Articles | Volume 10, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-59-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-59-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
15 Jan 2019
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 15 Jan 2019
A multi-technology analysis of the 2017 North Korean nuclear test
BGR, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, Germany
Lars Ceranna
BGR, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, Germany
Nima Nooshiri
GFZ, German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Andreas Barth
KIT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Simone Cesca
GFZ, German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Michaela Frei
BGR, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, Germany
Ilona Grünberg
BGR, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, Germany
Gernot Hartmann
BGR, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, Germany
Karl Koch
BGR, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, Germany
Christoph Pilger
BGR, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, Germany
J. Ole Ross
BGR, Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, Germany
Torsten Dahm
GFZ, German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Related authors
Christoph Pilger, Peter Gaebler, Lars Ceranna, Alexis Le Pichon, Julien Vergoz, Anna Perttu, Dorianne Tailpied, and Benoit Taisne
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2811–2825, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2811-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2811-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides infrasound data analysis, modeling, and interpretation of the source characteristics of the 28 September 2018 magnitude 7.5 Sulawesi earthquake. Epicentral ground movement by the earthquake rupture as well as the secondary shaking of nearby mountainous topography is responsible for the strong infrasound generated. Findings allow one to improve knowledge of infrasonic and seismoacoustic source processes and the monitoring capabilities of the infrasound arrays used.
Tomáš Fischer, Pavla Hrubcová, Torsten Dahm, Heiko Woith, Tomáš Vylita, Matthias Ohrnberger, Josef Vlček, Josef Horálek, Petr Dědeček, Martin Zimmer, Martin P. Lipus, Simona Pierdominici, Jens Kallmeyer, Frank Krüger, Katrin Hannemann, Michael Korn, Horst Kämpf, Thomas Reinsch, Jakub Klicpera, Daniel Vollmer, and Kyriaki Daskalopoulou
Sci. Dril., 31, 31–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-31-31-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-31-31-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The newly established geodynamic laboratory aims to develop modern, comprehensive, multiparameter observations at depth for studying earthquake swarms, crustal fluid flow, mantle-derived fluid degassing and processes of the deep biosphere. It is located in the West Bohemia–Vogtland (western Eger Rift) geodynamic region and comprises a set of five shallow boreholes with high-frequency 3-D seismic arrays as well as continuous real-time fluid monitoring at depth and the study of the deep biosphere.
Patrick Hupe, Lars Ceranna, Alexis Le Pichon, Robin S. Matoza, and Pierrick Mialle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4201–4230, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4201-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4201-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sound waves with frequencies below the human hearing threshold can travel long distances through the atmosphere. A global network of sensors records such infrasound to detect clandestine nuclear tests in the atmosphere. These data are generally not public. This study provides four data products based on global infrasound signal detections to make infrasound data available to a broad community. This will advance the use of infrasound observations for scientific studies and civilian applications.
M. Crosetto, L. Solari, J. Balasis-Levinsen, L. Bateson, N. Casagli, M. Frei, A. Oyen, D. A. Moldestad, and M. Mróz
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B3-2021, 141–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2021-141-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2021-141-2021, 2021
Djamil Al-Halbouni, Robert A. Watson, Eoghan P. Holohan, Rena Meyer, Ulrich Polom, Fernando M. Dos Santos, Xavier Comas, Hussam Alrshdan, Charlotte M. Krawczyk, and Torsten Dahm
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3351–3395, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3351-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3351-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The rapid decline of the Dead Sea level since the 1960s has provoked a dynamic reaction from the coastal groundwater system, with physical and chemical erosion creating subsurface voids and conduits. By combining remote sensing, geophysical methods, and numerical modelling at the Dead Sea’s eastern shore, we link groundwater flow patterns to the formation of surface stream channels, sinkholes and uvalas. Better understanding of this karst system will improve regional hazard assessment.
Gesa Maria Petersen, Simone Cesca, Sebastian Heimann, Peter Niemz, Torsten Dahm, Daniela Kühn, Jörn Kummerow, Thomas Plenefisch, and the AlpArray and AlpArray-Swath-D working groups
Solid Earth, 12, 1233–1257, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1233-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1233-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Alpine mountains are known for a complex tectonic history. We shed light onto ongoing tectonic processes by studying rupture mechanisms of small to moderate earthquakes between 2016 and 2019 observed by the temporary AlpArray seismic network. The rupture processes of 75 earthquakes were analyzed, along with past earthquakes and deformation data. Our observations point at variations in the underlying tectonic processes and stress regimes across the Alps.
Camilla Rossi, Francesco Grigoli, Simone Cesca, Sebastian Heimann, Paolo Gasperini, Vala Hjörleifsdóttir, Torsten Dahm, Christopher J. Bean, Stefan Wiemer, Luca Scarabello, Nima Nooshiri, John F. Clinton, Anne Obermann, Kristján Ágústsson, and Thorbjörg Ágústsdóttir
Adv. Geosci., 54, 129–136, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-54-129-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-54-129-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the microseismicity occurred at Hengill area, a complex tectonic and geothermal site, where the origin of earthquakes may be either natural or anthropogenic. We use a very dense broadband seismic monitoring network and apply full-waveform based method for location. Our results and first characterization identified different types of microseismic clusters, which might be associated to either production/injection or the tectonic activity of the geothermal area.
M. Crosetto, L. Solari, J. Balasis-Levinsen, N. Casagli, M. Frei, A. Oyen, and D. A. Moldestad
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B3-2020, 293–298, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-293-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-293-2020, 2020
Marco Broccardo, Arnaud Mignan, Francesco Grigoli, Dimitrios Karvounis, Antonio Pio Rinaldi, Laurentiu Danciu, Hannes Hofmann, Claus Milkereit, Torsten Dahm, Günter Zimmermann, Vala Hjörleifsdóttir, and Stefan Wiemer
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 1573–1593, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1573-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1573-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a first-of-its-kind pre-drilling probabilistic induced seismic risk analysis for the Geldinganes (Iceland) deep-hydraulic stimulation. The results of the assessment indicate that the individual risk within a radius of 2 km around the injection point is below the safety limits. However, the analysis is affected by a large variability due to the presence of pre-drilling deep uncertainties. This suggests the need for online risk updating during the stimulation.
