Articles | Volume 7, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1349-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1349-2016
© Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Sep 2016
Research article |
| 21 Sep 2016
3-D GPS velocity field and its implications on the present-day post-orogenic deformation of the Western Alps and Pyrenees
Hai Ninh Nguyen
Laboratoire Géosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier,
Montpellier, France
Philippe Vernant
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Laboratoire Géosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier,
Montpellier, France
Stephane Mazzotti
Laboratoire Géosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier,
Montpellier, France
Giorgi Khazaradze
Grup Risknat, Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica,
Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i
Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
Eva Asensio
Grup Risknat, Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica,
Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i
Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Melody Philippon, Jean Roger, Jean-Frédéric Lebrun, Isabelle Thinon, Océane Foix, Stéphane Mazzotti, Marc-André Gutscher, Leny Montheil, and Jean-Jacques Cornée
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3129–3154, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3129-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3129-2024, 2024
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Using novel geophysical datasets, we reassess the slip rate of the Morne Piton fault (Lesser Antilles) at 0.2 mm yr−1 by dividing by four previous estimations and thus increasing the earthquake time recurrence and lowering the associated hazard. We evaluate a plausible magnitude for a potential seismic event of Mw 6.5 ± 0.5. Our multi-segment tsunami model representative of the worst-case scenario gives an overview of tsunami generation if all the fault segments ruptured together.
Amélie Viger, Stéphane Dominguez, Stéphane Mazzotti, Michel Peyret, Maxime Henriquet, Giovanni Barreca, Carmelo Monaco, and Adrien Damon
Solid Earth, 15, 965–988, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-965-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-965-2024, 2024
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New satellite geodetic data (PS-InSAR) evidence a generalized subsidence and an eastward tilting of southeastern Sicily combined with a local relative uplift along its eastern coast. We perform flexural and elastic modeling and show that the slab pull force induced by the Ionian slab roll-back and extrado deformation reproduce the measured surface deformation. Finally, we propose an original seismic cycle model that is mainly driven by the southward migration of the Ionian slab roll-back.
Oswald Malcles, Philippe Vernant, David Fink, Gaël Cazes, Jean-François Ritz, Toshiyuki Fujioka, and Jean Chéry
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 679–690, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-679-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-679-2024, 2024
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In the Grands Causses area (Southern France), we study the relationship between the evolution of the river, its incision through time, and the location of the nearby caves. It is commonly accepted that horizontal caves are formed during a period of river stability (no incision) at the elevation of the river. Our original results show that it is wrong in our case study. Therefore, another model of cave formation is proposed that does not rely on direct river control over cave locations.
Oceane Foix, Stéphane Mazzotti, Hervé Jomard, Didier Bertil, and the Lesser Antilles Working Group
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-53, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-53, 2024
Preprint under review for NHESS
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By analyzing historical and instrumental seismic data, fault knowledge and geodetic measurements, we provide a new understanding of seismic hazard in the Lesser Antilles via seismotectonic zoning. We propose new models that can have a significant impact on seismic hazard assessment, such as the inclusion of mantle wedge seismicity, volcanic seismicity and a complete revision of the subduction interface zoning.
Oswald Malcles, Stéphane Mazzotti, Philippe Vernant, and Vincent Godard
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2154, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2154, 2023
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The Armorican region (NW France), is marked by several old coastal and marine markers that are today located several tens of meters above the sea level. This fact is commonly explained by sea-level variations and complex tectonic processes (e.g. mantle dynamic). In this study we test the role of the erosion and the associated flexural (lithospheric bending) response. We show that this simple model of flexural adjustment is to be taken into account to explain the regional evolution.
Juliette Grosset, Stéphane Mazzotti, and Philippe Vernant
Solid Earth, 14, 1067–1081, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1067-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1067-2023, 2023
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In glaciated regions, induced lithosphere deformation is proposed as a key process contributing to fault activity and seismicity. We study the impact of this effect on fault activity in the Western Alps. We show that the response to the last glaciation explains a major part of the geodetic strain rates but does not drive or promote the observed seismicity. Thus, seismic hazard studies in the Western Alps require detailed modeling of the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) transient impact.
Juliette Grosset, Stéphane Mazzotti, and Philippe Vernant
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-141, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-141, 2021
Publication in SE not foreseen
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Glacial Isostatic Adjustment is considered as a major process of seismicity in intraplate regions such as Scandinavia and eastern North America. We show that GIA associated with the alpine icecap induces a present-day response in vertical motion and horizontal deformation seen in GNSS strain rate field. We show that GIA induced stress is opposite to strain rate, with the paradoxical consequence that postglacial rebound in the Western Alps can explain the strain rate field but not the seismicity.
