Articles | Volume 11, issue 6
Solid Earth, 11, 2015–2030, 2020
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2015-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Solid Earth, 11, 2015–2030, 2020
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2015-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article 09 Nov 2020
Research article | 09 Nov 2020
Using horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios to construct shear-wave velocity profiles
Janneke van Ginkel et al.
Related authors
Janneke van Ginkel, Elmer Ruigrok, Jan Stafleu, and Rien Herber
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-252, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-252, 2021
Preprint under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
A soft, shallow subsurface composition has the tendency to amplify earthquake waves, resulting in increased ground shaking. Therefore, this paper presents a workflow in order to obtain a country-wide map classifying the response of the subsurface based on local geology, earthquake signals and background noise recordings. The resulting map can be used as a first assessment in regions with earthquake hazard potential by e.g. mining or geothermal energy activities.
Janneke van Ginkel, Elmer Ruigrok, Jan Stafleu, and Rien Herber
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-252, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2021-252, 2021
Preprint under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
A soft, shallow subsurface composition has the tendency to amplify earthquake waves, resulting in increased ground shaking. Therefore, this paper presents a workflow in order to obtain a country-wide map classifying the response of the subsurface based on local geology, earthquake signals and background noise recordings. The resulting map can be used as a first assessment in regions with earthquake hazard potential by e.g. mining or geothermal energy activities.
Irene Bianchi, Elmer Ruigrok, Anne Obermann, and Edi Kissling
Solid Earth, 12, 1185–1196, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1185-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1185-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The European Alps formed during collision between the European and Adriatic plates and are one of the most studied orogens for understanding the dynamics of mountain building. In the Eastern Alps, the contact between the colliding plates is still a matter of debate. We have used the records from distant earthquakes to highlight the geometries of the crust–mantle boundary in the Eastern Alpine area; our results suggest a complex and faulted internal crustal structure beneath the higher crests.
Related subject area
Subject area: Crustal structure and composition | Editorial team: Seismics, seismology, geoelectrics, and electromagnetics | Discipline: Seismology
Seismic radiation from wind turbines: observations and analytical modeling of frequency-dependent amplitude decays
Relocation of earthquakes in the southern and eastern Alps (Austria, Italy) recorded by the dense, temporary SWATH-D network using a Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion
Seismic noise variability as an indicator of urban mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Santiago metropolitan region, Chile
Transversely isotropic lower crust of Variscan central Europe imaged by ambient noise tomography of the Bohemian Massif
Evaluating seismic beamforming capabilities of distributed acoustic sensing arrays
A revised image of the instrumental seismicity in the Lodi area (Po Plain, Italy)
Crustal structure of southeast Australia from teleseismic receiver functions
Seismic monitoring of the Auckland Volcanic Field during New Zealand's COVID-19 lockdown
Crustal structures beneath the Eastern and Southern Alps from ambient noise tomography
Introducing noisi: a Python tool for ambient noise cross-correlation modeling and noise source inversion
Deep learning for fast simulation of seismic waves in complex media
Fault reactivation by gas injection at an underground gas storage off the east coast of Spain
Lithospheric image of the Central Iberian Zone (Iberian Massif) using global-phase seismic interferometry
Modeling active fault systems and seismic events by using a fiber bundle model – example case: the Northridge aftershock sequence
Visual analytics of aftershock point cloud data in complex fault systems
Passive processing of active nodal seismic data: estimation of VP∕VS ratios to characterize structure and hydrology of an alpine valley infill
Monitoring of induced distributed double-couple sources using Marchenko-based virtual receivers
ER3D: a structural and geophysical 3-D model of central Emilia-Romagna (northern Italy) for numerical simulation of earthquake ground motion
Migration of reflector orientation attributes in deep seismic profiles: evidence for decoupling of the Yilgarn Craton lower crust
The cross-dip correction as a tool to improve imaging of crooked-line seismic data: a case study from the post-glacial Burträsk fault, Sweden
Green's theorem in seismic imaging across the scales
Near-surface structure of the North Anatolian Fault zone from Rayleigh and Love wave tomography using ambient seismic noise
Power spectra of random heterogeneities in the solid earth
A multi-technology analysis of the 2017 North Korean nuclear test
Obtaining reliable source locations with time reverse imaging: limits to array design, velocity models and signal-to-noise ratios
Fabian Limberger, Michael Lindenfeld, Hagen Deckert, and Georg Rümpker
Solid Earth, 12, 1851–1864, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1851-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1851-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Frequency-dependent amplitude decays of seismic signals induced by wind turbines are determined from (up to) 6 months of continuous recordings measured along an 8 km profile located at a wind farm in Bavaria, Germany. The radiation pattern and amplitude decay of the induced signals are accounted for by an analytical approach that includes path and source effects. This approach is generalized to predict the characteristic seismic radiation patterns of arbitrary wind farm configurations.