Mohammadreza Jamalreyhani, Pınar Büyükakpınar, Simone Cesca, Torsten Dahm, Henriette Sudhaus, Mehdi Rezapour, Marius Paul Isken, Behnam Maleki Asayesh, and Sebastian Heimann
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-55, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2020-55, 2020
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
We model the source of the 24 January 2020 Mw 6.77 Elazığ-Sivrice (Turkey) earthquake using a combination of different data and we analyzed its seismic sequences. This earthquake occurred in the east Anatolian fault and it has filled the large part of the former seismic gap zone. An unbroken part has left after this earthquake and has the potential to host a future earthquake. This work provides information about the fault system and helps to the mitigation of seismic hazard in Southern Turkey.
Christoph Pilger, Peter Gaebler, Lars Ceranna, Alexis Le Pichon, Julien Vergoz, Anna Perttu, Dorianne Tailpied, and Benoit Taisne
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2811–2825, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2811-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2811-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper provides infrasound data analysis, modeling, and interpretation of the source characteristics of the 28 September 2018 magnitude 7.5 Sulawesi earthquake. Epicentral ground movement by the earthquake rupture as well as the secondary shaking of nearby mountainous topography is responsible for the strong infrasound generated. Findings allow one to improve knowledge of infrasonic and seismoacoustic source processes and the monitoring capabilities of the infrasound arrays used.
Sebastian Heimann, Hannes Vasyura-Bathke, Henriette Sudhaus, Marius Paul Isken, Marius Kriegerowski, Andreas Steinberg, and Torsten Dahm
Solid Earth, 10, 1921–1935, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1921-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1921-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present an open-source software framework for fast and flexible forward modelling of seismic and acoustic wave phenomena and elastic deformation. It supports a wide range of applications across volcanology, seismology, and geodesy to study earthquakes, volcanic processes, landslides, explosions, mine collapses, ground shaking, and aseismic faulting. The framework stimulates reproducible research and open science through the exchange of pre-calculated Green's functions on an open platform.
Robert A. Watson, Eoghan P. Holohan, Djamil Al-Halbouni, Leila Saberi, Ali Sawarieh, Damien Closson, Hussam Alrshdan, Najib Abou Karaki, Christian Siebert, Thomas R. Walter, and Torsten Dahm
Solid Earth, 10, 1451–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1451-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1451-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The fall of the Dead Sea level since the 1960s has provoked the formation of over 6000 sinkholes, a major hazard to local economy and infrastructure. In this context, we study the evolution of subsidence phenomena at three area scales at the Dead Sea’s eastern shore from 1967–2017. Our results yield the most detailed insights to date into the spatio-temporal development of sinkholes and larger depressions (uvalas) in an evaporite karst setting and emphasize a link to the falling Dead Sea level.
Djamil Al-Halbouni, Eoghan P. Holohan, Abbas Taheri, Robert A. Watson, Ulrich Polom, Martin P. J. Schöpfer, Sacha Emam, and Torsten Dahm
Solid Earth, 10, 1219–1241, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1219-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1219-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A 2-D numerical modelling approach to simulate the mechanical formation of sinkhole cluster inside large-scale karstic depressions is presented. Different multiple cavity growth scenarios at depth are compared regarding the mechanical process and collapse style. The outcomes of the models are compared to results from remote sensing and geophysics for an active sinkhole area in the Dead Sea region.
Marius Kriegerowski, Simone Cesca, Matthias Ohrnberger, Torsten Dahm, and Frank Krüger
Solid Earth, 10, 317–328, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-317-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-317-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a method that allows to estimate the acoustic attenuation of seismic waves within regions with high earthquake source densities. Attenuation is of high interest as it allows to draw conclusions on the origin of seismic activity. We apply our method to north-west Bohemia, which is regularly affected by earthquake swarms during which thousands of earthquakes are registered within a few days. We find reduced attenuation within the active volume, which may indicate high fluid content.
Djamil Al-Halbouni, Eoghan P. Holohan, Abbas Taheri, Martin P. J. Schöpfer, Sacha Emam, and Torsten Dahm
Solid Earth, 9, 1341–1373, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1341-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1341-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Sinkholes are round depression features in the ground that can cause high economic and life loss. On the Dead Sea shoreline, hundreds of sinkholes form each year driven by the fall of the water level and subsequent out-washing and dissolution of loose sediments. This study investigates the mechanical formation of sinkholes by numerical modelling. It highlights the role of material strength in the formation of dangerous collapse sinkholes and compares it to findings from a field site in Jordan.
Ulrich Polom, Hussam Alrshdan, Djamil Al-Halbouni, Eoghan P. Holohan, Torsten Dahm, Ali Sawarieh, Mohamad Y. Atallah, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 9, 1079–1098, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1079-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1079-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The alluvial fan of Ghor Al-Haditha (Dead Sea) is affected by subsidence and sinkholes. Different models and hypothetical processes have been suggested in the past; high-resolution shear wave reflection surveys carried out in 2013 and 2014 showed the absence of evidence for a massive shallow salt layer as formerly suggested. Thus, a new process interpretation is proposed based on both the dissolution and physical erosion of Dead Sea mud layers.
Patrick Hupe, Lars Ceranna, and Christoph Pilger
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 2027–2040, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2027-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2027-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Explosions in the atmosphere produce infrasound, recorded as very small pressure fluctuations. The relatively new infrasound technology also provides information on atmospheric dynamics. Within the ARISE2 project we have analysed the tidal variability using the data of the global IMS infrasound network. Our findings are compared with reanalysis data. We claim our methodology to be applicable for geographical and temporal studies of dynamic features and propose future applications.
