Articles | Volume 12, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Apr 2021
Research article |
| 21 Apr 2021
| 21 Apr 2021
Kinematics and extent of the Piemont–Liguria Basin – implications for subduction processes in the Alps
Eline Le Breton
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Sascha Brune
Geodynamic Modelling Section, German Research Centre for Geosciences, GFZ Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Kamil Ustaszewski
Institute for Geological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
Sabin Zahirovic
EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
Maria Seton
EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
R. Dietmar Müller
EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
Related authors
Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Vincenzo Picotti, Azam Jozi Najafabadi, and Christian Haberland
Solid Earth, 12, 1309–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Balancing along geological cross sections reveals that the Giudicarie Belt comprises two kinematic domains. The SW domain accommodated at least ~ 18 km Late Oligocene to Early Miocene shortening. Since the Middle Miocene, the SW domain experienced at least ~ 12–22 km shortening, whereas the NE domain underwent at least ~ 25–35 km. Together, these domains contributed to ~ 40–47 km of sinistral offset of the Periadriatic Fault along the Northern Giudicarie Fault since the Late Oligocene.
Azam Jozi Najafabadi, Christian Haberland, Trond Ryberg, Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Michael Weber, and the AlpArray and AlpArray SWATH-D working groups
Solid Earth, 12, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study achieved high-precision hypocenters of 335 earthquakes (1–4.2 ML) and 1D velocity models of the Southern and Eastern Alps. The general pattern of seismicity reflects head-on convergence of the Adriatic Indenter with the Alpine orogenic crust. The relatively deeper seismicity in the eastern Southern Alps and Giudicarie Belt indicates southward propagation of the Southern Alpine deformation front. The derived hypocenters form excellent data for further seismological studies, e.g., LET.
Ángela María Gómez-García, Eline Le Breton, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Gaspar Monsalve, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth, 12, 275–298, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-275-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-275-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth’s crust beneath the Caribbean Sea formed at about 90 Ma due to large magmatic activity of a mantle plume, which brought molten material up from the deep Earth. By integrating diverse geophysical datasets, we image for the first time two fossil magmatic conduits beneath the Caribbean. The location of these conduits at 90 Ma does not correspond with the present-day Galápagos plume. Either this mantle plume migrated in time or these conduits were formed above another unknown plume.
Alessandro La Rosa, Pauline Gayrin, Sascha Brune, Carolina Pagli, Ameha A. Muluneh, Gianmaria Tortelli, and Derek Keir
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1215, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1215, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new method to map faults automatically in DEMs and measure long-term crustal deformation in rift contexts. By combining our data with rock ages, we reconstruct rift evolution in Afar during the last 4.5 Myrs. We show that the rift axis is most active, with rifting propagating northwest over time. Here magma promotes crustal deformation and faulting caused by dike opening. In the southern sector Afar, two fault systems respond to different motions of diverging tectonic plates.
Frank Zwaan, Tiago M. Alves, Patricia Cadenas, Mohamed Gouiza, Jordan J. J. Phethean, Sascha Brune, and Anne C. Glerum
Solid Earth, 15, 989–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-989-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-989-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rifting and the break-up of continents are key aspects of Earth’s plate tectonic system. A thorough understanding of the geological processes involved in rifting, and of the associated natural hazards and resources, is of great importance in the context of the energy transition. Here, we provide a coherent overview of rift processes and the links with hazards and resources, and we assess future challenges and opportunities for (collaboration between) researchers, government, and industry.
Anne C. Glerum, Sascha Brune, Joseph M. Magnall, Philipp Weis, and Sarah A. Gleeson
Solid Earth, 15, 921–944, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-921-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-921-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
High-value zinc–lead deposits formed in sedimentary basins created when tectonic plates rifted apart. We use computer simulations of rifting and the associated sediment erosion and deposition to understand why they formed in some basins but not in others. Basins that contain a metal source, faults that focus fluids, and rocks that can host deposits occurred in both narrow and wide rifts for ≤ 3 Myr. The largest and the most deposits form in narrow margins of narrow asymmetric rifts.
Thilo Wrona, Indranil Pan, Rebecca E. Bell, Christopher A.-L. Jackson, Robert L. Gawthorpe, Haakon Fossen, Edoseghe E. Osagiede, and Sascha Brune
Solid Earth, 14, 1181–1195, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1181-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1181-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We need to understand where faults are to do the following: (1) assess their seismic hazard, (2) explore for natural resources and (3) store CO2 safely in the subsurface. Currently, we still map subsurface faults primarily by hand using seismic reflection data, i.e. acoustic images of the Earth. Mapping faults this way is difficult and time-consuming. Here, we show how to use deep learning to accelerate fault mapping and how to use networks or graphs to simplify fault analyses.
Timothy Chris Schmid, Sascha Brune, Anne Glerum, and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 14, 389–407, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-389-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-389-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental rifts form by linkage of individual rift segments and disturb the regional stress field. We use analog and numerical models of such rift segment interactions to investigate the linkage of deformation and stresses and subsequent stress deflections from the regional stress pattern. This local stress re-orientation eventually causes rift deflection when multiple rift segments compete for linkage with opposingly propagating segments and may explain rift deflection as observed in nature.
R. Dietmar Müller, Nicolas Flament, John Cannon, Michael G. Tetley, Simon E. Williams, Xianzhi Cao, Ömer F. Bodur, Sabin Zahirovic, and Andrew Merdith
Solid Earth, 13, 1127–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1127-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1127-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have built a community model for the evolution of the Earth's plate–mantle system. Created with open-source software and an open-access plate model, it covers the last billion years, including the formation, breakup, and dispersal of two supercontinents, as well as the creation and destruction of numerous ocean basins. The model allows us to
seeinto the Earth in 4D and helps us unravel the connections between surface tectonics and the
beating heartof the Earth, its convecting mantle.
Peter Biermanns, Benjamin Schmitz, Silke Mechernich, Christopher Weismüller, Kujtim Onuzi, Kamil Ustaszewski, and Klaus Reicherter
Solid Earth, 13, 957–974, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-957-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-957-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce two up to 7 km long normal fault scarps near the city of Bar (Montenegro). The fact that these widely visible seismogenic structures have never been described before is even less surprising than the circumstance that they apparently do not fit the tectonic setting that they are located in. By quantifying the age and movement of the newly discovered fault scarps and by partly re-interpreting local tectonics, we introduce approaches to explain how this is still compatible.
Susanne J. H. Buiter, Sascha Brune, Derek Keir, and Gwenn Peron-Pinvidic
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-139, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-139, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Continental rifts can form when and where continents are stretched. Rifts are characterised by faults, sedimentary basins, earthquakes and/or volcanism. If rifting can continue, a rift may break a continent into conjugate margins such as along the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. In some cases, however, rifting fails, such as in the West African Rift. We discuss continental rifting from inception to break-up, focussing on the processes at play, and illustrate these with several natural examples.
Christoph Grützner, Simone Aschenbrenner, Petra Jamšek
Rupnik, Klaus Reicherter, Nour Saifelislam, Blaž Vičič, Marko Vrabec, Julian Welte, and Kamil Ustaszewski
Solid Earth, 12, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Several large strike-slip faults in western Slovenia are known to be active, but most of them have not produced strong earthquakes in historical times. In this study we use geomorphology, near-surface geophysics, and fault excavations to show that two of these faults had surface-rupturing earthquakes during the Holocene. Instrumental and historical seismicity data do not capture the strongest events in this area.
Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Vincenzo Picotti, Azam Jozi Najafabadi, and Christian Haberland
Solid Earth, 12, 1309–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1309-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Balancing along geological cross sections reveals that the Giudicarie Belt comprises two kinematic domains. The SW domain accommodated at least ~ 18 km Late Oligocene to Early Miocene shortening. Since the Middle Miocene, the SW domain experienced at least ~ 12–22 km shortening, whereas the NE domain underwent at least ~ 25–35 km. Together, these domains contributed to ~ 40–47 km of sinistral offset of the Periadriatic Fault along the Northern Giudicarie Fault since the Late Oligocene.
Azam Jozi Najafabadi, Christian Haberland, Trond Ryberg, Vincent F. Verwater, Eline Le Breton, Mark R. Handy, Michael Weber, and the AlpArray and AlpArray SWATH-D working groups
Solid Earth, 12, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1087-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study achieved high-precision hypocenters of 335 earthquakes (1–4.2 ML) and 1D velocity models of the Southern and Eastern Alps. The general pattern of seismicity reflects head-on convergence of the Adriatic Indenter with the Alpine orogenic crust. The relatively deeper seismicity in the eastern Southern Alps and Giudicarie Belt indicates southward propagation of the Southern Alpine deformation front. The derived hypocenters form excellent data for further seismological studies, e.g., LET.
Ángela María Gómez-García, Eline Le Breton, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Gaspar Monsalve, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth, 12, 275–298, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-275-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-275-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Earth’s crust beneath the Caribbean Sea formed at about 90 Ma due to large magmatic activity of a mantle plume, which brought molten material up from the deep Earth. By integrating diverse geophysical datasets, we image for the first time two fossil magmatic conduits beneath the Caribbean. The location of these conduits at 90 Ma does not correspond with the present-day Galápagos plume. Either this mantle plume migrated in time or these conduits were formed above another unknown plume.
Rohitash Chandra, Danial Azam, Arpit Kapoor, and R. Dietmar Müller
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2959–2979, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2959-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2959-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Forward landscape and sedimentary basin evolution models pose a major challenge in the development of efficient inference and optimization methods. Bayesian inference provides a methodology for estimation and uncertainty quantification of free model parameters. In this paper, we present an application of a surrogate-assisted Bayesian parallel tempering method where that surrogate mimics a landscape evolution model. We use the method for parameter estimation and uncertainty quantification.
Mjahid Zebari, Christoph Grützner, Payman Navabpour, and Kamil Ustaszewski
Solid Earth, 10, 663–682, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-663-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-663-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we assessed the maturity level and then relative variation of uplift time of three anticlines along the hanging wall of the Zagros Mountain Front Flexure in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. We also estimated the relative time difference between the uplift time of more mature anticlines and less mature ones to be around 200 kyr via building a landscape evolution model. These enabled us to reconstruct a spatial and temporal evolution of these anticlines.
Hugo K. H. Olierook, Richard Scalzo, David Kohn, Rohitash Chandra, Ehsan Farahbakhsh, Gregory Houseman, Chris Clark, Steven M. Reddy, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-4, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-4, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Sascha Brune, Simon E. Williams, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth, 9, 1187–1206, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1187-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1187-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Fragmentation of continents often involves obliquely rifting segments that feature a complex three-dimensional structural evolution. Here we show that more than ~ 70 % of Earth’s rifted margins exceeded an obliquity of 20° demonstrating that oblique rifting should be considered the rule, not the exception. This highlights the importance of three-dimensional approaches in modelling, surveying, and interpretation of those rift segments where oblique rifting is the dominant mode of deformation.
Robert McKay, Neville Exon, Dietmar Müller, Karsten Gohl, Michael Gurnis, Amelia Shevenell, Stuart Henrys, Fumio Inagaki, Dhananjai Pandey, Jessica Whiteside, Tina van de Flierdt, Tim Naish, Verena Heuer, Yuki Morono, Millard Coffin, Marguerite Godard, Laura Wallace, Shuichi Kodaira, Peter Bijl, Julien Collot, Gerald Dickens, Brandon Dugan, Ann G. Dunlea, Ron Hackney, Minoru Ikehara, Martin Jutzeler, Lisa McNeill, Sushant Naik, Taryn Noble, Bradley Opdyke, Ingo Pecher, Lowell Stott, Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben, Yatheesh Vadakkeykath, and Ulrich G. Wortmann
Sci. Dril., 24, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-61-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-24-61-2018, 2018
Jodie Pall, Sabin Zahirovic, Sebastiano Doss, Rakib Hassan, Kara J. Matthews, John Cannon, Michael Gurnis, Louis Moresi, Adrian Lenardic, and R. Dietmar Müller
Clim. Past, 14, 857–870, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-857-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-857-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Subduction zones intersecting buried carbonate platforms liberate significant atmospheric CO2 and have the potential to influence global climate. We model the spatio-temporal distribution of carbonate platform accumulation within a plate tectonic framework and use wavelet analysis to analyse linked behaviour between atmospheric CO2 and carbonate-intersecting subduction zone (CISZ) lengths since the Devonian. We find that increasing CISZ lengths likely contributed to a warmer Palaeogene climate.
Wenchao Cao, Sabin Zahirovic, Nicolas Flament, Simon Williams, Jan Golonka, and R. Dietmar Müller
Biogeosciences, 14, 5425–5439, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5425-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5425-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We present a workflow to link paleogeographic maps to alternative plate tectonic models, alleviating the problem that published global paleogeographic maps are generally presented as static maps and tied to a particular plate model. We further develop an approach to improve paleogeography using paleobiology. The resulting paleogeographies are consistent with proxies of eustatic sea level change since ~400 Myr ago. We make the digital global paleogeographic maps available as an open resource.