Séverine Liora Furst, Samuel Doucet, Philippe Vernant, Cédric Champollion, and Jean-Louis Carme
Solid Earth, 12, 15–34, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-15-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-15-2021, 2021
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We develop a two-step methodology combining multiple surface deformation measurements above a salt extraction site (Vauvert, France) in order to overcome the difference in resolution and accuracy. Using this 3-D velocity field, we develop a model to determine the kinematics of the salt layer. The model shows a collapse of the salt layer beneath the exploitation. It also identifies a salt flow from the deepest and most external part of the salt layer towards the center of the exploitation.
Oswald Malcles, Philippe Vernant, Jean Chéry, Pierre Camps, Gaël Cazes, Jean-François Ritz, and David Fink
Solid Earth, 11, 241–258, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-241-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-241-2020, 2020
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We aim to better understand the challenging areas that are the intraplate regions using one example: the southern French Massif Central and its numerous hundreds of meters deep valleys. We apply a multidisciplinary approach there using geomorphology, geochronology, and numerical modeling.
Our dating results show that the canyon incisions are part of the Plio-Quaternary evolution with incision rate of ~ 80 m Ma−1. We propose then that this incision is possible due to an active regional uplift.
Christine Masson, Stephane Mazzotti, Philippe Vernant, and Erik Doerflinger
Solid Earth, 10, 1905–1920, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1905-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1905-2019, 2019
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In using dense geodetic networks and large GPS datasets, we are able to extract regionally coherent velocities and deformation rates in France and neighboring western European countries. This analysis is combined with statistical tests on synthetic data to quantify the deformation detection thresholds and significance levels.
Christine Masson, Stephane Mazzotti, and Philippe Vernant
Solid Earth, 10, 329–342, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-329-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-329-2019, 2019
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We use statistical analyses of synthetic position time series to estimate the potential precision of GPS velocities. Regression tree analyses show that the main factors controlling the velocity precision are the duration of the series, the presence of offsets, and the noise. Our analysis allows us to propose guidelines which can be applied to actual GPS data that constrain the velocity accuracies.
Cédric Champollion, Sabrina Deville, Jean Chéry, Erik Doerflinger, Nicolas Le Moigne, Roger Bayer, Philippe Vernant, and Naomi Mazzilli
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3825–3839, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3825-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3825-2018, 2018
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Gravity monitoring at the surface and in situ (in caves) has been conducted in a karst hydro-system in the south of France (Larzac plateau). Subsurface water storage is evidenced with a spatial variability probably associated with lithology differences and confirmed by MRS measurements. Gravity allows transient water storage to be estimated on the seasonal scale.
Related subject area
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Gravity inversion method using L0-norm constraint with auto-adaptive regularization and combined stopping criteria
Common-mode signals and vertical velocities in the greater Alpine area from GNSS data
Benchmark forward gravity schemes: the gravity field of a realistic lithosphere model WINTERC-G
Very early identification of a bimodal frictional behavior during the post-seismic phase of the 2015 Mw 8.3 Illapel, Chile, earthquake
Monitoring surface deformation of deep salt mining in Vauvert (France), combining InSAR and leveling data for multi-source inversion
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Asthenospheric anelasticity effects on ocean tide loading around the East China Sea observed with GPS
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Topological analysis in Monte Carlo simulation for uncertainty propagation
Joint analysis of the magnetic field and total gradient intensity in central Europe
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Precision of continuous GPS velocities from statistical analysis of synthetic time series
Impact of terrestrial reference frame realizations on altimetry satellite orbit quality and global and regional sea level trends: a switch from ITRF2008 to ITRF2014
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The glacial isostatic adjustment signal at present day in northern Europe and the British Isles estimated from geodetic observations and geophysical models
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Mesay Geletu Gebre and Elias Lewi
Solid Earth, 14, 101–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-101-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-101-2023, 2023
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In this work, a gravity inversion method that can produce compact and sharp images is presented. An auto-adaptive regularization parameter estimation method, improved error-weighting function and combined stopping rule are the contributions incorporated into the presented inversion method. The method is tested by synthetic and real gravity data, and the obtained results confirmed the potential practicality of the method.
