Articles | Volume 5, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1123-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1123-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
25 Nov 2014
Research article |
| 25 Nov 2014
3-D geomechanical–numerical model of the contemporary crustal stress state in the Alberta Basin (Canada)
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
University of Potsdam, Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
O. Heidbach
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Related authors
Denise Degen, Moritz Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Karsten Reiter, and Florian Wellmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2932, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2932, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Obtaining reliable estimates of the subsurface state distributions is essential to determine the location of e.g. potential nuclear waste disposal sites. However, providing these is challenging since it requires solving the problem numerous times yielding high computational cost. To overcome this, we use a physics-based machine learning method to construct surrogate models. We demonstrate how it produces physics-preserving predictions, which differentiates it from purely data-driven approaches.
Moritz O. Ziegler, Robin Seithel, Thomas Niederhuber, Oliver Heidbach, Thomas Kohl, Birgit Müller, Mojtaba Rajabi, Karsten Reiter, and Luisa Röckel
Solid Earth, 15, 1047–1063, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rotation of the principal stress axes in a fault structure because of a rock stiffness contrast has been investigated for the impact of the ratio of principal stresses, the angle between principal stress axes and fault strike, and the ratio of the rock stiffness contrast. A generic 2D geomechanical model is employed for the systematic investigation of the parameter space.
Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, and Moritz O. Ziegler
Solid Earth, 15, 305–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
It is generally assumed that faults have an influence on the stress state of the Earth’s crust. It is questionable whether this influence is still present far away from a fault. Simple numerical models were used to investigate the extent of the influence of faults on the stress state. Several models with different fault representations were investigated. The stress fluctuations further away from the fault (> 1 km) are very small.
Oliver Heidbach, Karsten Reiter, Moritz O. Ziegler, and Birgit Müller
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 185–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-185-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-185-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When stresses yield a critical value, rock breaks and generate pathways for fluid migration. Thus, the contemporary undisturbed stress state is a key parameter for assessing the stability of deep geological repositories. In this workshop you can ask everything you always wanted to know about stress (but were afraid to ask), and this is divided into three parts. 1) How do we formally describe the stress field? 2) How do we to actually measure stress? 3) How do we go from points to 3D description?
Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Moritz Ziegler, Silvio Giger, Rodney Garrard, and Jean Desroches
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 71–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-71-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-71-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical methods can be used to estimate the stress state in the Earth’s upper crust. Measured stress data are needed for model calibration. High-quality stress data are available for the calibration of models for possible radioactive waste repositories in Switzerland. A best-fit model predicts the stress state for each point within the model volume. In this study, variable rock properties are used to predict the potential stress variations due to inhomogeneous rock properties.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Sophia Morawietz, Birgit Müller, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Andreas Henk, Moritz Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, and Frank Schilling
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 73–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-73-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-73-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Stress data predicted by a geomechanical–numerical model are mapped onto 3D fault geometries. Then the slip tendency of these faults is calculated as a measure of their reactivation potential. Characteristics of the faults and the state of stress are identified that lead to a high fault reactivation potential. An overall high reactivation potential is observed in the Upper Rhine Graben area, whereas the reactivation potential is quite low in the Molasse Basin.
Tobias Hergert, Steffen Ahlers, Luisa Röckel, Sophia Morawietz, Karsten Reiter, Moritz Ziegler, Birgit Müller, Oliver Heidbach, Frank Schilling, and Andreas Henk
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 65–65, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-65-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-65-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In numerical geomechanical models, an initial stress state is established before displacement boundary conditions are applied in order to match calibration data. We present generic models to show that the choice of initial stress and boundary conditions affects the final state of stress in areas of the model domain where no stress data for calibration are available. These deviations are largest in the vicinity of lithological interfaces, and they can be reduced if more stress data exist.
Steffen Ahlers, Karsten Reiter, Tobias Hergert, Andreas Henk, Luisa Röckel, Sophia Morawietz, Oliver Heidbach, Moritz Ziegler, and Birgit Müller
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 59–59, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-59-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-59-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The recent crustal stress state is a crucial parameter in the search for a high-level nuclear waste repository. We present results of a 3D geomechanical numerical model that improves the state of knowledge by providing a continuum-mechanics-based prediction of the recent crustal stress field in Germany. The model results can be used, for example, for the calculation of fracture potential, for slip tendency analyses or as boundary conditions for smaller local models.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Birgit Müller, Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, and Frank Schilling
Solid Earth, 13, 1087–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reactivation of tectonic faults can lead to earthquakes and jeopardize underground operations. The reactivation potential is linked to fault properties and the tectonic stress field. We create 3D geometries for major faults in Germany and use stress data from a 3D geomechanical–numerical model to calculate their reactivation potential and compare it to seismic events. The reactivation potential in general is highest for NNE–SSW- and NW–SE-striking faults and strongly depends on the fault dip.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Sophia Morawietz, Birgit Müller, Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, and Frank Schilling
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 77–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-77-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-77-2021, 2021
Karsten Reiter, Steffen Ahlers, Sophia Morawietz, Luisa Röckel, Tobias Hergert, Andreas Henk, Birgit Müller, and Oliver Heidbach
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 75–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-75-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-75-2021, 2021
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 163–164, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-163-2021, 2021
Sophia Morawietz, Moritz Ziegler, Karsten Reiter, and the SpannEnD Project Team
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 71–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-71-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-71-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of the crustal stress state is important for the assessment of subsurface stability. In particular, stress magnitudes are essential for the calibration of geomechanical models that estimate a continuous description of the 3-D stress field from pointwise and incomplete stress data. We present the first comprehensive and open-access stress magnitude database for Germany, consisting of 568 data records. We introduce a quality ranking scheme for stress magnitude data for the first time.
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth, 12, 1777–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge about the stress state in the upper crust is of great importance for many economic and scientific questions. However, our knowledge in Germany is limited since available datasets only provide pointwise, incomplete and heterogeneous information. We present the first 3D geomechanical model that provides a continuous description of the contemporary crustal stress state for Germany. The model is calibrated by the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress and stress magnitudes.
Karsten Reiter
Solid Earth, 12, 1287–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The influence and interaction of elastic material properties (Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio), density and low-friction faults on the resulting far-field stress pattern in the Earth's crust is tested with generic models. A Young's modulus contrast can lead to a significant stress rotation. Discontinuities with low friction in homogeneous models change the stress pattern only slightly, away from the fault. In addition, active discontinuities are able to compensate stress rotation.
T. Hergert, O. Heidbach, K. Reiter, S. B. Giger, and P. Marschall
Solid Earth, 6, 533–552, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-533-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-533-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A numerical model integrating the structure and mechanical properties of a sedimentary sequence in the Alpine foreland is presented to show that topography, tectonic faults and, most of all, spatialy variable rock properties affect the state of stress at depth. The tectonic forces acting on the sequence are primarily taken up by the stiff rock units leaving the weaker units in a stress shadow.
Denise Degen, Moritz Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Karsten Reiter, and Florian Wellmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2932, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2932, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Obtaining reliable estimates of the subsurface state distributions is essential to determine the location of e.g. potential nuclear waste disposal sites. However, providing these is challenging since it requires solving the problem numerous times yielding high computational cost. To overcome this, we use a physics-based machine learning method to construct surrogate models. We demonstrate how it produces physics-preserving predictions, which differentiates it from purely data-driven approaches.
Moritz O. Ziegler, Robin Seithel, Thomas Niederhuber, Oliver Heidbach, Thomas Kohl, Birgit Müller, Mojtaba Rajabi, Karsten Reiter, and Luisa Röckel
Solid Earth, 15, 1047–1063, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rotation of the principal stress axes in a fault structure because of a rock stiffness contrast has been investigated for the impact of the ratio of principal stresses, the angle between principal stress axes and fault strike, and the ratio of the rock stiffness contrast. A generic 2D geomechanical model is employed for the systematic investigation of the parameter space.
Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, and Moritz O. Ziegler
Solid Earth, 15, 305–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-305-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
It is generally assumed that faults have an influence on the stress state of the Earth’s crust. It is questionable whether this influence is still present far away from a fault. Simple numerical models were used to investigate the extent of the influence of faults on the stress state. Several models with different fault representations were investigated. The stress fluctuations further away from the fault (> 1 km) are very small.
Oliver Heidbach, Karsten Reiter, Moritz O. Ziegler, and Birgit Müller
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 185–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-185-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-185-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When stresses yield a critical value, rock breaks and generate pathways for fluid migration. Thus, the contemporary undisturbed stress state is a key parameter for assessing the stability of deep geological repositories. In this workshop you can ask everything you always wanted to know about stress (but were afraid to ask), and this is divided into three parts. 1) How do we formally describe the stress field? 2) How do we to actually measure stress? 3) How do we go from points to 3D description?
Moritz O. Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, and Mojtaba Rajabi
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 79–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-79-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-79-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The subsurface is subject to constant stress. With increasing depth, more rock overlies an area, thereby increasing the stress. There is also constant stress from the sides. Knowledge of this stress is fundamental to build lasting and safe underground structures. Very few data on the stress state are available; thus, computer models are used to predict this parameter. We present a method to improve the quality of the computer models, even if no direct data on the stress state are available.
Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Moritz Ziegler, Silvio Giger, Rodney Garrard, and Jean Desroches
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 71–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-71-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-71-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Numerical methods can be used to estimate the stress state in the Earth’s upper crust. Measured stress data are needed for model calibration. High-quality stress data are available for the calibration of models for possible radioactive waste repositories in Switzerland. A best-fit model predicts the stress state for each point within the model volume. In this study, variable rock properties are used to predict the potential stress variations due to inhomogeneous rock properties.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Sophia Morawietz, Birgit Müller, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Andreas Henk, Moritz Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, and Frank Schilling
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 73–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-73-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-73-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Stress data predicted by a geomechanical–numerical model are mapped onto 3D fault geometries. Then the slip tendency of these faults is calculated as a measure of their reactivation potential. Characteristics of the faults and the state of stress are identified that lead to a high fault reactivation potential. An overall high reactivation potential is observed in the Upper Rhine Graben area, whereas the reactivation potential is quite low in the Molasse Basin.