Azam Jozi Najafabadi, Christian Haberland, Trond Ryberg, Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Michael Weber, and the AlpArray and AlpArray SWATH-D working groups
Solid Earth, 12, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study achieved high-precision hypocenters of 335 earthquakes (1–4.2 ML) and 1D velocity models of the Southern and Eastern Alps. The general pattern of seismicity reflects head-on convergence of the Adriatic Indenter with the Alpine orogenic crust. The relatively deeper seismicity in the eastern Southern Alps and Giudicarie Belt indicates southward propagation of the Southern Alpine deformation front. The derived hypocenters form excellent data for further seismological studies, e.g., LET.
Javier Ojeda and Sergio Ruiz
Solid Earth, 12, 1075–1085, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1075-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1075-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In Santiago, Chile, the lockdown imposed due to COVID-19 was recorded by seismological instruments. This analysis shows temporal changes in the surface vibrations controlled by lockdown phases, mobility, and epidemiological factors. Our findings suggest that
dynamic lockdownand the early deconfinement in April 2020 caused an increase in mobility and therefore virus transmission. We propose that seismic networks could be used to monitor urban mobility as a new proxy in public policies.
Jiří Kvapil, Jaroslava Plomerová, Hana Kampfová Exnerová, Vladislav Babuška, György Hetényi, and AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 1051–1074, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1051-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1051-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a high-resolution 3-D shear wave velocity (vS) model of the Bohemian Massif crust imaged from high-density data and enhanced depth sensitivity of tomographic inversion. The dominant features of the model are relatively higher vS in the upper crust than in its surrounding, a distinct intra-crustal interface, and a velocity decrease in the lower part of the crust. The low vS in the lower part of the crust is explained by the anisotropic fabric of the lower crust.
Martijn P. A. van den Ende and Jean-Paul Ampuero
Solid Earth, 12, 915–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-915-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-915-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is an emerging technology that measures stretching of an optical-fibre cable. This technology can be used to record the ground shaking of earthquakes, which offers a cost-efficient alternative to conventional seismometers. Since DAS is relatively new, we need to verify that existing seismological methods can be applied to this new data type. In this study, we reveal several issues by comparing DAS with conventional seismometer data for earthquake localisation.
Laura Peruzza, Alessandra Schibuola, Maria Adelaide Romano, Marco Garbin, Mariangela Guidarelli, Denis Sandron, and Enrico Priolo
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-35, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-35, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for SE
Short summary
Short summary
In weakly seismic or poorly monitored areas, the uncritical use of earthquake catalogues can be misleading. This is the case of a central sector in the Po Valley, where Northern Apennine and Southern Alps collide. We collect and reprocess the available instrumental data of about 300 earthquakes from 1951 to 2019. The seismicity is weak and deeper than expected, and far from some existing human activities carried on in the underground. The potential tectonic causative sources are still unknown.
Mohammed Bello, David G. Cornwell, Nicholas Rawlinson, Anya M. Reading, and Othaniel K. Likkason
Solid Earth, 12, 463–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-463-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-463-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, ground motion caused by distant earthquakes recorded in southeast Australia is used to image the structure of the crust and underlying mantle. This part of the Australian continent was assembled over the last 500 million years, but it remains poorly understood. By studying variations in crustal properties and thickness, we find evidence for the presence of an old microcontinent that is embedded in the younger terrane and forms a connection between Victoria and Tasmania.
Kasper van Wijk, Calum J. Chamberlain, Thomas Lecocq, and Koen Van Noten
Solid Earth, 12, 363–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-363-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-363-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Auckland Volcanic Field is monitored by a seismic network. The lockdown measures to combat COVID-19 in New Zealand provided an opportunity to evaluate the performance of seismic stations in the network and to search for small(er) local earthquakes, potentially hidden in the noise during "normal" times. Cross-correlation of template events resulted in detection of 30 new events not detected by GeoNet, but there is no evidence of an increase in detections during the quiet period of lockdown.