T. Dahm, P. Hrubcová, T. Fischer, J. Horálek, M. Korn, S. Buske, and D. Wagner
Sci. Dril., 16, 93–99, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-16-93-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-16-93-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Subject area: Crustal structure and composition | Editorial team: Seismics, seismology, paleoseismology, geoelectrics, and electromagnetics | Discipline: Seismology
Constraints on fracture distribution in the Los Humeros geothermal field from beamforming of ambient seismic noise
Mapping the basement of the Cerdanya Basin (Eastern Pyrenees) using seismic ambient noise
Quantifying gender gaps in seismology authorship
Radial anisotropy and S-wave velocity depict the internal to external zone transition within the Variscan orogen (NW Iberia)
Distributed acoustic sensing as a tool for subsurface mapping and seismic event monitoring: a proof of concept
Seismic monitoring of the STIMTEC hydraulic stimulation experiment in anisotropic metamorphic gneiss
One-dimensional velocity structure modeling of the Earth's crust in the northwestern Dinarides
A functional tool to explore the reliability of micro-earthquake focal mechanism solutions for seismotectonic purposes
Changepoint detection in seismic double-difference data: application of a trans-dimensional algorithm to data-space exploration
3D crustal structure of the Ligurian Basin revealed by surface wave tomography using ocean bottom seismometer data
Elastic anisotropies of deformed upper crustal rocks in the Alps
A revised image of the instrumental seismicity in the Lodi area (Po Plain, Italy)
Seismic radiation from wind turbines: observations and analytical modeling of frequency-dependent amplitude decays
Relocation of earthquakes in the southern and eastern Alps (Austria, Italy) recorded by the dense, temporary SWATH-D network using a Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion
Seismic noise variability as an indicator of urban mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Santiago metropolitan region, Chile
Transversely isotropic lower crust of Variscan central Europe imaged by ambient noise tomography of the Bohemian Massif
Evaluating seismic beamforming capabilities of distributed acoustic sensing arrays
Crustal structure of southeast Australia from teleseismic receiver functions
Seismic monitoring of the Auckland Volcanic Field during New Zealand's COVID-19 lockdown
Using horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios to construct shear-wave velocity profiles
Crustal structures beneath the Eastern and Southern Alps from ambient noise tomography
Introducing noisi: a Python tool for ambient noise cross-correlation modeling and noise source inversion
Deep learning for fast simulation of seismic waves in complex media
Fault reactivation by gas injection at an underground gas storage off the east coast of Spain
Lithospheric image of the Central Iberian Zone (Iberian Massif) using global-phase seismic interferometry
Modeling active fault systems and seismic events by using a fiber bundle model – example case: the Northridge aftershock sequence
Visual analytics of aftershock point cloud data in complex fault systems
Passive processing of active nodal seismic data: estimation of VP∕VS ratios to characterize structure and hydrology of an alpine valley infill
Monitoring of induced distributed double-couple sources using Marchenko-based virtual receivers
ER3D: a structural and geophysical 3-D model of central Emilia-Romagna (northern Italy) for numerical simulation of earthquake ground motion
Migration of reflector orientation attributes in deep seismic profiles: evidence for decoupling of the Yilgarn Craton lower crust
The cross-dip correction as a tool to improve imaging of crooked-line seismic data: a case study from the post-glacial Burträsk fault, Sweden
Green's theorem in seismic imaging across the scales
Near-surface structure of the North Anatolian Fault zone from Rayleigh and Love wave tomography using ambient seismic noise
Power spectra of random heterogeneities in the solid earth
Obtaining reliable source locations with time reverse imaging: limits to array design, velocity models and signal-to-noise ratios
Heather Kennedy, Katrin Löer, and Amy Gilligan
Solid Earth, 13, 1843–1858, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1843-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1843-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The energy transition is an important topic for benefiting the future; thus renewable energy is required to reach net-zero carbon emission goals. Geothermal energy, heat from the ground, can be used in this transition. Therefore, geothermal fields need to be characterized as much as possible to allow for increased productivity within these fields. This study involves and looks at potential fractures within a geothermal field at depth to help increase the overall understanding of this field.
Jordi Diaz, Sergi Ventosa, Martin Schimmel, Mario Ruiz, Albert Macau, Anna Gabàs, David Martí, Özgenç Akin, and Jaume Vergés
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1138, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1138, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We assess the capability of multiple methods based on the interpretation of seismic noise to map the basement of the Cerdanya basin, located in the eastern Pyrenees. Basement depths estimations retrieved from the different approaches are consistent, with maximum depths reaching 700 m close to the Têt Fault bounding the basin to the east. Our results prove that seismic noise analysis using high-density networks is an excellent tool to improve the geological characterisation of sedimentary basins.
Laura Anna Ermert, Maria Koroni, and Naiara Korta Martiartu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-810, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-810, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated gender and authorship in seismology by analyzing author names of peer-reviewed articles. Seismology continues to be a male-dominated field, although the representation of female authors has been increasing from 2010 to 2020. Gender gaps appear for single authors, authors in high-impact journals, and highly productive authors. We hope to draw the attention of the seismological community to these issues and motivate leaders in the field to take action in order to support diversity.
Jorge Acevedo, Gabriela Fernández-Viejo, Sergio Llana-Fúnez, Carlos López-Fernández, Javier Olona, and Diego Pérez-Millán
Solid Earth, 13, 659–679, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-659-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-659-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The NW Iberian Peninsula provides one of the most complete Variscan sections in Europe, showing the transition between a sedimentary domain with folds and thrust and a metamorphic domain with igneous intrusions. By processing the seismic ambient noise recorded by several seismograph networks in this area, new 3-D S-wave velocity and radial anisotropy models were created. These models reveal the limit between the two domains, delineating the core of the large western European Variscan Belt.
Nicola Piana Agostinetti, Alberto Villa, and Gilberto Saccorotti
Solid Earth, 13, 449–468, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-449-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-449-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Sensing the Earth is a fundamental operation for the future where georesources, like geothermal energy and CO2 underground storage, will become important tools for addressing societal challenges. The development of networks of optical fibre cables gives the possibility of a sensing grid with an unprecedented spatial coverage. Here, we investigate the potential of using portions of a optical fibre cable as a standard seismometer for exploring the subsurface and monitoring georesources.