Tobias Hergert, Steffen Ahlers, Luisa Röckel, Sophia Morawietz, Karsten Reiter, Moritz Ziegler, Birgit Müller, Oliver Heidbach, Frank Schilling, and Andreas Henk
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 65–65, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-65-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-65-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In numerical geomechanical models, an initial stress state is established before displacement boundary conditions are applied in order to match calibration data. We present generic models to show that the choice of initial stress and boundary conditions affects the final state of stress in areas of the model domain where no stress data for calibration are available. These deviations are largest in the vicinity of lithological interfaces, and they can be reduced if more stress data exist.
Steffen Ahlers, Karsten Reiter, Tobias Hergert, Andreas Henk, Luisa Röckel, Sophia Morawietz, Oliver Heidbach, Moritz Ziegler, and Birgit Müller
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 2, 59–59, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-59-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-59-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The recent crustal stress state is a crucial parameter in the search for a high-level nuclear waste repository. We present results of a 3D geomechanical numerical model that improves the state of knowledge by providing a continuum-mechanics-based prediction of the recent crustal stress field in Germany. The model results can be used, for example, for the calculation of fracture potential, for slip tendency analyses or as boundary conditions for smaller local models.
Michal Kruszewski, Alessandro Verdecchia, Oliver Heidbach, Rebecca M. Harrington, and David Healy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1889, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1889, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigate the evolution of fault reactivation potential in the greater Ruhr region (Germany) in respect to a future utilization of deep geothermal resources. We use analytical and numerical approaches to understand the initial stress conditions on faults as well as their evolution in space and time during geothermal fluid production. Using results from our analyses, we can localize areas more favorable for geothermal energy use based on fault reactivation potential.
Michal Kruszewski, Gerd Klee, Thomas Niederhuber, and Oliver Heidbach
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5367–5385, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5367-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5367-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The authors assemble an in situ stress magnitude and orientation database based on 429 hydrofracturing tests that were carried out in six coal mines and two coal bed methane boreholes between 1986 and 1995 within the greater Ruhr region (Germany). Our study summarises the results of the extensive in situ stress test campaign and assigns quality to each data record using the established quality ranking schemes of the World Stress Map project.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Birgit Müller, Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, and Frank Schilling
Solid Earth, 13, 1087–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reactivation of tectonic faults can lead to earthquakes and jeopardize underground operations. The reactivation potential is linked to fault properties and the tectonic stress field. We create 3D geometries for major faults in Germany and use stress data from a 3D geomechanical–numerical model to calculate their reactivation potential and compare it to seismic events. The reactivation potential in general is highest for NNE–SSW- and NW–SE-striking faults and strongly depends on the fault dip.
Moritz Ziegler and Oliver Heidbach
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 187–188, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-187-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-187-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth's crust is subject to constant stress which is manifested by earthquakes at plate boundaries. This stress is not only at plate boundaries but everywhere in the crust. A profound knowledge of the magnitude and orientation of the stress is important to select and build a safe deep geological repository for nuclear waste. We demonstrate how to build computer models of the stress state and show how to deal with the associated uncertainties.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Sophia Morawietz, Birgit Müller, Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, and Frank Schilling
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 77–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-77-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-77-2021, 2021
Karsten Reiter, Steffen Ahlers, Sophia Morawietz, Luisa Röckel, Tobias Hergert, Andreas Henk, Birgit Müller, and Oliver Heidbach
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 75–76, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-75-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-75-2021, 2021
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 163–164, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-163-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-163-2021, 2021
Sophia Morawietz, Moritz Ziegler, Karsten Reiter, and the SpannEnD Project Team
Saf. Nucl. Waste Disposal, 1, 71–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-71-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-71-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of the crustal stress state is important for the assessment of subsurface stability. In particular, stress magnitudes are essential for the calibration of geomechanical models that estimate a continuous description of the 3-D stress field from pointwise and incomplete stress data. We present the first comprehensive and open-access stress magnitude database for Germany, consisting of 568 data records. We introduce a quality ranking scheme for stress magnitude data for the first time.
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth, 12, 1777–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge about the stress state in the upper crust is of great importance for many economic and scientific questions. However, our knowledge in Germany is limited since available datasets only provide pointwise, incomplete and heterogeneous information. We present the first 3D geomechanical model that provides a continuous description of the contemporary crustal stress state for Germany. The model is calibrated by the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress and stress magnitudes.
Karsten Reiter
Solid Earth, 12, 1287–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The influence and interaction of elastic material properties (Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio), density and low-friction faults on the resulting far-field stress pattern in the Earth's crust is tested with generic models. A Young's modulus contrast can lead to a significant stress rotation. Discontinuities with low friction in homogeneous models change the stress pattern only slightly, away from the fault. In addition, active discontinuities are able to compensate stress rotation.
Ershad Gholamrezaie, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Judith Bott, Oliver Heidbach, and Manfred R. Strecker
Solid Earth, 10, 785–807, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-785-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-785-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Based on geophysical data integration and 3-D gravity modeling, we show that significant density heterogeneities are expressed as two large high-density bodies in the crust below the Sea of Marmara. The location of these bodies correlates spatially with the bends of the main Marmara fault, indicating that rheological contrasts in the crust may influence the fault kinematics. Our findings may have implications for seismic hazard and risk assessments in the Marmara region.
Moritz O. Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, John Reinecker, Anna M. Przybycin, and Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth
Solid Earth, 7, 1365–1382, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1365-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1365-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Subsurface engineering relies on sparsely distributed data points of the stress state of the earth's crust. 3D geomechanical--numerical modelling is applied to estimate the stress state in the entire volume of a large area. We present a multi-stage approach of differently sized models which provide the stress state in an area of interest derived from few and widely scattered data records. Furthermore we demonstrate the changes in reliability of the model depending on different input parameters.
T. Hergert, O. Heidbach, K. Reiter, S. B. Giger, and P. Marschall
Solid Earth, 6, 533–552, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-533-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-533-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A numerical model integrating the structure and mechanical properties of a sedimentary sequence in the Alpine foreland is presented to show that topography, tectonic faults and, most of all, spatialy variable rock properties affect the state of stress at depth. The tectonic forces acting on the sequence are primarily taken up by the stiff rock units leaving the weaker units in a stress shadow.
Related subject area
Tectonics
On the role of trans-lithospheric faults in the long-term seismotectonic segmentation of active margins: a case study in the Andes
Along-strike variation in volcanic addition controlling post-breakup sedimentary infill: Pelotas margin, austral South Atlantic
Stress state at faults: the influence of rock stiffness contrast, stress orientation, and ratio
(D)rifting in the 21st century: key processes, natural hazards, and geo-resources
Interseismic and long-term deformation of southeastern Sicily driven by the Ionian slab roll-back
Rift and plume: a discussion on active and passive rifting mechanisms in the Afro-Arabian rift based on synthesis of geophysical data
Propagating rifts: the roles of crustal damage and ascending mantle fluids
Magma-poor continent–ocean transition zones of the southern North Atlantic: a wide-angle seismic synthesis of a new frontier
Cretaceous–Paleocene extension at the southwestern continental margin of India and opening of the Laccadive basin: constraints from geophysical data
Importance of basement faulting and salt decoupling for the structural evolution of the Fars Arc, Zagros fold-and-thrust belt: A numerical modeling approach
The influence of vertical lithological contrasts on strike-slip fault behavior: Insights from analogue models
Extensional exhumation of cratons: insights from the Early Cretaceous Rio Negro–Juruena belt (Amazonian Craton, Colombia)
Hydrogen solubility of stishovite provides insights into water transportation to the deep Earth
Modelling transient thermal processes in the lithosphere: application to the NW Pannonian basin
Networks of geometrically coherent faults accommodate Alpine tectonic inversion offshore southwestern Iberia
Oblique rifting triggered by slab tearing: the case of the Alboran rifted margin in the eastern Betics
Melt-enhanced strain localization and phase mixing in a large-scale mantle shear zone (Ronda peridotite, Spain)
Selective inversion of rift basins in lithospheric-scale analogue experiments
The link between Somalian Plate rotation and the East African Rift System: an analogue modelling study
Inversion of extensional basins parallel and oblique to their boundaries: inferences from analogue models and field observations from the Dolomites Indenter, European eastern Southern Alps
Magnetic fabric analyses of basin inversion: a sandbox modelling approach
Tectonic interactions during rift linkage: insights from analog and numerical experiments
The influence of crustal strength on rift geometry and development – insights from 3D numerical modelling
Construction of the Ukrainian Carpathian wedge from low-temperature thermochronology and tectono-stratigraphic analysis
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: a review and future perspectives
Insights into the interaction of a shale with CO2
Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Slyne Basin
Assessing the role of thermal disequilibrium in the evolution of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary: an idealized model of heat exchange during channelized melt transport
Control of crustal strength, tectonic inheritance, and stretching/ shortening rates on crustal deformation and basin reactivation: insights from laboratory models
Numerical simulation of contemporary kinematics at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and its implications for seismic hazard assessment
Late Cretaceous–early Palaeogene inversion-related tectonic structures at the northeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif (southwestern Poland and northern Czechia)
A tectonic-rules-based mantle reference frame since 1 billion years ago – implications for supercontinent cycles and plate–mantle system evolution
An efficient partial-differential-equation-based method to compute pressure boundary conditions in regional geodynamic models
The analysis of slip tendency of major tectonic faults in Germany
Earthquake ruptures and topography of the Chilean margin controlled by plate interface deformation
Together but separate: decoupled Variscan (late Carboniferous) and Alpine (Late Cretaceous–Paleogene) inversion tectonics in NW Poland
Late Quaternary faulting in the southern Matese (Italy): implications for earthquake potential and slip rate variability in the southern Apennines
The topographic signature of temperature-controlled rheological transitions in an accretionary prism
Rare earth elements associated with carbonatite–alkaline complexes in western Rajasthan, India: exploration targeting at regional scale
Exhumation and erosion of the Northern Apennines, Italy: new insights from low-temperature thermochronometers
Structural complexities and tectonic barriers controlling recent seismic activity in the Pollino area (Calabria–Lucania, southern Italy) – constraints from stress inversion and 3D fault model building
The Mid Atlantic Appalachian Orogen Traverse: a comparison of virtual and on-location field-based capstone experiences
Chronology of thrust propagation from an updated tectono-sedimentary framework of the Miocene molasse (western Alps)
Orogenic lithosphere and slabs in the greater Alpine area – interpretations based on teleseismic P-wave tomography
Ground-penetrating radar signature of Quaternary faulting: a study from the Mt. Pollino region, southern Apennines, Italy
U–Pb dating of middle Eocene–Pliocene multiple tectonic pulses in the Alpine foreland
Detrital zircon provenance record of the Zagros mountain building from the Neotethys obduction to the Arabia–Eurasia collision, NW Zagros fold–thrust belt, Kurdistan region of Iraq
The Subhercynian Basin: an example of an intraplate foreland basin due to a broken plate
Late to post-Variscan basement segmentation and differential exhumation along the SW Bohemian Massif, central Europe
Holocene surface-rupturing earthquakes on the Dinaric Fault System, western Slovenia
Gonzalo Yanez C., Jose Piquer R., and Orlando Rivera H.
