Articles | Volume 5, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-227-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-227-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Apr 2014
Research article |
| 29 Apr 2014
The Cretaceous and Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia
S. Zahirovic
EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
R. D. Müller
EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
Related authors
R. Dietmar Müller, Nicolas Flament, John Cannon, Michael G. Tetley, Simon E. Williams, Xianzhi Cao, Ömer F. Bodur, Sabin Zahirovic, and Andrew Merdith
Solid Earth, 13, 1127–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1127-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1127-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have built a community model for the evolution of the Earth's plate–mantle system. Created with open-source software and an open-access plate model, it covers the last billion years, including the formation, breakup, and dispersal of two supercontinents, as well as the creation and destruction of numerous ocean basins. The model allows us to
seeinto the Earth in 4D and helps us unravel the connections between surface tectonics and the
beating heartof the Earth, its convecting mantle.
Eline Le Breton, Sascha Brune, Kamil Ustaszewski, Sabin Zahirovic, Maria Seton, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth, 12, 885–913, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The former Piemont–Liguria Ocean, which separated Europe from Africa–Adria in the Jurassic, opened as an arm of the central Atlantic. Using plate reconstructions and geodynamic modeling, we show that the ocean reached only 250 km width between Europe and Adria. Moreover, at least 65 % of the lithosphere subducted into the mantle and/or incorporated into the Alps during convergence in Cretaceous and Cenozoic times comprised highly thinned continental crust, while only 35 % was truly oceanic.
Jodie Pall, Sabin Zahirovic, Sebastiano Doss, Rakib Hassan, Kara J. Matthews, John Cannon, Michael Gurnis, Louis Moresi, Adrian Lenardic, and R. Dietmar Müller
Clim. Past, 14, 857–870, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-857-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-857-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Subduction zones intersecting buried carbonate platforms liberate significant atmospheric CO2 and have the potential to influence global climate. We model the spatio-temporal distribution of carbonate platform accumulation within a plate tectonic framework and use wavelet analysis to analyse linked behaviour between atmospheric CO2 and carbonate-intersecting subduction zone (CISZ) lengths since the Devonian. We find that increasing CISZ lengths likely contributed to a warmer Palaeogene climate.
Wenchao Cao, Sabin Zahirovic, Nicolas Flament, Simon Williams, Jan Golonka, and R. Dietmar Müller
Biogeosciences, 14, 5425–5439, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5425-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5425-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present a workflow to link paleogeographic maps to alternative plate tectonic models, alleviating the problem that published global paleogeographic maps are generally presented as static maps and tied to a particular plate model. We further develop an approach to improve paleogeography using paleobiology. The resulting paleogeographies are consistent with proxies of eustatic sea level change since ~400 Myr ago. We make the digital global paleogeographic maps available as an open resource.
N. Wright, S. Zahirovic, R. D. Müller, and M. Seton
Biogeosciences, 10, 1529–1541, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1529-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1529-2013, 2013
R. Dietmar Müller, Nicolas Flament, John Cannon, Michael G. Tetley, Simon E. Williams, Xianzhi Cao, Ömer F. Bodur, Sabin Zahirovic, and Andrew Merdith
Solid Earth, 13, 1127–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1127-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1127-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have built a community model for the evolution of the Earth's plate–mantle system. Created with open-source software and an open-access plate model, it covers the last billion years, including the formation, breakup, and dispersal of two supercontinents, as well as the creation and destruction of numerous ocean basins. The model allows us to
seeinto the Earth in 4D and helps us unravel the connections between surface tectonics and the
beating heartof the Earth, its convecting mantle.
Eline Le Breton, Sascha Brune, Kamil Ustaszewski, Sabin Zahirovic, Maria Seton, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth, 12, 885–913, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The former Piemont–Liguria Ocean, which separated Europe from Africa–Adria in the Jurassic, opened as an arm of the central Atlantic. Using plate reconstructions and geodynamic modeling, we show that the ocean reached only 250 km width between Europe and Adria. Moreover, at least 65 % of the lithosphere subducted into the mantle and/or incorporated into the Alps during convergence in Cretaceous and Cenozoic times comprised highly thinned continental crust, while only 35 % was truly oceanic.
Rohitash Chandra, Danial Azam, Arpit Kapoor, and R. Dietmar Müller
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2959–2979, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2959-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2959-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Forward landscape and sedimentary basin evolution models pose a major challenge in the development of efficient inference and optimization methods. Bayesian inference provides a methodology for estimation and uncertainty quantification of free model parameters. In this paper, we present an application of a surrogate-assisted Bayesian parallel tempering method where that surrogate mimics a landscape evolution model. We use the method for parameter estimation and uncertainty quantification.
Hugo K. H. Olierook, Richard Scalzo, David Kohn, Rohitash Chandra, Ehsan Farahbakhsh, Gregory Houseman, Chris Clark, Steven M. Reddy, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-4, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-4, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Sascha Brune, Simon E. Williams, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth, 9, 1187–1206, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1187-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1187-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Fragmentation of continents often involves obliquely rifting segments that feature a complex three-dimensional structural evolution. Here we show that more than ~ 70 % of Earth’s rifted margins exceeded an obliquity of 20° demonstrating that oblique rifting should be considered the rule, not the exception. This highlights the importance of three-dimensional approaches in modelling, surveying, and interpretation of those rift segments where oblique rifting is the dominant mode of deformation.
Robert McKay, Neville Exon, Dietmar Müller, Karsten Gohl, Michael Gurnis, Amelia Shevenell, Stuart Henrys, Fumio Inagaki, Dhananjai Pandey, Jessica Whiteside, Tina van de Flierdt, Tim Naish, Verena Heuer, Yuki Morono, Millard Coffin, Marguerite Godard, Laura Wallace, Shuichi Kodaira, Peter Bijl, Julien Collot, Gerald Dickens, Brandon Dugan, Ann G. Dunlea, Ron Hackney, Minoru Ikehara, Martin Jutzeler, Lisa McNeill, Sushant Naik, Taryn Noble, Bradley Opdyke, Ingo Pecher, Lowell Stott, Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben, Yatheesh Vadakkeykath, and Ulrich G. Wortmann
Sci. Dril., 24, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-61-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-61-2018, 2018
Jodie Pall, Sabin Zahirovic, Sebastiano Doss, Rakib Hassan, Kara J. Matthews, John Cannon, Michael Gurnis, Louis Moresi, Adrian Lenardic, and R. Dietmar Müller
Clim. Past, 14, 857–870, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-857-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-857-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Subduction zones intersecting buried carbonate platforms liberate significant atmospheric CO2 and have the potential to influence global climate. We model the spatio-temporal distribution of carbonate platform accumulation within a plate tectonic framework and use wavelet analysis to analyse linked behaviour between atmospheric CO2 and carbonate-intersecting subduction zone (CISZ) lengths since the Devonian. We find that increasing CISZ lengths likely contributed to a warmer Palaeogene climate.
Wenchao Cao, Sabin Zahirovic, Nicolas Flament, Simon Williams, Jan Golonka, and R. Dietmar Müller
Biogeosciences, 14, 5425–5439, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5425-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5425-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present a workflow to link paleogeographic maps to alternative plate tectonic models, alleviating the problem that published global paleogeographic maps are generally presented as static maps and tied to a particular plate model. We further develop an approach to improve paleogeography using paleobiology. The resulting paleogeographies are consistent with proxies of eustatic sea level change since ~400 Myr ago. We make the digital global paleogeographic maps available as an open resource.
Michael Rubey, Sascha Brune, Christian Heine, D. Rhodri Davies, Simon E. Williams, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth, 8, 899–919, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-899-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-899-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's surface is constantly warped up and down by the convecting mantle. Here we derive geodynamic rules for this so-called
dynamic topographyby employing high-resolution numerical models of global mantle convection. We define four types of dynamic topography history that are primarily controlled by the ever-changing pattern of Earth's subduction zones. Our models provide a predictive quantitative framework linking mantle convection with plate tectonics and sedimentary basin evolution.
Nicholas Barnett-Moore, Rakib Hassan, Nicolas Flament, and Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth, 8, 235–254, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-235-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-235-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We use 3D mantle flow models to investigate the evolution of the Iceland plume in the North Atlantic. Results show that over the last ~ 100 Myr a remarkably stable pattern of flow in the lowermost mantle beneath the region resulted in the formation of a plume nucleation site. At the surface, a model plume compared to published observables indicates that its large plume head, ~ 2500 km in diameter, arriving beneath eastern Greenland in the Palaeocene, can account for the volcanic record and uplift.
