Preprints
The following lists only preprints without a corresponding final revised paper.
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10 Jun 2026
Historical tectonic activity along the eastern segment of the Bassano-Valdobbiadene Thrust: new hints for the seismic hazard assessment of the Venetian Prealps between Vittorio Veneto and Valdobbiadene (eastern Southern Alps, NE Italy)
Maria Eliana Poli, Giulia Patricelli, Giovanni Paiero, Andrea Marchesini, and Enrico Farinatti
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2658, 2026
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Morphotectonic, geophysical, and paleoseismological investigations conducted along the Valdobbiadene–Vittorio Veneto Thrust (eastern Southern Alps, NE Italy) provided evidence of historical tectonic activity and surface coseismic deformation. The inferred earthquake magnitude and fault activity suggest that the seismic hazard of the Venetian Prealpine region may currently be underestimated.
12 May 2026
Statistical Assessment of the Representative Elementary Area for Areal Fracture Intensity (P21) in Digital Outcrop Models
Stefano Casiraghi, Daniela Bertacchi, Gabriele Benedetti, Silvia Mittempergher, Federico Agliardi, Mattia Martinelli, Francesco Bigoni, Cristian Albertini, and Andrea Bistacchi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2409, 2026
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: open, 2 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
This study proposes a new multi-parametric method to define the representative elementary area (REA) for areal fracture intensity (P21). REA, defined as a range bounded by lower and upper limits, is defined through the evaluation of the shape, mean, and variance of P21 statistical distributions collected with sampling areas with increasing radius, using a combination of statistical tests and diagnostic plots. The methodology is tested on two different fractures limestone outcrops.
08 May 2026
The impact of pre-existing weaknesses on strike-slip fault evolution: insight into strain partitioning of the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake
Christ Faviana Ramos Sánchez and Michele Lynn Cooke
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1948, 2026
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Crustal faults evolve so future earthquakes may not occur along the same faults as past earthquakes. While crustal faults evolve very slowly, we can simulate their evolution with lab experiments with pre-existing weaknesses of different initial orientation and spacing and under different loading conditions. The findings suggests that fault systems, like the northwestern end of the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake, represent very immature stages of evolution that will likely reorganize in the future.
28 Apr 2026
Crustal Structure of Java, Indonesia, from Ambient Noise Tomography: Implications for Regional Tectonics
Iskandarsyah, Andri Dian Nugraha, Zulfakriza Zulfakriza, Irwan Meilano, Bayu Pranata, Samsul Hadi Wiyono, Aditya Lesmana, Rexha Verdhora Ry, Muzli Muzli, Sesar Prabu Dwi Sriyanto, and Nova Heryandoko
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6291, 2026
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: final response, 2 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
This study presents the first island-wide shear-wave velocity (Vs) model of Java using ambient noise tomography from six months of data at 114 seismic stations. Low-Vs zones mark major sedimentary basins, while higher Vs reflects volcanic arcs and basement. Distinct flexural patterns vary across western, central, and eastern Java.
22 Apr 2026
Constraints on the Lithospheric Structure and Rheology of Northern Chile from 8-year Post-Seismic Deformation following the Mw8.1 Iquique Earthquake
Juliette Cresseaux, Mathilde Radiguet, Marie Pierre Doin, Marcos Moreno, Flora Huiban, Mathilde Marchandon, Juan Carlos Baez, Aubin Tsapong Tsague, Gaël Janex, Andres Tassara, and Anne Socquet
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2003, 2026
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: final response, 3 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Post-seismic deformation after major earthquakes involves afterslip (slow fault slip) and viscoelastic relaxation (stress adjustment in surrounding rock). The relaxation rate depends on rheology (how materials resist stress). This study uses GNSS and InSAR to measure 8 years of 3D deformation after the 2014 Mw8.1 Iquique earthquake in the Central Andes. Comparing data to mechanical models constrains the upper plate’s geometry and rheology, requiring a weak zone beneath the volcanic arc.
21 Apr 2026
The Mechanisms Behind Triggering the 2021–2022 South Alboran Seismic Swarm: Constrains from Combined Catalogues, Relocation and Spatiotemporal Analysis
Hamza Akka, Alexis Rigo, and Abdelilah Tahayt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6433, 2026
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: open, 1 comment)
Short summaryShort summary
We investigated the 2021–2022 earthquake swarm in the southern Alboran Sea to understand what triggered it. Using earthquake records from Spain and Morocco, we recalculated the locations of about 7,000 events and tracked how activity moved through time. The earthquakes concentrate in a narrow, steep break in the crust and migrate in bursts, consistent with pulses of pressurized fluids. These results help refine seismic hazard in the region.
15 Apr 2026
Movement history of faults under variable stress fields – insights derived from 3D seismics in the central northern Upper Rhine Graben, Germany
Sonu Roy, Johannes Mair, David C. Tanner, Ariane Djahansouzi, and Andreas Henk
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1626, 2026
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: open, 0 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
A recent 3D seismic survey, released for academic purposes, has been analyzed to assess fault interactions and sedimentation patterns in the central northern Upper Rhine Graben (URG). Seven normal faults were identified, categorized into NNW-SSE and WNW-ESE sets, representing two tectonic phases of URG: rifting/extension (pre-24 Ma) and transtensional (post-24 Ma). This highlights how stress fields, existing structures, and rock strength influence the evolution of rift basins.
01 Apr 2026
Fault and fracture networks as long-lived conduits for lithium transport
Adam J. Cawood, David A. Ferrill, Isaac A. Rangel-Landeros, Kristina L. Butler, Daniel E. Ibarra, Zachary T. Sickmann, Madigan R. Blake, Brandon Swanson, Kevin J. Smart, Lee Ann Munk, David F. Boutt, Lisa D. Stockli, Daniel F. Stockli, and Catherine A. Gagnon
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1596, 2026
Revised manuscript under review for SE (discussion: final response, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Faults and fractures can act as long-lived pathways that move lithium through the Earth. By combining field observations, chemical analyses, and dating of minerals, we show that these structures repeatedly channel fluids over millions of years. This process controls where lithium accumulates and helps explain how valuable deposits form. Understanding these pathways improves our ability to identify and assess lithium resources.
25 Mar 2026
The Northernmost Mountain Belt on Earth: Birth and Death of the Eurekan Orogen in North Greenland
Katrin Meier, Paul O'Sullivan, David Chew, Karsten Piepjohn, Solveig Estrada, Nikola Koglin, Patrick Monien, Frank Lisker, and Cornelia Spiegel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1389, 2026
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: final response, 10 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Stretching over 1000 kilometres along the Arctic margin, the Eurekan Belt illustrates how fault systems shaped the crust of North Greenland. These interconnected fault systems controlled deformation and exhumation before, during, and after mountain building. Using thermochronology and thermal history modelling, we reconstructed their activity and the resulting crustal evolution. Our findings provide crucial constraints for plate reconstructions and Arctic climate models.
24 Mar 2026
Structural drivers of exhumation in compressional orogens: Examples from western Nepal
Mary Braza, Nadine McQuarrie, Claire Battistella, and Delores M. Robinson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1560, 2026
Revised manuscript accepted for SE (discussion: final response, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
We evaluate the changes in geometry, kinematic sequence, and shortening rates that are necessary for integrating the cross-section geometry and kinematics with a thermal model and a landscape evolution model. Model results highlight that a combination of uplift over a northernly fault ramp and young out-of-sequence thrusts is required to reproduce the cooling ages and modern geomorphic metrics in western Nepal.
18 Mar 2026
Mid-Triassic rhyolitic lavas and ignimbrites as markers of Eoalpine high-pressure metamorphism and large-scale lateral extrusion of Adria derived units at the edge of the European Alps
Matija Vukovski, Damir Slovenec, Mirko Belak, Branimir Šegvić, Ivan Mišur, Duje Smirčić, Marija Horvat, Duje Kukoč, Tonći Grgasović, and Goran Slivšek
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1092, 2026
Revised manuscript under review for SE (discussion: final response, 4 comments)
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We studied Mid-Triassic calc-alkaline to shoshonitic rocks from the Alps–Dinarides transition zone to clarify their origin and tectonic provenance. Zircon geochronology dates them at 244 to 242 million years. Phengitic muscovite geobarometry reveals HP-LT metamorphic overprint, indicating deep burial during Cretaceous Eoalpine subduction. Their present position reflects large-scale post-metamorphic extrusion, revising present understanding of the tectonics of the Alps–Dinarides transition zone.