Michael Rubey, Sascha Brune, Christian Heine, D. Rhodri Davies, Simon E. Williams, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth, 8, 899–919, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-899-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-899-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Earth's surface is constantly warped up and down by the convecting mantle. Here we derive geodynamic rules for this so-called
dynamic topographyby employing high-resolution numerical models of global mantle convection. We define four types of dynamic topography history that are primarily controlled by the ever-changing pattern of Earth's subduction zones. Our models provide a predictive quantitative framework linking mantle convection with plate tectonics and sedimentary basin evolution.
Nicholas Barnett-Moore, Rakib Hassan, Nicolas Flament, and Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth, 8, 235–254, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-235-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-235-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We use 3D mantle flow models to investigate the evolution of the Iceland plume in the North Atlantic. Results show that over the last ~ 100 Myr a remarkably stable pattern of flow in the lowermost mantle beneath the region resulted in the formation of a plume nucleation site. At the surface, a model plume compared to published observables indicates that its large plume head, ~ 2500 km in diameter, arriving beneath eastern Greenland in the Palaeocene, can account for the volcanic record and uplift.
N. Herold, J. Buzan, M. Seton, A. Goldner, J. A. M. Green, R. D. Müller, P. Markwick, and M. Huber
Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 2077–2090, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2077-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-2077-2014, 2014
J. Cannon, E. Lau, and R. D. Müller
Solid Earth, 5, 741–755, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-741-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-741-2014, 2014
S. J. Gallagher, N. Exon, M. Seton, M. Ikehara, C. J. Hollis, R. Arculus, S. D'Hondt, C. Foster, M. Gurnis, J. P. Kennett, R. McKay, A. Malakoff, J. Mori, K. Takai, and L. Wallace
Sci. Dril., 17, 45–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-17-45-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-17-45-2014, 2014
S. Zahirovic, M. Seton, and R. D. Müller
Solid Earth, 5, 227–273, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-227-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-227-2014, 2014
M. Hosseinpour, R. D. Müller, S. E. Williams, and J. M. Whittaker
Solid Earth, 4, 461–479, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-461-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-461-2013, 2013
C. Heine, J. Zoethout, and R. D. Müller
Solid Earth, 4, 215–253, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-215-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-215-2013, 2013
N. Wright, S. Zahirovic, R. D. Müller, and M. Seton
Biogeosciences, 10, 1529–1541, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1529-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1529-2013, 2013
R. D. Müller and T. C. W. Landgrebe
Solid Earth, 3, 447–465, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-447-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-447-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Subject area: Tectonic plate interactions, magma genesis, and lithosphere deformation at all scales | Editorial team: Structural geology and tectonics, paleoseismology, rock physics, experimental deformation | Discipline: Tectonics
Evidence for multi-rifting in the Variscan–Alpine cycle transition: insights from the European western Southern Alps
Importance of forearc topography for the triggering of aftershocks of megathrust earthquakes: insights from mechanical models and the Tohoku-Oki and Maule earthquakes
About the trustworthiness of physics-based machine learning – considerations for geomechanical applications
Relict landscape evolution and fault reactivation in the eastern Tian Shan: insights from the Harlik Mountains
Cross-scale strain analysis in the Afar rift (East Africa) from automatic fault mapping and geodesy
Switching extensional and contractional tectonics in the West Kunlun Mountains during the Jurassic period: responses to the Neo-Tethyan geodynamics along the Eurasian margin
Seismo-tectonics of Greater Iberia: An updated review
Influence of lateral heterogeneities on strike-slip fault behaviour: insights from analogue models
Importance of basement faulting and salt decoupling for the structural evolution of the Fars Arc (Zagros fold-and-thrust belt): a numerical modeling approach
Low-temperature thermochronology and its geological significance in the central and northern section of the western margin of the Ordos Basin
On the role of trans-lithospheric faults in the long-term seismotectonic segmentation of active margins: a case study in the Andes
Numerical Investigation of Parameters Influencing Back-Thrust Development in Outer Wedge Fronts of Fold-and-Thrust-Belt Systems
Along-strike variation in volcanic addition controlling post-breakup sedimentary infill: Pelotas margin, austral South Atlantic
Stress state at faults: the influence of rock stiffness contrast, stress orientation, and ratio
Interseismic and long-term deformation of southeastern Sicily driven by the Ionian slab roll-back
Rift and plume: a discussion on active and passive rifting mechanisms in the Afro-Arabian rift based on synthesis of geophysical data
Propagating rifts: the roles of crustal damage and ascending mantle fluids
Cretaceous–Paleocene extension at the southwestern continental margin of India and opening of the Laccadive basin: constraints from geophysical data
Extensional exhumation of cratons: insights from the Early Cretaceous Rio Negro–Juruena belt (Amazonian Craton, Colombia)
Hydrogen solubility of stishovite provides insights into water transportation to the deep Earth
Networks of geometrically coherent faults accommodate Alpine tectonic inversion offshore southwestern Iberia
Melt-enhanced strain localization and phase mixing in a large-scale mantle shear zone (Ronda peridotite, Spain)
Selective inversion of rift basins in lithospheric-scale analogue experiments
The link between Somalian Plate rotation and the East African Rift System: an analogue modelling study
Inversion of extensional basins parallel and oblique to their boundaries: inferences from analogue models and field observations from the Dolomites Indenter, European eastern Southern Alps
Magnetic fabric analyses of basin inversion: a sandbox modelling approach
The influence of crustal strength on rift geometry and development – insights from 3D numerical modelling
Construction of the Ukrainian Carpathian wedge from low-temperature thermochronology and tectono-stratigraphic analysis
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: a review and future perspectives
Insights into the interaction of a shale with CO2
Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Slyne Basin
Control of crustal strength, tectonic inheritance, and stretching/ shortening rates on crustal deformation and basin reactivation: insights from laboratory models
Late Cretaceous–early Palaeogene inversion-related tectonic structures at the northeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif (southwestern Poland and northern Czechia)
The analysis of slip tendency of major tectonic faults in Germany
Earthquake ruptures and topography of the Chilean margin controlled by plate interface deformation
Late Quaternary faulting in the southern Matese (Italy): implications for earthquake potential and slip rate variability in the southern Apennines
Rare earth elements associated with carbonatite–alkaline complexes in western Rajasthan, India: exploration targeting at regional scale
Structural complexities and tectonic barriers controlling recent seismic activity in the Pollino area (Calabria–Lucania, southern Italy) – constraints from stress inversion and 3D fault model building
The Mid Atlantic Appalachian Orogen Traverse: a comparison of virtual and on-location field-based capstone experiences
Chronology of thrust propagation from an updated tectono-sedimentary framework of the Miocene molasse (western Alps)
Orogenic lithosphere and slabs in the greater Alpine area – interpretations based on teleseismic P-wave tomography
Ground-penetrating radar signature of Quaternary faulting: a study from the Mt. Pollino region, southern Apennines, Italy
U–Pb dating of middle Eocene–Pliocene multiple tectonic pulses in the Alpine foreland
Detrital zircon provenance record of the Zagros mountain building from the Neotethys obduction to the Arabia–Eurasia collision, NW Zagros fold–thrust belt, Kurdistan region of Iraq
The Subhercynian Basin: an example of an intraplate foreland basin due to a broken plate
Late to post-Variscan basement segmentation and differential exhumation along the SW Bohemian Massif, central Europe
Holocene surface-rupturing earthquakes on the Dinaric Fault System, western Slovenia
Contribution of gravity gliding in salt-bearing rift basins – a new experimental setup for simulating salt tectonics under the influence of sub-salt extension and tilting
Thick- and thin-skinned basin inversion in the Danish Central Graben, North Sea – the role of deep evaporites and basement kinematics
Complex rift patterns, a result of interacting crustal and mantle weaknesses, or multiphase rifting? Insights from analogue models
Emanuele Scaramuzzo, Franz A. Livio, Maria Giuditta Fellin, and Colin Maden
Solid Earth, 16, 619–640, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-619-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-619-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We address the transition between the Paleozoic Variscan and Alpine Mesozoic–Cenozoic cycles using tectono-stratigraphy and thermochronology. This transition unfolds through a multi-phase rifting history. An initial rifting stage occurred in the early Permian, followed in the early–middle Permian by a phase of transcurrent tectonics. This was succeeded by a period of erosion/non-deposition in the middle Permian. Crustal stretching in the Middle Triassic marked the onset of the Alpine cycle.
Armin Dielforder, Gian Maria Bocchini, and Andrea Hampel
Solid Earth, 16, 593–618, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-593-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-593-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Subduction zones feature a large elevation difference between the deep oceanic trench and the high mountains on land, which causes stress in the upper plate. We investigate how the topographic stress affects the aftershock seismicity of large subduction earthquakes using analytical and numerical stress models. We show that topographic stress has a large influence on aftershock seismicity and promoted most of the seismicity after the Tohoku-Oki (Japan) and Maule (Chile) earthquakes.
Denise Degen, Moritz Ziegler, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Karsten Reiter, and Florian Wellmann
Solid Earth, 16, 477–502, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-477-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-477-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Obtaining reliable estimates of the subsurface state distributions is essential to determine the location of, e.g., potential nuclear waste disposal sites. However, providing these is challenging since it requires solving the problem numerous times, yielding high computational cost. To overcome this, we use a physics-based machine learning method to construct surrogate models. We demonstrate how it produces physics-preserving predictions, which differentiates it from purely data-driven approaches.
Zihao Zhao, Tianyi Shen, Guocan Wang, Peter van der Beek, Yabo Zhou, and Cheng Ma
Solid Earth, 16, 503–530, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-503-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-503-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the evolution of the Harlik Mountains in the eastern Tian Shan. Low-relief surfaces were formed by the Early Cretaceous erosion and subsequent tectonic stability. Later fault activity segmented these surfaces, with uplift and tilting in the Cenozoic driven by tectonic reactivation. These findings provide insights into how landscapes evolve in response to geological and environmental changes over millions of years.
Alessandro La Rosa, Pauline Gayrin, Sascha Brune, Carolina Pagli, Ameha A. Muluneh, Gianmaria Tortelli, and Derek Keir
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1215, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1215, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new method to map faults automatically in DEMs and measure long-term crustal deformation in rift contexts. By combining our data with rock ages, we reconstruct rift evolution in Afar during the last 4.5 Myrs. We show that the rift axis is most active, with rifting propagating northwest over time. Here magma promotes crustal deformation and faulting caused by dike opening. In the southern sector Afar, two fault systems respond to different motions of diverging tectonic plates.
Hong-Xiang Wu, Han-Lin Chen, Andrew V. Zuza, Yildirim Dilek, Du-Wei Qiu, Qi-Ye Lu, Feng-Qi Zhang, Xiao-Gan Cheng, and Xiu-Bin Lin
Solid Earth, 16, 155–177, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-155-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-155-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The Tethyan orogenic belt records an extensive history of subduction along the southern margin of Eurasia. We examine the magmatism, stratigraphy, and sedimentary provenance of the Jurassic basin in the West Kunlun Mountains, highlighting the switching extensional and contractional tectonic episodes in central Asia. The complex evolution was related to the subduction of the Neo-Tethys Ocean, transitioning from southward retreat to northward flat-slab advancement.
Antonio J. Olaiz, José A. Álvarez Gómez, Gerardo de Vicente, Alfonso Muñoz-Martín, Juan V. Cantavella, Susana Custódio, Dina Vales, and Oliver Heidbach
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4126, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-4126, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the stress and strain conditions in the Earth crust is crucial for various activities, such as oil and gas exploration and assessing seismic hazards. In this article, we have updated the database of moment tensor focal mechanisms for the Greater Iberia. We conducted kinematic and dynamic analyses on the selected populations, determining the average focal mechanism, strain and stress orientations, and tectonic regime. The orientation for horizontal compression is primarily N154° E.
Sandra González-Muñoz, Guido Schreurs, Timothy C. Schmid, and Fidel Martín-González
Solid Earth, 15, 1509–1523, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work investigates how strike-slip faults propagate across domains with lateral contrasting brittle strength using analogue models. The introduction of brittle vertical domains was achieved using quartz microbead sand. The reference vertical domains influence synthetic fault propagation, segmentation, and linkage, as well as the antithetic faults which rotate about a vertical axis due to the applied simple shear. The results aligned with the faults in the NW of the Iberian Peninsula.
Fatemeh Gomar, Jonas B. Ruh, Mahdi Najafi, and Farhad Sobouti
Solid Earth, 15, 1479–1507, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1479-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1479-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study investigates the structural evolution of the Fars Arc in the Zagros Mountains through numerical modeling. We focus on the effects of the interaction between basement faults and salt décollement levels during tectonic inversion, including a rifting and a convergence phase. In conclusion, our results emphasize the importance of considering fault geometry, salt rheology, and basement involvement in understanding the resistance to deformation and the seismic behavior of fold–thrust belts.