Ehsan Qorbani, Dimitri Zigone, Mark R. Handy, Götz Bokelmann, and AlpArray-EASI working group
Solid Earth, 11, 1947–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1947-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1947-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The crustal structure of the Eastern and Southern Alps is complex. Although several seismological studies have targeted the crust, the velocity structure under this area is still not fully understood. Here we study the crustal velocity structure using seismic ambient noise tomography. Our high-resolution models image several velocity anomalies and contrasts and reveal details of the crustal structure. We discuss our new models of the crust with respect to the geologic and tectonic features.
Laura Ermert, Jonas Igel, Korbinian Sager, Eléonore Stutzmann, Tarje Nissen-Meyer, and Andreas Fichtner
Solid Earth, 11, 1597–1615, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1597-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1597-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present an open-source tool to model ambient seismic auto- and cross-correlations with spatially varying source spectra. The modeling is based on pre-computed databases of seismic wave propagation, which can be obtained from public data providers. The aim of this tool is to facilitate the modeling of ambient noise correlations, which are an important seismologic observable, with realistic wave propagation physics. We present a description and benchmark along with example use cases.
Ben Moseley, Tarje Nissen-Meyer, and Andrew Markham
Solid Earth, 11, 1527–1549, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1527-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1527-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of seismic waves are very important; they allow us to understand how earthquakes spread and how the interior of the Earth is structured. However, whilst powerful, existing simulation methods usually require a large amount of computational power and time to run. In this research, we use modern machine learning techniques to accelerate these calculations inside complex models of the Earth.
Antonio Villaseñor, Robert B. Herrmann, Beatriz Gaite, and Arantza Ugalde
Solid Earth, 11, 63–74, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-63-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-63-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present new earthquake focal depths and fault orientations for earthquakes that occurred in 2013 in the vicinity of an underground gas storage off the east coast of Spain. Our focal depths are in the range of 5–10 km, notably deeper than the depth of the gas injection (2 km). The obtained fault orientations also differ from the predominant faults at shallow depths. This suggests that the faults reactivated are deeper, previously unmapped faults occurring beneath the sedimentary layers.
Juvenal Andrés, Deyan Draganov, Martin Schimmel, Puy Ayarza, Imma Palomeras, Mario Ruiz, and Ramon Carbonell
Solid Earth, 10, 1937–1950, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1937-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1937-2019, 2019
Marisol Monterrubio-Velasco, F. Ramón Zúñiga, José Carlos Carrasco-Jiménez, Víctor Márquez-Ramírez, and Josep de la Puente
Solid Earth, 10, 1519–1540, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1519-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1519-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquake aftershocks display spatiotemporal correlations arising from their self-organized critical behavior. Stochastical models such as the fiber bundle (FBM) permit the use of an analog of the physical model that produces a statistical behavior with many similarities to real series. In this work, a new model based on FBM that includes geometrical faults systems is proposed. Our analysis focuses on aftershock statistics, and as a study case we modeled the Northridge sequence.
Chisheng Wang, Junzhuo Ke, Jincheng Jiang, Min Lu, Wenqun Xiu, Peng Liu, and Qingquan Li
Solid Earth, 10, 1397–1407, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1397-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1397-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The point cloud of located aftershocks contains the information which can directly reveal the fault geometry and temporal evolution of an earthquake sequence. However, there is a lack of studies using state-of-the-art visual analytics methods to explore the data to discover hidden information about the earthquake fault. We present a novel interactive approach to illustrate 3-D aftershock point clouds, which can help the seismologist to better understand the complex fault system.
Michael Behm, Feng Cheng, Anna Patterson, and Gerilyn S. Soreghan
Solid Earth, 10, 1337–1354, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1337-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1337-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
New acquisition styles for active seismic source exploration provide a wealth of additional quasi-passive data. We show how these data can be used to gain complementary information about the subsurface. Specifically, we process an active-source dataset from an alpine valley in western Colorado with both active and passive inversion schemes. The results provide new insights on subsurface hydrology based on the ratio of P-wave and S-wave velocity structures.
Joeri Brackenhoff, Jan Thorbecke, and Kees Wapenaar
Solid Earth, 10, 1301–1319, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1301-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1301-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquakes in the subsurface are hard to monitor due to their complicated signals. We aim to make the monitoring of the subsurface possible by redatuming the sources and the receivers from the surface of the Earth to the subsurface to monitor earthquakes originating from small faults in the subsurface. By using several sources together, we create complex earthquake signals for large-scale faults sources.