17 Mar 2026
From Burial to Barrier: How burial history controls the hydraulic conductivity in argillaceous formations
Raphael Burchartz, Brian Mutuma Mbui, Peter Achtziger-Zupančič, Garri Gaus, Timo Seemann, Lisa Winhausen, Yvonne Spychala, Mohammadreza Jalali, Ralf Littke, and Florian Amann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-964, 2026
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: open, 3 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
We compile 782 hydraulic conductivity measurements from six European argillaceous formations relevant for high-level radioactive waste disposal. We show that maximum burial depth controls matrix-scale conductivity, while present-day depth, decompaction, fracturing, and self-sealing govern rock-mass behaviour, defining three depth-related evolutionary trends.
13 Mar 2026
Towards robust fracture mapping: benchmarking automatic fracture mapping in 2D outcrop imagery
Ayoub Fatihi, Jefter Caldeira, Tom Beucler, Samuel T. Thiele, and Anindita Samsu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1097, 2026
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: open, 1 comment)
Short summaryShort summary
Mapping rock fractures in high resolution aerial images is essential for understanding Earth processes and managing resources, but manual tracing is slow and inconsistent. We created FraXet, a large harmonized dataset of nearly nine thousand images, and compared standard image filters with modern deep learning models. The deep learning methods were far more accurate and produced smoother, more reliable maps, while also showing where results are uncertain.
23 Feb 2026
Geophysics in Antarctica: Achievements, Current Capabilities, and Future Directions
Mirko Scheinert, Weisen Shen, Richard C. Aster, Lambert Caron, Michael D. Hartinger, Matt A. King, Andrew Lloyd, Anya M. Reading, J. Paul Winberry, Terry Wilson, Lucilla Alfonsi, Michael J. Bentley, Eric Buchta, Thomas Y. Chen, Peter J. Clarke, Jörg Ebbing, Olaf Eisen, Natalya Gomez, Esra Günaydın, Samantha Hansen, Erik R. Ivins, Achraf Koulali, Grace A. Nield, Frederick Richards, Mahmut O. Selbesoglu, Stephanie Sherman, Pippa L. Whitehouse, and Matthias Willen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6370, 2026
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: final response, 8 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
With an ongoing mass loss the Antarctic Ice Sheet contributes to global-mean sea level rise at a rate of 0.4 mm/a. Thus, it plays a key role in global climate and provides a natural laboratory to study processes that interlink cryosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere and ocean. We discuss how GNSS and seismic networks in Antarctica were used to significantly advance our understanding of these processes, and how they should be maintained and extended to answer key science questions in the future.
12 Feb 2026
Macroseismic Constraints on Deep Crustal Structures in the Bohemian Massif
Pavla Hrubcová, Matěj Machek, Jiří Vackář, Anna Pohořalá, Hana Kampfová Exnerová, Petr Špaček, and Jan Zedník
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-686, 2026
Revised manuscript under review for SE (discussion: final response, 4 comments)
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Two moderate earthquakes near Mirotice (Bohemian Massif) in 2024 and 2025 were analysed using seismological and crowdsourced macroseismic data. Both events occurred at unusually large depths (22–24 km) and were widely felt. Non-circular macroseismic patterns reflect tectonic control and contrasting attenuation between different tectonic units and constrain subvertical structures within the Bohemian Massif. Normal faulting matches the regional stress field, suggesting deep structural control.
10 Feb 2026
Mantle Deformation Patterns Beneath the Central India Tectonic Zone: Evidence from SK(K)S Splitting Measurements in the Satpura Gondwana Basin and Adjacent Areas
Nitarani Bishoyi, Arun Kumar Dubey, and Ashwani Kant Tiwari
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6202, 2026
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: final response, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
This study examines shear wave splitting of core-refracted seismic phases from earthquakes to determine seismic anisotropy in unexplored areas of Central India. Understanding seismic anisotropy is essential for gaining insights into past geodynamic processes and current tectonic activities in the area. Our findings show that mantle deformation is influenced by both present plate motion and prior orogenic events, such as subduction, collision, and mantle plume activity within the study region.
30 Jan 2026
Gas Migration and Slope Instability in the Danube Fan: Insights from integrated OBS-MCS Seismic Analysis
Helene-Sophie Hilbert, Anke Dannowski, Jörg Bialas, Felix Gross, Jasper Hoffmann, Dirk Kläschen, and Christian Berndt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5275, 2026
Revised manuscript under review for SE (discussion: final response, 5 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
This study investigates gas hydrate distribution in the Danube Fan, NW Black Sea. Using seismic data and drilling results, we analysed the structure, composition, and gas content of underconsolidated sediments. Gas hydrates are present in low concentration and patchy distribution. Free gas is trapped beneath the hydrate stability zone. The area shows signs of past slope failures linked to weak sediments and gas accumulation. The study provides insights into how gas hydrate systems evolve.
23 Jan 2026
Discovery of 2.45 Ga trondhjemitic gneiss in Eastern Hebei, North China Craton: A constraint on Precambrian crustal evolution
Jiahao Jing, Qian Liu, Yigui Han, Jinlong Yao, Donghai Zhang, Chenyang Sun, Jiakang Zheng, and Guochun Zhao
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5595, 2026
Revised manuscript under review for SE (discussion: final response, 4 comments)
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This study first identifies ca. 2.45 Ga trondhjemitic gneiss (2446 ± 15 Ma) in Eastern Hebei of the Eastern Block, North China Craton. Geochemical analysis reveals that it originated from partial melting of a juvenile thickened lower crust, with garnet and rutile as residues. In combination with our new and collected zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotopic data in Eastern Hebei, the Precambrian geochronological framework and crustal evolution processes of Eastern Hebei have been established.
19 Jan 2026
Improved recovery of sub ice shelf bathymetry from gravity data using an isostatic correction: A case study from the Dotson and Crosson ice shelves, West Antarctica
Tom A. Jordan, Karen J. Heywood, Anna Wåhlin, Rob A. Hall, Atsuhiro Muto, Pierre Dutrieux, Kelly Hogan, James Girton, Karen E. Alley, and Erin Pettit
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6001, 2026
Revised manuscript under review for SE (discussion: final response, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
The shape of the water filled cavity hidden beneath ice shelves is extremely important, but hard to measure. Gravity data collected from aircraft can be used to predict the shape. However, in the Dotson Crosson ice shelves in West Antarctica, new direct observations from autonomous platforms sent beneath the ice, and seismic observations from the ice surface showed gravity models were systematically too shallow. We explain why and provide a solution applicable her and in other ice shelves.
16 Jan 2026
A vast Caledonian fan and an Ediacaran arc: The contrasting provenance of Devonian clastics of Brunia (Bohemian Massif)
Stephen Collett, Igor Soejono, Tomáš Kumpan, Pavel Hanžl, Jitka Míková, Nikol Novotná, and Jiří Sláma
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-86, 2026
Revised manuscript accepted for SE (discussion: final response, 7 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Brunia is a Neoproterozoic crustal block whose pre-Variscan history is unclear. New U–Pb and Lu–Hf detrital zircon data from Devonian strata reveal two provenance types. Type-1 spectra reflect recycling of local Brunia arc sources and show isotopic similarity to West Avalonia, indicating a shared Neoproterozoic history. Type-2 spectra match Fennoscandian datasets, implying sediment input from the Caledonides and an Early Devonian connection between Brunia and Baltica.