Carolin M. Boese, Grzegorz Kwiatek, Thomas Fischer, Katrin Plenkers, Juliane Starke, Felix Blümle, Christoph Janssen, and Georg Dresen
Solid Earth, 13, 323–346, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-323-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-323-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Hydraulic stimulation experiments in underground facilities allow for placing monitoring equipment close to and surrounding the stimulated rock under realistic and complex conditions at depth. We evaluate how accurately the direction-dependent velocity must be known for high-resolution seismic monitoring during stimulation. Induced transient deformation in rocks only 2.5–5 m apart may differ significantly in magnitude and style, and monitoring requires sensitive sensors adapted to the frequency.
Gregor Rajh, Josip Stipčević, Mladen Živčić, Marijan Herak, Andrej Gosar, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 13, 177–203, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-177-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-177-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the 1-D velocity structure of the Earth's crust in the NW Dinarides with inversion of arrival times from earthquakes. The obtained velocity models give a better insight into the crustal structure and show velocity variations among different parts of the study area. In addition to general structural implications and a potential for improving further work, the results of our study can also be used for routine earthquake location and for detecting errors in seismological bulletins.
Guido Maria Adinolfi, Raffaella De Matteis, Rita de Nardis, and Aldo Zollo
Solid Earth, 13, 65–83, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-65-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-65-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a methodology useful to evaluate (1) the reliability of a focal mechanism solution inferred by the inversion of seismological data and (2) the performance of a seismic network, operated to monitor natural or induced seismicity, to assess focal mechanism solutions. As a test case, we studied the focal mechanism reliability by using synthetic data computed for ISNet, a local seismic network monitoring the Irpinia fault system (southern Italy).
Nicola Piana Agostinetti and Giulia Sgattoni
Solid Earth, 12, 2717–2733, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2717-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2717-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
One of the present-day challenges for geoscientists is tackling the big data revolution. An ever-growing amount of data needs to be processed and data are subjectively handled before using them to make inferences on the Earth’s interior. But imposing subjective decisions on the data might have strong influences on the final outputs. Here we present a totally novel and automatic application for screening the data and for defining data volumes that are consistent with physical hypotheses.
Felix N. Wolf, Dietrich Lange, Anke Dannowski, Martin Thorwart, Wayne Crawford, Lars Wiesenberg, Ingo Grevemeyer, Heidrun Kopp, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2597–2613, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2597-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2597-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Ligurian Sea opened ~30–15 Ma during SE migration of the Calabrian subduction zone. Using ambient seismic noise from stations on land and at the ocean bottom, we calculated a 3D shear-velocity model of the Ligurian Basin. In keeping with existing 2D studies, we find a shallow crust–mantle transition at the SW basin centre that deepens towards the northeast, Corsica, and the Liguro-Provençal coast. We observe a separation of SW and NE basins. We do not observe high crustal vP/vS ratios.
Ruth Keppler, Roman Vasin, Michael Stipp, Tomás Lokajícek, Matej Petruzálek, and Nikolaus Froitzheim
Solid Earth, 12, 2303–2326, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2303-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2303-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Rocks in mountain belts have been deformed during continental collision causing a certain alignment of the minerals referred to as crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). Minerals have anisotropic properties: the velocity of seismic waves travelling through them is direction dependent. This leads to anisotropy of the rocks. We measured the CPO of common rocks within the Alps. With this data and known anisotropic properties of the minerals we calculated the seismic anisotropy of the rocks.
Laura Peruzza, Alessandra Schibuola, Maria Adelaide Romano, Marco Garbin, Mariangela Guidarelli, Denis Sandron, and Enrico Priolo
Solid Earth, 12, 2021–2039, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2021-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2021-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In weakly seismic or poorly monitored areas, the uncritical use of earthquake catalogues can be misleading. This is the case for a central sector in the Po Valley, where the Northern Apennines and Southern Alps collide. We collect and reprocess the available instrumental data of about 300 earthquakes from 1951 to 2019. The seismicity is weak, deeper than expected, and far from some existing human activities carried out underground. The potential tectonic causative sources are still unknown.
Fabian Limberger, Michael Lindenfeld, Hagen Deckert, and Georg Rümpker
Solid Earth, 12, 1851–1864, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1851-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1851-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Frequency-dependent amplitude decays of seismic signals induced by wind turbines are determined from (up to) 6 months of continuous recordings measured along an 8 km profile located at a wind farm in Bavaria, Germany. The radiation pattern and amplitude decay of the induced signals are accounted for by an analytical approach that includes path and source effects. This approach is generalized to predict the characteristic seismic radiation patterns of arbitrary wind farm configurations.
Azam Jozi Najafabadi, Christian Haberland, Trond Ryberg, Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Michael Weber, and the AlpArray and AlpArray SWATH-D working groups
Solid Earth, 12, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study achieved high-precision hypocenters of 335 earthquakes (1–4.2 ML) and 1D velocity models of the Southern and Eastern Alps. The general pattern of seismicity reflects head-on convergence of the Adriatic Indenter with the Alpine orogenic crust. The relatively deeper seismicity in the eastern Southern Alps and Giudicarie Belt indicates southward propagation of the Southern Alpine deformation front. The derived hypocenters form excellent data for further seismological studies, e.g., LET.
Javier Ojeda and Sergio Ruiz
Solid Earth, 12, 1075–1085, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1075-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1075-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In Santiago, Chile, the lockdown imposed due to COVID-19 was recorded by seismological instruments. This analysis shows temporal changes in the surface vibrations controlled by lockdown phases, mobility, and epidemiological factors. Our findings suggest that
dynamic lockdownand the early deconfinement in April 2020 caused an increase in mobility and therefore virus transmission. We propose that seismic networks could be used to monitor urban mobility as a new proxy in public policies.
Jiří Kvapil, Jaroslava Plomerová, Hana Kampfová Exnerová, Vladislav Babuška, György Hetényi, and AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 1051–1074, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1051-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1051-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a high-resolution 3-D shear wave velocity (vS) model of the Bohemian Massif crust imaged from high-density data and enhanced depth sensitivity of tomographic inversion. The dominant features of the model are relatively higher vS in the upper crust than in its surrounding, a distinct intra-crustal interface, and a velocity decrease in the lower part of the crust. The low vS in the lower part of the crust is explained by the anisotropic fabric of the lower crust.