Peter Klin, Giovanna Laurenzano, Maria Adelaide Romano, Enrico Priolo, and Luca Martelli
Solid Earth, 10, 931–949, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-931-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-931-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using geological and geophysical data, we set up a 3-D digital description of the underground structure in the central part of the Po alluvial plain. By means of computer-simulated propagation of seismic waves, we were able to identify the structural features that caused the unexpected elongation and amplification of the earthquake ground motion that was observed in the area during the 2012 seismic crisis. The study permits a deeper understanding of the seismic hazard in alluvial basins.
Andrew J. Calvert and Michael P. Doublier
Solid Earth, 10, 637–645, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-637-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-637-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Deep (> 40 km) seismic reflection surveys are acquired on land along crooked roads. Using the varying azimuth between source and receiver, the true 3-D orientation of crustal structures can be determined. Applying this method to a survey over the ancient Australian Yilgarn Craton reveals that most reflectors in the lower crust exhibit a systematic dip perpendicular to those in the overlying crust, consistent with lateral flow of a weak lower crust in the hotter early Earth 2.7 billion years ago.
Ruth A. Beckel and Christopher Juhlin
Solid Earth, 10, 581–598, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-581-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-581-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Scandinavia is crossed by extensive fault scarps that have likely been caused by huge earthquakes when the ice sheets of the last glacial melted. Due to the inaccessibility of the terrain, reflection seismic data have to be collected along crooked lines, which reduces the imaging quality unless special corrections are applied. We developed a new correction method that is very tolerant to noise and used it to improve the reflection image of such a fault and refine its geological interpretation.
Kees Wapenaar, Joeri Brackenhoff, and Jan Thorbecke
Solid Earth, 10, 517–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-517-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-517-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The earthquake seismology and seismic exploration communities have developed a variety of seismic imaging methods for passive- and active-source data. Despite the seemingly different approaches and underlying principles, many of these methods are based in some way or another on the same mathematical theorem. Starting with this theorem, we discuss a variety of classical and recent seismic imaging methods in a systematic way and explain their similarities and differences.
George Taylor, Sebastian Rost, Gregory A. Houseman, and Gregor Hillers
Solid Earth, 10, 363–378, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-363-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-363-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We constructed a seismic velocity model of the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey. We found that the fault is located within a region of reduced seismic velocity and skirts the edges of a geological unit that displays high seismic velocity, indicating that this unit could be stronger than the surrounding material. Furthermore, we found that seismic waves travel fastest in the NE–SW direction, which is the direction of maximum extension for this part of Turkey and indicates mineral alignment.
Haruo Sato
Solid Earth, 10, 275–292, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-275-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-275-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Recent seismological observations clarified that the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle is randomly heterogeneous. I compile reported power spectral density functions of random velocity fluctuations based on various types of measurements. Their spectral envelope is approximated by the third power of wavenumber. It is interesting to study what kinds of geophysical processes created such a power-law spectral envelope at different scales and in different geological environments.
Peter Gaebler, Lars Ceranna, Nima Nooshiri, Andreas Barth, Simone Cesca, Michaela Frei, Ilona Grünberg, Gernot Hartmann, Karl Koch, Christoph Pilger, J. Ole Ross, and Torsten Dahm
Solid Earth, 10, 59–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-59-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-59-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
On 3 September 2017 official channels of the Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea announced the successful test of a nuclear device. This study provides a
multi-technology analysis of the 2017 North Korean event and its aftermath using a wide array of geophysical methods (seismology, infrasound, remote sensing, radionuclide monitoring, and atmospheric transport modeling). Our results clearly indicate that the September 2017 North Korean event was in fact a nuclear test.
Claudia Werner and Erik H. Saenger
Solid Earth, 9, 1487–1505, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1487-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1487-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Time reverse imaging is a method for locating quasi-simultaneous or low-amplitude earthquakes. Numerous three-dimensional synthetic simulations were performed to discover the influence of station distributions, complex velocity models and high noise rates on the reliability of localisations. The guidelines obtained enable the estimation of the localisation success rates of an existing station set-up and provide the basis for designing new arrays.