18 Dec 2025
Petrogenesis and geodynamic implications of Ediacaran rocks from the Sirwa massif (Central Anti-Atlas); insights from U-Pb geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, and Sm-Nd isotopes
Abdelhay Ben-Tami, Said Belkacim, Jamal El Kabouri, Bouchra Baidada, Joshua H. F. L. Davies, Morgann G. Perrot, Mohamed Bhilisse, Mohamed Assalmi, Mariam Ferraq, Mohamed Bouabdellah, and David Lalonde
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-6178, 2025
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: final response, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Detrital zircons from Saghro Group sediments reveal the underlying basement's nature within the Sirwa massif. The returned 2.1 Ga mono-peak age indicates Paleoproterozoic basement exposure along the Saghro Group basin margins, without Cryogenian sediment interaction. These findings support the hypothesis of Paleoproterozoic crust extending north of the Anti-Atlas Major Fault (AAMF), suggesting a definitive suture zone may extend further north, possibly aligning with the South Atlas Fault (SAF).
26 Nov 2025
From Strong Plates to Weak Boundaries: Strain Localization in the Lithospheric Mantle with Low- to High-Temperature Dislocation Creep
Etienne Van Broeck, Fanny Garel, Catherine Thoraval, Diane Arcay, and D. Rhodri Davies
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5615, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for SE (discussion: final response, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Earth’s solid shell is made of stiff tectonic plates which can break apart to form new weak plate boundaries. We use numerical models of plate extension to investigate how mechanical properties control the concentration of deformation leading to such a boundary as hot mantle rises underneath. We highlight feedbacks, and quantify how and why, under various deformation mechanisms, the plate weakens as temperature and strain rate increase. We compare the model predictions to natural rifting cases.
18 Nov 2025
Efficient Uzawa algorithms with projection strategies for geodynamic Stokes flow
Deok-Kyu Jang, Kyeong-Min Lee, Cedric Thieulot, Whan-Hyuk Choi, and Byung-Dal So
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5480, 2025
Revised manuscript under review for SE (discussion: final response, 4 comments)
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We developed faster methods for simulating Earth's interior dynamics. Standard iterative algorithms struggle to solve these equations efficiently. We introduced two improvements. First, we reformulated how calculation errors are measured. Second, we added a mass conservation correction. Our method solves the equations much faster while staying accurate. We tested it on multiple benchmark problems, showing significant speed improvements with minimal extra computational cost.
17 Nov 2025
Geothermal implications of the lithosphere’s thermal structure in northern Pakistan
Muhammad Anees, David Hindle, Ernesto Meneses Rioseco, Jonas Kley, Bernd Leiss, Mumtaz Muhammad Shah, and Javed Akhter Qureshi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5252, 2025
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: final response, 6 comments)
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We studied how heat is distributed underground in the western Himalaya to understand its potential for geothermal energy. Using computer models, we show that heat from radioactive rocks, uplift of mountains, and the shape of the land all influence temperatures in the crust. Deep valleys such as the Indus and Hunza may host accessible hot zones, meaning they could be good places to explore for geothermal energy.
07 Nov 2025
Improving the precision of Antarctic GNSS time series through non-tidal loading corrections
Aino Schulz, Yohannes Getachew Ejigu, Jyri Näränen, and Maaria Nordman
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5358, 2025
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: open, 2 comments)
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We studied how changes in atmosphere, ocean, and land water masses influence Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements of vertical land motion in Antarctica. By testing different models and processing strategies at three stations, we show that these choices strongly affect estimated motion. Our results improve the reliability of GNSS time series for studying ice mass change and sea level rise.
03 Nov 2025
Constraining slip rates along Altay faults using GNSS data
Fabien Ramel, Philippe Vernant, Jean-François Ritz, Erik Doerflinger, Erdenezul Danzansan, Dulguun Ayush, Alain Chauvet, Ulzibat Munkhuu, and Sodnomsambuu Demberel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5016, 2025
Revised manuscript under review for SE (discussion: final response, 6 comments)
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We measured ground movements across the Altay mountains in Mongolia using new satellite positioning surveys. Our study provides a detailed picture of how this mountain belt deforms, showing that motion of 4–6 millimeters per year is distributed among 4 to 5 major faults. Modeling the fault slip rates, we refine earlier estimates, indicate that some faults move more slowly than expected, and reveal that additional faults also accomodate the strain.
20 Oct 2025
Perturbation Analysis of Travel-Time Accuracy for Core Phases Reconstructed from Seismic Interferometry
Yingjie Xia, Xuping Feng, and Xiaofei Chen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4657, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for SE (discussion: final response, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
By analyzing the faint, late-arriving seismic waves from large earthquakes, we can create accurate maps of Earth's deep core. This study provides a new mathematical foundation to confirm the reliability of this method, showing that precise measurements are possible even when earthquake sources are not perfectly distributed. Our findings help improve imaging of Earth's interior, making it more trustworthy.
12 Sep 2025
The role of shear zones, faults and the associated fractures on the formation and character of bedrock surface depressions in crystalline bedrock (Turku, southwestern Finland)
Eemi Ruuska, Pietari Skyttä, Kati Ahlqvist, Nicklas Nordbäck, Pelayo Barron, and Kaisa Nikkilä
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4271, 2025
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: final response, 6 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Shear zones have strong ductile precursors, which controls their localization and trend whereas the faults are cross-cutting in character with respect to the ductile framework. Roughness of the bedrock surface is characterized by bedrock depressions that are spatially coinciding with shear zones and faults. Lowest elevations are detected within the bedrock depressions along the core-domains of shear zone and fault, while the associated fractures control the bedrock surface in the damage zones.
12 Sep 2025
Geospatial Analysis of Fault–Epicenter Dynamics in Bangladesh and Adjacent Regions Using Remote Sensing and Statistical Modeling
Md. Abu Dardha Limon and Khandakar Hasan Mahmud
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3774, 2025
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: final response, 4 comments)
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This study examines how different underground fault lines relate to the locations of earthquakes in Bangladesh and surrounding regions. Based on satellite images and data processed using computer software, the study found that earthquakes tend to cluster around certain types of faults. This knowledge can be employed to improve earthquake hazard modeling and to inform better planning for safer communities and buildings in the region.
12 Sep 2025
Lower Carboniferous igneous intrusions within the crystalline basement of the Baltic Basin (SW edge of the East European Craton, Poland) – insight based on seismic data interpretation and seismic forward modelling
Piotr Krzywiec, Łukasz Słonka, and Paweł Poprawa
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3358, 2025
Revised manuscript accepted for SE (discussion: final response, 4 comments)
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Igneous intrusions that could be associated with volcanic eruptions on Earth’s surface can be also seen on geophysical data at great depths, well beyond the reach of boreholes. Our results show how advance analysis of seismic data together with regional geological information could be used to predict their key characteristics such as lithology, thickness and overall geometry that are necessary in order to understand Earth’s magmatic activity.
21 Oct 2024
Silurian syn- and post-collision granitic magmatism in the western section of the North Qinling Orogen: Implications for collisional orogenic processes
Hao Lin, Zuochen Li, Xianzhi Pei, Shaowei Zhao, Meng Wang, Hai Zhou, Feng Gao, Mao Wang, and Li Qin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2100, 2024
Preprint under review for SE (discussion: open, 3 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
There is still considerable controversy over the duration of the subduction-collision orogeny process of the Wushan-Shangdan Ocean. Here, we present new geochronological and geochemical data for Silurian granites from the North Qinling Orogen. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the ocean had closed prior to 438 Ma; (2) The transition phase from syn-collision to post-collision took place between 429 and 421 Ma; (3) A three-stage tectonic model of the Wushan-Shangdan Ocean is proposed.
08 Feb 2022
The estimation of porosity in Japan Trench plate boundary using low-resolution X-ray computed tomography (XCT) images and laboratory measurements
Hamed Amiri, Francesco Cappuccio, Mai-Linh Doan, Marianne Conin, and Virginia Toy
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-150, 2022
Publication in SE not foreseen (discussion: closed, 2 comments)
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In March 2011, the Mw ~9 Tohoku-oki earthquake, one of the largest seismic events ever recorded, occurred across a megathrust fault in the west of the Japan trench. This devastating earthquake stressed the need for more detailed studies on the fault zone behavior and the main causes of this event.