Solid Earth, 15, 1319–1342, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1319-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1319-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We postulate that the observed spatial distribution of large earthquakes in active convergence zones, organised in segments where large events are repeated every 100–300 years, depends on large-scale continental faults and fluid release from the subducting slab. In order to support this model, we use proxies at different spatial and temporal scales (historic seismicity, megathrust slip solutions, inter-seismic cumulative seismicity, GPS/viscous plate coupling, and coastline morphology).
Marlise C. Cassel, Nick Kusznir, Gianreto Manatschal, and Daniel Sauter
Solid Earth, 15, 1265–1279, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1265-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1265-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the along-strike variation in volcanics on the Pelotas segment of the Brazilian margin created during continental breakup and formation of the southern South Atlantic. We show that the volume of volcanics strongly controls the amount of space available for post-breakup sedimentation. We also show that breakup varies along-strike from very magma-rich to magma-normal within a relatively short distance of less than 300 km. This is not as expected from a simple mantle plume model.
Moritz O. Ziegler, Robin Seithel, Thomas Niederhuber, Oliver Heidbach, Thomas Kohl, Birgit Müller, Mojtaba Rajabi, Karsten Reiter, and Luisa Röckel
Solid Earth, 15, 1047–1063, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rotation of the principal stress axes in a fault structure because of a rock stiffness contrast has been investigated for the impact of the ratio of principal stresses, the angle between principal stress axes and fault strike, and the ratio of the rock stiffness contrast. A generic 2D geomechanical model is employed for the systematic investigation of the parameter space.
Frank Zwaan, Tiago M. Alves, Patricia Cadenas, Mohamed Gouiza, Jordan J. J. Phethean, Sascha Brune, and Anne C. Glerum
Solid Earth, 15, 989–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-989-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-989-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rifting and the break-up of continents are key aspects of Earth’s plate tectonic system. A thorough understanding of the geological processes involved in rifting, and of the associated natural hazards and resources, is of great importance in the context of the energy transition. Here, we provide a coherent overview of rift processes and the links with hazards and resources, and we assess future challenges and opportunities for (collaboration between) researchers, government, and industry.
Amélie Viger, Stéphane Dominguez, Stéphane Mazzotti, Michel Peyret, Maxime Henriquet, Giovanni Barreca, Carmelo Monaco, and Adrien Damon
Solid Earth, 15, 965–988, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-965-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-965-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
New satellite geodetic data (PS-InSAR) evidence a generalized subsidence and an eastward tilting of southeastern Sicily combined with a local relative uplift along its eastern coast. We perform flexural and elastic modeling and show that the slab pull force induced by the Ionian slab roll-back and extrado deformation reproduce the measured surface deformation. Finally, we propose an original seismic cycle model that is mainly driven by the southward migration of the Ionian slab roll-back.
Ran Issachar, Peter Haas, Nico Augustin, and Jörg Ebbing
Solid Earth, 15, 807–826, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-807-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-807-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this contribution, we explore the causal relationship between the arrival of the Afar plume and the initiation of the Afro-Arabian rift. We mapped the rift architecture in the triple-junction region using geophysical data and reviewed the available geological data. We interpret a progressive development of the plume–rift system and suggest an interaction between active and passive mechanisms in which the plume provided a push force that changed the kinematics of the associated plates.
Folarin Kolawole and Rasheed Ajala
Solid Earth, 15, 747–762, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-747-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-747-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the upper-crustal structure of the Rukwa–Tanganyika rift zone in East Africa, where the Tanganyika rift interacts with the Rukwa and Mweru-Wantipa rifts, coinciding with abundant seismicity at the rift tips. Seismic velocity structure and patterns of seismicity clustering reveal zones around 10 km deep with anomalously high Vp / Vs ratios at the rift tips, indicative of a localized mechanically weakened crust caused by mantle volatiles and damage associated with bending strain.
J. Kim Welford
Solid Earth, 15, 683–710, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-683-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-683-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
I present a synthesis of the continent–ocean boundaries of the southern North Atlantic Ocean, as probed using seismic methods for rock velocity estimation, to assess their deep structures from the crust to the upper mantle and to discuss how they were formed. With this knowledge, it is possible to start evaluating these regions of the Earth for their capacity to produce hydrogen and critical minerals and to store excess carbon dioxide, all with the goal of greening our economy.
Mathews George Gilbert, Parakkal Unnikrishnan, and Munukutla Radhakrishna
Solid Earth, 15, 671–682, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-671-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-671-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study identifies evidence for extension south of Tellicherry Arch along the southwestern continental margin of India through the integrated analysis of multichannel seismic and gravity data. The sediment deposition pattern indicates that this extension occurred after the Eocene. We further propose that the anticlockwise rotation of India and the passage of the Réunion plume have facilitated the opening of the Laccadive basin.
Fatemeh Gomar, Jonas Bruno Ruh, Mahdi Najafi, and Farhad Sobouti
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1123, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study investigates the structural evolution of the Fars Arc in the Zagros Mountain by numerical modeling. We focus on the effects of the interaction between basement faults and salt décollement levels during tectonic inversion, including a rifting and a convergence phase. In conclusion, our results emphasize the importance of considering fault geometry, salt rheology, and basement involvement in understanding the resistance to deformation and seismic behavior of fold-thrust belts.
Sandra González-Muñoz, Guido Schreurs, Timothy Schmid, and Fidel Martín-González
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-852, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-852, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates the influence of vertical rheological contrasts on the nucleation and behavior of strike-slip faults, using analogue modelling. The introduction of rheological contrasts was achieved using quartz sand and microbeads grains. The study shows how the strike, type and evolution of the faults strongly depend on the characteristic of the lithology and its contact orientation. The results are comparable with the fault systems observed in the NW of the Iberian Peninsula.
Ana Fonseca, Simon Nachtergaele, Amed Bonilla, Stijn Dewaele, and Johan De Grave
Solid Earth, 15, 329–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the erosion and exhumation processes and history of early continental crust hidden within the Amazonian Rainforest. This crust forms part of the Amazonian Craton, an ancient continental fragment. Our surprising findings reveal the area underwent rapid early Cretaceous exhumation triggered by tectonic forces. This discovery challenges the traditional perception that cratons are stable and long-lived entities and shows they can deform readily under specific geological contexts.
Mengdan Chen, Changxin Yin, Danling Chen, Long Tian, Liang Liu, and Lei Kang
Solid Earth, 15, 215–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stishovite remains stable under mantle conditions and can incorporate various amounts of water in its crystal structure. We provide a systematic review of previous studies on water in stishovite and propose a new model for water solubility of Al-bearing stishovite. Calculation results based on this model suggest that stishovite may effectively accommodate water from the breakdown of hydrous minerals and could make an important contribution to water enrichment in the mantle transition zone.
Eszter Békési, Jan-Diederik van Wees, Kristóf Porkoláb, Mátyás Hencz, and Márta Berkesi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-308, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-308, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a workflow to model the temperature distribution within the lithosphere of sedimentary basins and apply it to NW Hungary. The model can reproduce the thermal evolution through basin formation, making use of temperature measurements from wells. Models provide key input to constrain geodynamic processes and geo-energy resource potential.
Tiago M. Alves
Solid Earth, 15, 39–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine tectonic inversion is reviewed for southwestern Iberia, known for its historical earthquakes and tsunamis. High-quality 2D seismic data image 26 faults mapped to a depth exceeding 10 km. Normal faults accommodated important vertical uplift and shortening. They are 100–250 km long and may generate earthquakes with Mw > 8.0. Regions of Late Mesozoic magmatism comprise thickened, harder crust, forming lateral buttresses to compression and promoting the development of fold-and-thrust belts.
Marine Larrey, Frédéric Mouthereau, Damien Do Couto, Emmanuel Masini, Anthony Jourdon, Sylvain Calassou, and Véronique Miegebielle
Solid Earth, 14, 1221–1244, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1221-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1221-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Extension leading to the formation of ocean–continental transition can be highly oblique to the main direction of crustal thinning. Here we explore the case of a continental margin exposed in the Betics that developed in a back-arc setting perpendicular to the direction of the retreating Gibraltar subduction. We show that transtension is the main mode of crustal deformation that led to the development of metamorphic domes and extensional intramontane basins.
Sören Tholen, Jolien Linckens, and Gernold Zulauf
Solid Earth, 14, 1123–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Intense phase mixing with homogeneously distributed secondary phases and irregular grain boundaries and shapes indicates that metasomatism formed the microstructures predominant in the shear zone of the NW Ronda peridotite. Amphibole presence, olivine crystal orientations, and the consistency to the Beni Bousera peridotite (Morocco) point to OH-bearing metasomatism by small fractions of evolved melts. Results confirm a strong link between reactions and localized deformation in the upper mantle.
Anindita Samsu, Weronika Gorczyk, Timothy Chris Schmid, Peter Graham Betts, Alexander Ramsay Cruden, Eleanor Morton, and Fatemeh Amirpoorsaeed
Solid Earth, 14, 909–936, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When a continent is pulled apart, it breaks and forms a series of depressions called rift basins. These basins lie above weakened crust that is then subject to intense deformation during subsequent tectonic compression. Our analogue experiments show that when a system of basins is squeezed in a direction perpendicular to the main trend of the basins, some basins rise up to form mountains while others do not.