Martijn P. A. van den Ende and Jean-Paul Ampuero
Solid Earth, 12, 915–934, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-915-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-915-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is an emerging technology that measures stretching of an optical-fibre cable. This technology can be used to record the ground shaking of earthquakes, which offers a cost-efficient alternative to conventional seismometers. Since DAS is relatively new, we need to verify that existing seismological methods can be applied to this new data type. In this study, we reveal several issues by comparing DAS with conventional seismometer data for earthquake localisation.
Mohammed Bello, David G. Cornwell, Nicholas Rawlinson, Anya M. Reading, and Othaniel K. Likkason
Solid Earth, 12, 463–481, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-463-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-463-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, ground motion caused by distant earthquakes recorded in southeast Australia is used to image the structure of the crust and underlying mantle. This part of the Australian continent was assembled over the last 500 million years, but it remains poorly understood. By studying variations in crustal properties and thickness, we find evidence for the presence of an old microcontinent that is embedded in the younger terrane and forms a connection between Victoria and Tasmania.
Kasper van Wijk, Calum J. Chamberlain, Thomas Lecocq, and Koen Van Noten
Solid Earth, 12, 363–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-363-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-363-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Auckland Volcanic Field is monitored by a seismic network. The lockdown measures to combat COVID-19 in New Zealand provided an opportunity to evaluate the performance of seismic stations in the network and to search for small(er) local earthquakes, potentially hidden in the noise during "normal" times. Cross-correlation of template events resulted in detection of 30 new events not detected by GeoNet, but there is no evidence of an increase in detections during the quiet period of lockdown.
Janneke van Ginkel, Elmer Ruigrok, and Rien Herber
Solid Earth, 11, 2015–2030, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2015-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-2015-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge of subsurface velocities is key to understand how earthquake waves travel through the Earth. We present a method to construct velocity profiles for the upper sediment layer on top of the Groningen field, the Netherlands. Here, the soft-sediment layer causes resonance of seismic waves, and this resonance is used to compute velocities from. Recordings from large earthquakes and the background noise signals are used to derive reliable velocities for the deep sedimentary layer.
Ehsan Qorbani, Dimitri Zigone, Mark R. Handy, Götz Bokelmann, and AlpArray-EASI working group
Solid Earth, 11, 1947–1968, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1947-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1947-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The crustal structure of the Eastern and Southern Alps is complex. Although several seismological studies have targeted the crust, the velocity structure under this area is still not fully understood. Here we study the crustal velocity structure using seismic ambient noise tomography. Our high-resolution models image several velocity anomalies and contrasts and reveal details of the crustal structure. We discuss our new models of the crust with respect to the geologic and tectonic features.
Laura Ermert, Jonas Igel, Korbinian Sager, Eléonore Stutzmann, Tarje Nissen-Meyer, and Andreas Fichtner
Solid Earth, 11, 1597–1615, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1597-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1597-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present an open-source tool to model ambient seismic auto- and cross-correlations with spatially varying source spectra. The modeling is based on pre-computed databases of seismic wave propagation, which can be obtained from public data providers. The aim of this tool is to facilitate the modeling of ambient noise correlations, which are an important seismologic observable, with realistic wave propagation physics. We present a description and benchmark along with example use cases.
Ben Moseley, Tarje Nissen-Meyer, and Andrew Markham
Solid Earth, 11, 1527–1549, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1527-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1527-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Simulations of seismic waves are very important; they allow us to understand how earthquakes spread and how the interior of the Earth is structured. However, whilst powerful, existing simulation methods usually require a large amount of computational power and time to run. In this research, we use modern machine learning techniques to accelerate these calculations inside complex models of the Earth.
Antonio Villaseñor, Robert B. Herrmann, Beatriz Gaite, and Arantza Ugalde
Solid Earth, 11, 63–74, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-63-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-63-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present new earthquake focal depths and fault orientations for earthquakes that occurred in 2013 in the vicinity of an underground gas storage off the east coast of Spain. Our focal depths are in the range of 5–10 km, notably deeper than the depth of the gas injection (2 km). The obtained fault orientations also differ from the predominant faults at shallow depths. This suggests that the faults reactivated are deeper, previously unmapped faults occurring beneath the sedimentary layers.
Juvenal Andrés, Deyan Draganov, Martin Schimmel, Puy Ayarza, Imma Palomeras, Mario Ruiz, and Ramon Carbonell
Solid Earth, 10, 1937–1950, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1937-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1937-2019, 2019
Marisol Monterrubio-Velasco, F. Ramón Zúñiga, José Carlos Carrasco-Jiménez, Víctor Márquez-Ramírez, and Josep de la Puente
Solid Earth, 10, 1519–1540, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1519-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1519-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquake aftershocks display spatiotemporal correlations arising from their self-organized critical behavior. Stochastical models such as the fiber bundle (FBM) permit the use of an analog of the physical model that produces a statistical behavior with many similarities to real series. In this work, a new model based on FBM that includes geometrical faults systems is proposed. Our analysis focuses on aftershock statistics, and as a study case we modeled the Northridge sequence.
Chisheng Wang, Junzhuo Ke, Jincheng Jiang, Min Lu, Wenqun Xiu, Peng Liu, and Qingquan Li
Solid Earth, 10, 1397–1407, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1397-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1397-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The point cloud of located aftershocks contains the information which can directly reveal the fault geometry and temporal evolution of an earthquake sequence. However, there is a lack of studies using state-of-the-art visual analytics methods to explore the data to discover hidden information about the earthquake fault. We present a novel interactive approach to illustrate 3-D aftershock point clouds, which can help the seismologist to better understand the complex fault system.
Michael Behm, Feng Cheng, Anna Patterson, and Gerilyn S. Soreghan
Solid Earth, 10, 1337–1354, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1337-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1337-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
New acquisition styles for active seismic source exploration provide a wealth of additional quasi-passive data. We show how these data can be used to gain complementary information about the subsurface. Specifically, we process an active-source dataset from an alpine valley in western Colorado with both active and passive inversion schemes. The results provide new insights on subsurface hydrology based on the ratio of P-wave and S-wave velocity structures.