26 Jan 2022
Angle-domain common-image gathers from Fresnel volume migration
Tomi Jusri, Stefan Buske, Olaf Hellwig, and Felix Hloušek
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-143, 2022
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 7 comments)
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This study presents a method for constructing angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) and common-angle stacks from Fresnel volume migration, which can facilitate prestack amplitude analysis from the migrated seismic data in the angle-domain. The results obtained in this study may eventually help improve the feasibility of rock characterization in challenging geological settings, such as in hard-rock environments.
25 Jan 2022
Strain localized deformation variation of a small-scale ductile shear zone
Lefan Zhan, Shuyun Cao, Yanlong Dong, and Wenyuan Li
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2022-2, 2022
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 3 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
1. small-scale shear zone shows transition from protomylonite to ultramylonite. 2. small-scale shear zone experienced under high-temperature ductile deformation. 3. viscous grain boundary sliding is an important deformation mechanism. 4. fluid-assisted precipitation in localization and strain rate-limited process. 5. initiation of shear zone by temperature-controlled rheological weakening.
04 Jan 2022
Regional mantle viscosity constraints for North America reveal upper mantle strength differences across the continent
Anthony Osei Tutu and Christopher Harig
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-151, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review (discussion: closed, 3 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
The Earth’s surface deforms due to surface mass load such as ice sheets and subsurface dynamics. Sea level and GPS data show North America (NA) is undergoing surface deformation, due to past ice loads and/or Earth’s interior pull by dense material. We employ mathematical methods and computer simulations to study the region viscosity/strength as a function of depth using a localization technique. Our results show the east of NA has a stiff interface compared to the western part.
14 Dec 2021
Postglacial strain rate – stress paradox, example of the Western Alps active faults
Juliette Grosset, Stéphane Mazzotti, and Philippe Vernant
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-141, 2021
Publication in SE not foreseen (discussion: closed, 3 comments)
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Glacial Isostatic Adjustment is considered as a major process of seismicity in intraplate regions such as Scandinavia and eastern North America. We show that GIA associated with the alpine icecap induces a present-day response in vertical motion and horizontal deformation seen in GNSS strain rate field. We show that GIA induced stress is opposite to strain rate, with the paradoxical consequence that postglacial rebound in the Western Alps can explain the strain rate field but not the seismicity.
30 Sep 2021
Interpolation of magnetic anomalies over an oceanic ridge region using an equivalent source technique and crust age model constraint
Duan Li, Jinsong Du, Chao Chen, Qing Liang, and Shida Sun
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-117, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 6 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Oceanic magnetic anomalies are generally carried out using only few survey lines and thus there are many areas with data gaps. Traditional interpolation methods based on the morphological characteristics of data are not suitable for data with large gaps. The use of dual-layer equivalent-source techniques may improve the interpolation of magnetic anomaly fields in areas with sparse data which gives a good consideration to the extension of the magnetic lineation feature.
30 Jul 2021
Joint modeling gravity, geoidal and geothermal of the Lithosphere in Sergipano Belt and tectonic implications, NE Brazil
Onofre H. D. J. das Flores, Alanna C. Dutra, Alexandre B. Costa, and Roberto M. Argollo
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-81, 2021
Manuscript not accepted for further review (discussion: closed, 2 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
1. Integrate lithosphere modeling of the Sergipano Belt using gravity, geoid and surface heat flow; 2. Tectonic model of the lithosphere in different scale based on geophysics and petrological data; 3. Accretionary tectonic model of the southern Borborema Province.
05 Jul 2021
A Normal Faults System in the Monte Nerone area and its significance in the recent seismo-tectonic setting of the Northern Umbria-Marche Apennines (Italy)
Mauro De Donatis, Giulio Fabrizio Pappafico, Sara Susini, Mauro Alberti, Nelson Muñoz Guerrero, and Francesco Ottaviani
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-87, 2021
Publication in SE not foreseen (discussion: closed, 10 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
This original work starts from the need to investigate the possible ground effects of the historical Cagli earthquake (June 3, 1781). Some geological and geomorphological evidences were clear that testify a tectonic behaviour very similar to those of the recent earthquake of 2016 in central Italy. In the light of field observations, seismic data and reinterpreted previous works, this sector shows a current extensional tectonics, in accordance with the interpretations of some recent research.
21 May 2021
Teaching Uncertainty: A new framework for communicating unknowns in traditional and virtual field experiences
Cristina G. Wilson, Randolph T. Williams, Kathryn Bateman, Basil Tikoff, and Thomas F. Shipley
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-69, 2021
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 6 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
In this contribution, we address the current gap in undergraduate geoscience education on uncertainty. We present a framework for teaching students to characterize, assess, and convey uncertainty that is suitable for both traditional in-person and virtual field experiences. The framework provides students relief from the distress of "not knowing" by providing a language to communicate uncertainty, and affirms their scientific growth by making reductions in uncertainty more conspicuous.
15 Mar 2021
An analytical solution for the exhumation of an orogenic wedge and a comparison with thermochronology data
Elco Luijendijk, Leo Benard, Sarah Louis, Christoph von Hagke, and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-22, 2021
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 6 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Our knowledge of the geological history of mountain belts relies strongly on thermochronometers, methods that reconstruct the temperature history of rocks found in mountain belts. Here we provide a new equation that describes the motion of rocks in a simplified, wedge-shaped representation of a mountain belt. The equation can be used to interpret thermochronometers and can help quantify the deformation, uplift and erosion history of mountain belts.
04 Mar 2021
Tectonics, Climate and Topography: Oxygen stable isotopes and the
early Eocene growth of the Pyrenees
Louis Honegger, Thierry Adatte, Jorge E. Spangenberg, Miquel Poyatos-Moré, Alexandre Ortiz, Magdalena Curry, Damien Huyghe, Cai Puigdefàbregas, Miguel Garcés, Andreu Vinyoles, Luis Valero, Charlotte Läuchli, Andrés Nowak, Andrea Fildani, Julian D. Clark, and Sébastien Castelltort
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-12, 2021
Publication in SE not foreseen (discussion: closed, 2 comments)
09 Feb 2021
An upward continuation method based on spherical harmonic
analysis and its application in the calibration of satellite gravity
gradiometry data
Qingliang Qu, Shengwen Yu, Guangbin Zhu, Xiaotao Chang, Miao Zhou, and Wei Liu
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-201, 2021
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 3 comments)
13 Jan 2021
An Analytical Framework for Stress Shadow Analysis During
Hydraulic Fracturing – Applied to the Bakken Formation,
Saskatchewan, Canada
Mostafa Gorjian, Sepidehalsadat Hendi, and Christopher D. Hawkes
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-1, 2021
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 5 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Through this research, the practical toolbox was developed to analyze thermo-hydro-mechanical stress shadow during multistage hydraulic fracturing within 30 stages. In fact, to the best of authors' knowledge, no core-based measurements had been published for the Bakken Formation from the Canadian portion of the Williston Basin prior to this research. All the mechanical, thermal, hydraulic, and natural fracture data were measured by the authors in the studied area.
09 Dec 2020
How Alpine seismicity relates to lithospheric strength
Cameron Spooner, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Mauro Cacace, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-202, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 6 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
By comparing long term lithospheric strength to seismicity patterns across the Alpine region, we show that most seismicity occurs where strengths are highest within the crust. The lower crust appears largely aseismic due to energy being dissipated by ongoing creep from low viscosities. Lithospheric structure appears to exert a primary control on seismicity distribution, with both forelands display a different distribution patterns, likely reflecting their different tectonic settings.
02 Dec 2020
Seismological assessment of human activity levels
during the COVID-19 pandemic
Jeongin Lee and Tae-Kyung Hong
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-193, 2020
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 2 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
The COVID-19 virus spreads fast throughout the world. There are no effective vaccines currently. Many countries locked down the cities to reduce the virus spreading. The efficiency and effect of social distancing on the virus spreading is important for this pandemic. However, there were no effective ways to measure the level of social distancing in real time. In this study, we infer the level of social distancing using the ambient seismic noise levels.