Frank Zwaan and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 14, 823–845, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The East African Rift System (EARS) is a major plate tectonic feature splitting the African continent apart. Understanding the tectonic processes involved is of great importance for societal and economic reasons (natural hazards, resources). Laboratory experiments allow us to simulate these large-scale processes, highlighting the links between rotational plate motion and the overall development of the EARS. These insights are relevant when studying other rift systems around the globe as well.
Anna-Katharina Sieberer, Ernst Willingshofer, Thomas Klotz, Hugo Ortner, and Hannah Pomella
Solid Earth, 14, 647–681, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Through analogue models and field observations, we investigate how inherited platform–basin geometries control strain localisation, style, and orientation of reactivated and new structures during inversion. Our study shows that the style of evolving thrusts and their changes along-strike are controlled by pre-existing rheological discontinuities. The results of this study are relevant for understanding inversion structures in general and for the European eastern Southern Alps in particular.
Thorben Schöfisch, Hemin Koyi, and Bjarne Almqvist
Solid Earth, 14, 447–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A magnetic fabric analysis provides information about the reorientation of magnetic grains and is applied to three sandbox models that simulate different stages of basin inversion. The analysed magnetic fabrics reflect the different developed structures and provide insights into the different deformed stages of basin inversion. It is a first attempt of applying magnetic fabric analyses to basin inversion sandbox models but shows the possibility of applying it to such models.
Timothy Chris Schmid, Sascha Brune, Anne Glerum, and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 14, 389–407, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-389-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-389-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental rifts form by linkage of individual rift segments and disturb the regional stress field. We use analog and numerical models of such rift segment interactions to investigate the linkage of deformation and stresses and subsequent stress deflections from the regional stress pattern. This local stress re-orientation eventually causes rift deflection when multiple rift segments compete for linkage with opposingly propagating segments and may explain rift deflection as observed in nature.
Thomas B. Phillips, John B. Naliboff, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Sophie Pan, Jeroen van Hunen, and Malte Froemchen
Solid Earth, 14, 369–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental crust comprises bodies of varying strength, formed through numerous tectonic events. When subject to extension, these areas produce distinct rift and fault systems. We use 3D models to examine how rifts form above
strongand
weakareas of crust. We find that faults become more developed in weak areas. Faults are initially stopped at the boundaries with stronger areas before eventually breaking through. We relate our model observations to rift systems globally.
Marion Roger, Arjan de Leeuw, Peter van der Beek, Laurent Husson, Edward R. Sobel, Johannes Glodny, and Matthias Bernet
Solid Earth, 14, 153–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the construction of the Ukrainian Carpathians with LT thermochronology (AFT, AHe, and ZHe) and stratigraphic analysis. QTQt thermal models are combined with burial diagrams to retrieve the timing and magnitude of sedimentary burial, tectonic burial, and subsequent exhumation of the wedge's nappes from 34 to ∼12 Ma. Out-of-sequence thrusting and sediment recycling during wedge building are also identified. This elucidates the evolution of a typical wedge in a roll-back subduction zone.
Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Susanne J. H. Buiter, Oriol Ferrer, Riccardo Reitano, Michael Rudolf, and Ernst Willingshofer
Solid Earth, 13, 1859–1905, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When a sedimentary basin is subjected to compressional tectonic forces after its formation, it may be inverted. A thorough understanding of such
basin inversionis of great importance for scientific, societal, and economic reasons, and analogue tectonic models form a key part of our efforts to study these processes. We review the advances in the field of basin inversion modelling, showing how the modelling results can be applied, and we identify promising venues for future research.
Eleni Stavropoulou and Lyesse Laloui
Solid Earth, 13, 1823–1841, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Shales are identified as suitable caprock formations for geolocigal CO2 storage thanks to their low permeability. Here, small-sized shale samples are studied under field-representative conditions with X-ray tomography. The geochemical impact of CO2 on calcite-rich zones is for the first time visualised, the role of pre-existing micro-fissures in the CO2 invasion trapping in the matererial is highlighted, and the initiation of micro-cracks when in contact with anhydrous CO2 is demonstrated.
Conor M. O'Sullivan, Conrad J. Childs, Muhammad M. Saqab, John J. Walsh, and Patrick M. Shannon
Solid Earth, 13, 1649–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Slyne Basin is a sedimentary basin located offshore north-western Ireland. It formed through a long and complex evolution involving distinct periods of extension. The basin is subdivided into smaller basins, separated by deep structures related to the ancient Caledonian mountain-building event. These deep structures influence the shape of the basin as it evolves in a relatively unique way, where early faults follow these deep structures, but later faults do not.
Mousumi Roy
Solid Earth, 13, 1415–1430, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1415-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates one of the key processes that may lead to the destruction and destabilization of continental tectonic plates: the infiltration of buoyant, hot, molten rock (magma) into the base of the plate. Using simple calculations, I suggest that heating during melt–rock interaction may thermally perturb the tectonic plate, weakening it and potentially allowing it to be reshaped from beneath. Geochemical, petrologic, and geologic observations are used to guide model parameters.
Benjamin Guillaume, Guido M. Gianni, Jean-Jacques Kermarrec, and Khaled Bock
Solid Earth, 13, 1393–1414, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Under tectonic forces, the upper part of the crust can break along different types of faults, depending on the orientation of the applied stresses. Using scaled analogue models, we show that the relative magnitude of compressional and extensional forces as well as the presence of inherited structures resulting from previous stages of deformation control the location and type of faults. Our results gives insights into the tectonic evolution of areas showing complex patterns of deformation.
Liming Li, Xianrui Li, Fanyan Yang, Lili Pan, and Jingxiong Tian
Solid Earth, 13, 1371–1391, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1371-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1371-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We constructed a three-dimensional numerical geomechanics model to obtain the continuous slip rates of active faults and crustal velocities in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Based on the analysis of the fault kinematics in the study area, we evaluated the possibility of earthquakes occurring in the main faults in the area, and analyzed the crustal deformation mechanism of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.
Andrzej Głuszyński and Paweł Aleksandrowski
Solid Earth, 13, 1219–1242, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Old seismic data recently reprocessed with modern software allowed us to study at depth the Late Cretaceous tectonic structures in the Permo-Mesozoic rock sequences in the Sudetes. The structures formed in response to Iberia collision with continental Europe. The NE–SW compression undulated the crystalline basement top and produced folds, faults and joints in the sedimentary cover. Our results are of importance for regional geology and in prospecting for deep thermal waters.
R. Dietmar Müller, Nicolas Flament, John Cannon, Michael G. Tetley, Simon E. Williams, Xianzhi Cao, Ömer F. Bodur, Sabin Zahirovic, and Andrew Merdith
Solid Earth, 13, 1127–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1127-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1127-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have built a community model for the evolution of the Earth's plate–mantle system. Created with open-source software and an open-access plate model, it covers the last billion years, including the formation, breakup, and dispersal of two supercontinents, as well as the creation and destruction of numerous ocean basins. The model allows us to
seeinto the Earth in 4D and helps us unravel the connections between surface tectonics and the
beating heartof the Earth, its convecting mantle.
Anthony Jourdon and Dave A. May
Solid Earth, 13, 1107–1125, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present a method to compute a reference pressure based on density structure in which we cast the problem in terms of a partial differential equation (PDE). We show in the context of 3D models of continental rifting that using the pressure as a boundary condition within the flow problem results in non-cylindrical velocity fields, producing strain localization in the lithosphere along large-scale strike-slip shear zones and allowing the formation and evolution of triple junctions.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Birgit Müller, Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, and Frank Schilling
Solid Earth, 13, 1087–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reactivation of tectonic faults can lead to earthquakes and jeopardize underground operations. The reactivation potential is linked to fault properties and the tectonic stress field. We create 3D geometries for major faults in Germany and use stress data from a 3D geomechanical–numerical model to calculate their reactivation potential and compare it to seismic events. The reactivation potential in general is highest for NNE–SSW- and NW–SE-striking faults and strongly depends on the fault dip.
Nadaya Cubas, Philippe Agard, and Roxane Tissandier
Solid Earth, 13, 779–792, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquake extent prediction is limited by our poor understanding of slip deficit patterns. From a mechanical analysis applied along the Chilean margin, we show that earthquakes are bounded by extensive plate interface deformation. This deformation promotes stress build-up, leading to earthquake nucleation; earthquakes then propagate along smoothed fault planes and are stopped by heterogeneously distributed deformation. Slip deficit patterns reflect the spatial distribution of this deformation.
Piotr Krzywiec, Mateusz Kufrasa, Paweł Poprawa, Stanisław Mazur, Małgorzata Koperska, and Piotr Ślemp
Solid Earth, 13, 639–658, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-639-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-639-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Legacy 2-D seismic data with newly acquired 3-D seismic data were used to construct a new model of geological evolution of NW Poland over last 400 Myr. It illustrates how the destruction of the Caledonian orogen in the Late Devonian–early Carboniferous led to half-graben formation, how they were inverted in the late Carboniferous, how the study area evolved during the formation of the Permo-Mesozoic Polish Basin and how supra-evaporitic structures were inverted in the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene.
Paolo Boncio, Eugenio Auciello, Vincenzo Amato, Pietro Aucelli, Paola Petrosino, Anna C. Tangari, and Brian R. Jicha
Solid Earth, 13, 553–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the Gioia Sannitica normal fault (GF) within the southern Matese fault system (SMF) in southern Apennines (Italy). It is a fault with a long slip history that has experienced recent reactivation or acceleration. Present activity has resulted in late Quaternary fault scarps and Holocene surface faulting. The maximum slip rate is ~ 0.5 mm/yr. Activation of the 11.5 km GF or the entire 30 km SMF can produce up to M 6.2 or M 6.8 earthquakes, respectively.
Sepideh Pajang, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, and Nadaya Cubas
Solid Earth, 13, 535–551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-535-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-535-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The local topographic slope of an accretionary prism is often used to determine the effective friction on subduction megathrust. We investigate how the brittle–ductile and the smectite–illite transitions affect the topographic slope of an accretionary prism and its internal deformation to provide clues to determine the origin of observed low topographic slopes in subduction zones. We finally discuss their implications in terms of the forearc basin and forearc high genesis and nature.