Joeri Brackenhoff, Jan Thorbecke, and Kees Wapenaar
Solid Earth, 10, 1301–1319, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1301-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1301-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquakes in the subsurface are hard to monitor due to their complicated signals. We aim to make the monitoring of the subsurface possible by redatuming the sources and the receivers from the surface of the Earth to the subsurface to monitor earthquakes originating from small faults in the subsurface. By using several sources together, we create complex earthquake signals for large-scale faults sources.
Peter Klin, Giovanna Laurenzano, Maria Adelaide Romano, Enrico Priolo, and Luca Martelli
Solid Earth, 10, 931–949, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-931-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-931-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using geological and geophysical data, we set up a 3-D digital description of the underground structure in the central part of the Po alluvial plain. By means of computer-simulated propagation of seismic waves, we were able to identify the structural features that caused the unexpected elongation and amplification of the earthquake ground motion that was observed in the area during the 2012 seismic crisis. The study permits a deeper understanding of the seismic hazard in alluvial basins.
Andrew J. Calvert and Michael P. Doublier
Solid Earth, 10, 637–645, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-637-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-637-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Deep (> 40 km) seismic reflection surveys are acquired on land along crooked roads. Using the varying azimuth between source and receiver, the true 3-D orientation of crustal structures can be determined. Applying this method to a survey over the ancient Australian Yilgarn Craton reveals that most reflectors in the lower crust exhibit a systematic dip perpendicular to those in the overlying crust, consistent with lateral flow of a weak lower crust in the hotter early Earth 2.7 billion years ago.
Ruth A. Beckel and Christopher Juhlin
Solid Earth, 10, 581–598, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-581-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-581-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Scandinavia is crossed by extensive fault scarps that have likely been caused by huge earthquakes when the ice sheets of the last glacial melted. Due to the inaccessibility of the terrain, reflection seismic data have to be collected along crooked lines, which reduces the imaging quality unless special corrections are applied. We developed a new correction method that is very tolerant to noise and used it to improve the reflection image of such a fault and refine its geological interpretation.
Kees Wapenaar, Joeri Brackenhoff, and Jan Thorbecke
Solid Earth, 10, 517–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-517-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-517-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The earthquake seismology and seismic exploration communities have developed a variety of seismic imaging methods for passive- and active-source data. Despite the seemingly different approaches and underlying principles, many of these methods are based in some way or another on the same mathematical theorem. Starting with this theorem, we discuss a variety of classical and recent seismic imaging methods in a systematic way and explain their similarities and differences.
George Taylor, Sebastian Rost, Gregory A. Houseman, and Gregor Hillers
Solid Earth, 10, 363–378, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-363-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-363-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We constructed a seismic velocity model of the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey. We found that the fault is located within a region of reduced seismic velocity and skirts the edges of a geological unit that displays high seismic velocity, indicating that this unit could be stronger than the surrounding material. Furthermore, we found that seismic waves travel fastest in the NE–SW direction, which is the direction of maximum extension for this part of Turkey and indicates mineral alignment.
Haruo Sato
Solid Earth, 10, 275–292, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-275-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-275-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Recent seismological observations clarified that the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle is randomly heterogeneous. I compile reported power spectral density functions of random velocity fluctuations based on various types of measurements. Their spectral envelope is approximated by the third power of wavenumber. It is interesting to study what kinds of geophysical processes created such a power-law spectral envelope at different scales and in different geological environments.
Claudia Werner and Erik H. Saenger
Solid Earth, 9, 1487–1505, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1487-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1487-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Time reverse imaging is a method for locating quasi-simultaneous or low-amplitude earthquakes. Numerous three-dimensional synthetic simulations were performed to discover the influence of station distributions, complex velocity models and high noise rates on the reliability of localisations. The guidelines obtained enable the estimation of the localisation success rates of an existing station set-up and provide the basis for designing new arrays.
Cited articles
Adam, N., Parizzi, A., Eineder, M., and Crosetto, M.: Practical persistent
scatterer processing validation in the course of the Terrafirma project,
J. Appl. Geophys., 69, 59–65,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2009.07.002, 2009. a
Arnold, L. and Pyne, K.: The First Trial – Grapple, 131–150, Palgrave
Macmillan UK, London, https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230599772_10, 2001. a
Assink, J., Averbuch, G., Shani-Kadmiel, S., Smets, P., and Evers, L.: A
Seismo-Acoustic Analysis of the 2017 North Korean Nuclear Test, Seismol.
Res. Lett., 89, 2025–2033,https://doi.org/10.1785/0220180137, 2018. a
Assink, J. D., Averbuch, G., Smets, P. S. M., and Evers, L. G.: On the
infrasound detected from the 2013 and 2016 DPRK's underground nuclear tests,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 3526–3533, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068497,
2016. a
Barth, A.: Significant release of shear energy of the North Korean nuclear
test on February 12, 2013, J. Seismol., 18, 605–615, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-014-9431-6, 2014. a, b, c
Bassin, C., Laske, G., and Masters, G.: The Current Limits of Resolution for
Surface Wave Tomography in North America, Eos, 81, 2000. a
Becker, A., Wotawa, G., De Geer, L.-E., Seibert, P., Draxler,
R. R.,
Sloan, C., D'Amours, R., Hort, M., Glaab, H., Heinrich, P.,
Grillon, Y., Shershakov, V., Katayama, K., Zhang, Y., Stewart, P.,
Hirtl, M., Jean, M., and Chen, P.: Global backtracking of
anthropogenic radionuclides by means of a receptor oriented ensemble
dispersion modelling system in support of Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
verification, Atmos. Environ., 41, 4520–4534,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.12.048, 2007. a
Bormann, P.: New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice (NMSOP-2),
Deutsches GeoForschungszentrum GFZ, IASPEI, Potsdam,
https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2, 2012. a
Boucher, G., Ryall, A., and Jones, A. E.: Earthquakes associated with
underground nuclear explosions, J. Geophys. Res., 74,
3808–3820, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB074i015p03808, 1969. a
Bowers, D., Marshall, P. D., and Douglas, A.: The level of deterrence
provided
by data from the SPITS seismometer array to possible violations of the
Comprehensive Test Ban in the Novaya Zemlya region, Geophys. J.