17 Nov 2020
Anisotropic transport and frictional properties of simulated clay-rich fault gouges
Elisenda Bakker and Johannes H. P. de Bresser
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-178, 2020
Publication in SE not foreseen (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
What is the effect of shearing, holding and effective normal stress on fault gouge permeability, parallel and perpendicular to fault boundaries, as well as on frictional behaviour? Experiments show a pre-shear permeability anisotropy, as well as a decrease in permeability with shear and eff. normal stress, for both fluid flow directions. The results have important implications for pre-existing faults in calcite-rich claystones that seal hydrocarbon reservoirs or potential CO2 storage reservoirs.
05 Oct 2020
Neotectonics of Brazzaville and Kinshasa: linking Congo Basin seismicity and in situ stress in the Inkisi Group
Hardy M. D. Nkodia, Timothée Miyouna, Damien Delvaux, Florent Boudzoumou, and Nicy C. Bazebizonza Tchiguina
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-162, 2020
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 3 comments)
02 Sep 2020
Structural features derived from a Multiscale Analysis and 2.75D Modelling of Aeromagnetic Data over the Pitoa-Figuil Area (Northern Cameroon)
Voltaire Souga Kassia, Theophile Ndougsa-Mbarga, Arsène Meying, Jean Daniel Ngoh, and Steve Ngoa Embeng
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-135, 2020
Manuscript not accepted for further review (discussion: closed, 2 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
In the Pitoa-Figuil area (Northern Cameroon), an interpretation of aeromagnetic data was conducted with an aim of investigating lineaments hidden under geological formations and proposing subsurface structures through a 2.75D modelling. A multiscale analysis combines with the 2.75D modelling has lead to put in evidence 18 faults and some intrusive bodies. According to Euler's solutions, anomaly sources go up to a depth of 5.3 km.
28 Aug 2020
Formation and dynamics of sandy dunes in the inland areas of the Hexi Corridor
Bing-Qi Zhu
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-132, 2020
Manuscript not accepted for further review (discussion: closed, 3 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Dynamic change of aeolian landforms and desertification under global warming is a typical problem of climate change and landscape response. In the past half century, the warming and humidification of local climate caused a potential trend of anti-desertification in the Hexi Corridor, indicating a control of climate change but not human activities. However, restriction of the decline of groundwater is the only key to preventing desertification in oasis areas of arid environment, but not climate.
21 Aug 2020
A first estimation of the contraction related to vertical axis rotation: the case of the Ibero-Armorican Arc formation
Josep Maria Casas, Joan Guimerà, Joaquina Alvarez-Marron, and Ícaro Días da Silva
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-126, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 7 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Many orogenic belts exhibit arcuate form in map view. We deal with the different models proposed to explain the formation of the Ibero-Armorican Arc in the western European Variscan Belt. We suggest this arc is primary slightly modified by superposed contraction during late Carboniferous and/or Alpine times. We discuss the role of late-Variscan regional strike-slip faults in the Iberian and in the Armorican massifs that probably acted consecutively before and during the contraction of the arc.
19 Aug 2020
Thermo-mechanical numerical modelling of the South American subduction zone: a multi-parametric investigation
Vincent Strak and Wouter P. Schellart
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-134, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
A mean to better understand the evolution of the South American subduction zone, the building of the Andes and the forces that control them is through numerical modelling. Here we compare results of buoyancy-driven numerical subduction models with natural observations on slab geometry and surficial velocities. The model-nature comparison provides a way to constrain model parameters, namely upper mantle rheology, subduction interface strength and slab thermal weakening, for use in future models.
31 Jul 2020
Imaging Seismic Wave-Fields with AlpArray and Neighboring European Networks
Marcel Tesch, Johannes Stampa, Thomas Meier, Edi Kissling, György Hetényi, Wolfgang Friederich, Michael Weber, Ben Heit, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-122, 2020
Publication in SE not foreseen (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
28 Jul 2020
Coseismic fluid–rock interactions in the Beichuan-Yingxiu surface rupture zone of the Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake and its implication for the fault zone transformation
Yangyang Wang, Xiaoqi Gao, Sijia Li, Shiyuan Wang, Deyang Shi, and Weibing Shen
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-117, 2020
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 3 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake (Mw 7.9) in China had never occurred since the beginning of the recorded history of the world. The continuous variation of mineral assemblages and major element contents in the fault zone was observed. Significant fuild-rock interaction occurred in the fault zone and leaded to variation of mechanism of material loss in the fault zone with time and space. This study has important significance and provides an example for investigation of coseismic fluid action.
01 Jul 2020
Comment on Estimating the depth and evolution of intrusions at resurgent calderas: Los Humeros (Mexico)by Urbani et al. (2020)
Gianluca Norini and Gianluca Groppelli
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-110, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 5 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
We identify several problems of the Urbani et al. (2020) study, showing that their model does not conform to the geological constraints. These problems, which largely undermine their conclusions, are poor field data, inconsistencies between the caldera complex and the modelling, lack of any substantial validation, and contradictions with the reference stratigraphy. The Urbani et al. (2020) analysis fails identify the caldera deformation source and the geothermal field heat source.
29 Jun 2020
First report of ultra-high pressure metamorphism in the Paleozoic Dunhuang orogenic belt (NW China): Constrains from P-T paths of garnet clinopyroxenite and SIMS U-Pb dating of titanite
Zhen M. G. Li, Hao Y. C. Wang, Qian W. L. Zhang, Meng-Yan Shi, Jun-Sheng Lu, Jia-Hui Liu, and Chun-Ming Wu
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-95, 2020
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
This manuscript provides the first evidence of ultra-high metamorphism in the Paleozoic Dunhuang orogenic belt (NW China). Though no coesite or diamond was found in the samples or in this orogen, the geothermobarometric computation results and petrographic textures all suggest that the garnet clinopyroxenite experienced ultra-high pressure metamorphism, and SIMS U-Pb dating of titanite indicates that the post peak, subsequent tectonic exhumation of the UHP rocks occurred in the Devonian.
14 May 2020
Resolving uncertainties in the application of zircon Th / U and CL gauges to interpret U-Pb ages: a case study of eclogites in polymetamorphic terranes of NW Iberia
Pedro Castiñeiras, Juan Gómez Barreiro, Francisco J. Fernández, Carmen Aguilar, and José Manuel Benítez Pérez
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-53, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
12 May 2020
Statistics of the Seismic Sequence and Rupture Directivity of the M5.5 Earthquake in Orkney, South Africa
Carsten Dinske, Jonas Folesky, Jörn Kummerow, Serge Shapiro, and Hiroshi Ogasawara
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-58, 2020
Publication in SE not foreseen (discussion: closed, 3 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
We analyse seismicity in deep South African gold mines. We find here the unique situation that it consists of both induced earthquakes and aftershocks triggered by the M5.5 Orkney earthquake. We conclude that the magnitude statistics of aftershocks and induced earthquakes are influenced by the size and geometry of the volume of stress perturbation. We also image the propagating rupture of the M5.5 earthquake. We conclude that it propagated unilaterally from North to South over a distance of 6km.
04 May 2020
Seismicity related to the eastern sector of Anatolian escape tectonic: the example of the 24 January 2020 Mw 6.77 Elazığ-Sivrice earthquake
Mohammadreza Jamalreyhani, Pınar Büyükakpınar, Simone Cesca, Torsten Dahm, Henriette Sudhaus, Mehdi Rezapour, Marius Paul Isken, Behnam Maleki Asayesh, and Sebastian Heimann
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-55, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 6 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
We model the source of the 24 January 2020 Mw 6.77 Elazığ-Sivrice (Turkey) earthquake using a combination of different data and we analyzed its seismic sequences. This earthquake occurred in the east Anatolian fault and it has filled the large part of the former seismic gap zone. An unbroken part has left after this earthquake and has the potential to host a future earthquake. This work provides information about the fault system and helps to the mitigation of seismic hazard in Southern Turkey.