Francesco Pintori, Enrico Serpelloni, and Adriano Gualandi
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We study time-varying vertical deformation signals in the European
Alps by analyzing GNSS position time series. We associate the deformation
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displacements. Recognizing and filtering out non-tectonic signals allows us
to improve the accuracy and precision of the vertical velocities.
Barend Cornelis Root, Josef Sebera, Wolfgang Szwillus, Cedric Thieulot, Zdeněk Martinec, and Javier Fullea
Solid Earth, 13, 849–873, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-849-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-849-2022, 2022
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Several alternative gravity modelling techniques and associated numerical codes with their own advantages and limitations are available for the solid Earth community. With upcoming state-of-the-art lithosphere density models and accurate global gravity field data sets, it is vital to understand the differences of the various approaches. In this paper, we discuss the four widely used techniques: spherical harmonics, tesseroid integration, triangle integration, and hexahedral integration.
Cedric Twardzik, Mathilde Vergnolle, Anthony Sladen, and Louisa L. H. Tsang
Solid Earth, 12, 2523–2537, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2523-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2523-2021, 2021
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After an earthquake, the fault continues to slip for days to months. Yet, little is know about the very early part of this phase (i.e., minutes to hours). We have looked at what happens just after an earthquake in Chile from 2015. We find that the fault responds in two ways: south of the rupture zone it slips seismically in the form of aftershocks, while north of the rupture zone it slips slowly. Early inference of such bimodal behavior could prove to be useful for forecasting aftershocks.
Séverine Liora Furst, Samuel Doucet, Philippe Vernant, Cédric Champollion, and Jean-Louis Carme
Solid Earth, 12, 15–34, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-15-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-15-2021, 2021
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We develop a two-step methodology combining multiple surface deformation measurements above a salt extraction site (Vauvert, France) in order to overcome the difference in resolution and accuracy. Using this 3-D velocity field, we develop a model to determine the kinematics of the salt layer. The model shows a collapse of the salt layer beneath the exploitation. It also identifies a salt flow from the deepest and most external part of the salt layer towards the center of the exploitation.
Bogdan Matviichuk, Matt King, and Christopher Watson
Solid Earth, 11, 1849–1863, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1849-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1849-2020, 2020
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The Earth deforms as the weight of ocean mass changes with the tides. GPS has been used to estimate displacements of the Earth at tidal periods and then used to understand the properties of the Earth or to test models of ocean tides. However, there are important inaccuracies in these GPS measurements at major tidal periods. We find that combining GPS and GLONASS gives more accurate results for constituents other than K2 and K1; for these, GLONASS or ambiguity resolved GPS are preferred.
Letizia Anderlini, Enrico Serpelloni, Cristiano Tolomei, Paolo Marco De Martini, Giuseppe Pezzo, Adriano Gualandi, and Giorgio Spada
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The Venetian Southern Alps (Italy) are located in a slowly deforming plate-boundary region where strong earthquakes occurred in the past even if seismological and geomorphological evidence is not conclusive about the specific thrust faults involved. In this study, we integrate and model different geodetic datasets of ground velocity to constrain the seismogenic potential of the studied faults, giving an example of the importance of using vertical geodetic data for seismic hazard estimates.
Wolfgang Szwillus, Jörg Ebbing, and Bernhard Steinberger
Solid Earth, 11, 1551–1569, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1551-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1551-2020, 2020
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At the bottom of the mantle (2850 km depth) two large volumes of reduced seismic velocity exist underneath Africa and the Pacific. Their reduced velocity can be explained by an increased temperature or a different chemical composition. We use the gravity field to determine the density distribution inside the Earth's mantle and find that it favors a distinct chemical composition over a purely thermal cause.
Yu Tian and Yong Wang
Solid Earth, 11, 1121–1144, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1121-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1121-2020, 2020
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Given the inconsistency of the plane height and also the effects of the initial density model on the inversion results, the sequential inversion of on-orbit GOCE satellite gravity gradient and terrestrial gravity are divided into two integrated processes. Some new findings are discovered through the reliable and effective inversion results in the North China Craton.
Jérémie Giraud, Mark Lindsay, Mark Jessell, and Vitaliy Ogarko
Solid Earth, 11, 419–436, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-419-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-419-2020, 2020
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We propose a methodology for the identification of rock types using geophysical and geological information. It relies on an algorithm used in machine learning called
self-organizing maps, to which we add plausibility filters to ensure that the results respect base geological rules and geophysical measurements. Application in the Yerrida Basin (Western Australia) reveals that the thinning of prospective greenstone belts at depth could be due to deep structures not seen from surface.