Int., 146, 425–438, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2001.01462.x, 2001. a, b, c
Cansi, Y.: An automatic seismic event processing for detection and location:
The P.M.C.C. Method, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1021–1024,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95GL00468, 1995. a
Cesca, S. and Heimann, S.: Moment Tensor Solutions – A Useful Tool for
Seismotectonics, Challenges in regional moment tensor resolution and
interpretation, Springer Natural Hazards, Cham, Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77359-9,
2017. a
Cesca, S., Rohr, A., and Dahm, T.: Discrimination of induced seismicity by
full moment tensor inversion and decomposition, J. Seismol., 17,
147–163, 2013. a
Cesca, S., Heimann, S., Kriegerowski, M., Saul, J., and Dahm, T.: Moment
Tensor Inversion for Nuclear Explosions: What Can We Learn from the 6 January
and 9 September 2016 Nuclear Tests, North Korea?, Seismol. Res.
Lett., 88, 300, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220160139, 2017. a, b, c, d
Che, I.-Y., Park, J., Kim, I., Kim, T. S., and Lee, H.-I.: Infrasound
signals
from the underground nuclear explosions of North Korea, Geophys. J.
Int., 198, 495–503, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu150, 2014. a
CNN: North Korea blows up tunnels at Punggye-ri nuclear test site,
avalable at: https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/24/asia/north-korea-nuclear-test-site-intl/index.html (10 January 2018), 2018. a
CTBTO: Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
Organization, available at: https://www.ctbto.org/ (last access: 10 January 2019), 2018. a
Dahm, T. and Krüger, F.: New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice
(NMSOP-2), IASPEI, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam,
Moment tensor inversion and moment
tensor interpretation, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Potsdam, Germany,
https://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.NMSOP-2_IS_3.9, 2014. a, b
Dahm, T., Küger, F., Stammler, K., Klinge, K., Kind, R., Wylegalla, K., and
Grasso, J.-R.: The 2004 Mw 4.4 Rotenburg, Northern Germany, Earthquake and
Its Possible Relationship with Gas Recovery, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 97, 691, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050149, 2007. a
Drob, D. P., Picone, J. M., and Garcés, M.: Global morphology of
infrasound propagation, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4680,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003307, 2003. a
Evers, L. G. and Haak, H. W.: Infrasonic forerunners: Exceptionally fast
acoustic phases, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, l10806,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029353, 2007. a
Ford, S. R., Dreger, D. S., and Walter, W. R.: Network Sensitivity Solutions
for Regional Moment-Tensor Inversions, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 100, 1962, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090140, 2010. a, b
Gaebler, P. J. and Ceranna, L.: Monitoring Compliance with the Comprehensive
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), Contributions by the German National Data
Center, The Seismic Network of the International Monitoring System
(IMS), 69–90, Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany,
2017. a
Gatelli, F., Monti Guamieri, A., Parizzi, F., Pasquali, P., Prati, C., and
Rocca, F.: The Wavenumber Shift in SAR Interferometry, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 29, 855–865,
1994. a
Gibbons, S. J., Pabian, F., Näsholm, S. P., Kværna, T., and
Mykkeltveit, S.: Accurate relative location estimates for the North Korean
nuclear tests using empirical slowness corrections, Geophys. J.
Int., 208, 101–117, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw379, 2017. a
Glasstone, S. and Dolan, P. J.: The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1977. a
Gleyzes, M. A., Perret, L., and Kubik, P.: Pleiades System Architecture and
Main Performances, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.,
XXXIX-B1, 537–542, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B1-537-2012,
2012. a
Gutenberg, B.: Amplitudes of P, PP, and S and magnitude of shallow
earthquakes*, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 35, 57–69,
1945a. a
Gutenberg, B.: Magnitude determination for deep-focus earthquakes*, B.
Seismol. Soc. Am., 35, 11–130, 1945b. a
Han, L., Wu, Z., Jiang, C., and Liu, J.: Properties of three seismic events
in
September 2017 in the northern Korean Peninsula from moment tensor inversion,
Sci. Bull., 62, 1569–1571,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2017.11.007, 2017. a, b
Hartmann, G., Barth, A., Ross, J. O., Grünberg, I., and Frei, M.:
Monitoring
Compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT).
Contributions by the German National Data Center, Verification of the
North Korean Nuclear Explosions 2006, 2009, 2013, and 2016, 137–165,
Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany, 2017. a, b, c, d, e
Heimann, S., Isken, M., Kühn, D., Sudhaus, H., Steinberg, A.,
Vasyura-Bathke,
H., Daout, S., Cesca, S., and Dahm, T.: Grond – A probabilistic earthquake
source inversion framework. V. 1.0., GFZ Data Services,
https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.1.2018.003, 2018. a
Hudson, J. A., Pearce, R. G., and Rogers, R. M.: Source type plot for
inversion of the moment tensor, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol.
Ea., 94, 765–774, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB01p00765, 1989. a
Kalinowski, M., Axelsson, A., Bean, M., Blanchard, X., Bowyer, T., Brachet,
G.,
Hebel, S., McIntyre, J., Peters, J., Pistner, C., Raith, M., Ringbom, A.,
R. J. Saey, P., Schlosser, C., J. Stocki, T., Taffary, T., and Ungar, K.:
Discrimination of Nuclear Explosions against Civilian Sources Based on
Atmospheric Xenon Isotopic Activity Ratios, Pure Appl. Geophys.,
167, 517–539, 2010. a
Kampes, B. M.: Radar Interferometry – Persistent Scatterer Technique,
Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4723-7, 2006. a
Kennett, B. L. N., Engdahl, E. R., and Buland, R.: Constraints on seismic
velocities in the Earth from traveltimes, Geophys. J. Int.,
122, 108–124, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb03540.x, 1995. a
Koch, K. and Pilger, C.: Infrasound observations from the site of past
underground nuclear explosions in North Korea, Geophys. J.