28 Apr 2020
Silica diagenesis-driven fracturing in limestone: an example from the Ordovician of Central Pennsylvania
Emily M. Hoyt and John N. Hooker
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-50, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 11 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Fractures in rock are commonly attributed to physical causes such as tectonism, but chemical reactions can cause fracturing as well. In this paper we show evidence from outcrop patterns, petrography, and rock mineral compositions that a fracture set in limestone is associated with silicate mineral reactions, and was most likely driven open by those reactions. A better understanding of fracture mechanisms will enable better predictions of how and when fractures transmit fluids in the crust.
07 Apr 2020
Discrete element modeling of a subduction zone with a seafloor irregularity and its impact on the seismic cycle
Liqing Jiao, Chung-Han Chan, Luc Scholtès, Aurélia Hubert-Ferrari, Frédéric-Victor Donzé, and Paul Tapponnier
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-41, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 6 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Seafloor geometry plays an important role in earthquake behaviors in a tectonic subducting system. Here, we simulate a subducting slab with a seafloor irregularity to perform the resulting deformation pattern of the overriding plate and spatial and temporal patterns of the seismicity activity in the subducting system. Our model is overall comparable to paleoseismic records, matches seismicity patterns, and fulfils the domain definition of a subduction system.
03 Mar 2020
From subduction to collision in the Parautochthon and autochthon of the NW Variscan Iberian Massif
Francisco J. Rubio Pascual, Luis M. Martín Parra, Pablo Valverde-Vaquero, Alejandro Díez Montes, Manuel P. Hacar Rodríguez, Justo Iglesias, Rubén Díez Fernández, Gloria Gallastegui, Nemesio Heredia, and L. Roberto Rodríguez Fernández
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-25, 2020
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
24 Feb 2020
Mantle flow under the Central Alps: Constraints from non-vertical SKS shear-wave splitting
Eric Löberich and Götz Bokelmann
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-5, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 6 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Shear-wave splitting measurements have been widely used to infer upper mantle deformation, but their interpretative power has so far been limited by the ambiguity between a frozen-in lithospheric or more recent asthenospheric cause. We take advantage of the non-vertical arrival angles of SKS phases to infer the rock fabric orientation at depth under the Central Alps; we relate upper-mantle deformation in the area to a depth-dependent plane Couette-Poiseuille flow.
19 Feb 2020
The abyssal giant pockmarks of the Black Bahama Escarpment: Relations between structures, fluids and carbonate physiography
Thibault Cavailhes, Hervé Gillet, Léa Guiastrennec-Faugas, Thierry Mulder, and Vincent Hanquiez
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-11, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
We reveal the presence of 29 abyssal giant pockmarks located at the toe of the Black Bahama Escarpment (BBE), which bounds the western edge of the Bahamian Platform and can reach up to 4200 m of submarine elevation above the San Salvador Abyssal Plain (−4900 m in water depth). Our quantitative analysis allows to discuss their origin in relation to the tectonics and the carbonate physiography of the Bahamas.
27 Jan 2020
An MCMC Bayesian full moment tensor inversion constrained by first-motion polarities and double couple percent
Mehrdad Pakzad, Mahnaz Khalili, and Shaghayegh Vahidravesh
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-191, 2020
Publication in SE not foreseen (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Mechanisms of earthquakes' sources are essential for seismotectonic studies. We have used algorithms for sampling from probability distributions to retrieve focal mechanism and source location of seismic events. The inversion method uses earthquake records but constrain the solution by polarities and double couple percentage which also makes the calculations faster. Two- and one-seismic station solutions show more agreement with all-station solution if polarity and DC% constraints are employed.
13 Jan 2020
Devonian–Mississippian collapse and core complex exhumation, and partial decoupling and partitioning of Eurekan deformation as alternatives to the Ellesmerian Orogeny in Spitsbergen
Jean-Baptiste P. Koehl
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-200, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Svalbard is thought to have been involved into a contractional event ca. 360 Ma, the Ellesmerian Orogeny. New field data and interpretation of seismic data instead suggest that Svalbard was affected by an episode of continuous extension in the Devonian–Carboniferous (ca. 420–300 Ma) with exhumation of basement ridges, followed by an episode of contraction in the early Cenozoic (ca. 65–45 Ma), the Eurekan tectonic event, and that the Ellesmerian Orogeny did not affect Svalbard.
03 Jan 2020
Tectonostratigraphy of the Mérida Massif reveals a new suture zone exposure in SW Iberia
Rubén Díez Fernández, Ricardo Arenas, Esther Rojo-Pérez, Sonia Sánchez Martínez, and José Manuel Fuenlabrada
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-189, 2020
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 7 comments)
04 Dec 2019
Aleutian island arc magma production rates and mechanisms
Yongliang Bai, Diya Zhang, Dongdong Dong, Shiguo Wu, and Zhenjie Wang
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-179, 2019
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 1 comment)
Short summaryShort summary
Mapping island arc magma production rates is helpful for understanding arc magmatism processes. We map the first overview of island-arc magma production rates along the Aleutian arc strike via a gravity based method. The overview map demonstrates that the magma production rates have the same trend as the slab dips, and the peaks of magma production rates correspond to the subduction of fracture zones and ridges. And, we analyze the influence mechanisms of these factors on island-arc magmatism.
15 Oct 2019
Comment on Shear wave reflection seismic yields subsurface dissolution and subrosion patterns: application to the Ghor Al-Haditha sinkhole site, Dead Sea, Jordanby Polom et al. (2018)
Michael Ezersky, Anatoly Legchenko, Lev Eppelbaum, Abdallah Al-Zoubi, and Abdelrahman Abueladas
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-132, 2019
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 9 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
We have analysed here a publication of Polom et al. (2018) on shear wave velocity reflection study in the Ghor Al-Haditha area (Jordan) that did not detect buried salt layer suggested earlier by other researchers. We suggest that the salt layer is located at ~ 40 m depth in the Ghor Al-Haditha area. It is very important because presence or absence of salt in the study area influences on the selection of the model of sinkhole formation and safety of the tourism, engineering and agriculture.
03 Sep 2019
Soil-landscape relationship in sandstone-gneiss topolithosequence in Amazonas, Brazil
Julimar da Silva Fonseca, Milton César Costa Campos, Elilson Gomes de Brito Filho, Bruno Campos Mantovanelli, Laércio Santos Silva, Alan Ferreira Leite de Lima, José Maurício Da Cunha, Emily Lira Simões, and Luís Antônio Coutrim dos Santos
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-131, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 10 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
The Amazon biome has a rich biodiversity, as well as the soils that suffer from the current intensive deforestation, so this work brings important information of the soils of this biome evaluating the most diverse aspects and relating with the dynamics of this complex ecosystem. Bringing important results such as clay mineralogy revealed that the poor chemistry due to the low CTC of these soils is related to the source material and not to environmental removal, as is common in Amazonian soils.
10 Jul 2019
The formation of North-South Seismic Zone and Emeishan large igneous province in Western China: Insight from teleseismic tomography
Chuansong He
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-119, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
This study reveal large plate-like high-velocity anomalies beneath the Songpan-Ganzi Block and the South China Block and low-velocity structures at 50–200 km depths in the western and southern parts of this study region, which are important for understanding the formation of the North-South Seismic Zone and Emeishan large igneous province.
09 Jul 2019
Anassessment of GIA solutions based on high-precision GNSS velocity field for Antarctica
Wenhao Li, Fei Li, Shengkai Zhang, Jintao Lei, Qingchuan Zhang, Feng Xiao, and Lexian Yuan
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-101, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
GIA is the solid Earth’s slower viscoelastic response to past changes in ice-ocean loading. GIA influences plate tectonics, crustal displacements, the geoid and regional sea level patterns.Due to the uncertainties in the ice loading history and the mantle viscosity, modeling GIA will be difficult and challenging in Antarctica.we used the high-precision GPS velocity field to assess the application of GIA models in Antarctica.