Malcolm Aranha, Alok Porwal, Manikandan Sundaralingam, Ignacio González-Álvarez, Amber Markan, and Karunakar Rao
Solid Earth, 13, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rare earth elements (REEs) are considered critical mineral resources for future industrial growth due to their short supply and rising demand. This study applied an artificial-intelligence-based technique to target potential REE-deposit hosting areas in western Rajasthan, India. Uncertainties associated with the prospective targets were also estimated to aid decision-making. The presented workflow can be applied to similar regions elsewhere to locate potential zones of REE mineralisation.
Erica D. Erlanger, Maria Giuditta Fellin, and Sean D. Willett
Solid Earth, 13, 347–365, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-347-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-347-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present an erosion rate analysis on dated rock and sediment from the Northern Apennine Mountains, Italy, which provides new insights on the pattern of erosion rates through space and time. This analysis shows decreasing erosion through time on the Ligurian side but increasing erosion through time on the Adriatic side. We suggest that the pattern of erosion rates is consistent with the present asymmetric topography in the Northern Apennines, which has likely existed for several million years.
Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Totaro, Giusy Lavecchia, Barbara Orecchio, Rita de Nardis, Debora Presti, Federica Ferrarini, Simone Bello, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 13, 205–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Pollino region is a highly seismic area of Italy. Increasing the geological knowledge on areas like this contributes to reducing risk and saving lives. We reconstruct the 3D model of the faults which generated the 2010–2014 seismicity integrating geological and seismological data. Appropriate relationships based on the dimensions of the activated faults suggest that they did not fully discharge their seismic potential and could release further significant earthquakes in the near future.
Steven Whitmeyer, Lynn Fichter, Anita Marshall, and Hannah Liddle
Solid Earth, 12, 2803–2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Field trips in the Stratigraphy, Structure, Tectonics (SST) course transitioned to a virtual format in Fall 2020, due to the COVID pandemic. Virtual field experiences (VFEs) were developed in web Google Earth and were evaluated in comparison with on-location field trips via an online survey. Students recognized the value of VFEs for revisiting outcrops and noted improved accessibility for students with disabilities. Potential benefits of hybrid field experiences were also indicated.
Amir Kalifi, Philippe Hervé Leloup, Philippe Sorrel, Albert Galy, François Demory, Vincenzo Spina, Bastien Huet, Frédéric Quillévéré, Frédéric Ricciardi, Daniel Michoux, Kilian Lecacheur, Romain Grime, Bernard Pittet, and Jean-Loup Rubino
Solid Earth, 12, 2735–2771, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Molasse deposits, deposited and deformed at the western Alpine front during the Miocene (23 to 5.6 Ma), record the chronology of that deformation. We combine the first precise chronostratigraphy (precision of ∼0.5 Ma) of the Miocene molasse, the reappraisal of the regional structure, and the analysis of growth deformation structures in order to document three tectonic phases and the precise chronology of thrust westward propagation during the second one involving the Belledonne basal thrust.
Mark R. Handy, Stefan M. Schmid, Marcel Paffrath, Wolfgang Friederich, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2633–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
New images from the multi-national AlpArray experiment illuminate the Alps from below. They indicate thick European mantle descending beneath the Alps and forming blobs that are mostly detached from the Alps above. In contrast, the Adriatic mantle in the Alps is much thinner. This difference helps explain the rugged mountains and the abundance of subducted and exhumed units at the core of the Alps. The blobs are stretched remnants of old ocean and its margins that reach down to at least 410 km.
Maurizio Ercoli, Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Pauselli, Harry M. Jol, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 12, 2573–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Past strong earthquakes can produce topographic deformations, often
memorizedin Quaternary sediments, which are typically studied by paleoseismologists through trenching. Using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we unveiled possible buried Quaternary faulting in the Mt. Pollino seismic gap region (southern Italy). We aim to contribute to seismic hazard assessment of an area potentially prone to destructive events as well as promote our workflow in similar contexts around the world.
Luca Smeraglia, Nathan Looser, Olivier Fabbri, Flavien Choulet, Marcel Guillong, and Stefano M. Bernasconi
Solid Earth, 12, 2539–2551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we dated fault movements at geological timescales which uplifted the sedimentary successions of the Jura Mountains from below the sea level up to Earth's surface. To do so, we applied the novel technique of U–Pb geochronology on calcite mineralizations that precipitated on fault surfaces during times of tectonic activity. Our results document a time frame of the tectonic evolution of the Jura Mountains and provide new insight into the broad geological history of the Western Alps.
Renas I. Koshnaw, Fritz Schlunegger, and Daniel F. Stockli
Solid Earth, 12, 2479–2501, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As continental plates collide, mountain belts grow. This study investigated the provenance of rocks from the northwestern segment of the Zagros mountain belt to unravel the convergence history of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Provenance data synthesis and field relationships suggest that the Zagros Mountains developed as a result of the oceanic crust emplacement on the Arabian continental plate, followed by the Arabia–Eurasia collision and later uplift of the broader region.
David Hindle and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 2425–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Central western Europe underwent a strange episode of lithospheric deformation, resulting in a chain of small mountains that run almost west–east across the continent and that formed in the middle of a tectonic plate, not at its edges as is usually expected. Associated with these mountains, in particular the Harz in central Germany, are marine basins contemporaneous with the mountain growth. We explain how those basins came to be as a result of the mountains bending the adjacent plate.
Andreas Eberts, Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, Harald Stollhofen, Helga de Wall, and Gerald Gabriel
Solid Earth, 12, 2277–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We combine gravity anomaly and topographic data with observations from thermochronology, metamorphic grades, and the granite inventory to detect patterns of basement block segmentation and differential exhumation along the southwestern Bohemian Massif. Based on our analyses, we introduce a previously unknown tectonic structure termed Cham Fault, which, together with the Pfahl and Danube shear zones, is responsible for the exposure of different crustal levels during late to post-Variscan times.
Christoph Grützner, Simone Aschenbrenner, Petra Jamšek
Rupnik, Klaus Reicherter, Nour Saifelislam, Blaž Vičič, Marko Vrabec, Julian Welte, and Kamil Ustaszewski
Solid Earth, 12, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Several large strike-slip faults in western Slovenia are known to be active, but most of them have not produced strong earthquakes in historical times. In this study we use geomorphology, near-surface geophysics, and fault excavations to show that two of these faults had surface-rupturing earthquakes during the Holocene. Instrumental and historical seismicity data do not capture the strongest events in this area.
Cited articles
Adams, J. J.: Canadian Crustal Stress Data: A Compilation to 1987, Tech. rep., Geological Survey of Canada, 1987.
Adams, J. J.: Crustal stresses in eastern Canada, in: Earthquakes at North-Atlantic Passive Margins: Neotectonics and Postglacial Rebound, edited by: Gregersen, S. R. and Basham, P. W., vol. 266, Springer, Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2311-9_17, 289–297, 1989.
Adams, J. J. and Bell, J. S.: Crustal stresses in Canada, in: Neotectonics of North America, Decade of North American Neotectonics of North America, edited by: Slemmons, D. B. and Engdahl, E. R., Geological Society of America, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2311-9_17, chap. 20, 367–386, 1991.
Altmann, J. B., Müller, T. M., Müller, B. I., Tingay, M. R. P., and Heidbach, O.: Poroelastic contribution to the reservoir stress path, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 47, 1104–1113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.08.001, 2010.
Amadei, B. and Stephansson, O.: Rock Stress and Its Measurement, Chapman & Hall, London, 1997.
Anderson, E. M.: The Dynamics of Faulting and Dyke Formation with Application to Britain, 2nd edn., Oliver and Boyd, London, Edinburgh, 1951.
Aulbach, S., Griffin, W., O'Reilly, S., and McCandless, T. E.: Genesis and evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Buffalo Head Terrane, Alberta (Canada), Lithos, 77, 413–451, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.020, 2004.
Bachu, S., Haug, K., and Michael, K.: Stress Regime at Acid-Gas Injection Operations in Western Canada, ERCB/AGS Special Report 094, Energy Resources Conservation Board, pp. 49, 2008.
Baranova, V., Mustaqeem, A., and Bell, J. S.: A model for induced seismicity caused by hydrocarbon production in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Can. J. Earth Sci., 36, 47–64, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-36-1-47, 1999.
Barton, C. A. and Moos, D.: Geomechanical wellbore imaging: key to managing the asset life cycle, Tech. rep., GeoMechanics International, 2010.
Bell, J. S.: Offset boreholes in the Rocky mountains of Alberta, Canada, Geology, 13, 734–737, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<734:OBITRM>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Bell, J. S.: Attached and detached in-situ stress regimes in sedimentary basins, in: 55th EAEG Meeting, 1993.
Bell, J. S.: In situ stresses in sedimentary rocks (part 1); measurement techniques, Geosc. Can., 23, 85–100, 1996a.
Bell, J. S.: In situ stresses in sedimentary rocks (part 2): applications of stress measurements, Geosci. Can., 23, 135–153, 1996b.
Bell, J. S. and Babcock, E. A.: The stress regime of the Western Canadian Basin and implications for hydrocarbon production, B. Can. Petrol. Geol., 34, 364–378, 1986.
Bell, J. S. and Bachu, S.: In situ stress magnitude and orientation estimates for Cretaceous coal-bearing strata beneath the plains area of central and southern Alberta, B. Can. Petrol. Geol., 51, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.2113/gscpgbull.51.1.1, 2003.
Bell, J. S. and Bachu, S.: In-situ stress magnitudes in the Alberta Basin-regional coverage for petroleum engineers, in: Proceedings of Canadian International Petroleum Conference, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Calgary, https://doi.org/10.2118/2004-155, 1–12, 2004.
Bell, J. S. and Gough, D. I.: Northeast-southwest compressive stress in Alberta evidence from oil wells, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 45, 475–482, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(79)90146-8, 1979.
Bell, J. S. and Gough, D.: Intraplate stress orientations from Alberta oil-wells, Geodynamics, 5, 96–104, https://doi.org/10.1029/GD005p0096, 1981.
Bell, J. S. and Grasby, S. E.: The stress regime of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, Geofluids, 12, 150–165, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2011.00349.x, 2012.
Bell, J. S. and McCallum, R.: In situ stress in the Peace River Arch area, Western Canada, B. Can. Petrol. Geol., 38, 270–281, 1990.
Bell, J. S. and McLellan, P. J.: Exploration and production implications of subsurface rock stresses in western Canada, in: Proceedings of the Oil and Gas Forum, p. 5, 1995.