N. Herold, J. Buzan, M. Seton, A. Goldner, J. A. M. Green, R. D. Müller, P. Markwick, and M. Huber
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2077–2090, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2077-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2077-2014, 2014
J. Cannon, E. Lau, and R. D. Müller
Solid Earth, 5, 741–755, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-741-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-741-2014, 2014
S. J. Gallagher, N. Exon, M. Seton, M. Ikehara, C. J. Hollis, R. Arculus, S. D'Hondt, C. Foster, M. Gurnis, J. P. Kennett, R. McKay, A. Malakoff, J. Mori, K. Takai, and L. Wallace
Sci. Dril., 17, 45–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-17-45-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-17-45-2014, 2014
M. Hosseinpour, R. D. Müller, S. E. Williams, and J. M. Whittaker
Solid Earth, 4, 461–479, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-461-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-461-2013, 2013
C. Heine, J. Zoethout, and R. D. Müller
Solid Earth, 4, 215–253, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-215-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-215-2013, 2013
N. Wright, S. Zahirovic, R. D. Müller, and M. Seton
Biogeosciences, 10, 1529–1541, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1529-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1529-2013, 2013
R. D. Müller and T. C. W. Landgrebe
Solid Earth, 3, 447–465, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-447-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-447-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Tectonics
Stress state at faults: the influence of rock stiffness contrast, stress orientation, and ratio
(D)rifting in the 21st century: key processes, natural hazards, and geo-resources
Interseismic and long-term deformation of southeastern Sicily driven by the Ionian slab roll-back
Rift and plume: a discussion on active and passive rifting mechanisms in the Afro-Arabian rift based on synthesis of geophysical data
Propagating rifts: the roles of crustal damage and ascending mantle fluids
Magma-poor continent–ocean transition zones of the southern North Atlantic: a wide-angle seismic synthesis of a new frontier
Cretaceous–Paleocene extension at the southwestern continental margin of India and opening of the Laccadive basin: constraints from geophysical data
On the role of trans-lithospheric faults in the long-term seismotectonic segmentation of active margins: a case study in the Andes
Extensional exhumation of cratons: insights from the Early Cretaceous Rio Negro–Juruena belt (Amazonian Craton, Colombia)
Hydrogen solubility of stishovite provides insights into water transportation to the deep Earth
Networks of geometrically coherent faults accommodate Alpine tectonic inversion offshore southwestern Iberia
Oblique rifting triggered by slab tearing: the case of the Alboran rifted margin in the eastern Betics
Along-strike variation of volcanic addition controlling post breakup sedimentary infill: Pelotas margin, Austral South Atlantic
Melt-enhanced strain localization and phase mixing in a large-scale mantle shear zone (Ronda peridotite, Spain)
Selective inversion of rift basins in lithospheric-scale analogue experiments
The link between Somalian Plate rotation and the East African Rift System: an analogue modelling study
Inversion of extensional basins parallel and oblique to their boundaries: inferences from analogue models and field observations from the Dolomites Indenter, European eastern Southern Alps
Magnetic fabric analyses of basin inversion: a sandbox modelling approach
Tectonic interactions during rift linkage: insights from analog and numerical experiments
The influence of crustal strength on rift geometry and development – insights from 3D numerical modelling
Construction of the Ukrainian Carpathian wedge from low-temperature thermochronology and tectono-stratigraphic analysis
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: a review and future perspectives
Insights into the interaction of a shale with CO2
Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Slyne Basin
Assessing the role of thermal disequilibrium in the evolution of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary: an idealized model of heat exchange during channelized melt transport
Control of crustal strength, tectonic inheritance, and stretching/ shortening rates on crustal deformation and basin reactivation: insights from laboratory models
Numerical simulation of contemporary kinematics at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and its implications for seismic hazard assessment
Late Cretaceous–early Palaeogene inversion-related tectonic structures at the northeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif (southwestern Poland and northern Czechia)
A tectonic-rules-based mantle reference frame since 1 billion years ago – implications for supercontinent cycles and plate–mantle system evolution
An efficient partial-differential-equation-based method to compute pressure boundary conditions in regional geodynamic models
The analysis of slip tendency of major tectonic faults in Germany
Earthquake ruptures and topography of the Chilean margin controlled by plate interface deformation
Together but separate: decoupled Variscan (late Carboniferous) and Alpine (Late Cretaceous–Paleogene) inversion tectonics in NW Poland
Late Quaternary faulting in the southern Matese (Italy): implications for earthquake potential and slip rate variability in the southern Apennines
The topographic signature of temperature-controlled rheological transitions in an accretionary prism
Rare earth elements associated with carbonatite–alkaline complexes in western Rajasthan, India: exploration targeting at regional scale
Exhumation and erosion of the Northern Apennines, Italy: new insights from low-temperature thermochronometers
Structural complexities and tectonic barriers controlling recent seismic activity in the Pollino area (Calabria–Lucania, southern Italy) – constraints from stress inversion and 3D fault model building
The Mid Atlantic Appalachian Orogen Traverse: a comparison of virtual and on-location field-based capstone experiences
Chronology of thrust propagation from an updated tectono-sedimentary framework of the Miocene molasse (western Alps)
Orogenic lithosphere and slabs in the greater Alpine area – interpretations based on teleseismic P-wave tomography
Ground-penetrating radar signature of Quaternary faulting: a study from the Mt. Pollino region, southern Apennines, Italy
U–Pb dating of middle Eocene–Pliocene multiple tectonic pulses in the Alpine foreland
Detrital zircon provenance record of the Zagros mountain building from the Neotethys obduction to the Arabia–Eurasia collision, NW Zagros fold–thrust belt, Kurdistan region of Iraq
The Subhercynian Basin: an example of an intraplate foreland basin due to a broken plate
Late to post-Variscan basement segmentation and differential exhumation along the SW Bohemian Massif, central Europe
Holocene surface-rupturing earthquakes on the Dinaric Fault System, western Slovenia
Contribution of gravity gliding in salt-bearing rift basins – a new experimental setup for simulating salt tectonics under the influence of sub-salt extension and tilting
3D crustal stress state of Germany according to a data-calibrated geomechanical model
Thick- and thin-skinned basin inversion in the Danish Central Graben, North Sea – the role of deep evaporites and basement kinematics
Moritz O. Ziegler, Robin Seithel, Thomas Niederhuber, Oliver Heidbach, Thomas Kohl, Birgit Müller, Mojtaba Rajabi, Karsten Reiter, and Luisa Röckel
Solid Earth, 15, 1047–1063, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rotation of the principal stress axes in a fault structure because of a rock stiffness contrast has been investigated for the impact of the ratio of principal stresses, the angle between principal stress axes and fault strike, and the ratio of the rock stiffness contrast. A generic 2D geomechanical model is employed for the systematic investigation of the parameter space.
Frank Zwaan, Tiago M. Alves, Patricia Cadenas, Mohamed Gouiza, Jordan J. J. Phethean, Sascha Brune, and Anne C. Glerum
Solid Earth, 15, 989–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-989-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-989-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rifting and the break-up of continents are key aspects of Earth’s plate tectonic system. A thorough understanding of the geological processes involved in rifting, and of the associated natural hazards and resources, is of great importance in the context of the energy transition. Here, we provide a coherent overview of rift processes and the links with hazards and resources, and we assess future challenges and opportunities for (collaboration between) researchers, government, and industry.
Amélie Viger, Stéphane Dominguez, Stéphane Mazzotti, Michel Peyret, Maxime Henriquet, Giovanni Barreca, Carmelo Monaco, and Adrien Damon
Solid Earth, 15, 965–988, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-965-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-965-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
New satellite geodetic data (PS-InSAR) evidence a generalized subsidence and an eastward tilting of southeastern Sicily combined with a local relative uplift along its eastern coast. We perform flexural and elastic modeling and show that the slab pull force induced by the Ionian slab roll-back and extrado deformation reproduce the measured surface deformation. Finally, we propose an original seismic cycle model that is mainly driven by the southward migration of the Ionian slab roll-back.
Ran Issachar, Peter Haas, Nico Augustin, and Jörg Ebbing
Solid Earth, 15, 807–826, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-807-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-807-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this contribution, we explore the causal relationship between the arrival of the Afar plume and the initiation of the Afro-Arabian rift. We mapped the rift architecture in the triple-junction region using geophysical data and reviewed the available geological data. We interpret a progressive development of the plume–rift system and suggest an interaction between active and passive mechanisms in which the plume provided a push force that changed the kinematics of the associated plates.
Folarin Kolawole and Rasheed Ajala
Solid Earth, 15, 747–762, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-747-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-747-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the upper-crustal structure of the Rukwa–Tanganyika rift zone in East Africa, where the Tanganyika rift interacts with the Rukwa and Mweru-Wantipa rifts, coinciding with abundant seismicity at the rift tips. Seismic velocity structure and patterns of seismicity clustering reveal zones around 10 km deep with anomalously high Vp / Vs ratios at the rift tips, indicative of a localized mechanically weakened crust caused by mantle volatiles and damage associated with bending strain.
J. Kim Welford
Solid Earth, 15, 683–710, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-683-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-683-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
I present a synthesis of the continent–ocean boundaries of the southern North Atlantic Ocean, as probed using seismic methods for rock velocity estimation, to assess their deep structures from the crust to the upper mantle and to discuss how they were formed. With this knowledge, it is possible to start evaluating these regions of the Earth for their capacity to produce hydrogen and critical minerals and to store excess carbon dioxide, all with the goal of greening our economy.
Mathews George Gilbert, Parakkal Unnikrishnan, and Munukutla Radhakrishna
Solid Earth, 15, 671–682, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-671-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-671-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study identifies evidence for extension south of Tellicherry Arch along the southwestern continental margin of India through the integrated analysis of multichannel seismic and gravity data. The sediment deposition pattern indicates that this extension occurred after the Eocene. We further propose that the anticlockwise rotation of India and the passage of the Réunion plume have facilitated the opening of the Laccadive basin.
Gonzalo Yanez, Jose Piquer, and Orlando Rivera
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1338, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1338, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We postulate that the observed spatial distribution of large earthquakes in active convergence zones, organized in segments where large events are repeated every 100–300 years, depends on large scale continental faults and fluid release from the subducting slab. In order to support this model, we use proxies at different spatial and temporal scales (historic seismicity, megathrust slip solutions, inter-seismic cumulative seismicity, GPS/viscous plate coupling, and coast line morphology).
Ana Fonseca, Simon Nachtergaele, Amed Bonilla, Stijn Dewaele, and Johan De Grave
Solid Earth, 15, 329–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the erosion and exhumation processes and history of early continental crust hidden within the Amazonian Rainforest. This crust forms part of the Amazonian Craton, an ancient continental fragment. Our surprising findings reveal the area underwent rapid early Cretaceous exhumation triggered by tectonic forces. This discovery challenges the traditional perception that cratons are stable and long-lived entities and shows they can deform readily under specific geological contexts.
Mengdan Chen, Changxin Yin, Danling Chen, Long Tian, Liang Liu, and Lei Kang
Solid Earth, 15, 215–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stishovite remains stable under mantle conditions and can incorporate various amounts of water in its crystal structure. We provide a systematic review of previous studies on water in stishovite and propose a new model for water solubility of Al-bearing stishovite. Calculation results based on this model suggest that stishovite may effectively accommodate water from the breakdown of hydrous minerals and could make an important contribution to water enrichment in the mantle transition zone.
Tiago M. Alves
Solid Earth, 15, 39–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine tectonic inversion is reviewed for southwestern Iberia, known for its historical earthquakes and tsunamis. High-quality 2D seismic data image 26 faults mapped to a depth exceeding 10 km. Normal faults accommodated important vertical uplift and shortening. They are 100–250 km long and may generate earthquakes with Mw > 8.0. Regions of Late Mesozoic magmatism comprise thickened, harder crust, forming lateral buttresses to compression and promoting the development of fold-and-thrust belts.
Marine Larrey, Frédéric Mouthereau, Damien Do Couto, Emmanuel Masini, Anthony Jourdon, Sylvain Calassou, and Véronique Miegebielle
Solid Earth, 14, 1221–1244, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1221-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1221-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Extension leading to the formation of ocean–continental transition can be highly oblique to the main direction of crustal thinning. Here we explore the case of a continental margin exposed in the Betics that developed in a back-arc setting perpendicular to the direction of the retreating Gibraltar subduction. We show that transtension is the main mode of crustal deformation that led to the development of metamorphic domes and extensional intramontane basins.
Marlise Colling Cassel, Nick Kusznir, Gianreto Manatschal, and Daniel Sauter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2584, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2584, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic Ocean results from the break-up of the palaeocontinent Gondwana. Since then, the Brazilian and African margins record a thick volcanic layers and received a large contribution of sediments recording this process. We show the influence of early volcanics on the sediments deposited later by analysing the Pelotas Margin, south of Brazil. The volume of volcanic layers is not homogeneous along this sector, promoting variation in the space available to accommodate later sediments.
Sören Tholen, Jolien Linckens, and Gernold Zulauf
Solid Earth, 14, 1123–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Intense phase mixing with homogeneously distributed secondary phases and irregular grain boundaries and shapes indicates that metasomatism formed the microstructures predominant in the shear zone of the NW Ronda peridotite. Amphibole presence, olivine crystal orientations, and the consistency to the Beni Bousera peridotite (Morocco) point to OH-bearing metasomatism by small fractions of evolved melts. Results confirm a strong link between reactions and localized deformation in the upper mantle.
Anindita Samsu, Weronika Gorczyk, Timothy Chris Schmid, Peter Graham Betts, Alexander Ramsay Cruden, Eleanor Morton, and Fatemeh Amirpoorsaeed
Solid Earth, 14, 909–936, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When a continent is pulled apart, it breaks and forms a series of depressions called rift basins. These basins lie above weakened crust that is then subject to intense deformation during subsequent tectonic compression. Our analogue experiments show that when a system of basins is squeezed in a direction perpendicular to the main trend of the basins, some basins rise up to form mountains while others do not.