06 Jun 2019
Slab Break-offs in the Alpine Subduction Zone
Emanuel D. Kästle, Claudio Rosenberg, Lapo Boschi, Nicolas Bellahsen, Thomas Meier, and Amr El-Sharkawy
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-102, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
We compare a set of tomographic models that image the upper mantle beneath the Alps and try to find evidence for a potential break off of the subducting European plate. We infer that break offs are likely to have happened all around the Alpine arc, but timing, exact location and interaction between European and Adriatic plate still difficult to assess.
We highlight the value of integrating different tomographic methods to obtain a more complete picture of the deep structures.
28 May 2019
Sinkholes of the Dead Sea Basin: A Result of Anthropogenic Disturbance to Nature and Sign for More and Greater Hazards
Hilmi S. Salem
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-97, 2019
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 2 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Over the last decades, thousands of sinkholes have developed at an increasing pace along the Dead Sea's western and eastern shores. These sinkholes can open-up suddenly and swallow whatever found above them, resulting in an area that looks like an earthquake zone. Sinkholes in the Dead Sea Basin are formed when a subterranean salt-layer that once bordered the Dead Sea is dissolved by underground freshwater that follows the migration of the interface, due to receding water level of the Dead Sea.
05 Apr 2019
Regularization methods for the combination of heterogeneous
observations using spherical radial basis functions
Qing Liu, Michael Schmidt, Roland Pail, and Martin Willberg
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-60, 2019
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 5 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Regularization is indispensable in regional gravity field modelling. In this paper, we propose two new approaches for the regularization parameter determination, which combine the L-curve method and variance component estimation (VCE). The performance of each method is studied for combining heterogeneous observations using spherical radial basis functions. The results show that our newly proposed methods are decent and stable for regularization parameter determination.
27 Mar 2019
Evolution of a long-lived continental arc: a geochemical approach (Arequipa Batholith, Southern Peru)
Sophie Demouy, Mathieu Benoit, Michel de Saint-Blanquat, and Jérôme Ganne
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-43, 2019
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 3 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
The genesis of the continental crust above subduction zones remains controversial and massive production of granite in short period of time, also named
flare-up eventsare more and more documented but poorly constrained. In the present manuscript we present a detailed geochemical study of samples collected in the Arequipa region (Peru), where a flare-up event is suspected. Using these data, we propose an elegant explanation for the converging geochemical signatures associated to this event.
20 Mar 2019
Late Miocene thrusting in the North Alpine foreland: Driven by a
deep-seated process and shaped by the local mechanical stratigraphy
Samuel Mock, Christoph von Hagke, Fritz Schlunegger, István Dunkl, and Marco Herwegh
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-56, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Based on own and published age data, we can infer tectonic pulses along-strike the entire northern rim of the Central Alps between 12–4 million years. Although lithologic variations largely influence the local deformation pattern, the tectonic signal is remarkably consistent all the way from Lake Geneva to Salzburg. This might result from a deep-seated tectonic force and marks a change from dominantly vertical to large-scale horizontal tectonics in the late stage of Alpine orogeny.
11 Mar 2019
Evaluating porosity estimates for sandstones based on X-ray micro-tomographic images
Mathias Nehler, Ferdinand Stoeckhert, Anne Oelker, Jörg Renner, and Erik Saenger
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-48, 2019
Publication in SE not foreseen (discussion: closed, 6 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
The technique of X-ray computed tomography (CT) is widely used in multiple disciplines such as medicine, industry and earth sciences. However, quantitative analysis from the reconstructed images are subject to errors due to technical limitations and subsequent evaluation workflows. The paper addresses the uncertainties related to the estimation of porosity from these images and compares the results with laboratory measurements. Accurate porosity estimates are linked to sufficient resolution.
11 Mar 2019
An adaptive unstructured mesh based solution to topography
least-squares reverse-time imaging
Qiancheng Liu and Jianfeng Zhang
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-37, 2019
Preprint retracted (discussion: closed, 2 comments)
15 Feb 2019
Seismic Hazard of L'Aquila downtown (central Italy): new insights for 3D geological model based on high-resolution seismic reflection profile and borehole stratigraphy
Marco Tallini, Marco Spadi, Domenico Cosentino, Marco Nocentini, Luca Macerola, Giuseppe Cavuoto, and Vincenzo Di Fiore
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-25, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
The interpretation of a 1 km-long high-resolution seismic reflection profile integrated with borehole stratigraphy was useful to reconstruct the geological subsoil model of L'Aquila downtown which was struck by the 6/4/2009 Mw 6.1 earthquake, and thus to provide indication on the seismic site effects and the faults activity. This information was essential to design urban masterplan able to mitigate the Seismic Hazard of cultural heritage cities of central Italy, such as the case study site.
13 Feb 2019
The building, shaping, and filling of an Upper Slope Terrace: the Rio Grande Terrace, SW Atlantic
Michel Michaelovitch de Mahiques, Javier Alcántara-Carrió, Francisco José Lobo, Uri Schattner, Rosangela Felício dos Santos, Samara Cazzoli y Goya, Raissa Basti Ramos, José Gustavo Natorf de Abreu, Luiz Antonio Pereira de Souza, Rubens Cesar Lopes Figueira, and Marcia Caruso Bícego
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2018-140, 2019
Publication in SE not foreseen (discussion: closed, 2 comments)
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This paper is a contribution to the knowledge of the geological processes on the SW Atlantic. We tried to integrate data from different time-scales, such as the geological evolution (millions of years) to the hydrodynamic processes (days to years). The results allowed us to recognize the importance of the geological inheritance to the present morphology of submerged areas.
12 Feb 2019
Petrographic and Petrophysical Characteristics of Lower Cretaceous Sandstones
from northern Israel, determined by micro-CT imaging and analytical techniques
Peleg Haruzi, Regina Katsman, Baruch Spiro, Matthias Halisch, and Nicolas Waldmann
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-21, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
We studied petrophysical characteristics of three consecutive sandstone layers of the Lower Cretaceous Hatira Formation from Israel. Evaluated micro- and macro-scale petrophysical properties predetermined the permeability of the layers, measured in turn in the lab and upscaled from pore-scale velocities. Two scales of porosity variations were found: at 300 μm scale due to pores size variability, and at 2 mm scale due to high and low porosity occlusions, suggested to control the permeability.
31 Jan 2019
Slab Break-offs in the Alpine Subduction Zone
Emanuel D. Kästle, Claudio Rosenberg, Lapo Boschi, Nicolas Bellahsen, Thomas Meier, and Amr El-Sharkawy
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-17, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
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We provide an extensive comparison of high-resolution subsurface models of the Alpine subduction zone. The imaged slab geometries are discussed in relation to the geodynamic evolution of the Alpine region. In the eastern Alps, we compare the models to three scenarios from the literature and propose a fourth one which best fits the tomographic images and the geological constraints. We find that the European slab is broken off below the entire Alpine arc, at variable depth levels.
15 Jan 2019
Bayesian geological and geophysical data fusion for the construction and uncertainty quantification of 3D geological models
Hugo K. H. Olierook, Richard Scalzo, David Kohn, Rohitash Chandra, Ehsan Farahbakhsh, Gregory Houseman, Chris Clark, Steven M. Reddy, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-4, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 6 comments)
14 Jan 2019
Topographic changes due to the 2004 Chuetsu thrusting
earthquake in low mountain region
Zhikun Ren, Takashi Oguchi, Peizhen Zhang, and Shoichiro Uchiyama
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-3, 2019
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 6 comments)
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This research might be the first time to study the topographic changes due to strong earthquakes in region of low relief. We use high-resolution pre- and post-earthquake DEMs to detect the topographic changes caused by the Wenchuan earthquake. However, the topographic changes caused by the Chuetsu earthquake is different. Our findings might indicate that the earthquake mainly acts as roughening and driving the topographic growth in region of low relief.
22 Oct 2018
What seismicity offshore Sicily suggests about lithosphere dynamics and microplate fragmentation models in the Central Mediterranean
Giancarlo Neri, Cristina Totaro, Barbara Orecchio, and Debora Presti
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2018-112, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
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This paper impacts on knowledge of plate margin deformation and microplate fragmentation in the Central Mediterranean. Seismicity and seismogenic stress, with other geophysical and geological data, deny active rifting in the Sicily Channel and reveal strain distributions in the western Ionian contrasting with models assuming a rigid Apulian-Ionian-Hyblean microplate. We highlight that current oversimplification of lithosphere rheology prevents from appropriate regional geodynamic modeling.