Cited articles
Arai, H. and Tokimatsu, K.: S-wave velocity profiling by joint inversion of
microtremor dispersion curve and horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectrum,
B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 95, 1766–1778, 2005. a
Bard, P.-Y.: Microtremor measurements: a tool for site effect estimation, The
effects of surface geology on seismic motion, The effects of surface geology on seismic motion, 3, 1251–1279, 1999. a
Bard, P.-Y., Campillo, M., Chavez-Garcia, F., and Sanchez-Sesma, F.: The
Mexico earthquake of September 19, 1985—A theoretical investigation of
large-and small-scale amplification effects in the Mexico City Valley,
Earthquake Spectra, 4, 609–633, 1988. a
Bignardi, S.: The uncertainty of estimating the thickness of soft sediments
with the HVSR method: A computational point of view on weak lateral
variations, J. Appl. Geophys., 145, 28–38, 2017. a
Bignardi, S., Mantovani, A., and Abu Zeid, N.: OpenHVSR: imaging the
subsurface 2D/3D elastic properties through multiple HVSR
modeling and inversion, Comput. Geosci., 93, 103–113, 2016. a
Bommer, J. J., Dost, B., Edwards, B., Stafford, P. J., van Elk, J., Doornhof,
D., and Ntinalexis, M.: Developing an Application Specific Ground Motion
Model for Induced Seismicity, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 106, 158, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120150184, 2016. a, b
Bommer, J. J., Stafford, P. J., Edwards, B., Dost, B., van Dedem, E.,
Rodriguez-Marek, A., Kruiver, P., van Elk, J., Doornhof, D., and Ntinalexis,
M.: Framework for a ground-motion model for induced seismic hazard and risk
analysis in the Groningen gas field, the Netherlands, Earthquake Spectra,
33, 481–498, 2017. a, b, c
Bonnefoy-Claudet, S., Cotton, F., and Bard, P.-Y.: The nature of noise
wavefield and its applications for site effects studies: A literature
review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 79, 205–227, 2006b. a
Bradley, B. A.: Strong ground motion characteristics observed in the 4
September 2010 Darfield, New Zealand earthquake, Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 42, 32–46, 2012. a
Brenguier, F., Courbis, R., Mordret, A., Campman, X., Boué, P., Chmiel, M.,
Takano, T., Lecocq, T., Van der Veen, W., Postif, S., et al.: Noise-based
ballistic wave passive seismic monitoring, Part 1: body waves, Geophys. J. Int., 221, 683–691, 2020. a
Chmiel, M., Mordret, A., Boué, P., Brenguier, F., Lecocq, T., Courbis, R.,
Hollis, D., Campman, X., Romijn, R., and Van der Veen, W.: Ambient noise
multimode Rayleigh and Love wave tomography to determine the shear
velocity structure above the Groningen gas field, Geophys. J. Int., 218, 1781–1795, 2019. a
Dost, B., Ruigrok, E., and Spetzler, J.: Development of seismicity and
probabilistic hazard assessment for the Groningen gas field, Neth. J. Geosci., 96, 235–245, https://doi.org/10.1017/njg.2017.20, 2017. a, b
Fäh, D., Kind, F., and Giardini, D.: Inversion of local S-wave velocity
structures from average H/V ratios, and their use for the estimation of
site-effects, J. Seismol., 7, 449–467, 2003. a
Ferreira, A. M. and Woodhouse, J. H.: Source, path and receiver effects on
seismic surface waves, Geophys. J. Int., 168, 109–132,
2007a. a
Ferreira, A. M. and Woodhouse, J. H.: Observations of long period Rayleigh
wave ellipticity, Geophys. J. Int., 169, 161–169, 2007b. a
Fokker, E. and Ruigrok, E.: Quality parameters for passive image interferometry
tested at the Groningen network, Geophys. J. Int., 218,
1367–1378, 2019. a
Havskov, J. and Alguacil, G.: Instrumentation in earthquake seismology, Vol.