Frank Zwaan and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 14, 823–845, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The East African Rift System (EARS) is a major plate tectonic feature splitting the African continent apart. Understanding the tectonic processes involved is of great importance for societal and economic reasons (natural hazards, resources). Laboratory experiments allow us to simulate these large-scale processes, highlighting the links between rotational plate motion and the overall development of the EARS. These insights are relevant when studying other rift systems around the globe as well.
Anna-Katharina Sieberer, Ernst Willingshofer, Thomas Klotz, Hugo Ortner, and Hannah Pomella
Solid Earth, 14, 647–681, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Through analogue models and field observations, we investigate how inherited platform–basin geometries control strain localisation, style, and orientation of reactivated and new structures during inversion. Our study shows that the style of evolving thrusts and their changes along-strike are controlled by pre-existing rheological discontinuities. The results of this study are relevant for understanding inversion structures in general and for the European eastern Southern Alps in particular.
Thorben Schöfisch, Hemin Koyi, and Bjarne Almqvist
Solid Earth, 14, 447–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A magnetic fabric analysis provides information about the reorientation of magnetic grains and is applied to three sandbox models that simulate different stages of basin inversion. The analysed magnetic fabrics reflect the different developed structures and provide insights into the different deformed stages of basin inversion. It is a first attempt of applying magnetic fabric analyses to basin inversion sandbox models but shows the possibility of applying it to such models.
Timothy Chris Schmid, Sascha Brune, Anne Glerum, and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 14, 389–407, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-389-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-389-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental rifts form by linkage of individual rift segments and disturb the regional stress field. We use analog and numerical models of such rift segment interactions to investigate the linkage of deformation and stresses and subsequent stress deflections from the regional stress pattern. This local stress re-orientation eventually causes rift deflection when multiple rift segments compete for linkage with opposingly propagating segments and may explain rift deflection as observed in nature.
Thomas B. Phillips, John B. Naliboff, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Sophie Pan, Jeroen van Hunen, and Malte Froemchen
Solid Earth, 14, 369–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental crust comprises bodies of varying strength, formed through numerous tectonic events. When subject to extension, these areas produce distinct rift and fault systems. We use 3D models to examine how rifts form above
strongand
weakareas of crust. We find that faults become more developed in weak areas. Faults are initially stopped at the boundaries with stronger areas before eventually breaking through. We relate our model observations to rift systems globally.
Marion Roger, Arjan de Leeuw, Peter van der Beek, Laurent Husson, Edward R. Sobel, Johannes Glodny, and Matthias Bernet
Solid Earth, 14, 153–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the construction of the Ukrainian Carpathians with LT thermochronology (AFT, AHe, and ZHe) and stratigraphic analysis. QTQt thermal models are combined with burial diagrams to retrieve the timing and magnitude of sedimentary burial, tectonic burial, and subsequent exhumation of the wedge's nappes from 34 to ∼12 Ma. Out-of-sequence thrusting and sediment recycling during wedge building are also identified. This elucidates the evolution of a typical wedge in a roll-back subduction zone.
Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Susanne J. H. Buiter, Oriol Ferrer, Riccardo Reitano, Michael Rudolf, and Ernst Willingshofer
Solid Earth, 13, 1859–1905, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When a sedimentary basin is subjected to compressional tectonic forces after its formation, it may be inverted. A thorough understanding of such
basin inversionis of great importance for scientific, societal, and economic reasons, and analogue tectonic models form a key part of our efforts to study these processes. We review the advances in the field of basin inversion modelling, showing how the modelling results can be applied, and we identify promising venues for future research.
Eleni Stavropoulou and Lyesse Laloui
Solid Earth, 13, 1823–1841, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Shales are identified as suitable caprock formations for geolocigal CO2 storage thanks to their low permeability. Here, small-sized shale samples are studied under field-representative conditions with X-ray tomography. The geochemical impact of CO2 on calcite-rich zones is for the first time visualised, the role of pre-existing micro-fissures in the CO2 invasion trapping in the matererial is highlighted, and the initiation of micro-cracks when in contact with anhydrous CO2 is demonstrated.
Conor M. O'Sullivan, Conrad J. Childs, Muhammad M. Saqab, John J. Walsh, and Patrick M. Shannon
Solid Earth, 13, 1649–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Slyne Basin is a sedimentary basin located offshore north-western Ireland. It formed through a long and complex evolution involving distinct periods of extension. The basin is subdivided into smaller basins, separated by deep structures related to the ancient Caledonian mountain-building event. These deep structures influence the shape of the basin as it evolves in a relatively unique way, where early faults follow these deep structures, but later faults do not.
Mousumi Roy
Solid Earth, 13, 1415–1430, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1415-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates one of the key processes that may lead to the destruction and destabilization of continental tectonic plates: the infiltration of buoyant, hot, molten rock (magma) into the base of the plate. Using simple calculations, I suggest that heating during melt–rock interaction may thermally perturb the tectonic plate, weakening it and potentially allowing it to be reshaped from beneath. Geochemical, petrologic, and geologic observations are used to guide model parameters.
Benjamin Guillaume, Guido M. Gianni, Jean-Jacques Kermarrec, and Khaled Bock
Solid Earth, 13, 1393–1414, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Under tectonic forces, the upper part of the crust can break along different types of faults, depending on the orientation of the applied stresses. Using scaled analogue models, we show that the relative magnitude of compressional and extensional forces as well as the presence of inherited structures resulting from previous stages of deformation control the location and type of faults. Our results gives insights into the tectonic evolution of areas showing complex patterns of deformation.
Liming Li, Xianrui Li, Fanyan Yang, Lili Pan, and Jingxiong Tian
Solid Earth, 13, 1371–1391, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1371-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1371-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We constructed a three-dimensional numerical geomechanics model to obtain the continuous slip rates of active faults and crustal velocities in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Based on the analysis of the fault kinematics in the study area, we evaluated the possibility of earthquakes occurring in the main faults in the area, and analyzed the crustal deformation mechanism of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.
Andrzej Głuszyński and Paweł Aleksandrowski
Solid Earth, 13, 1219–1242, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Old seismic data recently reprocessed with modern software allowed us to study at depth the Late Cretaceous tectonic structures in the Permo-Mesozoic rock sequences in the Sudetes. The structures formed in response to Iberia collision with continental Europe. The NE–SW compression undulated the crystalline basement top and produced folds, faults and joints in the sedimentary cover. Our results are of importance for regional geology and in prospecting for deep thermal waters.
R. Dietmar Müller, Nicolas Flament, John Cannon, Michael G. Tetley, Simon E. Williams, Xianzhi Cao, Ömer F. Bodur, Sabin Zahirovic, and Andrew Merdith
Solid Earth, 13, 1127–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1127-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1127-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have built a community model for the evolution of the Earth's plate–mantle system. Created with open-source software and an open-access plate model, it covers the last billion years, including the formation, breakup, and dispersal of two supercontinents, as well as the creation and destruction of numerous ocean basins. The model allows us to
seeinto the Earth in 4D and helps us unravel the connections between surface tectonics and the
beating heartof the Earth, its convecting mantle.
Anthony Jourdon and Dave A. May
Solid Earth, 13, 1107–1125, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present a method to compute a reference pressure based on density structure in which we cast the problem in terms of a partial differential equation (PDE). We show in the context of 3D models of continental rifting that using the pressure as a boundary condition within the flow problem results in non-cylindrical velocity fields, producing strain localization in the lithosphere along large-scale strike-slip shear zones and allowing the formation and evolution of triple junctions.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Birgit Müller, Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, and Frank Schilling
Solid Earth, 13, 1087–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reactivation of tectonic faults can lead to earthquakes and jeopardize underground operations. The reactivation potential is linked to fault properties and the tectonic stress field. We create 3D geometries for major faults in Germany and use stress data from a 3D geomechanical–numerical model to calculate their reactivation potential and compare it to seismic events. The reactivation potential in general is highest for NNE–SSW- and NW–SE-striking faults and strongly depends on the fault dip.
Nadaya Cubas, Philippe Agard, and Roxane Tissandier
Solid Earth, 13, 779–792, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquake extent prediction is limited by our poor understanding of slip deficit patterns. From a mechanical analysis applied along the Chilean margin, we show that earthquakes are bounded by extensive plate interface deformation. This deformation promotes stress build-up, leading to earthquake nucleation; earthquakes then propagate along smoothed fault planes and are stopped by heterogeneously distributed deformation. Slip deficit patterns reflect the spatial distribution of this deformation.
Piotr Krzywiec, Mateusz Kufrasa, Paweł Poprawa, Stanisław Mazur, Małgorzata Koperska, and Piotr Ślemp
Solid Earth, 13, 639–658, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-639-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-639-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Legacy 2-D seismic data with newly acquired 3-D seismic data were used to construct a new model of geological evolution of NW Poland over last 400 Myr. It illustrates how the destruction of the Caledonian orogen in the Late Devonian–early Carboniferous led to half-graben formation, how they were inverted in the late Carboniferous, how the study area evolved during the formation of the Permo-Mesozoic Polish Basin and how supra-evaporitic structures were inverted in the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene.
Paolo Boncio, Eugenio Auciello, Vincenzo Amato, Pietro Aucelli, Paola Petrosino, Anna C. Tangari, and Brian R. Jicha
Solid Earth, 13, 553–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the Gioia Sannitica normal fault (GF) within the southern Matese fault system (SMF) in southern Apennines (Italy). It is a fault with a long slip history that has experienced recent reactivation or acceleration. Present activity has resulted in late Quaternary fault scarps and Holocene surface faulting. The maximum slip rate is ~ 0.5 mm/yr. Activation of the 11.5 km GF or the entire 30 km SMF can produce up to M 6.2 or M 6.8 earthquakes, respectively.
Sepideh Pajang, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, and Nadaya Cubas
Solid Earth, 13, 535–551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-535-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-535-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The local topographic slope of an accretionary prism is often used to determine the effective friction on subduction megathrust. We investigate how the brittle–ductile and the smectite–illite transitions affect the topographic slope of an accretionary prism and its internal deformation to provide clues to determine the origin of observed low topographic slopes in subduction zones. We finally discuss their implications in terms of the forearc basin and forearc high genesis and nature.
Malcolm Aranha, Alok Porwal, Manikandan Sundaralingam, Ignacio González-Álvarez, Amber Markan, and Karunakar Rao
Solid Earth, 13, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rare earth elements (REEs) are considered critical mineral resources for future industrial growth due to their short supply and rising demand. This study applied an artificial-intelligence-based technique to target potential REE-deposit hosting areas in western Rajasthan, India. Uncertainties associated with the prospective targets were also estimated to aid decision-making. The presented workflow can be applied to similar regions elsewhere to locate potential zones of REE mineralisation.
Erica D. Erlanger, Maria Giuditta Fellin, and Sean D. Willett
Solid Earth, 13, 347–365, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-347-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-347-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present an erosion rate analysis on dated rock and sediment from the Northern Apennine Mountains, Italy, which provides new insights on the pattern of erosion rates through space and time. This analysis shows decreasing erosion through time on the Ligurian side but increasing erosion through time on the Adriatic side. We suggest that the pattern of erosion rates is consistent with the present asymmetric topography in the Northern Apennines, which has likely existed for several million years.
Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Totaro, Giusy Lavecchia, Barbara Orecchio, Rita de Nardis, Debora Presti, Federica Ferrarini, Simone Bello, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 13, 205–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Pollino region is a highly seismic area of Italy. Increasing the geological knowledge on areas like this contributes to reducing risk and saving lives. We reconstruct the 3D model of the faults which generated the 2010–2014 seismicity integrating geological and seismological data. Appropriate relationships based on the dimensions of the activated faults suggest that they did not fully discharge their seismic potential and could release further significant earthquakes in the near future.
Steven Whitmeyer, Lynn Fichter, Anita Marshall, and Hannah Liddle
Solid Earth, 12, 2803–2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Field trips in the Stratigraphy, Structure, Tectonics (SST) course transitioned to a virtual format in Fall 2020, due to the COVID pandemic. Virtual field experiences (VFEs) were developed in web Google Earth and were evaluated in comparison with on-location field trips via an online survey. Students recognized the value of VFEs for revisiting outcrops and noted improved accessibility for students with disabilities. Potential benefits of hybrid field experiences were also indicated.
Amir Kalifi, Philippe Hervé Leloup, Philippe Sorrel, Albert Galy, François Demory, Vincenzo Spina, Bastien Huet, Frédéric Quillévéré, Frédéric Ricciardi, Daniel Michoux, Kilian Lecacheur, Romain Grime, Bernard Pittet, and Jean-Loup Rubino
Solid Earth, 12, 2735–2771, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Molasse deposits, deposited and deformed at the western Alpine front during the Miocene (23 to 5.6 Ma), record the chronology of that deformation. We combine the first precise chronostratigraphy (precision of ∼0.5 Ma) of the Miocene molasse, the reappraisal of the regional structure, and the analysis of growth deformation structures in order to document three tectonic phases and the precise chronology of thrust westward propagation during the second one involving the Belledonne basal thrust.
Mark R. Handy, Stefan M. Schmid, Marcel Paffrath, Wolfgang Friederich, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2633–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
New images from the multi-national AlpArray experiment illuminate the Alps from below. They indicate thick European mantle descending beneath the Alps and forming blobs that are mostly detached from the Alps above. In contrast, the Adriatic mantle in the Alps is much thinner. This difference helps explain the rugged mountains and the abundance of subducted and exhumed units at the core of the Alps. The blobs are stretched remnants of old ocean and its margins that reach down to at least 410 km.
Maurizio Ercoli, Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Pauselli, Harry M. Jol, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 12, 2573–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Past strong earthquakes can produce topographic deformations, often
memorizedin Quaternary sediments, which are typically studied by paleoseismologists through trenching. Using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we unveiled possible buried Quaternary faulting in the Mt. Pollino seismic gap region (southern Italy). We aim to contribute to seismic hazard assessment of an area potentially prone to destructive events as well as promote our workflow in similar contexts around the world.
Luca Smeraglia, Nathan Looser, Olivier Fabbri, Flavien Choulet, Marcel Guillong, and Stefano M. Bernasconi
Solid Earth, 12, 2539–2551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we dated fault movements at geological timescales which uplifted the sedimentary successions of the Jura Mountains from below the sea level up to Earth's surface. To do so, we applied the novel technique of U–Pb geochronology on calcite mineralizations that precipitated on fault surfaces during times of tectonic activity. Our results document a time frame of the tectonic evolution of the Jura Mountains and provide new insight into the broad geological history of the Western Alps.
Renas I. Koshnaw, Fritz Schlunegger, and Daniel F. Stockli
Solid Earth, 12, 2479–2501, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As continental plates collide, mountain belts grow. This study investigated the provenance of rocks from the northwestern segment of the Zagros mountain belt to unravel the convergence history of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Provenance data synthesis and field relationships suggest that the Zagros Mountains developed as a result of the oceanic crust emplacement on the Arabian continental plate, followed by the Arabia–Eurasia collision and later uplift of the broader region.
David Hindle and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 2425–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Central western Europe underwent a strange episode of lithospheric deformation, resulting in a chain of small mountains that run almost west–east across the continent and that formed in the middle of a tectonic plate, not at its edges as is usually expected. Associated with these mountains, in particular the Harz in central Germany, are marine basins contemporaneous with the mountain growth. We explain how those basins came to be as a result of the mountains bending the adjacent plate.
Andreas Eberts, Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, Harald Stollhofen, Helga de Wall, and Gerald Gabriel
Solid Earth, 12, 2277–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We combine gravity anomaly and topographic data with observations from thermochronology, metamorphic grades, and the granite inventory to detect patterns of basement block segmentation and differential exhumation along the southwestern Bohemian Massif. Based on our analyses, we introduce a previously unknown tectonic structure termed Cham Fault, which, together with the Pfahl and Danube shear zones, is responsible for the exposure of different crustal levels during late to post-Variscan times.
Christoph Grützner, Simone Aschenbrenner, Petra Jamšek
Rupnik, Klaus Reicherter, Nour Saifelislam, Blaž Vičič, Marko Vrabec, Julian Welte, and Kamil Ustaszewski
Solid Earth, 12, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Several large strike-slip faults in western Slovenia are known to be active, but most of them have not produced strong earthquakes in historical times. In this study we use geomorphology, near-surface geophysics, and fault excavations to show that two of these faults had surface-rupturing earthquakes during the Holocene. Instrumental and historical seismicity data do not capture the strongest events in this area.
Michael Warsitzka, Prokop Závada, Fabian Jähne-Klingberg, and Piotr Krzywiec
Solid Earth, 12, 1987–2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new analogue modelling approach was used to simulate the influence of tectonic extension and tilting of the basin floor on salt tectonics in rift basins. Our results show that downward salt flow and gravity gliding takes place if the flanks of the rift basin are tilted. Thus, extension occurs at the basin margins, which is compensated for by reduced extension and later by shortening in the graben centre. These outcomes improve the reconstruction of salt-related structures in rift basins.
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth, 12, 1777–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge about the stress state in the upper crust is of great importance for many economic and scientific questions. However, our knowledge in Germany is limited since available datasets only provide pointwise, incomplete and heterogeneous information. We present the first 3D geomechanical model that provides a continuous description of the contemporary crustal stress state for Germany. The model is calibrated by the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress and stress magnitudes.
Torsten Hundebøl Hansen, Ole Rønø Clausen, and Katrine Juul Andresen
Solid Earth, 12, 1719–1747, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have analysed the role of deep salt layers during tectonic shortening of a group of sedimentary basins buried below the North Sea. Due to the ability of salt to flow over geological timescales, the salt layers are much weaker than the surrounding rocks during tectonic deformation. Therefore, complex structures formed mainly where salt was present in our study area. Our results align with findings from other basins and experiments, underlining the importance of salt tectonics.
Cited articles
Abbott, L., Silver, E., and Galawesky, J.: Structural evolution of a modern arc-continent collision in Papua New Guinea, Tectonics, 13, 1007–1034, https://doi.org/10.1029/94TC01623, 1994.
Acharyya, S.: Break-up of the greater Indo-Australian continent and accretion of blocks framing south and east Asia, J. Geodynam., 26, 149–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-3707(98)00012-X, 1998.
Agar, S., Cliff, R., Duddy, I., and Rex, D.: Short paper: Accretion and uplift in the Shimanto Belt, SW Japan, J. Geol. Soc., 146, 893–896, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.146.6.0893, 1989.
Agard, P., Yamato, P., Jolivet, L., and Burov, E.: Exhumation of oceanic blueschists and eclogites in subduction zones: timing and mechanisms, Earth-Sci. Rev., 92, 53–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.11.002, 2009.
Aitchison, J., Davis, A., Liu, J., Luo, H., Malpas, J., McDermid, I., Wu, H., Ziabrev, S., and Zhou, M.: Remnants of a Cretaceous intra-oceanic subduction system within the Yarlung-Zangbo suture (southern Tibet), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 183, 231–244, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00287-9, 2000.
Aitchison, J., Ali, J., and Davis, A.: When and where did India and Asia collide?, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B05423, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004706, 2007.
Ali, J. and Aitchison, J.: Gondwana to Asia: Plate tectonics, paleogeography and the biological connectivity of the Indian sub-continent from the Middle Jurassic through latest Eocene (166–35 Ma), Earth-Sci. Rev., 88, 145–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.01.007, 2008.
Ali, J. R. and Hall, R.: Evolution of the boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate and Australia: palaeomagnetic evidence from eastern Indonesia, Tectonophysics, 251, 251–275, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00029-1, 1995.
Altis, S.: Origin and tectonic evolution of the Caroline Ridge and the Sorol Trough, western tropical Pacific, from admittance and a tectonic modeling analysis, Tectonophysics, 313, 271–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00204-8, 1999.
Audley-Charles, M., Carter, D. J., Barber, A., Norvick, M., and Tjokrosapoetro, S.: Reinterpretation of the geology of Seram: implications for the Banda Arcs and northern Australia, J. Geol. Soc., 136, 547–566, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.136.5.0547, 1979.
Audley-Charles, M., Ballantyne, P., and Hall, R.: Mesozoic-Cenozoic rift-drift sequence of Asian fragments from Gondwana, Tectonophysics, 155, 317–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90272-7, 1988.
Audley-Charles, M. G.: Evolution of the southern margin of Tethys (North Australian region) from early Permian to late Cretaceous, Geol. Soc. Lond. SP, 37, 79–100, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.07, 1988.
Baldwin, S., Fitzgerald, P., and Webb, E.: Tectonics of the New Guinea Region, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 40, 495–520, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152540, 2012.
Balmino, G., Vales, N., Bonvalot, S., and Briais, A.: Spherical harmonic modelling to ultra-high degree of Bouguer and isostatic anomalies, J. Geodesy, 86, 499–520, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-011-0533-4, 2012.
Barber, A.: The origin of the Woyla Terranes in Sumatra and the late Mesozoic evolution of the Sundaland margin, J. Asian Earth Sci., 18, 713–738, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(00)00024-9, 2000.
Barber, A. and Crow, M.: An evaluation of plate tectonic models for the development of Sumatra, Gondwana Res., 6, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70642-0, 2003.
Barber, A. and Crow, M.: Pre-Tertiary stratigraphy, Geol. Soc. Lond. Mem., 31, 24–53, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2005.031.01.04, 2005.
Barber, A. J. and Crow, M. J.: Structure of Sumatra and its implications for the tectonic assembly of Southeast Asia and the destruction of Paleotethys, Isl. Arc, 18, 3–20, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2008.00631.x, 2009.
Barrier, E., Huchon, P., and Aurelio, M.: Philippine fault: a key for Philippine kinematics, Geology, 19, 32–35, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0032:PFAKFP>2.3.CO;2, 1991.
Beaumont, C., Jamieson, R., Butler, J., and Warren, C.: Crustal structure: A key constraint on the mechanism of ultra-high-pressure rock exhumation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 287, 116–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.08.001, 2009.
Beck, R. A., Burbank, D. W., Sercombe, W. J., Riley, G. W., Barndt, J. K., Berry, J. R., Afzal, J., Khan, A. M., Jurgen, H., and Metje, J.: Stratigraphic evidence for an early collision between northwest India and Asia, Nature, 373, 55–58, https://doi.org/10.1038/373055a0, 1995.
Bellon, H., Maury, R. C., Soeria-Atmadja, R., Cotten, J., and Polvé, M.: 65 my-long magmatic activity in Sumatra (Indonesia), from Paleocene to Present, B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 175, 61–72, https://doi.org/10.2113/175.1.61, 2004.