03 Jul 2018
To what degree the geometry and kinematics of accretionary wedges in analogue experiments is dependent on material properties
Ziran Jiang, Bin Deng, Caiwei Fan, Yu He, Dong Lai, Shugen Liu, Xinjian Wang, and Luba Jansa
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2018-45, 2018
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 7 comments)
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Based on ring-shear test and analogue experiment, we show that material properties have important influence on the geometry and kinematics of the accretionary wedge, of which the geometry and kinematics appear to be significantly influenced by relative brittle and ductile strengths, and, to a lesser degree by the layering anisotropy. We also show the repeat experiments.
07 May 2018
Factors controlling the sequence of asperity failures in a fault model
Emanuele Lorenzano and Michele Dragoni
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2018-31, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 5 comments)
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We consider a model of a fault containing two regions (asperities) whose slip is associated with earthquakes on the fault. The stress field generated by seismic events is relaxed in the following post-seismic interval, due to the properties of rocks in the upper mantle. The sequence of asperity slips in an earthquake is controlled by several elements of the model, e.g. the intensity of seismic waves radiation, the coupling between the asperities and the difference in their frictional strengths.
30 Jan 2018
3D numerical modelling of the re-distribution of partially molten lower crust rocks in relay zones between faults during transtension: Implications for the Sefwi terrane, SW Ghana
Xiaojun Feng, Enyuan Wang, Jérôme Ganne, Roland Martin, and Mark W. Jessell
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-142, 2018
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 2 comments)
30 Jan 2018
Geosystemics and Earthquakes
Angelo De Santis, Gianfranco Cianchini, Rita Di Giovambattista, Cristoforo Abbattista, Lucilla Alfonsi, Leonardo Amoruso, Marianna Carbone, Claudio Cesaroni, Giorgiana De Franceschi, Anna De Santis, Alessandro Ippolito, Dedalo Marchetti, Luca Martino, Francisco Javier Pavòn-Carrasco, Loredana Perrone, Alessandro Piscini, Mario Luigi Rainone, Luca Spogli, and Francesca Santoro
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-120, 2018
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 7 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
Geosystemics studies the Earth system as a whole, focusing on the possible coupling among the Earth layers, and using universal entropic tools. In this paper, earthquakes are considered as a long term chain of processes involving the coupling of the solid earth with the above neutral and ionized atmosphere, and finally culminating with the main rupture along the fault of concern. Some case studies are presented.
06 Nov 2017
Impacts of sewage irrigation on soil properties of farmland in China: A review
Qiangkun Li, Jiao Tang, Tian Wang, Dafu Wu, Carlos Alberto Busso, Ruifeng Jiao, and Xiujuan Ren
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-116, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 6 comments)
06 Nov 2017
Phytoextraction and the economic perspective of phytomining of heavy metals
Amjad Ali, Di Guo, Amanullah Mahar, Wang Ping, Fazli Wahid, Feng Shen, Ronghua Li, and Zengqiang Zhang
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-75, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
The global anthropogenic activities led to heavy metals pollution. Conventional technologies are too expensive, laborious and results in secondary pollution. The green technology like phytoremediation is environmental friendly and economical. The uptake by phytoremediation can be more effective by exploring hyperaccumulators, expanding phytomining and molecular studies. This review is part of compiling the published work on the successful trials of phytoremediation and its economic benefits.
01 Nov 2017
A review of the available cropland and land cover maps for South Asia
Prashant Patil
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-121, 2017
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 3 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
A lack of accuracy, uniqueness, and systematic classification of cropland categories, together with long-pending updates of high-resolution cropland mapping, are the primary challenges that need to be addressed in developing high-resolution cropland maps for South Asia. In this review, we identify the major concerns, particularly the paucity of knowledge regarding the spatial distribution of major crop types within south Asia.
28 Jul 2017
Should oasification be ignored when examining desertification in Northwest China?
Dongwei Gui, Jie Xue, Yi Liu, Jiaqiang Lei, and Fanjiang Zeng
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-59, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 8 comments)
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This paper clarifies the dialectical relationship between oasification and desertification in arid regions, and it also elucidates the significance of oasification research in Northwest China. Furthermore, the study points out the key point in the oasification research.
26 Jul 2017
Formation and characteristics of an Ultisol in Peninsular Malaysia utilized
for oil palm production
Arolu Ayanda Fatai, Jusop Shamshuddin, Che Ishaq Fauziah, Othman Radziah, and Mohsen Bohluli
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-60, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
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The study was conducted in an oil palm plantation in Malaysia and it seeks to understand why Oil palm performs better on the majority of Malaysian soil and perhaps the tropical environment at large despite the inherently low nutrient capacity of the soils.
The study shows how tropical soils are formed and the condition under which they exist in and the criteria to select a suitable soil for Oil palm cultivation. The study emphasizes adequate management as a means of improving Oil palm yield.
14 Jul 2017
Resolution analysis of joint inversion of seismic receiver function
and surface wave dispersion curves in the 13 BB Starexperiment
Kajetan Chrapkiewicz, Monika Wilde-Piórko, Marcin Polkowski, and Marek Grad
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-58, 2017
Preprint retracted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
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This paper touches upon two fundamental issues in Earth sciences. The first one is an inherent non-uniqueness of modeling results, along with profound difficulty in estimating their uncertainty. The second is concerned with the interaction between the convective mantle and plates, which is barely known. We present a successful workflow for studying the bottom of the lithosphere, where the interaction is supposed to occur, mitigating the non-uniqueness and assessing the uncertainty of the result.
11 Jul 2017
Satellite-derived SO2 flux time-series and magmatic processes during the 2015 Calbuco eruptions
Federica Pardini, Mike Burton, Fabio Arzilli, Giuseppe La Spina, and Margherita Polacci
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-64, 2017
Revised manuscript not accepted (discussion: closed, 7 comments)
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This paper shows how satellite imagery of volcanic SO2 plumes can be used to reveal subsurface magmatic processes. We achieved this by developing a new numerical technique based on trajectories simulations applied to SO2 satellite imagery. Our outcomes are SO2 plume height and flux time-series at high temporal resolution. With this technique we investigate SO2 emissions during the 2015 Calbuco eruptions and we suggest the presence of excess SO2 in the first eruption, but not in the second one.
13 Jun 2017
Imaging and quantification of the pore microstructure of gas shales using X-ray microtomography
Mozhdeh Mehrabi, Mehrdad Pasha, Ali Hassanpour, Paul W. J. Glover, and Xiaodong Jia
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-52, 2017
Preprint withdrawn (discussion: closed, 2 comments)
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The paper demonstrates a method for evaluation of gas production capacity from shale gas reservoirs by gathering a good understanding of the porosity and pore microstructure of the shale. In this research three-dimensional x-ray micro tomography (XRMT) imaging techniques were used to capture the internal structure of three samples and also were compared to the data from mercury porosimetry.
01 Mar 2017
The effects of tillage methods on soil aggregation and crop yields in a wheat-corn rotation under semi-arid conditions
Hossein Tabiehzad, Gokhan Cayci, and Kiarash Afshar Pour Rezaeieh
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-13, 2017
Preprint retracted (discussion: closed, 4 comments)
07 Feb 2017
Modifications to Kozeny–Carman model to enhance petrophysical relationships
Amir M. S. Lala
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2017-8, 2017
Preprint retracted (discussion: closed, 7 comments)
Short summaryShort summary
– Apply Kozeny–Carman Equation to get permeability from the porosity
– Investigate the deficiency of the Kozeny–Carman assumption
– Offer alternative permeability derived equations for the Kozeny–Carman equation
– Also introduced relationships for the permeability of shaly sand reservoir
– Apply Kozeny–Carman Equation to get permeability
– Investigate the deficiency of the Kozeny–Carman
– Offer alternative permeability derived equations