Guangyuan Xing, Zhanli Ren, Kai Qi, Sasa Guo, Yanzhao Liu, Ying Zhang, and Huaping Lan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3191, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3191, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we accurately constrain the uplift and cooling history of the central and northern western Ordos Basin using apatite fission tracks and (U-Th)/He dating methods, and reveal significant differences in the timing and intensity of uplift in different regions. These findings highlight spatial differences in the timing and rate of uplift in the western Ordos Basin. This suggests that the Yanshan orogenic movement had the most significant tectonic influence on the study area.
Gonzalo Yanez C., Jose Piquer R., and Orlando Rivera H.
Solid Earth, 15, 1319–1342, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1319-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1319-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We postulate that the observed spatial distribution of large earthquakes in active convergence zones, organised in segments where large events are repeated every 100–300 years, depends on large-scale continental faults and fluid release from the subducting slab. In order to support this model, we use proxies at different spatial and temporal scales (historic seismicity, megathrust slip solutions, inter-seismic cumulative seismicity, GPS/viscous plate coupling, and coastline morphology).
Saeed Mahmoodpour, Florian Duschl, and Michael C. Drews
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3134, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3134, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In some situations where the crust plates collide to each other, they deform by creating folds and thrusts. Based on thrusts development direction, they are categorized into fore- or back-thrusts. We use numerical simulation to investigate their development over geological time-scales. We examine the importance of rock strength, friction, displacement type and geometry on back-thrusting with regard to the final geometry of the deformation, as well as the distribution of porosity and stresses.
Marlise C. Cassel, Nick Kusznir, Gianreto Manatschal, and Daniel Sauter
Solid Earth, 15, 1265–1279, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1265-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1265-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the along-strike variation in volcanics on the Pelotas segment of the Brazilian margin created during continental breakup and formation of the southern South Atlantic. We show that the volume of volcanics strongly controls the amount of space available for post-breakup sedimentation. We also show that breakup varies along-strike from very magma-rich to magma-normal within a relatively short distance of less than 300 km. This is not as expected from a simple mantle plume model.
Moritz O. Ziegler, Robin Seithel, Thomas Niederhuber, Oliver Heidbach, Thomas Kohl, Birgit Müller, Mojtaba Rajabi, Karsten Reiter, and Luisa Röckel
Solid Earth, 15, 1047–1063, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-1047-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rotation of the principal stress axes in a fault structure because of a rock stiffness contrast has been investigated for the impact of the ratio of principal stresses, the angle between principal stress axes and fault strike, and the ratio of the rock stiffness contrast. A generic 2D geomechanical model is employed for the systematic investigation of the parameter space.
Amélie Viger, Stéphane Dominguez, Stéphane Mazzotti, Michel Peyret, Maxime Henriquet, Giovanni Barreca, Carmelo Monaco, and Adrien Damon
Solid Earth, 15, 965–988, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-965-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-965-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
New satellite geodetic data (PS-InSAR) evidence a generalized subsidence and an eastward tilting of southeastern Sicily combined with a local relative uplift along its eastern coast. We perform flexural and elastic modeling and show that the slab pull force induced by the Ionian slab roll-back and extrado deformation reproduce the measured surface deformation. Finally, we propose an original seismic cycle model that is mainly driven by the southward migration of the Ionian slab roll-back.
Ran Issachar, Peter Haas, Nico Augustin, and Jörg Ebbing
Solid Earth, 15, 807–826, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-807-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-807-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this contribution, we explore the causal relationship between the arrival of the Afar plume and the initiation of the Afro-Arabian rift. We mapped the rift architecture in the triple-junction region using geophysical data and reviewed the available geological data. We interpret a progressive development of the plume–rift system and suggest an interaction between active and passive mechanisms in which the plume provided a push force that changed the kinematics of the associated plates.
Folarin Kolawole and Rasheed Ajala
Solid Earth, 15, 747–762, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-747-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-747-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the upper-crustal structure of the Rukwa–Tanganyika rift zone in East Africa, where the Tanganyika rift interacts with the Rukwa and Mweru-Wantipa rifts, coinciding with abundant seismicity at the rift tips. Seismic velocity structure and patterns of seismicity clustering reveal zones around 10 km deep with anomalously high Vp / Vs ratios at the rift tips, indicative of a localized mechanically weakened crust caused by mantle volatiles and damage associated with bending strain.
Mathews George Gilbert, Parakkal Unnikrishnan, and Munukutla Radhakrishna
Solid Earth, 15, 671–682, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-671-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-671-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study identifies evidence for extension south of Tellicherry Arch along the southwestern continental margin of India through the integrated analysis of multichannel seismic and gravity data. The sediment deposition pattern indicates that this extension occurred after the Eocene. We further propose that the anticlockwise rotation of India and the passage of the Réunion plume have facilitated the opening of the Laccadive basin.
Ana Fonseca, Simon Nachtergaele, Amed Bonilla, Stijn Dewaele, and Johan De Grave
Solid Earth, 15, 329–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the erosion and exhumation processes and history of early continental crust hidden within the Amazonian Rainforest. This crust forms part of the Amazonian Craton, an ancient continental fragment. Our surprising findings reveal the area underwent rapid early Cretaceous exhumation triggered by tectonic forces. This discovery challenges the traditional perception that cratons are stable and long-lived entities and shows they can deform readily under specific geological contexts.
Mengdan Chen, Changxin Yin, Danling Chen, Long Tian, Liang Liu, and Lei Kang
Solid Earth, 15, 215–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stishovite remains stable under mantle conditions and can incorporate various amounts of water in its crystal structure. We provide a systematic review of previous studies on water in stishovite and propose a new model for water solubility of Al-bearing stishovite. Calculation results based on this model suggest that stishovite may effectively accommodate water from the breakdown of hydrous minerals and could make an important contribution to water enrichment in the mantle transition zone.
Tiago M. Alves
Solid Earth, 15, 39–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine tectonic inversion is reviewed for southwestern Iberia, known for its historical earthquakes and tsunamis. High-quality 2D seismic data image 26 faults mapped to a depth exceeding 10 km. Normal faults accommodated important vertical uplift and shortening. They are 100–250 km long and may generate earthquakes with Mw > 8.0. Regions of Late Mesozoic magmatism comprise thickened, harder crust, forming lateral buttresses to compression and promoting the development of fold-and-thrust belts.
Sören Tholen, Jolien Linckens, and Gernold Zulauf
Solid Earth, 14, 1123–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Intense phase mixing with homogeneously distributed secondary phases and irregular grain boundaries and shapes indicates that metasomatism formed the microstructures predominant in the shear zone of the NW Ronda peridotite. Amphibole presence, olivine crystal orientations, and the consistency to the Beni Bousera peridotite (Morocco) point to OH-bearing metasomatism by small fractions of evolved melts. Results confirm a strong link between reactions and localized deformation in the upper mantle.
Anindita Samsu, Weronika Gorczyk, Timothy Chris Schmid, Peter Graham Betts, Alexander Ramsay Cruden, Eleanor Morton, and Fatemeh Amirpoorsaeed
Solid Earth, 14, 909–936, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When a continent is pulled apart, it breaks and forms a series of depressions called rift basins. These basins lie above weakened crust that is then subject to intense deformation during subsequent tectonic compression. Our analogue experiments show that when a system of basins is squeezed in a direction perpendicular to the main trend of the basins, some basins rise up to form mountains while others do not.
Frank Zwaan and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 14, 823–845, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The East African Rift System (EARS) is a major plate tectonic feature splitting the African continent apart. Understanding the tectonic processes involved is of great importance for societal and economic reasons (natural hazards, resources). Laboratory experiments allow us to simulate these large-scale processes, highlighting the links between rotational plate motion and the overall development of the EARS. These insights are relevant when studying other rift systems around the globe as well.
Anna-Katharina Sieberer, Ernst Willingshofer, Thomas Klotz, Hugo Ortner, and Hannah Pomella
Solid Earth, 14, 647–681, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Through analogue models and field observations, we investigate how inherited platform–basin geometries control strain localisation, style, and orientation of reactivated and new structures during inversion. Our study shows that the style of evolving thrusts and their changes along-strike are controlled by pre-existing rheological discontinuities. The results of this study are relevant for understanding inversion structures in general and for the European eastern Southern Alps in particular.
Thorben Schöfisch, Hemin Koyi, and Bjarne Almqvist
Solid Earth, 14, 447–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A magnetic fabric analysis provides information about the reorientation of magnetic grains and is applied to three sandbox models that simulate different stages of basin inversion. The analysed magnetic fabrics reflect the different developed structures and provide insights into the different deformed stages of basin inversion. It is a first attempt of applying magnetic fabric analyses to basin inversion sandbox models but shows the possibility of applying it to such models.
Thomas B. Phillips, John B. Naliboff, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Sophie Pan, Jeroen van Hunen, and Malte Froemchen
Solid Earth, 14, 369–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental crust comprises bodies of varying strength, formed through numerous tectonic events. When subject to extension, these areas produce distinct rift and fault systems. We use 3D models to examine how rifts form above
strongand
weakareas of crust. We find that faults become more developed in weak areas. Faults are initially stopped at the boundaries with stronger areas before eventually breaking through. We relate our model observations to rift systems globally.
Marion Roger, Arjan de Leeuw, Peter van der Beek, Laurent Husson, Edward R. Sobel, Johannes Glodny, and Matthias Bernet
Solid Earth, 14, 153–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the construction of the Ukrainian Carpathians with LT thermochronology (AFT, AHe, and ZHe) and stratigraphic analysis. QTQt thermal models are combined with burial diagrams to retrieve the timing and magnitude of sedimentary burial, tectonic burial, and subsequent exhumation of the wedge's nappes from 34 to ∼12 Ma. Out-of-sequence thrusting and sediment recycling during wedge building are also identified. This elucidates the evolution of a typical wedge in a roll-back subduction zone.
Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Susanne J. H. Buiter, Oriol Ferrer, Riccardo Reitano, Michael Rudolf, and Ernst Willingshofer
Solid Earth, 13, 1859–1905, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When a sedimentary basin is subjected to compressional tectonic forces after its formation, it may be inverted. A thorough understanding of such
basin inversionis of great importance for scientific, societal, and economic reasons, and analogue tectonic models form a key part of our efforts to study these processes. We review the advances in the field of basin inversion modelling, showing how the modelling results can be applied, and we identify promising venues for future research.
Eleni Stavropoulou and Lyesse Laloui
Solid Earth, 13, 1823–1841, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Shales are identified as suitable caprock formations for geolocigal CO2 storage thanks to their low permeability. Here, small-sized shale samples are studied under field-representative conditions with X-ray tomography. The geochemical impact of CO2 on calcite-rich zones is for the first time visualised, the role of pre-existing micro-fissures in the CO2 invasion trapping in the matererial is highlighted, and the initiation of micro-cracks when in contact with anhydrous CO2 is demonstrated.
Conor M. O'Sullivan, Conrad J. Childs, Muhammad M. Saqab, John J. Walsh, and Patrick M. Shannon
Solid Earth, 13, 1649–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Slyne Basin is a sedimentary basin located offshore north-western Ireland. It formed through a long and complex evolution involving distinct periods of extension. The basin is subdivided into smaller basins, separated by deep structures related to the ancient Caledonian mountain-building event. These deep structures influence the shape of the basin as it evolves in a relatively unique way, where early faults follow these deep structures, but later faults do not.
Benjamin Guillaume, Guido M. Gianni, Jean-Jacques Kermarrec, and Khaled Bock
Solid Earth, 13, 1393–1414, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Under tectonic forces, the upper part of the crust can break along different types of faults, depending on the orientation of the applied stresses. Using scaled analogue models, we show that the relative magnitude of compressional and extensional forces as well as the presence of inherited structures resulting from previous stages of deformation control the location and type of faults. Our results gives insights into the tectonic evolution of areas showing complex patterns of deformation.
Andrzej Głuszyński and Paweł Aleksandrowski
Solid Earth, 13, 1219–1242, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Old seismic data recently reprocessed with modern software allowed us to study at depth the Late Cretaceous tectonic structures in the Permo-Mesozoic rock sequences in the Sudetes. The structures formed in response to Iberia collision with continental Europe. The NE–SW compression undulated the crystalline basement top and produced folds, faults and joints in the sedimentary cover. Our results are of importance for regional geology and in prospecting for deep thermal waters.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Birgit Müller, Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, and Frank Schilling
Solid Earth, 13, 1087–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reactivation of tectonic faults can lead to earthquakes and jeopardize underground operations. The reactivation potential is linked to fault properties and the tectonic stress field. We create 3D geometries for major faults in Germany and use stress data from a 3D geomechanical–numerical model to calculate their reactivation potential and compare it to seismic events. The reactivation potential in general is highest for NNE–SSW- and NW–SE-striking faults and strongly depends on the fault dip.
Nadaya Cubas, Philippe Agard, and Roxane Tissandier
Solid Earth, 13, 779–792, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquake extent prediction is limited by our poor understanding of slip deficit patterns. From a mechanical analysis applied along the Chilean margin, we show that earthquakes are bounded by extensive plate interface deformation. This deformation promotes stress build-up, leading to earthquake nucleation; earthquakes then propagate along smoothed fault planes and are stopped by heterogeneously distributed deformation. Slip deficit patterns reflect the spatial distribution of this deformation.