Ben-Avraham, Z.: The evolution of marginal basins and adjacent shelves in east and southeast Asia, Tectonophysics, 45, 269–288, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(78)90165-8, 1978.
Ben-Avraham, Z. and Uyeda, S.: The evolution of the China Basin and the Mesozoic paleogeography of Borneo, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 18, 365–376, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(73)90077-0, 1973.
Bergman, S. C., Dunn, D. P., and Krol, L. G.: Rock and mineral chemistry of the Linhaisai Minette, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, and the origin of Borneo diamonds, Can. Mineral., 26, 23–43, 1988.
Bergman, S. C., Coffield, D. Q., Talbot, J. P., and Garrard, R. A.: Tertiary tectonic and magmatic evolution of western Sulawesi and the Makassar Strait, Indonesia: evidence for a Miocene continent-continent collision, Geol. Soc. Lond. SP, 106, 391–429, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.106.01.25, 1996.
Berry, R. and McDougall, I.: Interpretation of 40Ar/39Ar and K/Ar dating evidence from the Aileu Formation, East Timor, Indonesia, Chemical Geology, Isotope Geosci. Sect., 59, 43–58, 1986.
Bignell, J.: The geochronology of the Malayan granites, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1972.
Bignold, S. and Treloar, P.: Northward subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the Kohistan island arc, Pakistan Himalaya: new evidence from isotopic data, J. Geol. Soc., 160, 377–384, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764902-068, 2003.
Billedo, E., Stephan, J., Delteil, J., Bellon, H., Sajona, F., and Feraud, G.: The pre-Tertiary ophiolitic complex of northeastern Luzon and the Polillo group of islands, Philippines, J. Geol. Soc. Philippin., 51, 95–114, 1996.
Bird, P.: An updated digital model of plate boundaries, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 4, 1027, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000252, 2003.
Bouilhol, P., Jagoutz, O., Hanchar, J. M., and Dudas, F. O.: Dating the India–Eurasia collision through arc magmatic records, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 366, 163–175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.023, 2013.
Boyden, J. A., Müller, R. D., Gurnis, M., Torsvik, T. H., Clark, J. A., Turner, M., Ivey-Law, H., Watson, R. J., and Cannon, J. S.: Next-generation plate-tectonic reconstructions using GPlates, in: Geoinformatics: Cyberinfrastructure for the Solid Earth Sciences, edited by: Keller, G. and Baru, C., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 95–114, 2011.
Briais, A., Patriat, P., and Tapponnier, P.: Updated interpretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreading stages in the South China Sea: implications for the Tertiary tectonics of Southeast Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 6299–6328, https://doi.org/10.1029/92JB02280, 1993.
Burg, J. P.: The Asia–Kohistan–India Collision: Review and Discussion, in: Arc-Continent Collision, edited by: Brown, D. and Ryan, P., Frontiers in Earth Sciences, Springer-Verlag Berlin, 279–309, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88558-0_10, 2011.
Burrett, C., Zaw, K., Meffre, S., Lai, C. K., Khositanont, S., Chaodumrong, P., Udchachon, M., Ekins, S., and Halpin, J.: The configuration of Greater Gondwana – Evidence from LA ICPMS, U–Pb geochronology of detrital zircons from the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic of Southeast Asia and China, Gondwana Res., in press, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.05.020, 2014.
Casey, J. and Dewey, J.: Initiation of subduction zones along transform and accreting plate boundaries, triple-junction evolution, and forearc spreading centres–-implications for ophiolitic geology and obduction, Geol. Soc. Lond. SP, 13, 269–290, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.22, 1984.
Charvet, J., Lapierre, H., and Yu, Y.: Geodynamic significance of the Mesozoic volcanism of southeastern China, J. Southe. Asian Earth, 9, 387–396, https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(94)90050-7, 1994.
Christensen, U.: Fixed hotspots gone with the wind, Nature, 391, 739–740, https://doi.org/10.1038/35736, 1998.
Clements, B. and Hall, R.: A record of continental collision and regional sediment flux for the Cretaceous and Palaeogene core of SE Asia: implications for early Cenozoic palaeogeography, J. Geol. Soc., 168, 1187–1200, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492011-004, 2011.
Clift, P., Lee, G. H., Duc, N. A., Barckhausen, U., Van Long, H., and Zhen, S.: Seismic reflection evidence for a Dangerous Grounds miniplate: No extrusion origin for the South China Sea, Tectonics, 27, TC3008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007TC002216, 2008.
Clift, P. D. and Lin, J.: Patterns of extension and magmatism along the continent-ocean boundary, South China margin, Geol. Soc. Lond. SP, 187 489–510, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.187.01.24, 2001.
Cobbing, E.: Granites, Geol. Soc. Lond. Mem., 31, 54–62, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2005.031.01.05, 2005.
Crowhurst, P., Hill, K., Foster, D., and Bennett, A.: Thermochronological and geochemical constraints on the tectonic evolution of northern Papua New Guinea, Geol. Soc. Lond. SP, 106, Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia, 525–537, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.106.01.33, 1996.
Cullen, A. B. and Pigott, J. D.: Post-Jurassic tectonic evolution of Papua New Guinea, Tectonophysics, 162, 291–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90250-3, 1989.
Cullen, A. B., Zechmeister, M., Elmore, R., and Pannalal, S.: Paleomagnetism of the Crocker Formation, northwest Borneo: Implications for late Cenozoic tectonics, Geosphere, 8, 1146–1169, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00750.1, 2012.
Daly, M., Cooper, M., Wilson, I., Smith, D. T., and Hooper, B.: Cenozoic plate tectonics and basin evolution in Indonesia, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 8, 2–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(91)90041-X, 1991.
Davies, H. and Jaques, A.: Emplacement of ophiolite in Papua New Guinea, Geol. Soc. Lond. SP, 13, 341–349, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.013.01.27, 1984.
Davis, A., Aitchison, J., Luo, H., and Zyabrev, S.: Paleogene island arc collision-related conglomerates, Yarlung-Tsangpo suture zone, Tibet, Sediment. Geol., 150, 247–273, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00199-3, 2002.
Deschamps, A., and Lallemand, S.: The West Philippine Basin: An Eocene to early Oligocene back arc basin opened between two opposed subduction zones, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 2322, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001706, 2002.
De Smet, M. and Barber, A.: Tertiary stratigraphy, Geol. Soc. Lond. Mem., 31, 86–97, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2005.031.01.07, 2005.
Dimalanta, C. B., Tamayo Jr., R. A., Ramos, E. G. L., Ramos, N. T., Yumul, G. P. J., Tam III., T. A., Payot, B. D., and Marquez, E. J.: Delineation of an arc-continent collision zone: Evidence from the Romblon, Tablas and Sibuyan Islands, Romblon Province, in: The 8th Field Wise Seminar on Geological Engineering Field and the 3rd International Symposium and Exhibition on Earth Resources and Geological Engineering Education Proceedings, Indonesia, 202–206, 2006.
Doglioni, C.: A proposal for the kinematic modelling of W-dipping subductions-possible applications to the Tyrrhenian-Apennines system, Terra Nova, 3, 423–434, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1991.tb00172.x, 1991.
Doust, H. and Sumner, H. S.: Petroleum systems in rift basins – a collective approach inSoutheast Asian basins, Petrol. Geosci., 13, 127–144, https://doi.org/10.1144/1354-079307-746, 2007.
Encarnación, J.: Multiple ophiolite generation preserved in the northern Philippines and the growth of an island arc complex, Tectonophysics, 392, 103–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.04.010, 2004.
Engdahl, E., van der Hilst, R., and Buland, R.: Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved tra- vel times and procedures for depth determination, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 88, 722–743, 1998.
Faure, M., Marchadier, Y., and Rangin, C.: Pre-Eocene synmetamorphic structure in the Mindoro-Romblon-Palawan area, West Philippines, and implications for the history of Southeast Asia, Tectonics, 8, 963–979, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC008i005p00963, 1989.
Fortey, R., and Cocks, L.: Biogeography and palaeogeography of the Sibumasu terrane in the Ordovician: a review, Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia, 43–56, 1998.
Fuller, M., McCabe, R., Williams, I., Almasco, J., Encina, R., Zanoria, A., and Wolfe, J.: Paleomagnetism of Luzon, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 27, 79–94, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM027p0079, 1983.
Fuller, M., Haston, R., Lin, J.-L., Richter, B., Schmidtke, E., and Almasco, J.: Tertiary paleomagnetism of regions around the South China Sea, J. Southe. Asian Earth, 6, 161–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(91)90065-6, 1991.
Fuller, M., Ali, J., Moss, S., Frost, G., Richter, B., and Mahfi, A.: Paleomagnetism of Borneo, J. Asian Earth Sci., 17, 3–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00057-9, 1999.
Fyhn, M. B., Pedersen, S. A., Boldreel, L. O., Nielsen, L. H., Green, P. F., Dien, P. T., Huyen, L. T., and Frei, D.: Palaeocene–early Eocene inversion of the Phuquoc–Kampot Som Basin: SE Asian deformation associated with the suturing of Luconia, J. Geol. Soc., 167, 281–295, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492009-039, 2010a.
Fyhn, M. B. W., Boldreel, L. O., and Nielsen, L. H.: Escape tectonism in the Gulf of Thailand: Paleogene left-lateral pull-apart rifting in the Vietnamese part of the Malay Basin, Tectonophysics, 483, 365–376, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.11.004, 2010b.
Gaina, C. and Müller, R.: Cenozoic tectonic and depth/age evolution of the Indonesian gateway and associated back-arc basins, Earth-Sci. Rev., 83, 177–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.04.004, 2007.
Geary, E. and Kay, R.: Identification of an Early Cretaceous ophiolite in the Camarines Norte-Calaguas Islands basement complex, eastern Luzon, Philippines, Tectonophysics, 168, 109–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90371-5, 1989.
Geary, E., Harrison, T. M., and Heizler, M.: Diverse ages and origins of basement complexes, Luzon, Philippines, Geology, 16, 341–344, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0341:DAAOOB>2.3.CO;2, 1988.
Gibbons, A., Barckhausen, U., van den Bogaard, P., Hoernle, K., Werner, R., Whittaker, J., and Müller, R.: Constraining the Jurassic extent of Greater India: Tectonic evolution of the West Australian margin, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 13, Q05W13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003919, 2012.
Gibbons, A. D., Whittaker, J. M., and Müller, R. D.: The breakup of East Gondwana: Assimilating constraints from Cretaceous ocean basins around India into a best-fit tectonic model, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 13, Q05W13, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50079, 2013.
Golonka, J.: Plate tectonic evolution of the southern margin of Eurasia in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, Tectonophysics, 381, 235–273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2002.06.004, 2004.
Golonka, J.: Late Triassic and Early Jurassic palaeogeography of the world, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 244, 297–307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.06.041, 2007.
Gow, P. and Walshe, J.: The role of preexisting geologic architecture in the formation of giant porphyry-related Cu ± Au deposits: Examples from New Guinea and Chile, Econ. Geol., 100, 819–833, 2005.
Gradstein, F. and Ludden, J.: Radiometric age determinations for basement from Sites 765 and 766, Argo Abyssal Plain and northwestern Australian margin, Proceedings of the ocean drilling program, Scientific Results, 557–559, 1992.
Gradstein, F., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M., and Ogg, G.: The Geologic Time Scale 2012, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, 2012.