Bell, J. S., Price, R. A., and McLellan, P. J.: In-situ stress in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, in: Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, edited by: Mossop, G. D. and Shetsen, I., Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, Alberta, chap. 29, 439–446, 1994.
Boerner, D., Kurtz, R., Craven, J., Ross, G., and Jones, F.: A synthesis of electromagnetic studies in the Lithoprobe Alberta Basement Transect: constraints on Paleoproterozoic indentation tectonics, Can. J. Earth Sci., 37, 1509–1534, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-37-11-1509, 2000.
Bouzidi, Y., Schmitt, D. R., Burwash, R. A., and Kanasewich, E. R.: Depth migration of deep seismic reflection profiles: crustal thickness variations in Alberta, Can. J. Earth Sci., 39, 331–350, https://doi.org/10.1139/e01-080, 2002.
Brown, D. W.: Hot dry rock geothermal energy: important lessons from Fenton Hill, in: Thirty-Fourth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford, 3–6, 2009.
Brown, E. and Hoek, E.: Trends in relationships between measured in-situ stresses and depth, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 15, 211–215, 1978.
Brudy, M. and Kjørholt, H.: Stress orientation on the Norwegian continental shelf derived from borehole failures observed in high-resolution borehole imaging logs, Tectonophysics, 337, 65–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00299-7, 2001.
Brudy, M., Zoback, M. D., Fuchs, K., Rummel, F., and Baumgärtner, J.: Estimation of the complete stress tensor to 8 km depth in the KTB scientific drill holes: Implications for crustal strength, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 18453–18475, 1997.
Buchmann, T. J. and Connolly, P. T.: Contemporary kinematics of the Upper Rhine Graben: A 3-D finite element approach, Global Planet. Change, 58, 287–309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.02.012, 2007.
Burianyk, M. J., Kanasewich, E. R., and Udey, N.: Broadside wide-angle seismic studies and three-dimensional structure of the crust in the southeast Canadian Cordillera, Can. J. Earth Sci., 34, 1156–1166, https://doi.org/10.1139/e17-093, 1997.
Camelbeeck, T., de Viron, O., Van Camp, M., and Kusters, D.: Local stress sources in Western Europe lithosphere from geoid anomalies, Lithosphere, 5, 235–246, https://doi.org/10.1130/L238.1, 2013.
Chacko, T., De, S. K., Creaser, R. A., and Muehlenbachs, K.: Tectonic setting of the Taltson magmatic zone at 1.9–2.0 Ga: a granitoid-based perspective, Can. J. Earth Sci., 37, 1597–1609, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-37-11-1597, 2000.
Clowes, R. M., Burianyk, M. J., Gorman, A. R., and Kanasewich, E. R.: Crustal velocity structure from SAREX, the southern Alberta refraction experiment, Can. J. Earth Sci., 39, 351–373, https://doi.org/10.1139/E01-070, 2002.
Coblentz, D. D. and Richardson, R. M.: Analysis of the South American intraplate stress field, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 8643–8657, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00090, 1996.
Corrigan, D., Hajnal, Z., Németh, B., and Lucas, S.: Tectonic framework of a Paleoproterozoic arc-continent to continent-continent collisional zone, Trans-Hudson Orogen, from geological and seismic reflection studies, Can. J. Earth Sci., 42, 421–434, https://doi.org/10.1139/E05-025, 2005.
Dalton, C. A., Gaherty, J. B., and Courtier, A. M.: Crustal Vs structure in northwestern Canada: imaging the Cordillera-craton transition with ambient noise tomography, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B12315, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008499, 2011.
Duchane, D. and Brown, D.: Hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal energy research and development at Fenton Hill, New Mexico, Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin, 23, 13–19, 2002.
Dusseault, M. B. and Yassir, N. A.: Effects of rock anisotropy and heterogeneity on stress distributions at selected sites in North America, Eng. Geol., 37, 181–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(94)90055-8, 1994.
Dyksterhuis, S., Albert, R., and Müller, R. D.: Finite-element modelling of contemporary and palaeo-intraplate stress using ABAQUS\textsuperscriptTM, Comput. Geosci., 31, 297–307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2004.10.011, 2005.
Eaton, D. W., Ross, G. M., and Hope, J.: The rise and fall of a cratonic arch: A regional seismic perspective on the Peace River Arch, Alberta, B. Can. Petrol. Geol., 47, 346–361, 1999.
Edwards, S., Meredith, P., and Murrell, S.: An investigation of leak-off test data for estimating in-situ stress magnitudes: application to a basinwide study in the North Sea, in: Proceedings of SPE/ISRM Rock Mechchanics in Petroleum Engineering, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Trondheim, 8–10 July, https://doi.org/10.2118/47272-MS, 357–365, 1998.
England, T. and Bustin, R.: Effect of thrust faulting on organic maturation in the southeastern Canadian Cordillera, Org. Geochem., 10, 609–616, 1986.
English, J. M. and Johnston, S. T.: The Laramide Orogeny: what were the driving forces?, Int. Geol. Rev., 46, 833–838, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.46.9.833, 2004.
Fernández-Viejo, G., and Clowes, R. M.: Lithospheric structure beneath the Archaean Slave Province and Proterozoic Wopmay orogen, northwestern Canada, from a lithoprobe refraction/wide-angle reflection survey, Geophys. J. Int., 153, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01807.x, 2003.
Fischer, K. and Henk, A.: A workflow for building and calibrating 3-D geomechanical models – a case study for a gas reservoir in the North German Basin, Solid Earth, 4, 347–355, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-347-2013, 2013.
Flesch, L. M., Holt, W. E., Haines, A. J., Wen, L., and Shen-Tu, B.: The dynamics of western North America: stress magnitudes and the relative role of gravitational potential energy, plate interaction at the boundary and basal tractions, Geophys. J. Int., 169, 866–896, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03274.x, 2007.
Flowers, R. M., Ault, A. K., Kelley, S. A., Zhang, N., and Zhong, S.: Epeirogeny or eustasy? Paleozoic–Mesozoic vertical motion of the North American continental interior from thermochronometry and implications for mantle dynamics, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 317–318, 436–445, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.015, 2012.
Fordjor, C. K., Bell, J. S., and Gough, D. I.: Breakouts in Alberta and stress in the North American plate, Can. J. Earth Sci., 20, 1445–1455, https://doi.org/10.1139/e83-130, 1983.
Fossen, H.: Structural Geology, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Fuchs, K. and Müller, B.: World stress map of the Earth: a key to tectonic processes and technological applications, Naturwissenschaften, 88, 357–371, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001140100253, 2001.
Gabrielse, H. and Yorath, C.: The Cordilleran Orogen in Canada, Geosci. Can., 16, 67–83, 1989.
Gardner, J. and Dumanoir, J.: Litho-density log interpretation, in: SPWLA 21st Annual Logging Symposium, Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts, Lafayette, Louisiana, 1–23, 1980.
Gay, N. C.: In-situ stress measurements in Southern Africa, Tectonophysics, 29, 447–459, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(75)90173-0, 1975.
Ghosh, A., Holt, W. E., and Flesch, L. M.: Contribution of gravitational potential energy differences to the global stress field, Geophys. J. Int., 179, 787–812, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04326.x, 2009.
Gough, D. I.: Mantle upflow under North America and plate dynamics, Nature, 311, 428–433, https://doi.org/10.1038/311428a0, 1984.
Gough, D. I., Fordjor, C. K., and Bell, J. S.: A stress province boundary and tractions on the North American plate, Nature, 305, 619–621, https://doi.org/10.1038/305619a0, 1983.
Grobe, M.: Distribution and thickness of salt within the Devonian Elk Point Group, Tech. rep., Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, Alberta Geological Survey, Edmonton, p. 35, 2000.
Gronseth, J. and Kry, P.: Instaneous shut-in pressure and its relationship to the minimum in-situ stress, in: Hydraulic Fracturing Stress Measurements, edited by: Zoback, M. D. and Haimson, B., US Nat. Comm. Rock Mechanics, Nat. Acad. Press, 55–60, 1983.
Gu, Y. J., Okeler, A., Shen, L., and Contenti, S.: The Canadian Rockies and Alberta Network (CRANE): new constraints on the Rockies and Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Seismol. Res. Lett., 82, 575-588, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.82.4.575, 2011.
Gunzburger, Y. and Magnenet, V.: Stress inversion and basement-cover stress transmission across weak layers in the Paris basin, France, Tectonophysics, 617, 44–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.01.016, 2014.
Haimson, B. C. and Cornet, F.: ISRM Suggested Methods for rock stress estimation – Part 3: hydraulic fracturing (HF) and/or hydraulic testing of pre-existing fractures (HTPF), Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 40, 1011–1020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2003.08.002, 2003.
Haimson, B. C. and Fairhurst, C.: In-situ stress determination at great depth by means of hydraulic fracturing, in: The 11th US Symposium on Rock Mechechanics (USRMS), Berkeley, California, 16–19 June, American Rock Mechchanics Association, 559–584, 1969.
Hajnal, Z., Lewry, J., White, D. J., Ashton, K. E., Clowes, R. M., Stauffer, M., Gyorfi, I., and Takacs, E.: The Sask Craton and Hearne Province margin: seismic reflection studies in the western Trans-Hudson Orogen, Can. J. Earth Sci., 42, 403–419, https://doi.org/10.1139/E05-026, 2005.
Halchuk, S. and Mereu, R.: A seismic investigation of the crust and Moho underlying the Peace River Arch, Canada, Tectonophysics, 185, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90401-S, 1990.
Hamilton, W., Langenberg, C., Price, M., and Chao, D.: Geological Map of Alberta, Tech. rep., Alberta Geological Survey, Edmonton, 1999.
Hawkes, C. D., Bachu, S., Haug, K., and Thompson, A. W.: Analysis of in-situ stress regime in the Alberta Basin, Canada, for performance assessment of CO2 geological sequestration sites, in: Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Carbon Capture and Sequestration DOE/NETL, p. 22, 2005.
Heidbach, O., Reinecker, J., Tingay, M. R. P., Müller, B., Sperner, B., Fuchs, K., and Wenzel, F.: Plate boundary forces are not enough: second- and third-order stress patterns highlighted in the World Stress Map database, Tectonics, 26, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007TC002133, 2007.