Paolo Boncio, Eugenio Auciello, Vincenzo Amato, Pietro Aucelli, Paola Petrosino, Anna C. Tangari, and Brian R. Jicha
Solid Earth, 13, 553–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the Gioia Sannitica normal fault (GF) within the southern Matese fault system (SMF) in southern Apennines (Italy). It is a fault with a long slip history that has experienced recent reactivation or acceleration. Present activity has resulted in late Quaternary fault scarps and Holocene surface faulting. The maximum slip rate is ~ 0.5 mm/yr. Activation of the 11.5 km GF or the entire 30 km SMF can produce up to M 6.2 or M 6.8 earthquakes, respectively.
Malcolm Aranha, Alok Porwal, Manikandan Sundaralingam, Ignacio González-Álvarez, Amber Markan, and Karunakar Rao
Solid Earth, 13, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rare earth elements (REEs) are considered critical mineral resources for future industrial growth due to their short supply and rising demand. This study applied an artificial-intelligence-based technique to target potential REE-deposit hosting areas in western Rajasthan, India. Uncertainties associated with the prospective targets were also estimated to aid decision-making. The presented workflow can be applied to similar regions elsewhere to locate potential zones of REE mineralisation.
Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Totaro, Giusy Lavecchia, Barbara Orecchio, Rita de Nardis, Debora Presti, Federica Ferrarini, Simone Bello, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 13, 205–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Pollino region is a highly seismic area of Italy. Increasing the geological knowledge on areas like this contributes to reducing risk and saving lives. We reconstruct the 3D model of the faults which generated the 2010–2014 seismicity integrating geological and seismological data. Appropriate relationships based on the dimensions of the activated faults suggest that they did not fully discharge their seismic potential and could release further significant earthquakes in the near future.
Steven Whitmeyer, Lynn Fichter, Anita Marshall, and Hannah Liddle
Solid Earth, 12, 2803–2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Field trips in the Stratigraphy, Structure, Tectonics (SST) course transitioned to a virtual format in Fall 2020, due to the COVID pandemic. Virtual field experiences (VFEs) were developed in web Google Earth and were evaluated in comparison with on-location field trips via an online survey. Students recognized the value of VFEs for revisiting outcrops and noted improved accessibility for students with disabilities. Potential benefits of hybrid field experiences were also indicated.
Amir Kalifi, Philippe Hervé Leloup, Philippe Sorrel, Albert Galy, François Demory, Vincenzo Spina, Bastien Huet, Frédéric Quillévéré, Frédéric Ricciardi, Daniel Michoux, Kilian Lecacheur, Romain Grime, Bernard Pittet, and Jean-Loup Rubino
Solid Earth, 12, 2735–2771, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Molasse deposits, deposited and deformed at the western Alpine front during the Miocene (23 to 5.6 Ma), record the chronology of that deformation. We combine the first precise chronostratigraphy (precision of ∼0.5 Ma) of the Miocene molasse, the reappraisal of the regional structure, and the analysis of growth deformation structures in order to document three tectonic phases and the precise chronology of thrust westward propagation during the second one involving the Belledonne basal thrust.
Mark R. Handy, Stefan M. Schmid, Marcel Paffrath, Wolfgang Friederich, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2633–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
New images from the multi-national AlpArray experiment illuminate the Alps from below. They indicate thick European mantle descending beneath the Alps and forming blobs that are mostly detached from the Alps above. In contrast, the Adriatic mantle in the Alps is much thinner. This difference helps explain the rugged mountains and the abundance of subducted and exhumed units at the core of the Alps. The blobs are stretched remnants of old ocean and its margins that reach down to at least 410 km.
Maurizio Ercoli, Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Pauselli, Harry M. Jol, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 12, 2573–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Past strong earthquakes can produce topographic deformations, often
memorizedin Quaternary sediments, which are typically studied by paleoseismologists through trenching. Using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we unveiled possible buried Quaternary faulting in the Mt. Pollino seismic gap region (southern Italy). We aim to contribute to seismic hazard assessment of an area potentially prone to destructive events as well as promote our workflow in similar contexts around the world.
Luca Smeraglia, Nathan Looser, Olivier Fabbri, Flavien Choulet, Marcel Guillong, and Stefano M. Bernasconi
Solid Earth, 12, 2539–2551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we dated fault movements at geological timescales which uplifted the sedimentary successions of the Jura Mountains from below the sea level up to Earth's surface. To do so, we applied the novel technique of U–Pb geochronology on calcite mineralizations that precipitated on fault surfaces during times of tectonic activity. Our results document a time frame of the tectonic evolution of the Jura Mountains and provide new insight into the broad geological history of the Western Alps.
Renas I. Koshnaw, Fritz Schlunegger, and Daniel F. Stockli
Solid Earth, 12, 2479–2501, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As continental plates collide, mountain belts grow. This study investigated the provenance of rocks from the northwestern segment of the Zagros mountain belt to unravel the convergence history of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Provenance data synthesis and field relationships suggest that the Zagros Mountains developed as a result of the oceanic crust emplacement on the Arabian continental plate, followed by the Arabia–Eurasia collision and later uplift of the broader region.
David Hindle and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 2425–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Central western Europe underwent a strange episode of lithospheric deformation, resulting in a chain of small mountains that run almost west–east across the continent and that formed in the middle of a tectonic plate, not at its edges as is usually expected. Associated with these mountains, in particular the Harz in central Germany, are marine basins contemporaneous with the mountain growth. We explain how those basins came to be as a result of the mountains bending the adjacent plate.
Andreas Eberts, Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, Harald Stollhofen, Helga de Wall, and Gerald Gabriel
Solid Earth, 12, 2277–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We combine gravity anomaly and topographic data with observations from thermochronology, metamorphic grades, and the granite inventory to detect patterns of basement block segmentation and differential exhumation along the southwestern Bohemian Massif. Based on our analyses, we introduce a previously unknown tectonic structure termed Cham Fault, which, together with the Pfahl and Danube shear zones, is responsible for the exposure of different crustal levels during late to post-Variscan times.
Christoph Grützner, Simone Aschenbrenner, Petra Jamšek
Rupnik, Klaus Reicherter, Nour Saifelislam, Blaž Vičič, Marko Vrabec, Julian Welte, and Kamil Ustaszewski
Solid Earth, 12, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Several large strike-slip faults in western Slovenia are known to be active, but most of them have not produced strong earthquakes in historical times. In this study we use geomorphology, near-surface geophysics, and fault excavations to show that two of these faults had surface-rupturing earthquakes during the Holocene. Instrumental and historical seismicity data do not capture the strongest events in this area.
Michael Warsitzka, Prokop Závada, Fabian Jähne-Klingberg, and Piotr Krzywiec
Solid Earth, 12, 1987–2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new analogue modelling approach was used to simulate the influence of tectonic extension and tilting of the basin floor on salt tectonics in rift basins. Our results show that downward salt flow and gravity gliding takes place if the flanks of the rift basin are tilted. Thus, extension occurs at the basin margins, which is compensated for by reduced extension and later by shortening in the graben centre. These outcomes improve the reconstruction of salt-related structures in rift basins.
Torsten Hundebøl Hansen, Ole Rønø Clausen, and Katrine Juul Andresen
Solid Earth, 12, 1719–1747, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have analysed the role of deep salt layers during tectonic shortening of a group of sedimentary basins buried below the North Sea. Due to the ability of salt to flow over geological timescales, the salt layers are much weaker than the surrounding rocks during tectonic deformation. Therefore, complex structures formed mainly where salt was present in our study area. Our results align with findings from other basins and experiments, underlining the importance of salt tectonics.
Frank Zwaan, Pauline Chenin, Duncan Erratt, Gianreto Manatschal, and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 12, 1473–1495, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used laboratory experiments to simulate the early evolution of rift systems, and the influence of structural weaknesses left over from previous tectonic events that can localize new deformation. We find that the orientation and type of such weaknesses can induce complex structures with different orientations during a single phase of rifting, instead of requiring multiple rifting phases. These findings provide a strong incentive to reassess the tectonic history of various natural examples.
Cited articles
Advokaat, E. L., Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Maffione, M., Langereis, C. G., Vissers, R. L. M., Cherchi, A., Schroeder, R., Madani, H., and Columbu, S.: Eocene rotation of Sardinia, and the paleogeography of the western Mediterranean region, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 401, 183–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.06.012, 2014.
Amante, C. and Eakins, B. W.: ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model, NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC, 24, 19, https://doi.org/10.7289/V5C8276M, 2009.
Andreani, L., Loget, N., Rangin, C., and Pichon, X. Le: New structural constraints on the southern Provence thrust belt (France): Evidences for an eocene shortening event linked to the corsica–sardinia subduction, B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 181, 547–563, https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.181.6.547, 2010.
Andrés-Martínez, M., Pérez-Gussinyé, M., Armitage, J., and Morgan, J. P.: Thermomechanical Implications of Sediment Transport for the Architecture and Evolution of Continental Rifts and Margins, Tectonics, 38, 641–665, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005346, 2019.
Argnani, A.: Evolution of the southern Tyrrhenian slab tear and active tectonics along the western edge of the Tyrrhenian subducted slab, Geol. Soc. Sp., 311, 193–212, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.7, 2009.
Argnani, A.: Plate motion and the evolution of Alpine Corsica and Northern Apennines, Tectonophysics, 579, 207–219, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.010, 2012.
Argnani, A. and Frugoni, F.: Foreland deformation in the Central Adriatic and its bearing on the evolution of the Northern Apennines, Ann. Geofis., XL, 771–780, 1997.
Argnani, A., Rovere, M., and Bonazzi, C.: Tectonics of the Mattinata fault, offshore south Gargano (southern Adriatic Sea, Italy): Implications for active deformation and seismotectonics in the foreland of the Southern Apennines, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 121, 1421–1440, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26326.1, 2009.
Babist, J., Handy, M. R., Konrad-Schmolke, M., and Hammerschmidt, K.: Precollisional, multistage exhumation of subducted continental crust: The Sesia Zone, western Alps, Tectonics, 25, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005TC001927, 2006.
Ballèvre, M., Manzotti, P., and Dal Piaz, G. V.: Pre-Alpine (Variscan) Inheritance: A Key for the Location of the Future Valaisan Basin (Western Alps), Tectonics, 37, 786–817, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004633, 2018.
Barnett-Moore, N., Hosseinpour, M., and Maus, S.: Assessing discrepancies between previous plate kinematic models of Mesozoic Iberia and their constraints, Tectonics, 35, 1843–1862, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015TC004019, 2016.
Barnett-Moore, N., Font, E., and Neres, M.: A Reply to the Comment on “Assessing Discrepancies Between Previous Plate Kinematic Models of Mesozoic Iberia and Their Constraints” by Barnett-Moore Et Al., Tectonics, 36, 3286–3297, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004760, 2017.
Barnett-Moore, N., Müller, D. R., Williams, S., Skogseid, J., and Seton, M.: A reconstruction of the North Atlantic since the earliest Jurassic, Basin Res., 30, 160–185, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12214, 2018.
Barrett, T. J. and Spooner, E. T..: Ophiolitic breccias associated with allochtonous oceanic crustal rocks in the east Ligurian Apennines, Italy – A comparison with observations from rifted oceanic ridges, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 35, 79–91, 1977.
Beltrando, M., Rubatto, D., Compagnoni, R., and Lister, G.: Was the valaisan basin floored by oceanic crust? Evidence of permian magmatism in the Versoyen unit (Valaisan domain, NW ALPS), Ofioliti, 32, 85–99, https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.85691, 2007.
Beltrando, M., Rubatto, D., and Manatschal, G.: From passive margins to orogens: The link between ocean-continent transition zones and (ultra)high-pressure metamorphism, Geology, 38, 559–562, https://doi.org/10.1130/G30768.1, 2010.
Beltrando, M., Frasca, G., Compagnoni, R., and Vitale-Brovarone, A.: The Valaisan controversy revisited: Multi-stage folding of a Mesozoic hyper-extended margin in the Petit St. Bernard pass area (Western Alps), Tectonophysics, 579, 17–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.02.010, 2012.
Beltrando, M., Manatschal, G., Mohn, G., Dal Piaz, G. V., Vitale Brovarone, A., and Masini, E.: Recognizing remnants of magma-poor rifted margins in high-pressure orogenic belts: The Alpine case study, Earth-Sci. Rev., 131, 88–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2014.01.001, 2014.
Berger, A. and Bousquet, R.: Subduction-related metamorphism in the Alps: Review of isotopic ages based on petrology and their geodynamic consequences, Geol. Soc. Sp., 298, 117–144, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP298.7, 2008.
Bernoulli, D. and Jenkyns, H. C.: Ancient oceans and continental margins of the Alpine–Mediterranean Tethys: Deciphering clues from Mesozoic pelagic sediments and ophiolites, Sedimentology, 56, 149–190, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2008.01017.x, 2009.