Gradstein, F. M., Agterberg, F. P., Ogg, J. G., Hardenbol, J., van Veen, P., Thierry, J., and Huang, Z.: A Mesozoic time scale, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24051–24074, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB01889, 1994.
Guntoro, A.: The formation of the Makassar Strait and the separation between SE Kalimantan and SW Sulawesi, J. Asian Earth Sci. 17, 79–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00037-3, 1999.
Gurnis, M., Turner, M., Zahirovic, S., DiCaprio, L., Spasojevic, S., Müller, R., Boyden, J., Seton, M., Manea, V., and Bower, D.: Plate Tectonic Reconstructions with Continuously Closing Plates, Comput. Geosci., 38, 35–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.04.014, 2012.
Hafkenscheid, E., Wortel, M., and Spakman, W.: Subduction history of the Tethyan region derived from seismic tomography and tectonic reconstructions, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 111, B08401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB003791, 2006.
Haile, N. and Bignell, J.: Late Cretaceous age based on K/Ar dates of granitic rock from the Tambelan and Bunguran Islands, Sunda Shelf, Indonesia, Neth. J. Geosci., 50, 687–690, 1971.
Haile, N., McElhinny, M., and McDougall, I.: Palaeomagnetic data and radiometric ages from the Cretaceous of West Kalimantan (Borneo), and their significance in interpreting regional structure, J. Geol. Soc., 133, 133–144, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.133.2.0133, 1977.
Hall, R.: Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer-based reconstructions, model and animations, J. Asian Earth Sci., 20, 353–431, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00070-6, 2002.
Hall, R.: Australia–SE Asia collision: plate tectonics and crustal flow, Geol. Soc. Lond. SP, 355, 75–109, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP355.5, 2011.
Hall, R.: Late Jurassic–Cenozoic reconstructions of the Indonesian region and the Indian Ocean, Tectonophysics, 570–571, 1–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.04.021, 2012.
Hall, R., Ali, J. R., and Anderson, C. D.: Cenozoic Motion of the Philippine Sea Plate – Paleomagnetic Evidence from Eastern Indonesia, Tectonics, 14, 1117–1132, https://doi.org/10.1029/95TC01694, 1995a.
Hall, R., Ali, J. R., Anderson, C. D., and Baker, S. J.: Origin and motion history of the Philippine Sea Plate, Tectonophysics, 251, 229–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00038-0, 1995b.
Hall, R., van Hattum, M. W. A., and Spakman, W.: Impact of India-Asia collision on SE Asia: The record in Borneo, Tectonophysics, 451, 366–389, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.058, 2008.
Hartono, H.: Summary of tectonic development of Kalimantan and adjacent areas, Energy, 10, 341–352, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(85)90051-9, 1985.
Haston, R. B. and Fuller, M.: Paleomagnetic data from the Philippine Sea plate and their tectonic significance, J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth (1978–2012), 96, 6073–6098, https://doi.org/10.1029/90JB02700, 1991.
Hawkins, J. W. and Evans, C. A.: Geology of the Zambales Range, Luzon, Philippine Islands: Ophiolite derived from an island arc-back arc basin pair, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., 27, 95–123, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM027p0095, 1983.
Hayes, D. E. and Nissen, S. S.: The South China sea margins: Implications for rifting contrasts, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 237, 601–616, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.017, 2005.
Hearn, P., Hare, T., Schruben, P., Sherrill, D., LaMar, C., and Tsushima, P.: Global GIS, Global Coverage DVD (USGS), American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, USA, 2003.
Heine, C. and Müller, R.: Late Jurassic rifting along the Australian North West Shelf: margin geometry and spreading ridge configuration, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 52, 27–39, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120090500100077, 2005.
Heine, C., Müller, R., and Gaina, C.: Reconstructing the Lost Eastern Tethys Ocean Basin: Convergence History of the SE Asian Margin and Marine Gateways, Geophys. Monogr., 149, 37–54, https://doi.org/10.1029/149GM03, 2004.
Heuberger, S., Schaltegger, U., Burd, J., Villa, I., Frank, M., Dawood, H., Hussain, S., and Zanchi, A.: Age and isotopic constraints on magmatism along the Karakoram- Kohistan Suture Zone, NW Pakistan: evidence for subduction and continued convergence after India-Asia collision, Swiss J. Geosci., 100, 85–107, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-007-1203-7, 2007.
Hilde, T. W. C. and Chao-Shing, L.: Origin and evolution of the West Philippine Basin: a new interpretation, Tectonophysics, 102, 85–104, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(84)90009-X, 1984.
Hilde, T. W. C., Uyeda, S., and Kroenke, L.: Evolution of the western Pacific and its margin, Tectonophysics, 38, 145–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(77)90205-0, 1977.
Hill, K. and Hall, R.: Mesozoic–Cenozoic evolution of Australia's New Guinea margin in a west Pacific context, Geol. Soc. Aust. SP, 22, 265–289, 2003.
Hill, K. C.: Structure of the Papuan fold belt, Papua New Guinea, AAPG Bulletin, 75, 857–872, 1991.
Hinschberger, F., Malod, J., Réhault, J., Villeneuve, M., Royer, J., and Burhanuddin, S.: Late Cenozoic geodynamic evolution of eastern Indonesia, Tectonophysics, 404, 91–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.05.005, 2005.
Holloway, J. and Hall, R.: SE Asian geology and biogeography: an introduction, in: Biogeography and Geological Evolution of SE Asia, edited by: Hall, R. and Holloway, J., Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands, 1–23, 1998.
Holloway, N.: North Palawan Block, Philippines; its relation to Asian mainland and role in evolution of South China Sea, AAPG Bulletin, 66, 1355–1383, 1982.
Honza, E. and Fujioka, K.: Formation of arcs and backarc basins inferred from the tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia since the Late Cretaceous, Tectonophysics, 384, 23–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.02.006, 2004.
Housh, T. and McMahon, T. P.: Ancient isotopic characteristics of Neogene potassic magmatism in western New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Indonesia), Lithos, 50, 217–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00043-2, 2000.
Hutchison, C. S.: Ophiolite in Southeast Asia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 86, 797–806, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1975)86<797:OISA>2.0.CO;2, 1975.
Hutchison, C. S.: Geological evolution of South-east Asia, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1989.
Hutchison, C. S.: The "Rajang accretionary prism" and "Lupar Line" problem of Borneo, Geol. Soc. Lond. SP, 106, 247–261, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.106.01.16, 1996.
Hutchison, C. S.: Marginal basin evolution: the southern South China Sea, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 21, 1129–1148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.07.002, 2004.
Hutchison, C. S.: Oroclines and paleomagnetism in Borneo and South-East Asia, Tectonophysics, 496, 53–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.10.008, 2010.
Hutchison, C. S., Bergman, S. C., Swauger, D. A., and Graves, J. E.: A Miocene collisional belt in north Borneo: uplift mechanism and isostatic adjustment quantified by thermochronology, J. Geol. Soc., 157, 783–793, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.4.783, 2000.
Jahn, B.-M., Chen, P., and Yen, T.: Rb-Sr ages of granitic rocks in southeastern China and their tectonic significance, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 87, 763–776, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)87<763:RAOGRI>2.0.CO;2, 1976.
Johnston, S. T. and Borel, G. D.: The odyssey of the Cache Creek terrane, Canadian Cordillera: Implications for accretionary orogens, tectonic setting of Panthalassa, the Pacific superwell, and break-up of Pangea, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 253, 415–428, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.11.002, 2007.
Jolivet, L., Huchon, P., and Rangin, C.: Tectonic setting of Western Pacific marginal basins, Tectonophysics, 160, 23–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90382-X, 1989.
Karig, D. E.: Accreted terranes in the northern part of the Philippine Archipelago, Tectonics, 2, 211–236, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC002i002p00211, 1983.
Karig, D. E. and Jensky, W.: The proto-gulf of California, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 17, 169–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(72)90272-5, 1972.
Katili, J.: Volcanism and plate tectonics in the Indonesian island arcs, Tectonophysics, 26, 165–188, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(75)90088-8, 1975.
Katili, J.: Geology of Southeast Asia with particular reference to the South China Sea, Energy, 6, 1077–1091, https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(81)90026-8, 1981.
Katili, J. A.: A review of the geotectonic theories and tectonic maps of Indonesia, Earth-Sci. Rev., 7, 143–163, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(71)90006-7, 1971.
Keep, M. and Harrowfield, M.: Basement reactivation and inversion mechanisms in the Timor and Norwegian seas, Geol. Soc. Lond., Petroleum Geology Conference Series, 6, 861–871, https://doi.org/10.1144/0060861, 2005.
Khan, S., Walker, D., Hall, S., Burke, K., Shah, M., and Stockli, L.: Did the Kohistan-Ladakh island arc collide first with India?, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 121, 366–384, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26348.1, 2009.
Kirk, H.: The igneous rocks of Sarawak and Sabah, 5, Printed at the Government Printing Office, Vincent Kiew Fah San, Govt. Printer, 1968.
Klootwijk, C., Giddings, J., Pigram, C., Loxton, C., Davies, H., Rogerson, R., and Falvey, D.: North Sepik region of Papua New Guinea: palaeomagnetic constraints on arc accretion and deformation, Tectonophysics, 362, 273–301, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00641-8, 2003.
Knittel, U. and Daniels, U.: Sr-isotopic composition of marbles from the Puerto Galera area (Mindoro, Philippines): Additional evidence for a Paleozoic age of a metamorphic complex in the Philippine island arc, Geology, 15, 136–138, 1987.
Lacassin, R., Replumaz, A., and Leloup, P. H.: Hairpin river loops and slip-sense inversion on southeast Asian strike-slip faults, Geology, 26, 703–706, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)?026<0703:HRLASS>?2.3.CO;2, 1998.
Lee, T. Y. and Lawver, L. A.: Cenozoic plate reconstruction of the South China Sea region, Tectonophysics, 235, 149–180, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90022-1, 1994.
Lee, T.-Y. and Lawver, L. A.: Cenozoic plate reconstruction of Southeast Asia, Tectonophysics, 251, 85–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00023-2, 1995.
Leloup, P. H., Lacassin, R., Tapponnier, P., Schärer, U., Dalai, Z., Xiaohan, L., Liangshang, Z., Shaocheng, J., and Trinh, P. T.: The Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone (Yunnan, China), Tertiary transform boundary of Indochina, Tectonophysics, 251, 3–10, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00070-4, 1995.
Leloup, P. H., Arnaud, N., Lacassin, R., Kienast, J., Harrison, T., Trong, T. T. P., Replumaz, A., and Tapponnier, P.: New constraints on the structure, thermochronology, and timing of the Ailao Shan-Red River shear zone, SE Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 6683–6732, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900322, 2001.
Leloup, P. H., Tapponnier, P., and Lacassin, R.: Discussion on the role of the Red River shear zone, Yunnan and Vietnam, in the continental extrusion of SE Asia, J. Geol. Soc., 164, 1253–1260, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492007-065, 2007.
Li, C., van der Hilst, R., Engdahl, E., and Burdick, S.: A new global model for P wave speed variations in Earth's mantle, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 9, Q05018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001806, 2008.
Li, X.: Cretaceous magmatism and lithospheric extension in Southeast China, J. Asian Earth Sci., 18, 293–305, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00060-7, 2000.