Heidbach, O., Tingay, M. R. P., Barth, A., Reinecker, J., Kurfeß, D., and Müller, B.: Global crustal stress pattern based on the World Stress Map database release 2008, Tectonophysics, 482, 3–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.07.023, 2010.
Heidbach, O., Hergert, T., Reinecker, J., Reiter, K., Giger, S., Vietor, T., and Marschall, P.: In situ stress in Switzerland – from pointwise field data to a 3-D continuous quantification, in: International Workshop on Geomechanics and Energy – The Ground as Energy Source and Storage, EAGE, Lausanne, https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131977, 1–4, 2013.
Heim, A.: Untersuchungen über den Mechanismus der Gebirgsbildung: im Anschluss an die geologische Monographie der Tödi-Windgällen-Gruppe, Benno Schwabe Verlagsbuchhandlung, Basel, 1878.
Henk, A.: Pre-drilling prediction of the tectonic stress field with geomechanical models, first break, 23, 53–57, https://doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.2005021, 2005.
Henton, J. A., Craymer, M. R., Ferland, R., Dragert, H., Mazzotti, S., and Forbes, D. L.: Crustal motion and deformation monitoring of the Canadian landmass, Geomatica, 60, 173–191, 2006.
Hergert, T. and Heidbach, O.: Geomechanical model of the Marmara Sea region-II. 3-D contemporary background stress field, Geophys. J. Int., 185, 1090–1102, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.04992.x, 2011.
Hickman, S. and Zoback, M. D.: Stress orientations and magnitudes in the SAFOD pilot hole, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L15S12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020043, 2004.
Hoffman, P. F.: Precambrian geology and tectonic history of North America, in: The Geology of North America, The Geological Society of America, 447–512, 1989.
Hofmann, H., Weides, S., Babadagli, T., Zimmermann, G., Moeck, I., Majorowicz, J., and Unsworth, M.: Potential for enhanced geothermal systems in Alberta, Canada, Energy, 69, 578–591, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.03.053, 2014.
Hubbert, M. K. and Willis, D. G.: Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing, AIME Trans, 210, 153–168, 1957.
Humphreys, E. D. and Coblentz, D. D.: North American dynamics and western U. S. tectonics, Rev. Geophys., 45, p. 30, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000181, 2007.
Hyndman, R. D., Currie, C. A., Mazzotti, S., and Frederiksen, A.: Temperature control of continental lithosphere elastic thickness, Te vs Vs, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 277, 539–548, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.11.023, 2009.
Jaeger, J., Cook, N., and Zimmerman, R.: Fundamentals of Rock Mechechanics, John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
Jarosinski, M., Beekman, F., Bada, G., and Cloetingh, S.: Redistribution of recent collision push and ridge push in Central Europe: insights from FEM modelling, Geophys. J. Int., 167, 860–880, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02979.x, 2006.
Jenkins, G. and Kirkpatrick, J.: Mbustion Project, J. Can. Petrol. Technol., 18, 85–94, https://doi.org/10.2118/79-02-07, 1979.
Kaiser, P., Mackay, C., and Morgenstern, N.: Performance of a shaft in weak rock (Bearpa W Shale), in: ISRM International Symposium, Aachen, Germany, 26–28 May, 613–622, 1982.
Kanamori, H. and Brodsky, E. E.: The physics of earthquakes, Rep. Prog. Phys., 67, 1429–1496, https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/67/8/R03, 2004.
King, M.: Static and dynamic elastic properties of rocks from the Canadian Shield, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 20, 237–241, 1983.
Kry, P. and Gronseth, J.: In-situ stresses and hydraulic fracturing in the Deep Basin, J. Can. Petrol. Technol., 22, 31–35, https://doi.org/10.2118/83-06-02, 1983.
Leckie, D. A. and Smith, D. G.: Regional setting, evolution, and depositional cycles of the Western Canada Foreland Basin, in: Foreland Basins and Fold Belts, edited by: Macqueen, R. W. and Leckie, D. A., vol. A136, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, chap. 1, 9–46, 1992.
Legarth, B., Huenges, E., and Zimmermann, G.: Hydraulic fracturing in a sedimentary geothermal reservoir: results and implications, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 42, 1028–1041, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.05.014, 2005.
Li, G., Lorwongngam, A., and Roegiers, J.: Critical review of leak-off test as a practice for determination of in-situ stresses, in: 43rd US Rock Mechchanics Symposium and 4th US-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium, American Rock Mechanics Association, Asheville, p. 5, 2009.
Lindner, E. N. and Halpern, J. A.: In-situ stress in north America: A compilation, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 15, 183–203, 1978.
Ljunggren, C., Chang, Y., Janson, T., and Christiansson, R.: An overview of rock stress measurement methods, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 40, 975–989, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2003.07.003, 2003.
Majorowicz, J. and Grasby, S. E.: Heat flow, depth–temperature variations and stored thermal energy for enhanced geothermal systems in Canada, J. Geophys. Eng., 7, 232–241, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/7/3/002, 2010a.
Majorowicz, J. and Grasby, S. E.: High potential regions for enhanced geothermal systems in Canada, Nat. Resour. Res., 19, 177–188, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-010-9119-8, 2010b.
Majorowicz, J., Gosnold, W., Gray, A. D., Safanda, J., Klenner, R., and Unsworth, M. J.: Implications of post-glacial warming for northern Alberta heat flow-correcting for the underestimate of the geothermal potential, Geoth. Res. T., 36, 693–698, 2012.
Mallet, J.-L.: Discrete smooth interpolation in geometric modelling, Comput. Aided Design, 24, 178–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4485(92)90054-E, 1992.
Mallet, J.-L.: Geomodeling, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002.
Mavko, G., Mukerji, T., and Dvorkin, J.: The Rock Physics Handbook: Tools for Seismic Analysis of Porous Media, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009.
Mazzotti, S., Leonard, L. J., Cassidy, J. F., Rogers, G. C., and Halchuk, S.: Seismic hazard in western Canada from GPS strain rates versus earthquake catalog, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B12310, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008213, 2011.
McGarr, A. and Gay, N. C.: State of stress in the earth's crust, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 6, 405–436, 1978.
McLellan, P.: In-situ stress prediction and measurement by hydraulic fracturing, Wapiti, Alberta, in: Proceedings of Annual Technical Meeting, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Calgary, https://doi.org/10.2118/87-38-58, 967–933, 1987.
Meijer Drees, N. C.: Devonian Elk Point Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, in: Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, edited by: Mossop, G. D. and Shetsen, I., Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, Alberta, chap. 10, 129–147, 1994.
Moeck, I. and Backers, T.: Fault reactivation potential as a critical factor during reservoir stimulation, First Break, 1789, 73–80, https://doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.2011014, 2011.
Mossop, G. D. and Shetsen, I. (Eds.): Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, 1994a.
Mossop, G. D. and Shetsen, I.: Introduction to the geological atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, in: Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, edited by: Mossop, G. D. and Shetsen, I., Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, Alberta, chap. 1, 1–11, 1994b.
Müller, B., Wehrle, V., Zeyen, H., and Fuchs, K.: Short-scale variations of tectonic regimes in the western European stress province north of the Alps and Pyrenees, Tectonophysics, 275, 199–219, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00021-8, 1997.
Naliboff, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Ruff, L., and de Koker, N.: The effects of lithospheric thickness and density structure on Earth's stress field, Geophys. J. Int., 188, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05248.x, 2012.
Németh, B., Hajnal, Z., and Lucas, S.: Moho signature from wide-angle reflections: preliminary results of the 1993 Trans-Hudson Orogen refraction experiment, Tectonophysics, 264, 111–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00121-7, 1996.
Németh, B., Clowes, R. M., and Hajnal, Z.: Lithospheric structure of the Trans-Hudson Orogen from seismic refraction – wide-angle reflection studies, Can. J. Earth Sci., 42, 435–456, https://doi.org/10.1139/e05-032, 2005.
Nurkowski, J. R.: Coal quality, coal rank variation and its relation to reconstructed overburden, upper Cretaceous and Tertiary plains coals, Alberta, Canada, AAPG Bull., 68, 285–295, 1984.
Obert, L.: In situ determination of stress in rock, Min. Eng.-Littleton, 14, 51–58, 1962.
Okrusch, M. and Matthes, S.: Mineralogie, Springer-Lehrbuch, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, https://doi.org/10.1007/b139038, 2005.
Orlic, B. and Wassing, B. B. T.: A study of stress change and fault slip in producing gas reservoirs overlain by elastic and viscoelastic caprocks, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 46, 421–435, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0347-6, 2012.
Parsons, T.: Tectonic stressing in California modeled from GPS observations, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003946, 2006.
Pathak, V., Babadagli, T., Majorowicz, J. A., and Unsworth, M. J.: Evaluation of engineered geothermal systems as a heat source for oil sands production in Northern Alberta, Nat. Resour. Res., 23, 247–265, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-013-9218-4, 2013.
Peska, P. and Zoback, M. D.: Compressive and tensile failure of inclined well bores and determination of in situ stress and rock strength, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 12791–12811, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00319, 1995.
Podruski, J.: Contrasting character of the Peace River and Sweetgrass Arches, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Geosci. Can., 15, 94–97, 1988.
Porter, J. W., Price, R. A., and McCrossan, R. G.: The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lond., 305, 169–192, 1982.
Poulton, T., Christopher, J., Hays, B., Losert, J., Tittemore, J., and Gilchrist, R.: Jurassic and lowermost Cretaceous Strata of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, in: Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, edited by: Mossop, G. D. and Shetsen, I., Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, Alberta, chap. 18, 297–316, 1994.
Price, R. A.: The Cordilleran foreland thrust and fold belt in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 9, 427–448, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.39, 1981.
Price, R. A.: Cordilleran tectonics and the evolution of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, in: Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, edited by: Mossop, G. D. and Shetsen, I., Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, chap. 2, 13–24, 1994.
Reiter, K., Heidbach, O., and Moeck, I.: Stress field modelling in the Alberta Basin, Canada, in: International Workshop on Geomechanics and Energy – The Ground as Energy Source and Storage, EAGE, Lausanne, https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131973, 26–28, 2013.