Bestani, L., Espurt, N., Lamarche, J., Floquet, M., Philip, J., Bellier, O., and Hollender, F.: Structural style and evolution of the Pyrenean-Provence thrust belt, SE France, B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 186, 223–241, https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.186.4-5.223, 2015.
Bestani, L., Espurt, N., Lamarche, J., Bellier, O., and Hollender, F.: Reconstruction of the Provence Chain evolution, southeastern France, Tectonics, 35, 1506–1525, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016TC004115, 2016.
Bill, M., O'Dogherty, L., Guex, J., Baumgartner, P. O., and Masson, H.: Radiolarite ages in Alpine–Mediterranean ophiolites: Constraints on the oceanic spreading and the Tethys-Atlantic connection, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 113, 129–143, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0129:RAIAMO>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Billi, A., Faccenna, C., Bellier, O., Minelli, L., Neri, G., Piromallo, C., Presti, D., Scrocca, D., and Serpelloni, E.: Recent tectonic reorganization of the Nubia-Eurasia convergent boundary heading for the closure of the western Mediterranean, B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 182, 279–303, https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.182.4.279, 2011.
Bortolotti, V. and Principi, G.: Tethyan ophiolites and Pangea break-up, Isl. Arc, 14, 442–470, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2005.00478.x, 2005.
Bouillin, J. P., Durand-Delga, M., and Olivier, P.: Betic-rifian and tyrrhenian arcs: Distinctive features, genesis and development stages, Developments in Geotectonics, 21, 281–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-42688-8.50017-5, 1986.
Bousquet, R., Oberhänsli, R., Goffé, B., Wiederkehr, M., Koller, F., Schmid, S. M., Schuster, R., Engi, M., Berger, A., and Martinotti, G.: Metamorphism of metasediments at the scale of an orogen: A key to the Tertiary geodynamic evolution of the Alps, Geol. Soc. Sp., 298, 393–411, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP298.18, 2008.
Bronner, A., Sauter, D., Manatschal, G., Péron-pinvidic, G., and Munschy, M.: Magmatic breakup as an explanation for magnetic anomalies at magma-poor rifted margins, Nat. Geosci., 4, 549–553, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1201, 2011.
Brun, J. P. and Faccena, C.: Exhumation of high-pressure rocks driven by slab rollback, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 272, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.038, 2008.
Brune, S.: Evolution of stress and fault patterns in oblique rift systems: 3-D numerical lithospheric-scale experiments from rift to breakup, Geochem. Geoph. Geosy., 15, 3392–3415, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005446, 2014.
Brune, S., Popov, A. A., and Sobolev, S. V.: Modeling suggests that oblique extension facilitates rifting and continental break-up, J. Geophys. Res., 117, B08402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008860, 2012.
Brune, S., Popov, A. A., and Sobolev, S. V.: Quantifying the thermo-mechanical impact of plume arrival on continental break-up, Tectonophysics, 604, 51–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.02.009, 2013.
Brune, S., Heine, C., Pérez-Gussinyé, M., and Sobolev, S. V.: Rift migration explains continental margin asymmetry and crustal hyper-extension, Nat. Commun., 5, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5014, 2014.
Brune, S., Williams, S. E., Butterworth, N. P., and Müller, R. D.: Abrupt plate accelerations shape rifted continental margins, Nature, 536, 201–204, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18319, 2016.
Brune, S., Corti, G., and Ranalli, G.: Controls of inherited lithospheric heterogeneity on rift linkage: Numerical and analog models of interaction between the Kenyan and Ethiopian rifts across the Turkana depression, Tectonics, 36, 1767–1786, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004739, 2017a.
Brune, S., Heine, C., Clift, P. D., and Perez-Gussinyé, M.: Rifted margin architecture and crustal rheology: Reviewing Iberia–Newfoundland, Central South Atlantic, and South China Sea, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 79, 257–281, 2017b.
Brune, S., Williams, S. E., and Müller, R. D.: Oblique rifting: the rule, not the exception, Solid Earth, 9, 1187–1206, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1187-2018, 2018.
Canérot, J.: The pull apart-type Tardets-Mauléon Basin, a key to understand the formation of the Pyrenees, B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 188, 35, https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017198, 2017.
Castellarin, A., Vai, G. B., and Cantelli, L.: The Alpine evolution of the Southern Alps around the Giudicarie faults: A Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene transfer zone, Tectonophysics, 414, 203–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.10.019, 2006.
Catalano, R., Di Stefano, P., and Kozur, H.: Permian circumpacific deep-water faunas from the western Tethys (Sicily, Italy) – new evidences for the position of the Permian Tethys, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 87, 75–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90131-A, 1991.
Channell, J. E. T. and Kozur, H. W.: How many oceans? Meliata, Vardar, Pindos oceans in Mesozoic Alpine paleogeography, Geology, 25, 183–186, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0183:HMOMVA>2.3.CO;2, 1997.
Channell, J. E. T., D'Argenio, B., and Horváth, F.: Adria, the African promontory, in mesozoic Mediterranean palaeogeography, Earth-Sci. Rev., 15, 213–292, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(79)90083-7, 1979.
Choukroune, P.: Tectonic evolution of the Pyrenees, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 20, 143–58, 1992.
Cipriani, A. and Bottini, C.: Early Cretaceous tectonic rejuvenation of an Early Jurassic margin in the Central Apennines: The “Mt. Cosce Breccia”, Sediment. Geol., 387, 57–74, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2019.03.002, 2019a.
Cipriani, A. and Bottini, C.: Unconformities, neptunian dykes and mass-transport deposits as an evidence for Early Cretceous syn-sedimentary tectonics: new insights from the Central Apennines, Ital. J. Geosci., 138, 333–354, 2019b.
Civile, D., Lodolo, E., Accettella, D., Geletti, R., Ben-Avraham, Z., Deponte, M., Facchin, L., Ramella, R., and Romeo, R.: The Pantelleria graben (Sicily Channel, Central Mediterranean): An example of intraplate “passive” rift, Tectonophysics, 490, 173–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.05.008, 2010.
Clerc, C. and Lagabrielle, Y.: Thermal control on the modes of crustal thinning leading to mantle exhumation: Insights from the cretaceous pyrenean hot paleomargins, Tectonics, 33, 1340–1359, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013TC003471, 2014.
Conti, P., Manatschal, G., and Pfister, M.: Synrift sedimentation, Jurassic and Alpine tectonics in the central Ortler Nappe, (Eastern Alps, Italy), Eclogae Geol. Helv., 87, 63–90, https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-167443, 1994.
Corti, G.: Continental rift evolution: From rift initiation to incipient break-up in the Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa, Earth-Sci. Rev., 96, 1–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.06.005, 2009.
Costa, S., and Caby, R.: Evolution of the Ligurian Tethys in the western Alps:
D'Agostino, N., Avallone, A., Cheloni, D., D'Anastasio, E., Mantenuto, S., and Selvaggi, G.: Active tectonics of the Adriatic region from GPS and earthquake slip vectors, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 113, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005860, 2008.
Dal Zilio, L., Kissling, E., Gerya, T., and van Dinther, Y.: Slab Rollback Orogeny Model: A Test of Concept, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL089917, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL089917, 2020.
Dannowski, A., Kopp, H., Klingelhoefer, F., Klaeschen, D., Gutscher, M.-A., Krabbenhoeft, A., Dellong, D., Rovere, M., Graindorge, D., Papenberg, C., and Klaucke, I.: Ionian Abyssal Plain: a window into the Tethys oceanic lithosphere, Solid Earth, 10, 447–462, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-447-2019, 2019.
Dannowski, A., Kopp, H., Grevemeyer, I., Lange, D., Thorwart, M., Bialas, J., and Wollatz-Vogt, M.: Seismic evidence for failed rifting in the Ligurian Basin, Western Alpine domain, Solid Earth, 11, 873–887, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-873-2020, 2020.
Debroas, E.-J.: Le Flysch noir albo-cénomanien témoin de la structuration albienne à sénonienne de la Zone nord-pyrénéenne en Bigorre (Hautes-Pyrénées, France), B. Soc. Geol. Fr., VI, 273–285, https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.VI.2.273, 1990.
Decarlis, A., Manatschal, G., Haupert, I., and Masini, E.: The tectono-stratigraphic evolution of distal, hyper-extended magma-poor conjugate rifted margins: Examples from the Alpine Tethys and Newfoundland-Iberia, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 68, 54–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.08.005, 2015.
Decrausaz, T., Müntener, O., Manzotti, P., Lafay R., and Spandler C.: Fossil oceanic core complexes in the Alps. New field, geochemical and isotopic constraints from the Tethyan Aiguilles Rouges Ophiolite (Val d'Hérens, Western Alps, Switzerland), Swiss J. Geosci., 114, 3, https://doi.org/10.1186/s00015-020-00380-4, 2021.
Dewey, J. F., Helman, M. L., Knott, S. D., Turco, E., and Hutton, D. H. W.: Kinematics of the western Mediterranean, Geol. Soc. Sp., 45, 265–283, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.045.01.15, 1989.
Dick, H. J. B., Lin, J., and Schouten, H.: An ultraslow-spreading class of ocean ridge, Nature, 426, 405–412, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02128, 2003.
Duretz, T., Gerya, T. V., and May, D. A.: Numerical modelling of spontaneous slab breakoff and subsequent topographic response, Tectonophysics, 502, 244–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.05.024, 2011.
Ebinger, C. J., Jackson, J. A., Foster, A. N., and Hayward, N. J.: Extensional basin geometry and the elastic lithosphere, Philos. T. R. Soc. A, 357, 741–765, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1999.0351, 1999.
Epin, M. E., Manatschal, G., Amman, M., Ribes, C., Clausse, A., Guffon, T., and Lescanne, M.: Polyphase tectono-magmatic evolution during mantle exhumation in an ultra-distal, magma-poor rift domain: example of the fossil Platta ophiolite, SE Switzerland, Int. J. Earth Sci., 108, 2443–2467, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-019-01772-0, 2019.
Espurt, N., Hippolyte, J. C., Saillard, M., and Bellier, O.: Geometry and kinematic evolution of a long-living foreland structure inferred from field data and cross section balancing, the Sainte-Victoire System, Provence, France, Tectonics, 31, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002988, 2012.
Faccenna, C., Becker, T. W., Lucente, F. P., Jolivet, L., and Rossetti, F.: History of subduction and back-arc extension in the central Mediterranean, Geophys. J. Int., 145, 809–820, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0956-540X.2001.01435.x, 2001.
Fassmer, K., Obermüller, G., Nagel, T. J., Kirst, F., Froitzheim, N., Sandmann, S., Miladinova, I., Fonseca, R. O. C., and Münker, C.: High-pressure metamorphic age and significance of eclogite-facies continental fragments associated with oceanic lithosphere in the Western Alps (Etirol-Levaz Slice, Valtournenche, Italy), Lithos, 252–253, 145–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.02.019, 2016.
Faupl, P. and Tollmann, A.: Die Roßfeldschichten: Ein Beispiel für Sedimentation im Bereich einer tektonisch aktiven Tiefseerinne aus der kalkalpinen Unterkreide, Geol. Rundsch., 68, 93-120, 1979.
Faupl, P. and Wagreich, M.: Late Jurassic to Eocene Palaeogeography and Geodynamic Evolution of the Eastern Alps, Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 92, 79–94, 1999.
Ferrando, S., Bernoulli, D., and Compagnoni, R.: The Canavese zone (internal Western Alps): A distal margin of Adria, Schweiz. Miner. Petrog., 84, 237–256, 2004.
Florineth, D. and Froitzheim, N.: Transition from continental to oceanic basement in the Tasna nappe (Engadine window, Graubunden, Switzerland): evidence for early Cretaceous opening of the Valais Ocean, Schweiz. Miner. Petrog., 74, 437–448, 1994.
Ford, M., Duchêne, S., Gasquet, D., and Vanderhaeghe, O.: Two-phase orogenic convergence in the external and internal SW Alps, J. Geol. Soc., 163, 815–826, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492005-034, 2006.
Frank, W. and Schlager, W.: Jurassic strike slip versus subduction in the Eastern Alps, Int. J. Earth Sci., 95, 431–450, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-005-0045-7, 2006.
Frisch, W.: Tectonic progradation and plate tectonic evolution of the Alps, Tectonophysics, 60, 121–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90155-0, 1979.
Frizon de Lamotte, D., Raulin, C., Mouchot, N., Wrobel-Daveau, J.-C., Blanpied, C., and Ringenbach, J.-C.: The southernmost margin of the Tethys realm during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic: Initial geometry and timing of the inversion processes, Tectonics, 30, TC3002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010tc002691, 2011.
Froitzheim, N.: Synsedimentary and synorogenic normal faults within a thrust sheet of the Eastern Alps (Ortler zone, Graubünden, Switzerland), Eclogae Geol. Helv., 81, 593–610, 1988.