Li, Z. X., Li, X. H., Chung, S. L., Lo, C. H., Xu, X., and Li, W. X.: Magmatic switch-on and switch-off along the South China continental margin since the Permian: Transition from an Andean-type to a Western Pacific-type plate boundary, Tectonophysics, 532–535, 271–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.02.011, 2012.
Lin, A., Watts, A., and Hesselbo, S.: Cenozoic stratigraphy and subsidence history of the South China Sea margin in the Taiwan region, Basin Res., 15, 453–478, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.2003.00215.x, 2003.
Mammerickx, J. and Klitgord, K. D.: Northern East Pacific Rise: Evolution from 25 my BP to the present, J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth (1978–2012), 87, 6751–6759, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB087iB08p06751, 1982.
Matsuda, J.: Sr isotope studies of rocks from Philippine Sea and some implication for the mantle material, in: Geology of the Northern Philippine Sea, edited by: Shiki, T., Tokai University Press, Shimizu, 63–78, 1985.
McCourt, W., Crow, M., Cobbing, E., and Amin, T.: Mesozoic and Cenozoic plutonic evolution of SE Asia: evidence from Sumatra, Indonesia, Geol. Soc. Lond. SP, 106, 321–335, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.106.01.21, 1996.
McKenzie, D. and Morgan, W.: Evolution of Triple Junctions, Nature, 224, 125–133, https://doi.org/10.1038/224125a0, 1969.
Metcalfe, I.: Gondwana origin, dispersion, and accretion of East and Southeast Asian continental terranes, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 7, 333–347, https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-9811(94)90019-1, 1994.
Metcalfe, I.: Pre-Cretaceous evolution of SE Asian terranes, Geol. Soc. Lond. SP, 106, 97–122, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.106.01.09, 1996.
Metcalfe, I.: Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion: an overview, in: Gondwana dispersion and Asian Accretion, edited by: Metcalfe, I., A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 9–28, 1999.
Metcalfe, I.: Palaeozoic and Mesozoic tectonic evolution and palaeogeography of East Asian crustal fragments: The Korean Peninsula in context, Gondwana Res., 9, 24–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2005.04.002, 2006.
Metcalfe, I.: Tectonic framework and Phanerozoic evolution of Sundaland, Gondwana Res., 19, 3–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2010.02.016, 2011.
Milsom, J., Ali, J. R., and Queano, K. L.: Peculiar geometry of northern Luzon, Philippines: Implications for regional tectonics of new gravity and paleomagnetic data, Tectonics, 25, TC4017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005TC001930, 2006.
Mitchell, A.: Cretaceous–Cenozoic tectonic events in the western Myanmar (Burma)–Assam region, J. Geol. Soc., 150, 1089–1102, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.150.6.1089, 1993.
Mitchell, A., Chung, S.-L., Oo, T., Lin, T.-H., and Hung, C.-H.: Zircon U–Pb ages in Myanmar: Magmatic–metamorphic events and the closure of a neo-Tethys ocean?, J. Asian Earth Sci., 561–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.04.019, 2012.
Molnar, P. and Tapponnier, P.: Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: effects of a continental collision, Science, 189, 419–426, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.189.4201.419, 1975.
Monnier, C., Girardeau, J., Pubellier, M., Polvé, M., Permana, H., and Bellon, H.: Petrology and geochemistry of the Cyclops ophiolites (Irian Jaya, East Indonesia): consequences for the Cenozoic evolution of the north Australian margin, Mineral. Petrol., 65, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01161574, 1999.
Monnier, C., Girardeau, J., Pubellier, M., and Permana, H.: The central ophiolite belt of Irian Jaya (Indonesia): petrological and geochemical evidence for a back-arc basin origin, CR Acad. Sci. II, 331, 691–699, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01479-8, 2000.
Morley, C.: Variations in Late Cenozoic–Recent strike-slip and oblique-extensional geometries, within Indochina: The influence of pre-existing fabrics, J. Struct. Geol., 29, 36–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2006.07.003, 2007.
Morley, C.: Late cretaceous-early Palaeogene tectonic development of SE Asia, Earth-Sci. Rev., 115, 37–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.08.002, 2012.
Müller, R., Gaina, C., Roest, W., and Hansen, D.: A recipe for microcontinent formation, Geology, 29, 203–206, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0203:ARFMF>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Müller, R., Sdrolias, M., Gaina, C., and Roest, W.: Age, spreading rates, and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 9, Q04006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001743, 2008.
Norvick, M.: The tectonic history of the Banda Arcs, eastern Indonesia: a review, J. Geol. Soc., 136, 519–526, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.136.5.0519, 1979.
O'Neill, C., Müller, R., and Steinberger, B.: On the uncertainties in hot spot reconstructions and the significance of moving hot spot reference frames, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 6, Q04003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000784, 2005.
Oskin, M. and Stock, J.: Pacific–North America plate motion and opening of the Upper Delfín basin, northern Gulf of California, Mexico, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 115, 1173–1190, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25154.1, 2003.
Ota, T. and Kaneko, Y.: Blueschists, eclogites, and subduction zone tectonics: Insights from a review of Late Miocene blueschists and eclogites, and related young high-pressure metamorphic rocks, Gondwana Research, 18, 167–188, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2010.02.013, 2010.
Parkinson, C., Miyazaki, K., Wakita, K., Barber, A., and Carswell, D.: An overview and tectonic synthesis of the pre-Tertiary very-high-pressure metamorphic and associated rocks of Java, Sulawesi and Kalimantan, Indonesia, Isl. Arc, 7, 184–200, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1738.1998.00184.x, 1998.
Pedersen, R., Searle, M., Carter, A., and Bandopadhyay, P.: U–Pb zircon age of the Andaman ophiolite: implications for the beginning of subduction beneath the Andaman–Sumatra arc, J. Geol. Soc., 167, 1105–1112, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492009-151, 2010.
Petterson, M. G. and Windley, B. F.: RbSr dating of the Kohistan arc-batholith in the Trans-Himalaya of north Pakistan, and tectonic implications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 74, 45–57, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90165-7, 1985.
Pigram, C. and Symonds, P.: A review of the timing of the major tectonic events in the New Guinea Orogen, J. Southe. Asian Earth, 6, 307–318, https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(91)90076-A, 1991.
Pigram, C., Davies, P., Feary, D., and Symonds, P.: Tectonic controls on carbonate platform evolution in southern Papua New Guinea: Passive margin to foreland basin, Geology, 17199–202, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0199:TCOCPE>2.3.CO;2, 1989.
Polvé, M., Maury, R., Bellon, H., Rangin, C., Priadi, B., Yuwono, S., Joron, J., and Atmadja, R. S.: Magmatic evolution of Sulawesi (Indonesia): constraints on the Cenozoic geodynamic history of the Sundaland active margin, Tectonophysics, 272, 69–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00276-4, 1997.
Pubellier, M. and Meresse, F.: Phanerozoic growth of Asia: Geodynamic processes and evolution, J. Asian Earth Sci., 72, 118–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.06.013, 2013.
Pubellier, M., Ego, F., Chamot-Rooke, N., and Rangin, C.: The building of pericratonicmountain ranges: structural and kinematic constraints applied to GIS-based reconstructions of SE Asia, B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 174, 561–584, 10.2113/174.6.561, 2003.
Pubellier, M., Monnier, C., Maury, R., and Tamayo, R.: Plate kinematics, origin and tectonic emplacement of supra-subduction ophiolites in SE Asia, Tectonophysics, 392, 9–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.04.028, 2004.
Queano, K. L., Ali, J. R., Milsom, J., Aitchison, J. C., and Pubellier, M.: North Luzon and the Philippine Sea Plate motion model: Insights following paleomagnetic, structural, and age-dating investigations, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B05101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004506, 2007.
Rangin, C., Stephan, J., and Müller, C.: Middle Oligocene oceanic crust of South China Sea jammed into Mindoro collision zone (Philippines), Geology, 13, 425–428, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1985)13<425:MOOCOS>2.0.CO;2, 1985.
Rangin, C., Jolivet, L., and Pubellier, M.: A simple model for the tectonic evolution of southeast Asia and Indonesia region for the past 43 my, B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 6, 889–905, 1990.
Rehault, J., Moussat, E., and Fabbri, A.: Structural evolution of the Tyrrhenian back-arc basin, Mar. Geol., 74, 123–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(87)90010-7, 1987.
Rehman, H. U. R., Seno, T., Yamamoto, H., and Khan, T.: Timing of collision of the Kohistan-Ladakh Arc with India and Asia: Debate, Isl. Arc, 20, 308–328, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2011.00774.x, 2011.
Ren, J., Tamaki, K., Li, S., and Junxia, Z.: Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic rifting and its dynamic setting in Eastern China and adjacent areas, Tectonophysics, 344, 175–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00271-2, 2002.
Replumaz, A., Lacassin, R., Tapponnier, P., and Leloup, P. H.: Large river offsets and Plio-Quaternary dextral slip rate on the Red River fault (Yunnan, China), J. Geophys. Res., 106, 819–836, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900135, 2001.
Richards, S., Lister, G., and Kennett, B.: A slab in depth: Three-dimensional geometry and evolution of the Indo-Australian plate, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 8, Q12003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001657, 2007.
Richardson, A. and Blundell, D.: Continental collision in the Banda Arc, Geol. Soc. Lond. SP, 106, 47–60, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.106.01.05, 1996.
Robb, M. S., Taylor, B., and Goodliffe, A. M.: Re examination of the magnetic lineations of the Gascoyne and Cuvier Abyssal Plains, off NW Australia, Geophys. J. Int., 163, 42–55, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02727.x, 2005.
Rowley, D. B.: Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 145, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00201-4, 1996.
Royer, J. Y. and Sandwell, D. T.: Evolution of the eastern Indian Ocean since the Late Cretaceous: Constraints from Geosat altimetry, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea. (1978–2012), 94, 13755–13782, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB10p13755, 1989.
Ruban, D. A., Conrad, C. P., and van Loon, A. J. T.: The challenge of reconstructing the Phanerozoic sea level and the Pacific Basin tectonics, Geologos, 16, 235–243, 10.2478/v10118-010-0007-9, 2010.
Ryan, W. B., Carbotte, S. M., Coplan, J. O., O'Hara, S., Melkonian, A., Arko, R., Weissel, R. A., Ferrini, V., Goodwillie, A., and Nitsche, F.: Global Multi-Resolution Topography synthesis, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 10, Q03014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GC002332, 2009.
Ryburn, R.: Blueschists and associated rocks in the south Sepik region, Papua New Guinea; field relations, petrology, mineralogy, metamorphism and tectonic setting, Univ. Auckland, Auckland, NZ, 1980.
Sandwell, D. and Smith, W.: Global marine gravity from retracked Geosat and ERS-1 altimetry: Ridge segmentation versus spreading rate, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 114, B01411, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006008, 2009.
Sarewitz, D. R. and Karig, D. E.: Geologic evolution of western Mindoro Island and the Mindoro suture zone, Philippines, J. Southe. Asian Earth, 1, 117–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(86)90026-7, 1986.
Schlüter, H., Hinz, K., and Block, M.: Tectono-stratigraphic terranes and detachment faulting of the South China Sea and Sulu Sea, Mar. Geol., 130, 39–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(95)00137-9, 1996.
Schmidtke, E. A., Fuller, M. D., and Haston, R. B.: Paleomagnetic data from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, and the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of Sundaland, Tectonics, 9, 123–140, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC009i001p00123, 1990.