Reiter, K., Heidbach, O., Schmitt, D. R., Haug, K., Ziegler, M., and Moeck, I.: A revised crustal stress orientation database for Canada, Tectonophysics, 636, 111–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.08.006, 2014.
Richardson, R. M.: Ridge forces, absolute plate motions, and the intraplate stress field, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11739–11748, https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB00475, 1992.
Ristau, J., Rogers, G. C., and Cassidy, J. F.: Stress in western Canada from regional moment tensor analysis, Can. J. Earth Sci., 44, 127–148, https://doi.org/10.1139/e06-057, 2007.
Roche, V., Homberg, C., and Rocher, M.: Fault nucleation, restriction, and aspect ratio in layered sections: quantification of the strength and stiffness roles using numerical modeling, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 118, 4446–4460, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50279, 2013.
Röckel, T. and Lempp, C.: Der Spannungszustand im Norddeutschen Becken, Erdöl Erdgas Kohle, 119, 73–80, 2003.
Ross, G. M., Broome, J., and Miles, W.: Potential fields and basement structure – Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, in: Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, edited by: Mossop, G. D. and Shetsen, I., Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, Alberta, chap. 4, 41–47, 1994.
Ross, G. M., Eaton, D. W., Boerner, D. E., and Miles, W.: Tectonic entrapment and its role in the evolution of continental lithosphere: an example from the Precambrian of western Canada, Tectonics, 19, 116–134, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999TC900047, 2000.
Ross, M., Parent, M. and Lefebvre, R.: 3D geologic framework models for regional hydrogeology and land-use management: a case study from a Quaternary basin of southwestern Quebec, Canada, Hydrogeology Journal, 13, 690–707, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0365-x, 2004.
Roth, F. and Fleckenstein, P.: Stress orientations found in north-east Germany differ from the West European trend, Terra Nova, 13, 289–296, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00357.x, 2001.
Sami, T. T. and James, N. P.: Evolution of an early Proterozoic foreland basin carbonate platform, lower Pethei Group, Great Slave Lake, north-west Canada, Sedimentology, 40, 403–430, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1993.tb01343.x, 1993.
Sbar, M. L. and Sykes, L. R.: Contemporary compressive stress and seismicity in eastern North America: an example of intra-plate tectonics, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84, 1861–1882, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<1861:CCSASI>2.0.CO;2, 1973.
Schmitt, D. R., Currie, C. A., and Zhang, L.: Crustal stress determination from boreholes and rock cores: fundamental principles, Tectonophysics, 580, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.08.029, 2012.
Schultz, R., Stern, V., and Gu, Y. J.: An investigation of seismicity clustered near the Cordel Field, west-central Alberta and its relation to a nearby disposal well, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 119, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010836, 2014.
Segall, P.: Earthquakes triggered by fluid extraction, Geology, 17, 942–946, 1989.
Sheorey, P.: A theory for in situ stresses in isotropic and transverseley isotropic rock, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 31, 23–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)92312-4, 1994.
Shragge, J., Bostock, M. G., Bank, C.-G., and Ellis, R. M.: Integrated teleseismic studies of the southern Alberta upper mantle, Can. J. Earth Sci., 39, 399–411, https://doi.org/10.1139/e01-084, 2002.
Smith, D.: Paleogeographic evolution of the Western Canada Foreland Basin, in: Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, edited by: Mossop, G. D. and Shetsen, I., Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, Alberta, chap. 17, 227–296, 1994.
Spence, G. D. and McLean, N. A.: Crustal seismic velocity and density structure of the Intermontane and Coast belts, southwestern Cordillera, Can. J. Earth Sci., 35, 1362–1379, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-35-12-1362, 1998.
Tingay, M. R. P., Müller, B., Reinecker, J., Heidbach, O., Wenzel, F., and Fleckenstein, P.: Understanding tectonic stress in the oil patch: the World Stress Map project, The Leading Edge, 24, 1276–1282, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.2149653, 2005.
Turcotte, D. L. and Schubert, G.: Geodynamics, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
USGS: GTOPO30 – Global Land Survey Digital Elevation Model (GLSDEM), available at: https://lta.cr.usgs.gov/GTOPO30, 2008.
Van Wees, J. D., Orlic, B., Van Eijs, R., Zijl, W., Jongerius, P., Schreppers, G. J., Hendriks, M., and Cornu, T.: Integrated 3-D geomechanical modelling for deep subsurface deformation: a case study of tectonic and human-induced deformation in the eastern Netherlands, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 212, 313–328, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.212.01.21, 2003.
Wang, Z., Nur, A., and Ebrom, D.: Seismic and Acoustic Velocities in Reservoir Rocks: Volume 3, Recent Developments, Expl. Geophys, 3, 2000.
Warpinski, N.: Determining the minimum in situ stress from hydraulic fracturing through perforations, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 26, 523–531, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(89)91430-7, 1989.
Weides, S. and Majorowicz, J.: Implications of spatial variability in heat flow for geothermal resource evaluation in large foreland basins: the case of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Energies, 7, 2573–2594, https://doi.org/10.3390/en7042573, 2014.
Weides, S., Moeck, I., Majorowicz, J., Palombi, D., Grobe, M., and Mareschal, J.-C.: Geothermal exploration of Paleozoic formations in Central Alberta, Can. J. Earth Sci., 50, 519–534, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0137, 2013.
Weides, S., Moeck, I., Majorowicz, J., and Grobe, M.: The Cambrian Basal Sandstone Unit in central Alberta – an investigation of temperature distribution, petrography and hydraulic and geomechanical properties of a deep saline aquifer, Can. J. Earth Sci.,51, 783-796, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0011, 2014.
Welford, J. K., Clowes, R. M., Ellis, R. M., Spence, G. D., Asudeh, I., and Hajnal, Z.: Lithospheric structure across the craton-Cordilleran transition of northeastern British Columbia, Can. J. Earth Sci., 38, 1169–1189, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02805.x, 2001.
Wessel, P., Smith, W. H. F., Scharroo, R., Luis, J., and Wobbe, F.: Generic mapping tools: improved version released, Eos T. Am. Geophys. Un., 94, 409–410, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EO450001, 2013.
Wessling, S., Junker, R., Rutqvist, J., Silin, D., Sulzbacher, H., Tischner, T., and Tsang, C.-F.: Pressure analysis of the hydromechanical fracture behaviour in stimulated tight sedimentary geothermal reservoirs, Geothermics, 38, 211–226, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2008.10.003, 2009.
White, A. J., Traugott, M. O., and Swarbrick, R. E.: The use of leak-off tests as means of predicting minimum in-situ stress, Petrol. Geosci., 8, 189–193, https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo.8.2.189, 2002.
White, D. J., Thomas, M., Jones, A., Hope, J., Németh, B., and Hajnal, Z.: Geophysical transect across a Paleoproterozoic continent continent collision zone: the Trans-Hudson Orogen, Can. J. Earth Sci., 42, 385–402, https://doi.org/10.1139/E05-002, 2005.
Woodland, D. and Bell, J. S.: In situ stress magnitudes from mini-frac records in Western Canada, J. Can. Petrol. Technol., 28, 22–31, https://doi.org/10.2118/89-05-01, 1989.
Wright, G., McMechan, M., and Potter, D.: Structure and architecture of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, in: Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, edited by: Mossop, G. D. and Shetsen, I., Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council, chap. 3, 25–40, 1994.
Yassir, N. A. and Bell, J. S.: Relationships between pore pressure, stresses, and present-day geodynamics in the Scotian Shelf, offshore eastern Canada, AAPG Bull., 78, 1863–1880, 1994.
Zang, A. and Stephansson, O.: Stress Field of the Earth's Crust, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8444-7, 2010.
Zelt, C. A. and White, D. J.: Crustal structure and tectonics of the southeastern Canadian Cordillera, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 24255–24273, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB02632, 1995.
Zhou, S.: A method of estimating horizontal principal stress magnitudes from stress-induced wellbore breakout and leak-off tests and its application to petroleum engineering, Petrol. Geosci., 3, 57–64, 1997.
Zoback, M. D.: Reservoir Geomechanics: Earth Stress and Rock Mechanics Applied to Exploration, Production and Wellbore Stability, Cambridge Press, 2007.
Zoback, M. D. and Zoback, M. L.: State of stress and intraplate earthquakes in the United States, Science, 213, 96–104, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4503.96, 1981.
Zoback, M. D. and Zoback, M. L.: Tectonic stress field of North America and relative plate motions, in: Neotectonics of North America, edited by: Slemmons, D. B. and Engdahl, E. R., Geological Society of America, 339–366, 1991.
Zoback, M. D., Barton, C., Brudy, M., Castillo, D., Finkbeiner, T., Grollimund, B., Moos, D., Peska, P., Ward, C., and Wiprut, D.: Determination of stress orientation and magnitude in deep wells, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min., 40, 1049–1076, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2003.07.001, 2003.
Zoback, M. L.: First- and second-order patterns of stress in the lithosphere: the World Stress Map project, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11703–11728, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB00132, 1992.
Zoback, M. L. and Mooney, W. D.: Lithospheric buoyancy and continental intraplate stresses, Int. Geol. Rev., 45, 95–118, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.45.2.95, 2003.
Zoback, M. L. and Zoback, M. D.: State of stress in the conterminous United States, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 6113–6156, 1980.
Zoback, M. L. and Zoback, M. D.: Tectonic stress field of the continental United States, in: Geophysical Framework of the Continental United States, edited by: Pakiser, L. and Mooney, W. D., vol. 172, Geological Society of America, geological edn., https://doi.org/10.1130/MEM172-p523, chap. 24, 523–540, 1989.
Zoback, M. L., Zoback, M. D., Adams, J. J., Assumpção, M., Bell, J. S., Bergman, E. A., Blümling, P., Brereton, N. R., Denham, D., Ding, J., Fuchs, K., Gay, N., Gregersen, S., Gupta, H. K., Gvishiani, A., Jacob, K., Klein, R., Knoll, P., Magee, M., Mercier, J. L., Müller, B. C., Paquin, C., Rajendran, K., Stephansson, O., Suarez, G., Suter, M., Udias, A., Xu, Z. H., and Zhizhin, M.: Global patterns of tectonic stress, Nature, 341, 291–298, https://doi.org/10.1038/341291a0, 1989.