Froitzheim, N. and Eberli, G. P.: Extensional detachment faulting in the evolution of a Tethys passive continental margin, Eastern Alps, Switzerland, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 102, 1297–1308, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1297, 1990.
Froitzheim, N. and Manatschal, G.: Kinematics of Jurassic rifting, mantle exhumation, and passive-margin formation in the Austroalpine and Penninic nappes (eastern Switzerland), Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 108, 1120–1133, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1120:KOJRME>2.3.CO;2, 1996.
Froitzheim, N., Schmid, S. M., and Frey, M.: Mesozoic paleogeography and the timing of eclogite facies metamorphism in the Alps: A working hypothesis, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 89, 81–110, 1996.
Gaina, C., Roest, W. R., and Müller, R. D.: Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic deformation of Northeast Asia, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 197, 273–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00499-5, 2002.
Gattacceca, J., Deino, A., Rizzo, R., Jones, D. S., Henry, B., Beaudoin, B., and Vadeboin, F.: Miocene rotation of Sardinia: New paleomagnetic and geochronological constraints and geodynamic implications, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 258, 359–377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.003, 2007.
Gawlick, H. J. and Missoni, S.: Middle–Late Jurassic sedimentary mélange formation related to ophiolite obduction in the Alpine–Carpathian–Dinaridic Mountain Range, Gondwana Res., 74, 144–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.03.003, 2019.
Gerya, T. V., Stöckhert, B., and Perchuk, A. L.: Exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks in a subduction channel: A numerical simulation, Tectonics, 21, 1056, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002tc001406, 2002.
Guerrera, F., Martin-Algarra, A., and Perrone, V.: Late Oligocene-Miocene syn-/-late-orogenic successions in Western and Central Mediterranean Chains from the Betic Cordillera to the Southern Apennines, Terra Nova, 5, 525–544, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1993.tb00302.x, 1993.
Guerrera, F., Martín-Martín, M., and Tramontana, M.: Evolutionary geological models of the central-western peri-Mediterranean chains: a review, Int. Geol. Rev., 63, 65–86, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2019.1706056, 2019.
Guillot, S. and Ménot, R. P.: Paleozoic evolution of the External Crystalline Massifs of the Western Alps, C. R. Geosci., 341, 253–265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2008.11.010, 2009.
Guillot, S., Di Paola, S., Ménot, R. P., Ledru, P., Spalla, M. I., Gosso, G., and Schwartz, S.: Suture zones and importance of strike-slip faulting for Variscan geodynamic reconstructions of the External Crystalline Massifs of the western Alps, B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 180, 483–500, https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.180.6.483, 2009.
Gurnis, M., Turner, M., Zahirovic, S., DiCaprio, L., Spasojevic, S., Müller, R. D., Boyden, J., Seton, M., Manea, V. C., and Bower, D. J.: Plate tectonic reconstructions with continuously closing plates, Comput. Geosci., 38, 35–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2011.04.014, 2012.
Gurnis, M., Yang, T., Cannon, J., Turner, M., Williams, S., Flament, N., and Müller, R. D.: Global tectonic reconstructions with continuously deforming and evolving rigid plates, Comput. Geosci., 116, 32–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2018.04.007, 2018.
Hamai, L., Petit, C., Le Pourhiet, L., Yelles-Chaouche, A., Déverchère, J., Beslier, M. O., and Abtout, A.: Towards subduction inception along the inverted North African margin of Algeria? Insights from thermo-mechanical models, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 501, 13–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.08.028, 2018.
Handy, M. R., Schmid, S. M., Bousquet, R., Kissling, E., and Bernoulli, D.: Reconciling plate-tectonic reconstructions of Alpine Tethys with the geological-geophysical record of spreading and subduction in the Alps, Earth-Sci. Rev., 102, 121–158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.06.002, 2010.
Handy, M. R., Ustaszewski, K., and Kissling, E.: Reconstructing the Alps–Carpathians–Dinarides as a key to understanding switches in subduction polarity, slab gaps and surface motion, Int. J. Earth Sci., 104, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1060-3, 2015.
Hart, N. R., Stockli, D. F., Lavier, L. L., and Hayman, N. W.: Thermal evolution of a hyperextended rift basin, Mauléon Basin, western Pyrenees, Tectonics, 36, 1103–1128, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016TC004365, 2017.
Heine, C., Zoethout, J., and Müller, R. D.: Kinematics of the South Atlantic rift, Solid Earth, 4, 215–253, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-215-2013, 2013.
Henry, P., Azambre, B., Montigny, R., Rossy, M., and Stevenson, R. K.: Late mantle evolution of the Pyrenean sub-continental lithospheric mantle in the light of new 40Ar-39Ar and Sm–Nd ages on pyroxenites and periodotites (Pyrenees, France), Tectonophysics, 296, 103–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00139-5, 1998.
Hermann, J. and Müntener, O.: Extension-related structures in the Malenco-Margna-system: Implications for paleogeography and consequences for rifting and Alpine tectonics, Schweiz. Miner. Petrog., 76, 501–519, https://doi.org/10.5169/seals-57712, 1996.
Horváth, F., Bada, G., Szafián, P., Tari, G., Ádám, A., and Cloetingh, S.: Formation and deformation of the Pannonian Basin: Constraints from observational data, Geo. Soc. Mem., 32, 191–206, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.MEM.2006.032.01.11, 2006.
Hosseinpour, M., Williams, S., Seton, M., Barnett-Moore, N., and Müller, R. D.: Tectonic evolution of Western Tethys from Jurassic to present day: coupling geological and geophysical data with seismic tomography models, Int. Geol. Rev., 58, 1616–1645, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2016.1183146, 2016.
Huismans, R. S. and Beaumont, C.: Symmetric and asymmetric lithospheric extension: Relative effects of frictional-plastic and viscous strain softening, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 2496, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB002026, 2003.
Jammes, S. and Lavier, L. L.: Effect of contrasting strength from inherited crustal fabrics on the development of rifting margins, Geosphere, 15, 407–422, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01686.1, 2019.
Jammes, S., Manatschal, G., Lavier, L., and Masini, E.: Tectonosedimentary evolution related to extreme crustal thinning ahead of a propagating ocean: Example of the western Pyrenees, Tectonics, 28, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008TC002406, 2009.
Johansen, S. E., Panzner, M., Mittet, R., Amundsen, H. E. F., Lim, A., Vik, E., Landrø, M., and Arntsen, B.: Deep electrical imaging of the ultraslow-spreading Mohns Ridge, Nature, 567, 379–383, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1010-0, 2019.
Jolivet, L., Faccenna, C., Goffé, B., Mattei, M., Rossetti, F., Brunet, C., Storti, F., Funiciello, R., Cadet, J. P., d'Agostino, N., and Parra, T.: Midcrustal shear zones in postorogenic extension: Example from the northern Tyrrhenian Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 103, 12123–12160, https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb03616, 1998.
Jolivet, L., Gorini, C., Smit, J., and Leroy, S.: back-arc basins: the Gulf of Lion margin, Tectonics, 34, 662–679, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014TC003570, 2015.
Joseph, P., Cabrol, C., and Friès, G.: Titled blocks and submarine passes in the Banon graben (France, SE) during Apto-Albian times: a paleotopography directly induced by strike-slip synsedimentary tectonics, C. R. Acad. Sci. II A, 304, 447–452, 1987.
Kaczmarek, M. A., Müntener, O., and Rubatto, D.: Trace element chemistry and U–Pb dating of zircons from oceanic gabbros and their relationship with whole rock composition (Lanzo, Italian Alps), Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 155, 295–312, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-007-0243-3, 2008.
Kästle, E. D., Rosenberg, C., Boschi, L., Bellahsen, N., Meier, T., and El-Sharkawy, A.: Slab break-offs in the Alpine subduction zone, Int. J. Earth Sci., 109, 587–603, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01821-z, 2020.
Kiss, D., Candioti, L. G., Duretz, T., and Schmalholz, S. M.: Thermal softening induced subduction initiation at a passive margin, Geophys. J. Int., 220, 2068–2073, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz572, 2020.
Kneller, E. A., Johnson, C. A., Karner, G. D., Einhorn, J., and Queffelec, T. A.: Inverse methods for modeling non-rigid plate kinematics: Application to mesozoic plate reconstructions of the Central Atlantic, Comput. Geosci., 49, 217–230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.06.019, 2012.
Kurz, W., Neubauer, F., and Unzog, W.: Evolution of Alpine eclogites in the Eastern Alps: Implications for Alpine Geodynamics, Phys. Chem. Earth Pt. A, 24, 667–674, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(99)00097-6, 1999.
Labails, C., Olivet, J.-L., Aslanian, D., and Roest, W. R.: An alternative early opening scenario for the Central Atlantic Ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 297, 355–368, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.06.024, 2010.
Lacombe, O. and Jolivet, L.: Structural and kinematic relationships between Corsica and the Pyrenees–Provence domain at the time of the Pyrenean orogeny, Tectonics, 24, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004TC001673, 2005.
Lagabrielle, Y. and Cannat, M.: Alpine Jurassic ophiolites resemble the modern central Atlantic basement, Geology, 18, 319–322, 1990.
Lagabrielle, Y. and Lemoine, M.: Alpine, Corsican and Apennine ophiolites: the slow-spreading ridge model, C. R. Acad. Sci. II A, 325, 909–920, 1997.
Lahondère, D. and Guerrot, C.: Datation Sm–Nd du métamorphisme éclogitique en Corse alpine: un argument pour l'existence au Crétacé supérieur d'une zone de subduction active localisée sous le bloc corso-sarde, Géologie de la France, 3, 3–11, 1997.
Lavier, L. L. and Manatschal, G.: A mechanism to thin the continental lithosphere at magma-poor margins, Nature, 440, 324–328, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04608, 2006.
Le Breton, E., Handy, M. R., Molli, G., and Ustaszewski, K.: Post-20 Ma Motion of the Adriatic Plate: New Constraints From Surrounding Orogens and Implications for Crust-Mantle Decoupling, Tectonics, 36, 3135–3154, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016TC004443, 2017.
Le Pichon, X., Bergerat, F., and Roulet, M.-J.: Plate kinematics and tectonics leading to the Alpine belt formation; A new analysis, Geol. S. Am. S., 111–131, 1988.
Lemoine, M., Bas, T., Arnaud-Vanneau, A., Arnaud, H., Dumont, T., Gidon, M., Bourbon, M., de Graciansky, P.-C., Rudkiewicz, J.-L., Megard-Galli, J., and Tricart, P..: The continental margin of the Mesozoic Tethys in the Western Alps, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 3, 179–199, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(86)90044-9, 1986.
Li, X. H., Faure, M., Lin, W., and Manatschal, G.: New isotopic constraints on age and magma genesis of an embryonic oceanic crust: The Chenaillet Ophiolite in the Western Alps, Lithos, 160–161, 283–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.12.016, 2013.
Liati, A. and Froitzheim, N.: Assessing the Valais ocean, Western Alps: U–Pb SHRIMP zircon geochronology of eclogite in the Balma unit, on top of the Monte Rosa nappe, Eur. J. Mineral., 18, 299–308, https://doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2006/0018-0299, 2006.
Liati, A., Froitzheim, N., and Fanning, C. M.: Jurassic ophiolites within the Valais domain of the Western and Central Alps: Geochronological evidence for re-rifting of oceanic crust, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 149, 446–461, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-005-0658-7, 2005.
Loprieno, A., Bousquet, R., Bucher, S., Ceriani, S., Dalla Torre, F. H., Fügenschuh, B., and Schmid, S. M.: The Valais units in Savoy (France): A key area for understanding the palaeogeography and the tectonic evolution of the Western Alps, Int. J. Earth Sci., 100, 963–992, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0595-1, 2011.
Macchiavelli, C., Vergés, J., Schettino, A., Fernàndez, M., Turco, E., Casciello, E., Torne, M., Pierantoni, P. P., and Tunini, L.: A New Southern North Atlantic Isochron Map: Insights Into the Drift of the Iberian Plate Since the Late Cretaceous, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 9603–9626, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014769, 2017.
Maffione, M. and van Hinsbergen, D. J. J.: Reconstructing Plate Boundaries in the Jurassic Neo-Tethys From the East and West Vardar Ophiolites (Greece and Serbia), Tectonics, 37, 858–887, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004790, 2018.
Manatschal, G.: New models for evolution of magma-poor rifted margins based on a review of data and concepts from West Iberia and the Alps, Int. J. Earth Sci., 93, 432–466, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-004-0394-7, 2004.
Manatschal, G. and Bernoulli, D.: Architecture and tectonic evolution of nonvolcanic margins: Present-day Galicia and ancient Adria, Tectonics, 18, 1099–1119, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999TC900041, 1999.
Manatschal, G. and Müntener, O.: A type sequence across an ancient magma-poor ocean-continent transition: the example of the western Alpine Tethys ophiolites, Tectonophysics, 473, 4–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.07.021, 2009.