358, Springer, 313 pp., 2004. a
Hobiger, M., Bard, P.-Y., Cornou, C., and Le Bihan, N.: Single station
determination of Rayleigh wave ellipticity by using the random decrement
technique (RayDec), Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL038863, 2009. a
KNMI: Netherlands Seismic and Acoustic Network, Royal Netherlands
Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Other/Seismic Network,
https://doi.org/10.21944/e970fd34-23b9-3411-b366-e4f72877d2c5, 1993. a
Konno, K. and Ohmachi, T.: Ground-motion characteristics estimated from
spectral ratio between horizontal and vertical components of microtremor,
B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 88, 228–241, 1998. a
Kruiver, P. P., van Dedem, E., Romijn, R., de Lange, G., Korff, M., Stafleu,
J., Gunnink, J. L., Rodriguez-Marek, A., Bommer, J. J., van Elk, J., et al.:
An integrated shear-wave velocity model for the Groningen gas field, the
Netherlands, B. Earthq. Eng., 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0105-y, 2017. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h
Lachetl, C. and Bard, P.-Y.: Numerical and theoretical investigations on the
possibilities and limitations of Nakamura's technique, J. Phys. Earth, 42, 377–397, 1994. a
Lermo, J. and Chavez-Garcia, F. J.: Site effect evaluation using spectral
ratios with only one station, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 83, 1574–1594, 1993. a
Lontsi, A. M., Sánchez-Sesma, F. J., Molina-Villegas, J. C., Ohrnberger,
M., and Krüger, F.: Full microtremor H/V (z, f) inversion for shallow
subsurface characterization, Geophys. J. Int., 202,
298–312, 2015. a
Malischewsky, P. G., Lomnitz, C., Wuttke, F., and Saragoni, R.: Prograde
Rayleigh-wave motion in the valley of Mexico, Geofísica
Internacional, 45, 149–162, 2006. a
Maranò, S., Hobiger, M., and Fäh, D.: Retrieval of Rayleigh wave
ellipticity from ambient vibration recordings, Geophys. J. Int., 209, 334–352, 2017. a
Meijles, E.: De ondergrond van Groningen: een geologische geschiedenis, NAM, 24 pp.,
2015. a
Mordret, A., Courbis, R., Brenguier, F., Chmiel, M., Garambois, S., Mao, S.,
Boué, P., Campman, X., Lecocq, T., Van der Veen, W., et al.: Noise-based
ballistic wave passive seismic monitoring–Part 2: surface waves,
Geophys. J. Int., 221, 692–705, 2020. a
Nishitsuji, Y., Ruigrok, E., Gomez, M., and Draganov, D.: Global-phase H/V
spectral ratio for delineating the basin in the Malargue Region,
Argentina, Seismol. Res. Lett., 85, 1004–1011, 2014. a
Spica, Z., Perton, M., Nakata, N., Liu, X., and Beroza, G.: Site
Characterization at Groningen Gas Field Area Through Joint Surface-Borehole
H/V Analysis, Geophys. J. Int., 212, 412–421, 2018. a
Spica, Z., Nakata, N., Liu, X., Campman, X., Tang, Z., and Beroza, G.: The
ambient seismic field at Groningen gas field: An overview from the
surface to reservoir depth, Seismol. Res. Lett., 89, 1450–1466, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220170256. 2018a. a, b, c
Spica, Z., Perton, M., Nakata, N., Liu, X., and Beroza, G.: Shallow VS
imaging of the Groningen area from joint inversion of multimode surface
waves and H/V spectral ratios, Seismol. Res. Lett., 89, 1720–1729, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220180060, 2018b. a, b
Thabet, M.: Site-Specific Relationships between Bedrock Depth and HVSR
Fundamental Resonance Frequency Using KiK-NET Data from Japan, Pure
Appl. Geophys., 176, 4809–4831, 2019. a
Tsai, N. and Housner, G.: Calculation of surface motions of a layered
half-space, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 60, 1625–1651,
1970. a
Vos, P.: Origin of the Dutch coastal landscape: long-term landscape evolution
of the Netherlands during the Holocene, described and visualized in
national, regional and local palaeogeographical map series, Barkhuis, 369 pp., 2015. a
Wathelet, M., Jongmans, D., Ohrnberger, M., and Bonnefoy-Claudet, S.: Array
performances for ambient vibrations on a shallow structure and consequences
over Vs inversion, J. Seismol., 12, 1–19, 2008. a
Short summary
Knowledge of subsurface velocities is key to understand how earthquake waves travel through the Earth. We present a method to construct velocity profiles for the upper sediment layer on top of the Groningen field, the Netherlands. Here, the soft-sediment layer causes resonance of seismic waves, and this resonance is used to compute velocities from. Recordings from large earthquakes and the background noise signals are used to derive reliable velocities for the deep sedimentary layer.
Knowledge of subsurface velocities is key to understand how earthquake waves travel through the...