Marc Rovira-Navarro, Wouter van der Wal, Valentina R. Barletta, Bart C. Root, and Louise Sandberg Sørensen
Solid Earth, 11, 379–395, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-379-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-379-2020, 2020
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The Barents Sea and Fennoscandia were home to large ice sheets around 20 000 years ago. After the melting of these ice sheets, the land slowly rebounded. The rebound speed is determined by the viscosity of the deep Earth. The rebound is ongoing and causes small changes in the Earth’s gravity field, which can be measured by the GRACE satellite mission. We use these measurements to obtain the viscosity of the upper mantle and find that it is 2 times higher in Fennoscandia than in the Barents Sea.
Junjie Wang, Nigel T. Penna, Peter J. Clarke, and Machiel S. Bos
Solid Earth, 11, 185–197, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-185-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-185-2020, 2020
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Changes in the Earth's elastic strength at increasing timescales of deformation affect predictions of its response to the shifting weight of the oceans caused by tides. We show that these changes are detectable using GPS and must be accounted for but that 3-D or locally-tuned models of the Earth's behaviour around the East China Sea provide only slightly better predictions than a simpler model which varies only with depth. Use of this model worldwide will improve precise positioning by GPS.
Thomas Frederikse, Felix W. Landerer, and Lambert Caron
Solid Earth, 10, 1971–1987, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1971-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1971-2019, 2019
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Due to ice sheets and glaciers losing mass, and because continents get wetter and drier, a lot of water is redistributed over the Earth's surface. The Earth is not completely rigid but deforms under these changes in the load on top. This deformation affects sea-level observations. With the GRACE satellite mission, we can measure this redistribution of water, and we compute the resulting deformation. We use this computed deformation to improve the accuracy of sea-level observations.
Christine Masson, Stephane Mazzotti, Philippe Vernant, and Erik Doerflinger
Solid Earth, 10, 1905–1920, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1905-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1905-2019, 2019
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In using dense geodetic networks and large GPS datasets, we are able to extract regionally coherent velocities and deformation rates in France and neighboring western European countries. This analysis is combined with statistical tests on synthetic data to quantify the deformation detection thresholds and significance levels.
Evren Pakyuz-Charrier, Mark Jessell, Jérémie Giraud, Mark Lindsay, and Vitaliy Ogarko
Solid Earth, 10, 1663–1684, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1663-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1663-2019, 2019
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This paper improves the Monte Carlo simulation for uncertainty propagation (MCUP) method for 3-D geological modeling. Topological heterogeneity is observed in the model suite. The study demonstrates that such heterogeneity arises from piecewise nonlinearity inherent to 3-D geological models and contraindicates use of global uncertainty estimation methods. Topological-clustering-driven uncertainty estimation is proposed as a demonstrated alternative to address plausible model heterogeneity.
Maurizio Milano, Maurizio Fedi, and J. Derek Fairhead
Solid Earth, 10, 697–712, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-697-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-697-2019, 2019
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In this work we aim to interpret the extended magnetic low visible at satellite altitudes above central Europe by performing a joint analysis of magnetic field and total gradient intensity maps at low and high altitudes. Here we demonstrate that such a magnetic anomaly is mainly a result of the contrast between two crustal platforms differing strongly in geological and magnetic properties. Synthetic model tests have been created to support our modeling.
Martin Kobe, Gerald Gabriel, Adelheid Weise, and Detlef Vogel
Solid Earth, 10, 599–619, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-599-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-599-2019, 2019
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Subrosion, i.e. the underground leaching of soluble rocks, causes disastrous sinkhole events worldwide. We investigate the accompanying mass transfer using quarter-yearly time-lapse gravity campaigns over 4 years in the town of Bad Frankenhausen, Germany. After correcting for seasonal soil water content, we find evidence of underground mass loss and attempt to quantify its amount. This is the first study of its kind to prove the feasibility of this approach in an urban area.
Christine Masson, Stephane Mazzotti, and Philippe Vernant
Solid Earth, 10, 329–342, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-329-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-329-2019, 2019
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We use statistical analyses of synthetic position time series to estimate the potential precision of GPS velocities. Regression tree analyses show that the main factors controlling the velocity precision are the duration of the series, the presence of offsets, and the noise. Our analysis allows us to propose guidelines which can be applied to actual GPS data that constrain the velocity accuracies.