Manatschal, G., Engström, A., Desmurs, L., Schaltegger, U., Cosca, M., Müntener, O., and Bernoulli, D.: What is the tectono-metamorphic evolution of continental break-up: The example of the Tasna Ocean-Continent Transition, J. Struct. Geol., 28, 1849–1869, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2006.07.014, 2006.
Manzotti, P., Ballèvre, M., Zucali, M., Robyr, M., and Engi, M.: The tectonometamorphic evolution of the Sesia–Dent Blanche nappes (internal Western Alps): review and synthesis, Swiss J. Geosci., 107, 309–336, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-014-0172-x, 2014.
Manzotti, P., Bosse, V., Pitra, P., Robyr, M., Schiavi, F., and Ballèvre, M.: Exhumation rates in the Gran Paradiso Massif (Western Alps) constrained by in situ U–Th–Pb dating of accessory phases (monazite, allanite and xenotime), Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 173, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-018-1452-7, 2018.
Marroni, M., Monechi, S., Perilli, N., Principi, G., and Treves, B.: Late Cretaceous flysch deposits of the Northern Apennines, Italy: age of inception of orogenesis-controlled sedimentation, Cretaceous Res., 13, 487–504, https://doi.org/10.1016/0195-6671(92)90013-G, 1992.
Marroni, M., Molli, G., Montanini, A., and Tribuzio, R.: The association of continental crust rocks with ophiolites in the northern Apennines (Italy): implications for the continent–ocean transition in the Western Tethys, Tectonophysics, 292, 43–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00060-2, 1998.
Martin, L. A. J., Rubatto, D., Vitale Brovarone, A., and Hermann, J.: Late Eocene lawsonite-eclogite facies metasomatism of a granulite sliver associated to ophiolites in Alpine Corsica, Lithos, 125, 620–640, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.03.015, 2011.
Masetti, D., Fantoni, R., Romano, R., Sartorio, D., and Trevisani, E.: Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Jurassic extensional basins of the eastern southern Alps and Adriatic foreland based on an integrated study of surface and subsurface data, AAPG Bull., 96, 2065–2089, https://doi.org/10.1306/03091211087, 2012.
Masini, E., Manatschal, G., and Mohn, G.: The Alpine Tethys rifted margins: Reconciling old and new ideas to understand the stratigraphic architecture of magma-poor rifted margins, Sedimentology, 60, 174–196, https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12017, 2013.
Masini, E., Manatschal, G., Tugend, J., Mohn, G., and Flament, J. M.: The tectono-sedimentary evolution of a hyper-extended rift basin: The example of the Arzacq-Mauléon rift system (Western Pyrenees, SW France), Int. J. Earth Sci., 103, 1569–1596, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1023-8, 2014.
Masson, H., Bussy, F., Eichenberger, M., Giroudd, N., Meilhac, C., and Presniakov, S.: Early Carboniferous age of the Versoyen ophiolites and consequences: Non-existence of a “Valais ocean” (Lower Penninic, western Alps), B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 179, 337–355, https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.179.4.337, 2008.
Matte, P.: The Variscan collage and orogeny (480–290 Ma) and the tectonic definition of the Armorica microplate: A review, Terra Nova, 13, 122–128, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00327.x, 2001.
Matter, A., Homewood, P., Caron, C., Rigassi, D., Van Stuijvenberg, J., Weidmann, M., and Winkler, W.: Flysch and Molasse of Western and Central Switzerland: Geology of Switzerland, a Guide Book, edited by: Schweizerische Geologische Kommission, Wepf & Co. Publishers, Basel, New York, 261–293, 1980.
McCarthy, A., Chelle-Michou, C., Müntener, O., Arculus, R., and Blundy, J.: Subduction initiation without magmatism: The case of the missing Alpine magmatic arc, Geology, 46, 1059–1062, https://doi.org/10.1130/G45366.1, 2018.
McCarthy, A., Tugend, J., Mohn, G., Candioti, L., Chelle-Michou, C., Arculus, R., Schmalholz, S. M., and Müntener, O.: A case of Ampferer-type subduction and consequences for the Alps and the Pyrenees, Am. J. Sci., 320, 313–372, https://doi.org/10.2475/04.2020.01, 2020.
McClay, K., Munoz, J. A., and García-Senz, J.: Extensional salt tectonics in a contractional orogen: A newly identified tectonic event in the Spanish Pyrenees, Geology, 32, 737–740, https://doi.org/10.1130/G20565.1, 2004.
McKenzie, D.: Some remarks on the development of sedimentary basins, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 40, 25–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90071-7, 1978.
Michard, A., Chalouan, A., Feinberg, H., Goffé, B., and Montigny, R.: How does the Alpine belt end between Spain and Morocco?, B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 173, 3–15, https://doi.org/10.2113/173.1.3, 2002.
Michard, A., Negro, F., Saddiqi, O., Bouybaouene, M. L., Chalouan, A., Montigny, R., and Goffé, B.: Pressure-temperature-time constraints on the Maghrebide mountain building: Evidence from the Rif-Betic transect (Morocco, Spain), Algerian correlations, and geodynamic implications, C. R. Geosci., 338, 92–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2005.11.011, 2006.
Michard, A., Mokhtari, A., Chalouan, A., Saddiqi, O., Rossi, P., and Rjimati, E. C.: New ophiolite slivers in the External Rif belt, and tentative restoration of a dual Tethyan suture in the western Maghrebides, B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 185, 313–328, https://doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.185.5.313, 2014.
Mohn, G., Manatschal, G., Müntener, O., Beltrando, M., and Masini, E.: Unravelling the interaction between tectonic and sedimentary processes during lithospheric thinning in the Alpine Tethys margins, Int. J. Earth Sci., 99, 75–101, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0566-6, 2010.
Mohn, G., Manatschal, G., Beltrando, M., Masini, E., and Kusznir, N.: Necking of continental crust in magma-poor rifted margins: Evidence from the fossil Alpine Tethys margins, Tectonics, 31, 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002961, 2012.
Molli, G.: Northern Apennine–Corsica orogenic system: An updated overview, Geol. Soc. Sp., 298, 413–442, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP298.19, 2008.
Molli, G. and Malavieille, J.: Orogenic processes and the Corsica/Apennines geodynamic evolution: insights from Taiwan, Int. J. Earth Sci., 100, 1207–1224, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0598-y, 2011.
Molli, G., Brogi, A., Caggianelli, A., Capezzuoli, E., Liotta, D., Spina, A., and Zibra, I.: Late Palaeozoic tectonics in Central Mediterranean: a reappraisal, Swiss J. Geosci., 113, 1–32, https://doi.org/10.1186/s00015-020-00375-1, 2020.
Montenat, C., Janin, M. C., and Barrier, P.: L'accident du Toulourenc: Une limite tectonique entre la plate-forme provençale et le Bassin vocontien à l'Aptien-Albien (SE France), C. R. Geosci., 336, 1301–1310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2004.05.002, 2004.
Moulas, E., Schmalholz, S. M., Podladchikov, Y., Tajčmanová, L., Kostopoulos, D., and Baumgartner, L.: Relation between mean stress, thermodynamic, and lithostatic pressure, J. Metamorph. Geol., 37, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12446, 2019.
Mouthereau, F., Filleaudeau, P. Y., Vacherat, A., Pik, R., Lacombe, O., Fellin, M. G., Castelltort, S., Christophoul, F., and Masini, E.: Placing limits to shortening evolution in the Pyrenees: Role of margin architecture and implications for the Iberia/Europe convergence, Tectonics, 33, 2283–2314, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014TC003663, 2014.
Müller, R. D., Roest, W. R., Royer, J.-Y., Gahagan, L. M., and Sclater, J. G.: Digital isochrons of the world's ocean floor, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 102, 3211–3214, https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb01781, 1997.
Müller, R. D., Royer, J. Y., Cande, S. C., Roest, W. R., and Maschenkov, S.: New constraints on the late cretaceous/tertiary plate tectonic evolution of the caribbean, Sedimentary Basins of the World, 4, 33–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-5997(99)80036-7, 1999.
Müller, R. D., Cannon, J., Qin, X., Watson, R. J., Gurnis, M., Williams, S., Pfaffelmoser, T., Seton, M., Russell, S. H. J., and Zahirovic, S.: GPlates: Building a Virtual Earth Through Deep Time, Geochem., Geophy., Geosy., 19, 2243–2261, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC007584, 2018.
Müller, R. D., Zahirovic, S., Williams, S. E., Cannon, J., Seton, M., Bower, D. J., Tetley, M. G., Heine, C., Le Breton, E., Liu, S., Russel, S. H. J., Yang, T., Leonard, J., and Gurnis, M.: A Global Plate Model Including Lithospheric Deformation Along Major Rifts and Orogens Since the Triassic, Tectonics, 38, 1884–1907, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005462, 2019.
Müntener, O. and Hermann, J.: The role of lower crust and continental upper mantle during formation of non-volcanic passive margins: Evidence from the Alps, Geol. Soc. Sp., 187, 267–288, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.187.01.13, 2001.
Nagel, T. J., Herwartz, D., Rexroth, S., Münker, C., Froitzheim, N., and Kurz, W.: Lu-Hf dating, petrography, and tectonic implications of the youngest Alpine eclogites (Tauern Window, Austria), Lithos, 170–171, 179–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.02.008, 2013.
Neres, M., Font, E., Miranda, J. M., Camps, P., Terrinha, P., and Mirão, J.: Reconciling Cretaceous paleomagnetic and marine magnetic data for Iberia: New Iberian paleomagnetic poles, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 117, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB009067, 2012.
Neres, M., Miranda, J. M., and Font, E.: Testing Iberian kinematics at Jurassic-Cretaceous times, Tectonics, 32, 1312–1319, https://doi.org/10.1002/tect.20074, 2013.
Neubauer, F., Dallmeyer, R. D., Dunkl, I., and Schirnik, D.: Late Cretaceous exhumation of the metamorphic Gleinalm dome, Eastern Alps: kinematics, cooling history and sedimenetary response in a sinistral wrench corridor, Tectonophysics, 242, 79-98, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)00154-2, 1995.
Nirrengarten, M., Manatschal, G., Tugend, J., Kusznir, N. J., and Sauter, D.: Nature and origin of the J-magnetic anomaly offshore Iberia–Newfoundland: implications for plate reconstructions, Terra Nova, 29, 20–28, https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12240, 2017.
Oliva-Urcia, B., Casas, A. M., Soto, R., Villalaín, J. J., and Kodama, K.: A transtensional basin model for the Organyà basin (central southern Pyrenees) based on magnetic fabric and brittle structures, Geophys. J. Int., 184, 111–130, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04865.x, 2011.
Olivet, J.: La cinématique de la plaque ibérique, B. Cent. Rech. Expl., 20, 131–195, 1996.
Pérez-Gussinyé, M., Morgan, J. P., Reston, T. J., and Ranero, C. R.: The rift to drift transition at non-volcanic margins: Insights from numerical modelling, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 244, 458–473, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.059, 2006.
Peybernés, B. and Souquet, P.: Basement blocks and tecto-sedimentary evolution in the Pyrenees during Mesozoic times, Geol. Mag., 121, 397–405, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800029927, 1984.
Picazo, S., Müntener, O., Manatschal, G., Bauville, A., Karner, G., and Johnson, C.: Mapping the nature of mantle domains in Western and Central Europe based on clinopyroxene and spinel chemistry: Evidence for mantle modification during an extensional cycle, Lithos, 266–267, 233–263, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.08.029, 2016.
Piccardo, G. B. and Guarnieri, L.: Alpine peridotites from the Ligurian Tethys: An updated critical review, Int. Geol. Rev., 52, 1138–1159, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810903557829, 2010.
Pleuger, J. and Podladchikov, Y. Y.: A purely structural restoration of the NFP20-East cross section and potential tectonic overpressure in the Adula nappe (central Alps), Tectonics, 33, 656–685, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013TC003409, 2014.
Popov, A. A. and Sobolev, S. V.: SLIM3D: A tool for three-dimensional thermomechanical modeling of lithospheric deformation with elasto-visco-plastic rheology, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 171, 55–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2008.03.007, 2008.
Ratschbacher, L., Merle, O., Davy, P., and Cobbold, P.: Lateral extrusion in the Eastern Alps, Part 1: boundary conditions and experiments scaled for gravity, Tectonics, 10, 245–256, 1991.
Reuber, G., Kaus, B. J. P., Schmalholz, S. M., and White, R. W.: Nonlithostatic pressure during subduction and collision and the formation of (ultra)high-pressure rocks, Geology, 44, 343–346, https://doi.org/10.1130/G37595.1, 2016.
Ribes, C., Manatschal, G., Ghienne, J. F., Karner, G. D., Johnson, C. A., Figueredo, P. H., Incerpi, N., and Epin, M. E.: The syn-rift stratigraphic record across a fossil hyper-extended rifted margin: the example of the northwestern Adriatic margin exposed in the Central Alps, Int. J. Earth Sci., 108, 2071–2095, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-019-01750-6, 2019.