Int., 216, 182–200, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy381, 2018. a, b
Korean Central News Agency: DPRK Nuclear Weapons Institute on Successful
Test
of H-bomb for ICBM, press release, Pyongyang, 3 September 2017,
available at: http://www.kcna.kp/ (10 January 2019), 2017. a
Korean Meterological Agency: Earthquake catalog,
available at: http://www.weather.go.kr/weather/earthquake_volcano/domesticlist.jsp?startTm=2017-09-01&endTm=2018-12-13&startSize=999&endSize=999&startLat=41.2&endLat= 41.4&startLon=129&endLon=129.2&lat=&lon=&dist=&keyword=&x=36&y=11
(last access: 10 January 2019), 2018. a
Le Pichon, A., Blanc, E., and Hauchecorne, A.: Infrasound Monitoring for
Atmospheric Studies, Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9508-5, 2010. a
Liu, J., Li, L., Zahradník, J., Sokos, E., Liu, C., and Tian, X.: North
Korea's 2017 Test and its Nontectonic Aftershock, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 45, 3017–3025, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018GL077095, 2018. a, b, c
Massonnet, D., Rossi, M., Carmona, C., Adragna, F., Peltzer, G.,
Feigl, K., and Rabaute, T.: The displacement field of the Landers
earthquake mapped by radar interferometry, Nature, 364, 138–142,
https://doi.org/10.1038/364138a0, 1993. a
Murphy, J. R.: Identification of Seismic Sources – Earthquake or
Underground
Explosion, P Wave Coupling of Underground Explosions in Various
Geologic Media, 1201–205, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8531-5, 1981. a
Mutschlecner, J. P. and Whitaker, R. W.: Infrasound from earthquakes, J.
Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005067 2005. a
Nuclear Safety and Security Commission: Press Release: Radionuclide
Detection After the 6th North Korea Nuclear Test,
available at: http://www.nssc.go.kr/_custom/nssc/_common/board/download.jsp?attach_no=20247 (last access: 10 January 2019), 2017. a
Pabian, F. and Coblentz, D.: Surface Disturbances at the Punggye-ri Nuclear
Test Site: Another Indicator of Nuclear Testings?, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Report posted on 38north.org, final version issued 15 March
2017, available at: https://www.38north.org/2017/01/fpabiandcoblentz010617/ (last access: 10 January 2019), 2017. a, b
Park, J., Che, I.-Y., Stump, B., Hayward, C., Dannemann, F., Jeong, S.,
Kwong,
K., McComas, S., Oldham, H. R., Scales, M. M., and Wright, V.:
Characteristics of infrasound signals from North Korean underground nuclear
explosions on 2016 January 6 and September 9, Geophys. J.
Int., 214, 1865–1885, 2018. a
Pilger, C., Ceranna, L., and Bönnemann, C.: Monitoring Compliance with
the
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), Contributions by the German
National Data Center, Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany,
2017. a
Ringbom, A., Axelsson, A., Aldener, M., Auer, M., Bowyer, T., Fritioff, T.,
Hoffman, I., Khrustalev, K., Nikkinen, M., Popov, V., Popov, Y., Ungar, K.,
and Wotawa, G.: Radioxenon detections in the CTBT international monitoring
system likely related to the announced nuclear test in North Korea on
February 12, 2013, J. Environ. Radioactiv., 128, 47–63,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.10.027, 2014. a
Ringdal, F., Marshall, P. D., and Alewine, R. W.: Seismic yield
determination
of Soviet underground nuclear explosions at the Shagan River test site,
Geophys. J. Int., 109, 65–77,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00079.x, 1992.
a
Ross, J. O., Bollhöfer, A., and Schlosser, C.: Monitoring Compliance with
the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), Contributions by the German
National Data Center, The IMS Radionuclide Network Supported by
Atmospheric Transport Modelling (ATM), 123–136, Schweizerbart Science
Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany, 2017. a, b
Stein, A. F., Draxler, R. R., Rolph, G. D., Stunder, B. J. B., Cohen, M. D.,
and Ngan, F.: NOAA's HYSPLIT Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling
System, B. Am. Meteor. Soc., 96, 2059–2077,
https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00110.1, 2015. a
Suzuki, S., Osawa, Y., Hatooka, Y., Kankaku, Y., and Watanabe, T.: Overview
of
Japan's Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 mission,
Proceedings Volume 7474, Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XIII;
74740Q,
SPIE Remote Sensing, 2009, Berlin, Germany, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.831340, 2009. a
Tessmer, E., Kosloff, D., and Behle, A.: Elastic wave propagation simulation
in the presence of surface topography, Geophys. J. Int.,
108, 621–632, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb04641.x, 1992. a
Vavryc̆uk, V. and Kim, S. G.: Nonisotropic radiation of the 2013 North
Korean nuclear explosion, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 7048–7056,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061265, 2014. a, b
Waldhauser, F. and Ellsworth, W. L.: A Double-Difference Earthquake Location
Algorithm: Method and Application to the Northern Hayward Fault, California,
B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 90, 1353–1368,
https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000006, 2000. a
Wang, R.: A simple orthonormalization method for stable and efficient
computation of Green's functions, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 89, 733–741, 1999. a
Wei, M.: Location and source characteristics of the 2016 January 6 North
Korean
nuclear test constrained by InSAR, Geophys. J. Int., 209,
762–769, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx053, 2017. a, b
Zhang, M. and Wen, L.: High-precision location and yield of North Korea's
2013
nuclear test, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 2941–2946,
https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50607, 2013. a
Zhao, L., Xie, X., Wang, W., and Yao, Z.: The 12 February 2013 North Korean
Underground Nuclear Test, Seismol. Res. Lett., 85, 130–134,
https://doi.org/10.1785/0220130103, 2014. a
Zhao, L.-F., Xie, X.-B., Wang, W.-M., Hao, J.-L., and Yao, Z.-X.:
Seismological
investigation of the 2016 January 6 North Korean underground nuclear test,
Geophys. J. Int., 206, 1487–1491, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw239,
2016. a
Short summary
On 3 September 2017 official channels of the Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea announced the successful test of a nuclear device. This study provides a
multi-technology analysis of the 2017 North Korean event and its aftermath using a wide array of geophysical methods (seismology, infrasound, remote sensing, radionuclide monitoring, and atmospheric transport modeling). Our results clearly indicate that the September 2017 North Korean event was in fact a nuclear test.
On 3 September 2017 official channels of the Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea announced...
