, 1994.
Savage, J. F.: Tectonic analysis of Lechada and Curavacas synclines, Yuso basin, León, NW Spain, Leidse. Geol. Med., 39, 193–247, 1967.
Środoń, J.: X-ray powder diffraction of illitic materials, Clays Clay Miner., 32, 337–349, 1984.
Suárez, O. and Corretgé, L. G.: Plutonismo y metamorfismo en las zonas Cantábrica y Asturoccidental-leonesa, in: Geología de los granitoides y rocas asociadas del Macizo Hespérico (libro homenaje a L. C. García de Figuerola), edited by: Bea, F., Carnicero, A., Gonzalo, J. C., López Plaza, M., and Rodríguez Alonso, A. D., Ed. Rueda, Madrid, 13–25, 1987.
Suárez, O. and García, A.: Petrología de la granodiorita de Peña Prieta (León, Santander, Palencia), Acta Geol. Hispanica, 9, 154–158, 1974.
Theye, T., Seidel, E., and Vidal, O.: Carpholite, sudoite, and chloritoid in low-grade high-pressure metapelites from Crete and The Peloponnese, Greece, Eur. J. Mineral., 4, 487–507, 1992.
Thompson, A. P.: A note on the kaolinite-pyrophillie equilibrium, Am. J. Sci., 268, 454–458, 1970.
Valverde-Vaquero, P., Cuesta, A., Gallastegui, G., Suárez, O., Corretgé, L. G., and Dunning, G. R.: U-Pb dating of late Variscan magmatism in the Cantabrian Zone (Northern Spain), Meeting of the European Union of Geosciences 10 (EUG 10), Strasbourg, Journal of Conference, Abstracts, 4, p. 101, 1999.
Van der Pluijm., B. A., Savage, J. F., and Kaars-Sijpestijn, C. H.: Variation in fold geometry in the Yuso Basin, northern Spain: implications for de deformation regime, J. Struct. Geol., 8, 879–886, 1986.
Van Veen, J.: The tectonic and stratigraphic history of the Cardaño area, Cantabrian Mountains, Northwest Spain, Leidse. Geol. Med., 35, 45–104, 1965.
Velde, B.: Introduction to clay minerals, Chapman and Hall, 198 pp., 1992
Von Gosen, W., Buggisch, W., and Krumms, S.: Metamorphism and deformation mechanisms in the Sierras Australes fold and thrust belt (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina), Tectonophysics, 185, 335–356 1991.
Warr, L. N. and Rice, H. N.: Interlaboratory standardization and calibration of clay mineral crystallinity and crystallite size data, J. Metamorph. Geol., 12, 141–152, 1994.
Winkler, H. G. F.: Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks, 5th edition, Srpinger Verlag New York, 348 pp., 1979.
Zen, E.-A.: Metamorphism of Lower Paleozoic rocks in the vicinity of the Taconic Range in west-central Vermont, Am. Mineral., 45, 129–175, 1960.