Ribes, C., Petri, B., Ghienne, J. F., Manatschal, G., Galster, F., Karner, G. D., Figueredo, P. H., Johnson, C. A., and Karpoff, A. M.: Tectono-sedimentary evolution of a fossil ocean-continent transition: Tasna nappe, central Alps (SE Switzerland), Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 132, 1427–1446, https://doi.org/10.1130/B35310.1, 2020.
Rosenbaum, G., Lister, G. S., and Duboz, C.: Rewlative mortiosn of Frica, Iberia and europe during Alpine orogeny, Tectonophysics, 359, 117–129, 2002.
Rosenbaum, G. and Lister, G. S.: Neogene and Quaternary rollback evolution of the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Apennines, and the Sicilian Maghrebides, Tectonics, 23, TC1013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003TC001518, 2004.
Rosenberg, C. L.: Shear zones and magma ascent: A model based on a review of the Tertiary magmatism in the Alps, Tectonics, 23, TC3002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003TC001526, 2004.
Royden, L. and Burchfiel, B. C.: Are systematic variations in thrust belt style related to plate boundary processes? (The western Alps versus the Carpathians), Tectonics, 8, 51–61, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC008i001p00051, 1989.
Rubatto, D., Gebauer, D., and Fanning, M.: Jurassic formation and Eocene subduction of the Zermatt-Saas-Fee ophiolites: Implications for the geodynamic evolution of the Central and Western Alps, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 132, 269–287, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050421, 1998.
Ruh, J. B., Le Pourhiet, L., Agard, P., Burov, E., and Gerya, T.: Tectonic slicing of subducting oceanic crust along plate interfaces: Numerical modeling, Geochem., Geophy., Geosy., 16, 3505–3531, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC005998, 2015.
Sandmann, S., Nagel, T. J., Herwartz, D., Fonseca, R. O. C., Kurzawski, R. M., Münker, C., and Froitzheim, N.: Lu–Hf garnet systematics of a polymetamorphic basement unit: new evidence for coherent exhumation of the Adula Nappe (Central Alps) from eclogite-facies conditions, Contrib. Mineral. Petr., 168, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-014-1075-6, 2014.
Scharf, A., Handy, M. R., Favaro, S., Schmid, S. M., and Bertrand, A.: Modes of orogen-parallel stretching and extensional exhumation in response to microplate indentation and roll-back subduction (Tauern Window, Eastern Alps), Int. J. Earth Sci., 102, 1627–1654, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-013-0894-4, 2013a.
Scharf, A., Handy, M. R., Ziemann, M. A., and Schmid, S. M.: Peak-temperature patterns of polyphase metamorphism resulting from accretion, subduction and collision (eastern tauern window, european alps) – a study with raman microspectroscopy on carbonaceous material (RSCM), J. Metamorph. Geol., 31, 863–880, https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12048, 2013b.
Schettino, A. and Scotese, C. R.: Apparent polar wander paths for the major continents (200 Ma to the present day): A palaeomagnetic reference frame for global plate tectonic reconstructions, Geophys. J. Int., 163, 727–759, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02638.x, 2005.
Schettino, A. and Turco, E.: Tectonic history of the Western Tethys since the Late Triassic, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 123, 89–105, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30064.1, 2011.
Schmalholz, S. M. and Podladchikov, Y. Y.: Tectonic overpressure in weak crustal–scale shear zones and implications for the exhumation of high-pressure rocks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1984–1988, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50417, 2013.
Schmid, S. M., Pfiffner, O. A., Froitzheim, N., Schönborn, G., and Kissling, E.: Geophysical-geological transect and tectonic evolution of the Swiss-Italian Alps, Tectonics, 15, 1036–1064, https://doi.org/10.1029/96TC00433, 1996.
Schmid, S. M., Bernoulli, D., Fügenschuh, B., Matenco, L., Schefer, S., Schuster, R., Tischler, M., and Ustaszewski, K.: The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: Correlation and evolution of tectonic units, Swiss J. Geosci., 101, 139–183, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1247-3, 2008.
Schmid, S. M., Fügenschuh, B., Kounov, A., Matenco, L., Nievergelt, P., Oberhänsli, R., Pleuger, J., Schefer, S., Schuster, R., Tomljenovic, B., Ustaszewski, K., and van Hinsbergen, D. J. J.: Tectonic units of the Alpine collision zone between Eastern Alps and western Turkey, Gondwana Res., 78, 308–374, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.005, 2020.
Schuster, R. and Frank, W.: Metamorphic evolution of the Austroalpine units east of the Tauern Window, Mitt. Geol. Bergbau Stud. Österr., 42, 37–58, 1999.
Scisciani, V. and Calamita, F.: Active intraplate deformation within Adria: Examples from the Adriatic region, Tectonophysics, 476, 57–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.030, 2009.
Séranne, M.: The Gulf of Lion continental margin (NW Mediterranean) revisited by IBS: an overview, Geol. Soc. Sp., 156, 15–36, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.03, 1999.
Sibuet, J.-C., Srivastav, S. P., and Spakman, W.: Pyrenean orogeny and plate kinematics, J. Geophys. Res., 109, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JB002514, 2004.
Sieberer, A.-K. and Ortner, H.: Influence of Penninic rifting on the tectonic evolution of the northern Austroalpine margin, GeoUtrecht 2020, 24–26 August 2020, Utrecht, the Netherlands, https://www.conftool.pro/geoutrecht2020/index.php?page=browseSessions&form_session=159, 296, 2020.
Sinclair, H. D.: Tectonostratigraphic model for underfilled peripheral foreland basins: An Alpine perspective, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 109, 324–346, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0324:TMFUPF>2.3.CO;2, 1997.
Spakman, W., Chertova, M. V., Van Den Berg, A., and Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J.: Puzzling features of western Mediterranean tectonics explained by slab dragging, Nat. Geosci., 11, 211–216, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0066-z, 2018.
Speranza, F., Villa, I. M., Sagnotti, L., Florindo, F., Cosentino, D., Cipollari, P., and Mattei, M.: Age of the Corsica-Sardinia rotation and Liguro-Provençal Basin spreading: New paleomagnetic and
Speranza, F., Minelli, L., Pignatelli, A., and Chiappini, M.: The Ionian Sea: The oldest in situ ocean fragment of the world?, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 117, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JB009475, 2012.
Srivastava, S. P., Roest, W. R., Kovacs, L. C., Oakey, G., Lévesque, S., Verhoef, J., and Macnab, R.: Motion of Iberia since the Late Jurassic: Results from detailed aeromagnetic measurements in the Newfoundland Basin, Tectonophysics, 184, 229–260, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90442-B, 1990.
Stampfli, G. M.: Le Briançonnais, terrain exotique dans les Alpes?, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 86, 1–45, 1993.
Stampfli, G. M. and Borel, G. D.: A plate tectonic model for the Paleozoic and Mesozoic constrained by dynamic plate boundaries and restored synthetic oceanic isochrons, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 196, 17–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00588-X, 2002.
Stampfli, G. M., Mosar, J., Marquer, D., Marchant, R., Baudin, T., and Borel, G.: Subduction and obduction processes in the Swiss Alps, Tectonophysics, 296, 159–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00142-5, 1998.
Stern, R. J. and Gerya, T.: Subduction initiation in nature and models: A review, Tectonophysics, 746, 173–198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.10.014, 2018.
Stüwe, K. and Schuster, R.: Initiation of subduction in the Alps: Continent or ocean?, Geology, 38, 175–178, https://doi.org/10.1130/G30528.1, 2010.
Tetreault, J. L. and Buiter, S. J. H.: The influence of extension rate and crustal rheology on the evolution of passive margins from rifting to break-up, Tectonophysics, 746, 155–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.08.029, 2018.
Thöni, M.: Dating eclogite-facies metamorphism in the Eastern Alps – Approaches, results, interpretations: A review, Miner. Petrol., 88, 123–148, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-006-0153-5, 2006.
Thorwart, M., Dannowski, A., Grevemeyer, I., Lange, D., Kopp, H., Petersen, F., Crawford, W., Paul, A., and the AlpArray Working Group: Basin inversion: Reactivated rift structures in the Ligurian Sea revealed by OBS, Solid Earth Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-9, in review, 2021.
Trümpy, R.: Sur les racines helvétiques et les “Schistes lustr”es” entre le Rhone et la Vallée de Bagnes (Région de la Pierre Avoi), Eclogae Geol. Helv., 44, 338–347, 1951.
Trümpy, R.: La zone de Sion-Courmayeur dans le haut Val Ferret valaisan, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 47, 315–359, 1954.
Tucholke, B. E. and Sibuet, J. C.: Problematic plate reconstruction, Nat. Geosci., 5, 676–677, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1596, 2012.
Tugend, J., Manatschal, G., Kusznir, N. J., Masini, E., Mohn, G., and Thinon, I.: Formation and deformation of hyperextended rift systems: Insights from rift domain mapping in the Bay of Biscay–Pyrenees, Tectonics, 33, 1239–1276, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014TC003529, 2014.
Tugend, J., Chamot-Rooke, N., Arsenikos, S., Blanpied, C., and Frizon de Lamotte, D.: Geology of the Ionian Basin and Margins: A Key to the East Mediterranean Geodynamics, Tectonics, 38, 2668–2702, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005472, 2019.
Ustaszewski, K., Schmid, S. M., Fügenschuh, B., Tischler, M., Kissling, E., and Spakman, W.: A map-view restoration of the alpine–carpathian–dinaridic system for the early miocene, Swiss J. Geosci., 101, 273–294, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1288-7, 2008.
Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Vissers, R. L. M., and Spakman, W.: Origin and consequences of western Mediterranean subduction, rollback, and slab segmentation, Tectonics, 33, 393–419, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013TC003349, 2014.
Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Spakman, W., Vissers, R. L. M., and van der Meer, D. G.: Comment on “Assessing Discrepancies Between Previous Plate Kinematic Models of Mesozoic Iberia and Their Constraints” by Barnett-Moore Et Al., Tectonics, 36, 3277–3285, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016TC004418, 2017.
Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Torsvik, T. H., Schmid, S. M., Maţenco, L. C., Maffione, M., Vissers, R. L. M., Gürer, D., and Spakman, W.: Orogenic architecture of the Mediterranean region and kinematic reconstruction of its tectonic evolution since the Triassic, Gondwana Res., 81, 79–229, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.009, 2020.
Vissers, R. L. M. and Meijer, P. T.: Mesozoic rotation of Iberia: Subduction in the Pyrenees?, Earth-Sci. Rev., 110, 93–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.11.001, 2012.
Vissers, R. L. M., Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Meijer, P. T., and Piccardo, G. B.: Kinematics of Jurassic ultra-slow spreading in the piemonte Ligurian ocean, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 380, 138–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.033, 2013.
Vissers, R. L. M., Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., van der Meer, D. G., and Spakman, W.: Cretaceous slab break-off in the Pyrenees: Iberian plate kinematics in paleomagnetic and mantle reference frames, Gondwana Res., 34, 49–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.03.006, 2016a.
Vissers, R. L. M., Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Wilkinson, C. M., and Ganerød, M.: Middle jurassic shear zones at Cap de Creus (eastern Pyrenees, Spain): A record of pre-drift extension of the Piemonte–Ligurian Ocean?, J. Geol. Soc., 174, 289–300, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2016-014, 2016b.
Von Blanckenburg, F. and Davies, J. H.: Slab breakoff: A model for syncollisional magmatism and tectonic in the Alps, Tectonics, 14, 120–131, 1995.
Wortel, M. J. R. and Spakman, W.: Subduction and slab detachment in the Mediterranean-Carpathian region, Science, 290, 1910–1917, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5498.1910, 2000.
Wortmann, U. G., Weissert, H., Funk, H., and Hauck, J.: Alpine plate kinematics revisited: The adria problem, Tectonics, 20, 134–147, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000TC900029, 2001.
Yamato, P., Agard, P., Burov, E., Le Pourhiet, L., Jolivet, L., and Tiberi, C.: Burial and exhumation in a subduction wedge: Mutual constraints from thermomechanical modeling and natural P-T-t data (Schistes Lustrés, western Alps), J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004441, 2007.
Yamato, P. and Brun, J. P.: Metamorphic record of catastrophic pressure drops in subduction zones, Nat. Geosci., 10, 46–50, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2852, 2017.
Zhou, X., Li, Z. H., Gerya, T. V., and Stern, R. J.: Lateral propagation-induced subduction initiation at passive continental margins controlled by preexisting lithospheric weakness, Sci. Adv., 6, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz1048, 2020.
Short summary
The former Piemont–Liguria Ocean, which separated Europe from Africa–Adria in the Jurassic, opened as an arm of the central Atlantic. Using plate reconstructions and geodynamic modeling, we show that the ocean reached only 250 km width between Europe and Adria. Moreover, at least 65 % of the lithosphere subducted into the mantle and/or incorporated into the Alps during convergence in Cretaceous and Cenozoic times comprised highly thinned continental crust, while only 35 % was truly oceanic.
The former Piemont–Liguria Ocean, which separated Europe from Africa–Adria in the Jurassic,...