Sdrolias, M. and Müller, R. D.: Controls on back-arc basin formation, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 7, Q04016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001090, 2006.
Sdrolias, M., Roest, W. R., and Müller, R. D.: An expression of Philippine Sea plate rotation: the Parece Vela and Shikoku basins, Tectonophysics, 394, 69–86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.07.061, 2004.
Şengör, A., Alt\i ner, D., Cin, A., Ustaömer, T., and Hsü, K.: Origin and assembly of the Tethyside orogenic collage at the expense of Gondwana Land, Geol. Soc. Lond. SP, 37, 119–181, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.037.01.09, 1988.
Seton, M. and Müller, R.: Reconstructing the junction between Panthalassa and Tethys since the Early Cretaceous, Eastern Australasian Basins III. Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia, Special Publications, 263–266, 2008.
Seton, M., Müller, R., Zahirovic, S., Gaina, C., Torsvik, T., Shephard, G., Talsma, A., Gurnis, M., Turner, M., Maus, S., and Chandler, M.: Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200 Ma, Earth-Sci. Rev., 113, 212–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.002, 2012.
Simmons, N., Forte, A., and Grand, S.: Joint seismic, geodynamic and mineral physical constraints on three-dimensional mantle heterogeneity: Implications for the relative importance of thermal versus compositional heterogeneity, Geophys. J. Int., 177, 1284–1304, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04133.x, 2009.
Smith, C. B., Bulanova, G. P., Kohn, S. C., Milledge, H. J., Hall, A. E., Griffin, B. J., and Pearson, D. G.: Nature and genesis of Kalimantan diamonds, Lithos, 112, 822–832, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2009.05.014, 2009.
Smyth, H. R., Hamilton, P. J., Hall, R., and Kinny, P. D.: The deep crust beneath island arcs: Inherited zircons reveal a Gondwana continental fragment beneath East Java, Indonesia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 258, 269–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.Epsl.2007.03.044, 2007.
Soeria-Atmadja, R., Noeradi, D., and Priadi, B.: Cenozoic magmatism in Kalimantan and its related geodynamic evolution, J. Asian Earth Sci., 17, 25–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00062-2, 1999.
Sone, M., Metcalfe, I., and Chaodumrong, P.: The Chanthaburi terrane of southeastern Thailand: Stratigraphic confirmation as a disrupted segment of the Sukhothai Arc, J. Asian Earth Sci., 61, 16–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.08.021, 2012.
Spencer, J. E., and Normark, W. R.: Tosco-Abreojos fault zone: A Neogene transform plate boundary within the Pacific margin of southern Baja California, Mexico, Geology, 7, 554–557, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1979)7<554:TFZANT>2.0.CO;2, 1979.
Stampfli, G. M., and Borel, G. D.: A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 196, 17–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00588-X, 2002.
Stauffer, P. H.: Unraveling the mosaic of Paleozoic crustal blocks in Southeast Asia, Geol. Rundsch., 72, 1061–1080, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01848354, 1983.
Steinberger, B. and Torsvik, T. H.: Absolute plate motions and true polar wander in the absence of hotspot tracks, Nature, 452, 620–623, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06824, 2008.
Stern, R. J. and Bloomer, S. H.: Subduction zone infancy: examples from the Eocene Izu-Bonin-Mariana and Jurassic California arcs, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 104, 1621–1636, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<1621:SZIEFT>2.3.CO;2, 1992.
Sukamoto, R. and Westermann, G.: The Jurassic of the Circum- Pacific, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, edited by: Westermann, G., Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Tapponnier, P., Peltzer, G., Le Dain, A. Y., Armijo, R., and Cobbold, P.: Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with plasticine, Geology, 10, 611–616, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<611:petian>2.0.co;2, 1982.
Tapponnier, P., Lacassin, R., Leloup, P. H., Scharer, U., Dalai, Z., Haiwei, W., Xiaohan, L., Shaocheng, J., Lianshang, Z., and Jiayou, Z.: The Ailao Shan/Red River metamorphic belt: Tertiary left-lateral shear between Indochina and South China, Nature, 343, 6257, 431–437, https://doi.org/10.1038/343431a0, 1990.
Tarduno, J., Bunge, H. P., Sleep, N., and Hansen, U.: The bent Hawaiian-Emperor hotspot track: Inheriting the mantle wind, science, 324, 50–53, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1161256, 2009.
Taylor, W. R., Jaques, A. L., and Ridd, M.: Nitrogen-defect aggregation characteristics of some Australasian diamonds: Time-temperature constraints on the source regions of pipe and alluvial diamonds, Am. Mineral., 75, 1290–1310, 1990.
Tokuyama, H.: Origin and development of the Philippine Sea, Geol. Geophys. Philippin. Sea, 155–163, 1995.
Tongkul, F.: The geology of Northern Sabah, Malaysia: its relationship to the opening of the South China Sea Basin, Tectonophysics, 235, 131–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90021-3, 1994.
Torsvik, T., Müller, R., Van der Voo, R., Steinberger, B., and Gaina, C.: Global plate motion frames: toward a unified model, Rev. Geophys., 46, RG3004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000227, 2008a.
Torsvik, T., Steinberger, B., Cocks, L., and Burke, K.: Longitude: linking Earth's ancient surface to its deep interior, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 276, 273–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.09.026, 2008b.
Van Der Meer, D., Spakman, W., van Hinsbergen, D., Amaru, M., and Torsvik, T.: Towards absolute plate motions constrained by lower-mantle slab remnants, Nat. Geosci., 336–40, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo708, 2010.
Van der Voo, R., Spakman, W., and Bijwaard, H.: Tethyan subducted slabs under India, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 171, 7–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00131-4, 1999.
van Hilten, D.: Presentation of paleomagnetic data, polar wandering, and continental drift, Am. J. Sci., 260, 401–426, 10.2475/ajs.260.6.401, 1962.
Veevers, J.: Phanerozoic Australia in the changing configuration of Proto-Pangea through Gondwana and Pangea to the present dispersed continents, Aust. System. Bot., 4, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1071/SB9910001, 1991.
Veevers, J.: Gondwana from 650–500 Ma assembly through 320 Ma merger in Pangea to 185–100 Ma breakup: supercontinental tectonics via stratigraphy and radiometric dating, Earth-Sci. Rev., 68, 1–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.05.002, 2004.
Veevers, J., Powell, C., and Roots, S.: Review of seafloor spreading around Australia. I. Synthesis of the patterns of spreading, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 38, 373–389, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099108727979, 1991.
Wajzer, M., Barber, A., and Hidayat, S.: Accretion, collision and strike-slip faulting: the Woyla group as a key to the tectonic evolution of North Sumatra, J. Southe. Asian Earth, 6, 447–461, https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(91)90087-E, 1991.
Wakita, K.: Cretaceous accretionary–collision complexes in central Indonesia, J. Asian Earth Sci., 18, 739–749, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-9120(00)00020-1, 2000.
Watkinson, I., Elders, C., and Hall, R.: The kinematic history of the Khlong Marui and Ranong Faults, southern Thailand, J. Struct. Geol., 30, 1554–1571, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2008.09.001, 2008.
Weissel, J. K. and Anderson, R. N.: Is there a Caroline plate?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 41, 143–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90004-3, 1978.
Wessel, P. and Smith, W. H.: New, improved version of Generic Mapping Tools released, Eos T. Am. Geophys. Un., 79, 579–579, https://doi.org/10.1029/98EO00426, 1998.
Wessel, P., Smith, W. H., Scharroo, R., Luis, J., and Wobbe, F.: Generic Mapping Tools: Improved Version Released, Eos T. Am. Geophys. Un., 94, 409–410, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EO450001, 2013.
Whittaker, J., Müller, R., Sdrolias, M., and Heine, C.: Sunda-Java trench kinematics, slab window formation and overriding plate deformation since the Cretaceous, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 255, 445–457, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.12.031, 2007.
Williams, P., Johnston, C., Almond, R., and Simamora, W.: Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary structural elements of West Kalimantan, Tectonophysics, 148, 279–297, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90135-7, 1988.
Williams, S., Whittaker, J., and Müller, R.: Full-fit, palinspastic reconstruction of the conjugate Australian-Antarctic margins, Tectonics, 30, TC6012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002912, 2011.
Worthing, M. and Crawford, A.: The igneous geochemistry and tectonic setting of metabasites from the Emo Metamorphics, Papua New Guinea; a record of the evolution and destruction of a backarc basin, Mineral. Petrol., 58, 79–100, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01165765, 1996.
Wu, J., Suppe, J., and Kanda, R.: Cenozoic East Asia plate tectonic reconstructions using constraints of mapped and unfolded slabs from mantle seismic tomography, 2012 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, California, 3–7 December, Abstract 1496913, 2012.
Yang, S., Hu, S., Cai, D., Feng, X., Chen, L., and Gao, L.: Present-day heat flow, thermal history and tectonic subsidence of the East China Sea Basin, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 21, 1095–1105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.05.007, 2004.
York, D. and Farquhar, R.: The Earth's Age and Geochronology, Pergamon Press, 178 pp., 1972.
Yumul, G. P., Dimalanta, C. B., Marquez, E. J., and Queaño, K. L.: Onland signatures of the Palawan microcontinental block and Philippine mobile belt collision and crustal growth process: A review, J. Asian Earth Sci., 34, 610–623, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.10.002, 2009.
Yumul Jr., G. P., Dimalanta, C. B., Tamayo Jr, R. A., and Maury, R. C.: Collision, subduction and accretion events in the Philippines: A synthesis, Isl. Arc, 12, 77–91, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1738.2003.00382.x, 2003.
Yuwono, Y. and Maury, R.: Tertiary and Quaternary geodynamic evolution of South Sulawesi: constraints from the study of volcanic units, Geol. Indonesia, 13, 15–22, 1988.
Yuwono, Y., Priyomarsono, S., Maury, R., Rampnoux, J., Soeria-Atmadja, R., Bellon, H., and Chotin, P.: Petrology of the Cretaceous magmatic rocks from Meratus Range, southeast Kalimantan, J. Southe. Asian Earth, 2, 15–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(88)90017-7, 1988.
Zahirovic, S., Müller, R. D., Seton, M., Flament, N., Gurnis, M., and Whittaker, J.: Insights on the kinematics of the India-Eurasia collision from global geodynamic models, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 13, Q04W11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gc003883, 2012.
Zhou, D., Sun, Z., Chen, H., Xu, H., Wang, W., Pang, X., Cai, D., and Hu, D.: Mesozoic paleogeography and tectonic evolution of South China Sea and adjacent areas in the context of Tethyan and Paleo-Pacific interconnections, Isl. Arc, 17, 186–207, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2008.00611.x, 2008.
Zhu, D.-C., Zhao, Z.-D., Niu, Y., Dilek, Y., and Mo, X.-X.: Lhasa terrane in southern Tibet came from Australia, Geology, 39, 727–730, https://doi.org/10.1130/G31895.1, 2011.
Ziabrev, S., Aitchison, J., and Abrajevitch, A.: Bainang Terrane, Yarlung-Tsangpo suture, southern Tibet (Xizang, China): a record of intra-Neotethyan subduction-accretion processes preserved on the roof of the world, J. Geol. Soc., 161, 523–539, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764903-099, 2004.