Sergei Rudenko, Saskia Esselborn, Tilo Schöne, and Denise Dettmering
Solid Earth, 10, 293–305, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-293-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-293-2019, 2019
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A terrestrial reference frame (TRF) realization is a basis for precise orbit determination of Earth-orbiting artificial satellites and sea level studies. We investigate the impact of a switch from an older TRF realization (ITRF2008) to a new one (ITRF2014) on the quality of orbits of three altimetry satellites (TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, and Jason-2) for 1992–2015, but especially from 2009 onwards, and on altimetry products computed using the satellite orbits derived using ITRF2014.
Jeremie Giraud, Mark Lindsay, Vitaliy Ogarko, Mark Jessell, Roland Martin, and Evren Pakyuz-Charrier
Solid Earth, 10, 193–210, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-193-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-193-2019, 2019
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We propose the quantitative integration of geology and geophysics in an algorithm integrating the probability of observation of rocks with gravity data to improve subsurface imaging. This allows geophysical modelling to adjust models preferentially in the least certain areas while honouring geological information and geophysical data. We validate our algorithm using an idealized case and apply it to the Yerrida Basin (Australia), where we can recover the geometry of buried greenstone belts.
Karen M. Simon, Riccardo E. M. Riva, Marcel Kleinherenbrink, and Thomas Frederikse
Solid Earth, 9, 777–795, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-777-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-777-2018, 2018
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This study constrains the post-glacial rebound signal in Scandinavia and northern Europe via the combined inversion of prior forward model information with GPS-measured vertical land motion data and GRACE gravity data. The best-fit model for vertical motion rates has a χ2 value of ~ 1 and a maximum uncertainty of 0.3–0.4 mm yr−1. An advantage of inverse models relative to forward models is their ability to estimate formal uncertainties associated with the post-glacial rebound process.
Christina Lück, Jürgen Kusche, Roelof Rietbroek, and Anno Löcher
Solid Earth, 9, 323–339, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-323-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-323-2018, 2018
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Since 2002, the GRACE mission provides estimates of the Earth's time-variable gravity field, from which one can derive ocean mass variability. Now that the GRACE mission has come to an end, it is especially important to find alternative ways for deriving ocean mass changes. For the first time, we use kinematic orbits of Swarm for computing ocean mass time series. We compute monthly solutions, but also show an alternative way of directly estimating time-variable spherical harmonic coefficients.
Gang Chen, Anmin Zeng, Feng Ming, and Yifan Jing
Solid Earth, 7, 817–825, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-817-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-817-2016, 2016
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In this paper, we presented a new method on the basis of a collocation and multi-quadric equation interpolation. We introduce a multi-quadric kernel function to determine the covariance of local deformation and use the method to be a simple approximation of the covariance function. We established a horizontal velocity field model for the Chinese mainland by using a set of observed velocity data of GPS stations. The result is simple and reasonable and has a significant reference value.
M. Nordman, M. Poutanen, A. Kairus, and J. Virtanen
Solid Earth, 5, 673–681, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-673-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-673-2014, 2014
A. Zlinszky, G. Timár, R. Weber, B. Székely, C. Briese, C. Ressl, and N. Pfeifer
Solid Earth, 5, 355–369, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-355-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-355-2014, 2014
S. Rudenko, N. Schön, M. Uhlemann, and G. Gendt
Solid Earth, 4, 23–41, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-23-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-23-2013, 2013
T. Frontera, A. Concha, P. Blanco, A. Echeverria, X. Goula, R. Arbiol, G. Khazaradze, F. Pérez, and E. Suriñach
Solid Earth, 3, 111–119, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-111-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-111-2012, 2012
J. Klokočník, J. Kostelecký, I. Pešek, P. Novák, C. A. Wagner, and J. Sebera
Solid Earth, 1, 71–83, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-1-71-2010, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-1-71-2010, 2010
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Short summary
We present a new 3-D GPS velocity solution for 182 sites for the region encompassing the Western Alps, Pyrenees. The only significant horizontal deformation (0.2 mm/yr over a distance of 50 km) is a NNE–SSW extension in the western Pyrenees. In contrast, significant uplift rates up to 2 mm/yr occur in the Western Alps but not in the Pyrenees. A correlation between site elevations and fast uplift rates in the Western Alps suggests that part of this uplift is induced by postglacial rebound.
We present a new 3-D GPS velocity solution for 182 sites for the region encompassing the Western...
